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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributions_of_founders_and_funders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_of_founders_and_funders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Contributions of founders and funders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_of_founders_and_funders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lady_Gregory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lady_Gregory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Lady Gregory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lady_Gregory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Butler_Yeats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Butler_Yeats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>William Butler Yeats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Butler_Yeats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miss_Annie_Horniman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miss_Annie_Horniman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Miss Annie Horniman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miss_Annie_Horniman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affiliated_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Affiliated schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Peacock_and_the_Gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Peacock_and_the_Gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>The Peacock and the Gate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Peacock_and_the_Gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s_to_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s_to_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1930s to 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s_to_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_to_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_to_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1950s to 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_to_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_the_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_the_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges in the 2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_the_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reestablishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reestablishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reestablishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reestablishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-directors_and_new_building_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-directors_and_new_building_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Co-directors and new building plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-directors_and_new_building_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abbey Theatre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مسرح آبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسرح آبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_teatr%C4%B1" title="Abbey teatrı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abbey teatrı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тэатр Абацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэатр Абацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharclann_na_Mainistreach" title="Amharclann na Mainistreach – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amharclann na Mainistreach" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatr_yr_Abaty" title="Theatr yr Abaty – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theatr yr Abaty" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%86%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9" title="Θέατρο Άμπι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέατρο Άμπι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="تئاتر ابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئاتر ابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharclann_na_Mainistreach" title="Amharclann na Mainistreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amharclann na Mainistreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%B9%84_%EA%B7%B9%EC%9E%A5" title="애비 극장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애비 극장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Իռլանդիայի ազգային թատրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդիայի ազգային թատրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazali%C5%A1te_Abbey" title="Kazalište Abbey – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazalište Abbey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teater_Abbey" title="Teater Abbey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teater Abbey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99" title="תיאטרון אבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיאטרון אבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0" title="ಐರಿಷ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ರಂಗಮಂದಿರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐರಿಷ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ರಂಗಮಂದಿರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ირლანდიის ეროვნული თეატრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდიის ეროვნული თეატრი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Аббат театры – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аббат театры" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatijas_te%C4%81tris" title="Abatijas teātris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abatijas teātris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="അബി തിയെറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബി തിയെറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مسرح آبي – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسرح آبي" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E5%BA%A7" title="アベイ座 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アベイ座" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Театр Аббатства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Театр Аббатства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%BF%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1" title="ايبي ٿئيٽر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايبي ٿئيٽر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Позориште Аби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Позориште Аби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Theatre" title="Abbey Theatre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abbey Theatre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Tiyatrosu" title="Abbey Tiyatrosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abbey Tiyatrosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2" title="艾比剧院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾比剧院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abbey_Theatre&params=53_20_54_N_6_15_26_W_region:IE-D_type:landmark_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°15′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.34833°N 6.25722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.34833; -6.25722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National Theatre of Ireland, Dublin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abbey_Theatre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abbey Theatre (disambiguation)">Abbey Theatre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Abbey Theatre</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Ireland's National Theatre</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg/250px-Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg/375px-Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg/500px-Abbey_Theatre_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1548" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Front façade</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbey Theatre is located in Central Dublin"><img alt="Abbey Theatre is located in Central Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg/250px-Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg/375px-Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg/500px-Open_street_map_central_dublin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="1375" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.716%;left:73.444%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Abbey Theatre"><img alt="Abbey Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Abbey Theatre</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Central Dublin</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data label">26 Lower Abbey Street<br /><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a><br />Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abbey_Theatre&params=53.348333_N_6.257222_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°15′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.348333°N 6.257222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.348333; -6.257222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Abbey Theatre Limited (prev. National Theatre Society)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designation</th><td class="infobox-data">National Theatre of Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">Capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">492</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ccc">Construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">1904</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rebuilt</th><td class="infobox-data">1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Holloway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Holloway (page does not exist)">Joseph Holloway</a> (1904) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(architect)" title="Michael Scott (architect)">Michael Scott</a> (1966)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ccc">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbeytheatre.ie">www<wbr />.abbeytheatre<wbr />.ie</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Abbey Theatre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Amharclann na Mainistreach</i>), also known as the <b>National Theatre of Ireland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Amharclann Náisiúnta na hÉireann</i>), in <a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin, Ireland">Dublin, Ireland</a>, is one of the country's leading cultural institutions. First opening to the public on 27 December 1904, and moved from its original building after a fire in 1951, it has remained active to the present day. The Abbey was the first state-subsidized theatre in the English-speaking world; from 1925 onwards it received an annual subsidy from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. Since July 1966, the Abbey has been located at 26 Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1. </p><p>In its early years, the theatre was closely associated with the writers of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Revival" title="Irish Literary Revival">Irish Literary Revival</a>, many of whom were involved in its founding and most of whom had plays staged there. The Abbey served as a nursery for many of leading <a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Irish playwrights</a>, including <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Lady_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta, Lady Gregory">Lady Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Millington_Synge" title="John Millington Synge">John Millington Synge</a>, as well as leading actors. In addition, through its extensive programme of touring abroad and its high visibility to foreign, particularly American, audiences, it has become an important part of the Irish cultural brand. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg/140px-AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg/210px-AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg/280px-AbbeyPosterOpeningNight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="6581" /></a><figcaption>A poster for the opening run at the Abbey Theatre from 27 December 1904 to 3 January 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>The Abbey arose from three distinct bases. The first was the seminal <a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Theatre" title="Irish Literary Theatre">Irish Literary Theatre</a>. Founded by Lady Gregory, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Martyn" title="Edward Martyn">Edward Martyn</a> and W. B. Yeats<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1899—with assistance from <a href="/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)" title="George Moore (novelist)">George Moore</a>—it presented plays in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Brunswick_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Brunswick Street">Antient Concert Rooms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Gaiety Theatre, Dublin">Gaiety Theatre</a>, which brought critical approval but limited public interest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lady Gregory envisioned a society promoting "ancient idealism" dedicated to crafting works of Irish theatre pairing Irish culture with European theatrical methods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second base involved the work of two Dublin directors, <a href="/wiki/William_Fay" title="William Fay">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fay_(Irish_actor)" title="Frank Fay (Irish actor)">Frank</a> Fay.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William worked in the 1890s with a touring company in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, while his brother Frank was involved in amateur dramatics in Dublin. After William returned to Dublin, the Fay brothers staged productions in halls around the city and eventually formed <a href="/wiki/W._G._Fay%27s_Irish_National_Dramatic_Company" title="W. G. Fay's Irish National Dramatic Company">W. G. Fay's Irish National Dramatic Company</a>, focused on the development of Irish acting talent. In April 1902, the Fays gave three performances of <a href="/wiki/George_William_Russell" title="George William Russell">Æ's</a> play <i>Deirdre</i> and Yeats' <i>Cathleen Ní Houlihan</i> in St Theresa's Hall on Clarendon Street. The performances played to a mainly working-class audience rather than the usual middle-class Dublin theatregoers. The run was a great success, thanks in part to the beauty and force of <a href="/wiki/Maud_Gonne" title="Maud Gonne">Maud Gonne</a>, who played the lead in Yeats' play. The company continued at the Antient Concert Rooms, producing works by <a href="/wiki/James_Cousins" title="James Cousins">Seumas O'Cuisin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ryan" title="Frederick Ryan">Fred Ryan</a> and Yeats. </p><p>The third base was the financial support and experience of <a href="/wiki/Annie_Horniman" title="Annie Horniman">Annie Horniman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a middle-class Englishwoman with previous experience in theatre production, having been involved in the presentation of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man" title="Arms and the Man">Arms and the Man</a></i> in London in 1894. An acquaintance of Yeats from London circles, including the Order of the Golden Dawn, she came to Dublin in 1903 to act as Yeats' unpaid secretary and to make costumes for a production of his play <i>The King's Threshold</i>. Her money helped found the Abbey Theatre and, according to the critic Adrian Frazier, would "make the rich feel at home, and the poor—on a first visit—out of place."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founding of the Theatre is also connected with a broader wave of change found in European drama at the end of the nineteenth century. The founding of Théâtre Libre in Paris in 1887 and the work of the Moscow Art Theatre in 1895 represented a challenge to a "stale metropolitanism".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement echoes Lady Gregory's commitment and determination to make the Abbey Theatre a theatre for the people.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory-1972_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_gregory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lady_gregory.jpg/140px-Lady_gregory.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lady_gregory.jpg/210px-Lady_gregory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Lady_gregory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Lady Gregory pictured on the frontispiece to <i>Our Irish Theatre: A Chapter of Autobiography</i> (1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>Encouraged by the St Theresa's Hall success, Yeats, Lady Gregory, Æ, Martyn, and John Millington Synge founded the Irish National Theatre Society in 1903 with funding from Horniman. They were joined by actors and playwrights from Fay's company. At first, they staged performances in the Molesworth Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Theatre" title="Mechanics' Theatre">Mechanics' Theatre</a> in Lower Abbey Street and an adjacent building in Marlborough Street became available after fire safety authorities closed it, Horniman and William Fay agreed to buy and refit the space to meet the society's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 May 1904, the Society formally accepted Horniman's offer of the use of the building. As Horniman did not usually reside in Ireland, the royal <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> required were granted in the name of Lady Gregory, although paid for by Horniman. The founders appointed William Fay theatre manager, responsible for training the actors in the newly established repertory company. They commissioned Yeats' brother <a href="/wiki/Jack_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Yeats">Jack</a> to paint portraits of all the leading figures in the society for the foyer, and hired <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Purser" title="Sarah Purser">Sarah Purser</a> to design stained glass for the same space.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 December, the curtains went up on opening night. The bill consisted of three one-act plays, <i>On Baile's Strand</i> and <i>Cathleen Ní Houlihan</i> by Yeats, and <i><a href="/wiki/Spreading_the_News" title="Spreading the News">Spreading the News</a></i> by Lady Gregory. On the second night, <i>In the Shadow of the Glen</i> by Synge replaced the second Yeats play. These two bills alternated over a five-night run. Frank Fay, playing <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAchulainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cúchulainn">Cúchulainn</a> in <i>On Baile's Strand</i>, was the first actor on the Abbey stage.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Horniman had designed the costumes, neither she nor Lady Gregory was present, as Horniman had already returned to England. In addition to providing funding, her chief role with the Abbey over the coming years was to organise publicity and bookings for their touring productions in London and provincial England. </p><p>In 1905 without properly consulting Horniman, Yeats, Lady Gregory and Synge decided to turn the theatre into a <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">limited liability company</a>, the National Theatre Society Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annoyed by this treatment, Horniman hired <a href="/wiki/Ben_Iden_Payne" title="Ben Iden Payne">Ben Iden Payne</a>, a former Abbey employee, to help run a new repertory company which she founded in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester, England">Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading actors <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Nic_Shiubhlaigh" title="Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh">Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh</a>, Honor Lavelle (<a href="/wiki/Helen_Laird" title="Helen Laird">Helen Laird</a>), Emma Vernon, Máire Garvey, Frank Walker, <a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamus O'Sullivan">Seamus O'Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_Colum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pádraic Colum">Pádraic Colum</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Roberts_(publisher)" title="George Roberts (publisher)">George Roberts</a> left the Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The press was impressed with the building and the <i>Cork Constitution</i> wrote that "the theatre has neither orchestra nor bar, and the principal entrance is through a building which was formerly the Dublin morgue."<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theatregoers were surprised and thought it to be scandalous that part of the theatre used to be a morgue. The orchestra was established under the guidance of John F Larchet.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contributions_of_founders_and_funders">Contributions of founders and funders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contributions of founders and funders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lady_Gregory">Lady Gregory</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lady Gregory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory helped create the Irish Literary Theatre, which would later form one base for the INTS, with W.B. Yeats and Edward Martyn. She met Yeats in 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-Gegory-1914_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gegory-1914-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he admitted to her that it was a dream of his to create a theatre in which new ambitious Irish plays could be performed. The idea seemed more and more possible to achieve as they kept talking and by the end of their first meeting they had a plan for how to make a "national theatre" a reality. In the first year of the theatre, Lady Gregory was in charge of finding money and support from patrons, and she even donated some of her own money.<sup id="cite_ref-Gegory-1914_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gegory-1914-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was critical in making the ILT and the INTS function financially before Annie Horniman's support. </p><p>In 1903, when Horniman offered the INTS a theatre, Lady Gregory schemed to bypass the terms of the deal. She didn't like Horniman and was happy when she left, saying she was "free from her and from further foreign invasion."<sup id="cite_ref-bts_205_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bts_205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote many plays for the theatre, specializing in the one-act play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="William_Butler_Yeats">William Butler Yeats</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: William Butler Yeats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Abbey Theatre is sometimes called Yeats' theatre or a manifestation of his own artistic ambitions and ideals. He wanted a theatre in which the playwright's words were the most important thing, prevailing over the actor and the audience. It was very important to him that the authors had control. It was because of him and his efforts that Lady Gregory, Synge and he became the Board of Directors of the INTS.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only after meeting Lady Gregory that Yeats thought the creation of such a theatre possible. He worked closely with her for almost a year before the first production of the ILT, during which his play <i>Cathleen Ni Houlihan</i> and Edward Martyn's <i>The Heather Field</i> were performed to great success, some even calling it "the cultural event of the decade,"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some accused him of being too political or even of writing a heretical play. </p><p>He then adopted a new, more inclusive politic, which helped him and Lady Gregory recruit many new patrons, most Protestant and/or Unionist. As early as 1900, Yeats sent a letter to Lady Gregory that implied that he was confident about finding a reliable patron who, at the time, remained anonymous. The patron he was talking about was Annie Horniman, who had anonymously financed Yeats' first play in 1884. By that point, he was starting to want The Abbey to be seen as nationalist.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by October 1901, he had lost interest in the ILT as a mean to express his artistic vision, as he was forced to make sacrifices to accommodate co-workers. He chose to stay because of his relationship with Horniman, who he saw as a means to secure his ambitions and those of the Fay Brothers' troupe of Irish actors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His relationship with Horniman was essential to his projects, so much so that he declared in front of an audience that he would not accept money from Nationalists and Unionists, which forced him to change the entire politics of the INTS. He gave this speech in 1903 and by 1904 he was the president of the Abbey Theatre. When Horniman left, he wanted to bring back the nationalist aspect the theatre once had but was stopped by a threat from Horniman to close it down; he finally had the last word with the help of Bernard Shaw and Lady Gregory. During the summer of 1909, Shaw offered his play <i>Blanco Posnet</i> to the Abbey, a play previously censored that allowed him to challenge British authority and to come back to the good graces of Nationalists, thus giving him a new reputation and making the INTS closer to becoming "a representative Irish Institution." Following Horniman's offer to sell him back the theatre, he then tried to "play" her so that she would pay more.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeats, with the help of Lady Gregory, bought the Abbey back and sued Horniman for the subsidy he believed that she owed but won only on the principle,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not receive the money. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Miss_Annie_Horniman">Miss Annie Horniman</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Miss Annie Horniman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annie Horniman, a British theatre enthusiast and manager, was essential in the creation of the Abbey Theatre, as she was its first significant patron and the woman who offered the edifice in which it would later be established. She was first brought in by Yeats as a costume designer for his play <i>The King's Threshold</i>, as she greatly loved his art and it was also a way for him to get closer to her.<sup id="cite_ref-int_115_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int_115-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yeats's long relationship with her and her love for theatre made her more likely to accept to become a permanent patron and, by 1901, her money was secured. Her support was so important that he already had a role for her in the Abbey Theatre before it was even created.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the time the ITL became the INTS, Yeats had to assure her that her money would not be used to fund a Nationalist rebellion. </p><p>She supported him as well as the INTS with financial support as she came from a rich family and, in 1903, after Yeats eloquently declared his apolitical theatrical ideals, she offered to give him a theatre in Dublin worth thirteen thousand pounds, but for the deal to work, she had strict conditions. Firstly, she requested that his speech, essays on the "Irish National Theatre," and her offer be made public. Secondly, the point she stressed most, there were to be no politics at all.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She finally gave the building for the Abbey Theatre in 1904, but remained the owner. Yeats accepted her terms but Gregory and Synge worked on finding ways to finesse their way around them before officially accepting. She didn't want to have anything to do with Irish politics, especially not nationalism, and was very reactive to anything she saw as political, which caused several inflammatory feuds with her colleagues. She also did not care for the accessibility of theatre, which was an important issue for the founders, and she created additional rules for ticket pricing, and made the Abbey Theatre one of the most expensive theatres in Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-int_115_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int_115-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then, she became the manager of the Abbey Theatre. Over the years, she put many times the theatre's value in money back into it in exchange for input on the plays being staged and respect from the company's directors. </p><p>She remained involved for a few strenuous years and left in 1907, angrily realizing she couldn't achieve self-expression at the Abbey,<sup id="cite_ref-bts_205_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bts_205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but stayed financially involved until 1910. From 1907 to 1909, she turned on the INTS, essentially threatening to close if anything she deemed political was performed, even if the interpretation was debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the riots following Synge's <i>Playboy of the Western World</i>, she fully expressed her hatred for Irish nationalism and patriotism and threatened the Abbey once again, but when <i>Blanco Posnet</i> was presented and the Nationalists were appeased, she made a deal with Yeats and Lady Gregory to sell them the Theatre. The negotiations dragged on and in 1910, when the Abbey stayed open on the day King Edward VII died, Horniman had a final dispute in court with Yeats before leaving the Abbey Theatre for good.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early years, there were challenges in finding plays by Irish playwrights, so the founders established guidelines for playwrights submitting plays and wrote some plays themselves. The emergence of the theatre, the challenge of finding plays by Irish playwrights, the protests surrounding <i>Playboy of the Western World</i>, and the work of the Irish Theatre were key developments during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory-1972_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory-1972-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the first directors of the new Abbey Theatre, Lady Gregory exchanged correspondence with her counterparts W.B Yeats and JM Synge which chronicled the further development of the new Abbey Theatre including themes such as the critical reception of plays, the challenge of balancing state funding and artistic liberty, and the contributions of actors and others supporting the theatre. The new Abbey Theatre found great popular success, and large crowds attended many of its productions. The Abbey was fortunate in having Synge as a key member, as he was then considered one of the foremost English-language dramatists. The theatre staged many plays by eminent or soon-to-be eminent authors, including Yeats, Lady Gregory, Moore, Martyn, <a href="/wiki/Padraic_Colum" title="Padraic Colum">Padraic Colum</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John_Gogarty" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver St John Gogarty">Oliver St John Gogarty</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._R._Higgins" title="F. R. Higgins">F. R. Higgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunsany" title="Lord Dunsany">Lord Dunsany</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._C._Murray" title="T. C. Murray">T. C. Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cousins" title="James Cousins">James Cousins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lennox_Robinson" title="Lennox Robinson">Lennox Robinson</a>. Many of these authors served on the board, and it was during this time that the Abbey gained its reputation as a writers' theatre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Millington_Synge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Millington_Synge.jpg/150px-John_Millington_Synge.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/John_Millington_Synge.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Millington_Synge" title="John Millington Synge">John Millington Synge</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Playboy_of_the_Western_World" title="The Playboy of the Western World">The Playboy of the Western World</a></i>, which caused riots at the Abbey on the play's opening night</figcaption></figure> <p>The Abbey's fortunes worsened in January 1907 when the opening of Synge's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Playboy_of_the_Western_World" title="The Playboy of the Western World">The Playboy of the Western World</a></i> resulted in civil disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troubles (since known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy Riots">Playboy Riots</a></i>) were encouraged, in part, by <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalists</a> who believed the theatre was insufficiently political and who took offence at Synge's use of the word '<a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">shift</a>', as it was known at the time as a symbol representing <a href="/wiki/Kitty_O%27Shea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitty O'Shea">Kitty O'Shea</a> and adultery, and hence was seen as a slight on the virtue of Irish womanhood.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the crowd rioted loudly, and the actors performed the remainder of the play in <a href="/wiki/Dumbshow" title="Dumbshow">dumbshow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatre's decision to call in the police further roused the anger of the nationalists. Although press opinion soon turned against the rioters and the protests faded, the management of the Abbey was shaken. They chose not to stage Synge's next—and last completed—play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tinker%27s_Wedding" title="The Tinker's Wedding">The Tinker's Wedding</a></i> (1908), for fear of further disturbances. That same year, the Fay brothers' association with the theatre ended when they emigrated to the United States due to a clash with Yeats's outlook;<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lennox Robinson took over the Abbey's day-to-day management after Horniman withdrew financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909, Shaw's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shewing-Up_of_Blanco_Posnet" title="The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet">The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet</a></i> led to further protests. The subsequent discussion occupied a full issue of the theatre's journal <i>The Arrow.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, the proprietors decided to make the Abbey independent of Annie Horniman, who had indicated a preference for this course. Relations with Horniman had been tense, partly because she wished to be involved in choosing which plays were to be performed and when. As a mark of respect for the death of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">King Edward VII</a>, an understanding existed that Dublin theatres were to close on the night of 7 May 1910. Robinson, however, kept the Abbey open.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Horniman heard of Robinson's decision, she severed her connections with the company. By her own estimate, she had invested £10,350—worth approximately $1 million in 2007 US dollars—on the project.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the loss of Horniman, Synge, and the Fays, the Abbey under Robinson tended to drift, suffering from falling public interest and box office returns. This trend was halted for a time by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a> as an heir to Synge.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Casey's career as a dramatist began with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_a_Gunman" title="The Shadow of a Gunman">The Shadow of a Gunman</a></i>, staged by the Abbey in 1923. This was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_the_Paycock" title="Juno and the Paycock">Juno and the Paycock</a></i> in 1924, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plough_and_the_Stars" title="The Plough and the Stars">The Plough and the Stars</a></i> in 1926. Theatregoers arose in riots over the last play, in a way reminiscent of those that had greeted the <i>Playboy</i> 19 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerned about public reaction, the Abbey rejected O'Casey's next play. He emigrated to London shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Irish Rebellion</a> of 1916 almost ended the theatre; however, in 1924, Yeats and Lady Gregory offered the Abbey to the government of the Free State as a gift to the Irish people.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the government refused, the following year Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Ernest Blythe</a> arranged an annual government subsidy of £850 for the Abbey. This made the company the first state-supported theatre in the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsidy allowed the theatre to avoid bankruptcy, but the amount was too small to rescue it from financial difficulty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affiliated_schools">Affiliated schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Affiliated schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abbey_School_of_Acting" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey School of Acting">Abbey School of Acting</a> was set up in 1911. The Abbey School of Ballet was established in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Ninette_de_Valois" title="Ninette de Valois">Ninette de Valois</a> — who had provided choreography for a number of Yeats' plays – and ran until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Peacock_and_the_Gate">The Peacock and the Gate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Peacock and the Gate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Peacock"></span> Around this time the company acquired additional space, allowing them to create a small experimental theatre, the <i>Peacock</i>, on the ground floor of the main theatre. In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Edwards" title="Hilton Edwards">Hilton Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_MacLiammoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Micheál MacLiammoir">Micheál MacLiammoir</a>, cabaret impresario <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bannard_Cogley" title="Daisy Bannard Cogley">Daisy Bannard Cogley</a> and Gearóid Ó Lochlainn launched the <a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">Gate Theatre Studio</a>, leasing the Peacock from 14 October<sup id="cite_ref-EHH_mem_1989_Finegan_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHH_mem_1989_Finegan-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using the venue to stage works by European and American dramatists.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gate also sought work from new Irish playwrights and moved to its own premises in 1930. Despite the Peacock space, the Abbey itself entered a period of artistic decline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is illustrated by the story of how one new work was said to have come to the Gate Theatre. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnston" title="Denis Johnston">Denis Johnston</a> reportedly submitted his first play, <i>Shadowdance</i>, to the Abbey; however, Lady Gregory rejected it, returning it to the author with "The Old Lady says No" written across the title page.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnston decided to re-title the play. The Gate staged <i>The Old Lady Says 'No' </i> in <i>The Peacock</i> in 1928. (Note: academic critics Joseph Ronsley and Christine St. Peter have questioned the veracity of this story.)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1930s_to_1950s">1930s to 1950s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1930s to 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition of the Abbey as primarily a writers' theatre survived Yeats' withdrawal from day-to-day involvement. <a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor" title="Frank O'Connor">Frank O'Connor</a> sat on the board from 1935 to 1939, served as managing director from 1937, and had two plays staged during this period. He was alienated from and unable to cope with many of the other board members. They held O'Connor's past adultery against him. Although he fought formidably to retain his position, soon after Yeats died the board began machinations to remove O'Connor. In 1941 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Ernest Blythe</a>, a politician, who had arranged the first State subsidy for the theatre, became managing director.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1940s and 1950s, there was a steady decline in the number of new productions. There were 104 new plays produced from 1930 to 1940, whereas this number dropped to 62 for 1940–1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, there was another decrease. However, the theatre was undeterred by the dwindling amount of productions of original plays and had their audience numbers increase. The attitude of the general public had vastly changed towards the Abbey since the beginning of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was no longer reserved as a theatre for the rich and for a small clique of intellectuals, it had become a theatre for the people. The plays of O'Casey and Lennox Robinson that were being produced by theatre at the time most likely aided in this shift. Larger audiences also brought a change in the Abbey's repertory policy. Rather than the theatre's old system of limiting the initial run of a new play to a week, no matter how popular the play became, the Abbey ran their new plays until their audience was exhausted. This change in policy which was brought about partly because of the shortage of new plays was to have serious consequences in future years when the Abbey found its stock of popular revivals exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1940s and 1950s, the staple fare at the Abbey was a comic farce set in the idealised peasant world of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>. If such a world had ever existed, it was no longer considered relevant by most Irish citizens, and as a result, audience numbers continued to decline. This drift might have been more dramatic but popular actors, including <a href="/wiki/F._J._McCormick" title="F. J. McCormick">F. J. McCormick</a>, and dramatists, including <a href="/wiki/George_Shiels" title="George Shiels">George Shiels</a>, could still draw a crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(poet)" title="Austin Clarke (poet)">Austin Clarke</a> staged events for his Dublin Verse Speaking Society—later the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Lyric Theatre, Dublin">Lyric Theatre</a>—at the Peacock from 1941 to 1944 and the Abbey from 1944 to 1951.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Long-time servant <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bushell" title="Nellie Bushell">Nellie Bushell</a> left service as an usher in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s_to_1990s">1950s to 1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1950s to 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 July 1951, a fire damaged the Abbey Theatre, with only the Peacock remaining intact.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often recounted that the building was destroyed in the fire, but <a href="/wiki/Frank_McDonald_(journalist)" title="Frank McDonald (journalist)">Frank MacDonald</a> contends this is an overstatement, citing the continued use of the building by the Irish Academy of Letters until its eventual demolition in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald-1985_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-1985-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company leased the old <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Queen's Theatre, Dublin">Queen's Theatre</a> in September and continued in residence there until 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The board had plans for rebuilding with a design by the Irish architect <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(architect)" title="Michael Scott (architect)">Michael Scott</a> which dated back to 1959. The magazine, the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Builder" title="Irish Builder">Irish Builder</a>,</i> argued that it was favourable to refurbish the old building rather than build a new one, as "we feel the tourists who come here would prefer to see the old Abbey of Yeats and Synge, rather than the Abbey of Scott."<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald-1985_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-1985-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 September 1963, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, Éamon de Valera, laid the foundation stone for the new theatre, and the Abbey reopened on 18 July 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of the new building was £725,000, an overspend on the original estimated £235,000, and resulted in the Dáil Committee for Public Accounts calling for an investigation into the overrun.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonald-1985_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-1985-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new building, a new generation of dramatists, including such figures as <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Leonard" title="Hugh Leonard">Hugh Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murphy_(playwright)" title="Tom Murphy (playwright)">Tom Murphy</a>, and tourism that included the National Theatre as a key cultural attraction, helped revive the theatre. Beginning in 1957, the theatre's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Theatre_Festival" title="Dublin Theatre Festival">Dublin Theatre Festival</a> aided its revival. Plays such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Here_I_Come!" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Here I Come!">Philadelphia Here I Come!</a></i> (1964), <i><a href="/wiki/Faith_Healer" title="Faith Healer">Faith Healer</a></i> (1979) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_at_Lughnasa" title="Dancing at Lughnasa">Dancing at Lughnasa</a></i> (1990); <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murphy_(playwright)" title="Tom Murphy (playwright)">Tom Murphy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Whistle_in_the_Dark" title="A Whistle in the Dark">A Whistle in the Dark</a></i> (1961) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gigli_Concert" title="The Gigli Concert">The Gigli Concert</a></i> (1983); and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Leonard" title="Hugh Leonard">Hugh Leonard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Da_(play)" title="Da (play)">Da</a></i> (1973) and <i>A Life</i> (1980), helped raise the Abbey's international profile through successful runs in the West End in London, and on Broadway in New York City. </p><p>Irish American writer and W.B Yeats scholar <a href="/wiki/James_W._Flannery" title="James W. Flannery">James W. Flannery</a> (born 1936) wrote two books about the Abbey Theatre: <i>W. B. Yeats and the Idea of a Theatre: The Early Abbey Theatre in Theory and in Practice</i> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Miss Horniman and the Abbey Theatre</i> (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flannery was the Executive Director of the Yeats International Theatre Festival held at the Abbey Theatre from 1989 to 1993. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_in_the_2000s">Challenges in the 2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Challenges in the 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2004 the theatre celebrated its centenary with events that included performances of the original programme by amateur dramatic groups and a production of Michael West's <i>Dublin By Lamplight</i>, originally staged by Annie Ryan for <a href="/wiki/The_Corn_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="The Corn Exchange">The Corn Exchange</a> company at the <a href="/wiki/Project_Arts_Centre" title="Project Arts Centre">Project Arts Centre</a> in November 2004. Despite the centenary, not all was well: audience numbers were falling, the Peacock was closed for lack of money, the theatre was near bankruptcy, and the staff felt the threat of huge lay-offs. </p><p>In September 2004 two members of the theatre's advisory council, playwrights <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Murphy_(playwright)" title="Jimmy Murphy (playwright)">Jimmy Murphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulick_O%27Connor" title="Ulick O'Connor">Ulick O'Connor</a>, tabled a "motion of no confidence" in Artistic Director Ben Barnes, and criticised him for touring with a play in Australia during the deep financial and artistic crisis at home. Barnes returned and temporarily held his position.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debacle put the Abbey under great public scrutiny. On 12 May 2005, Barnes and managing director Brian Jackson resigned after it was found that the theatre's deficit of €1.85 million had been underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new director, <a href="/wiki/Fiach_Mac_Conghail" title="Fiach Mac Conghail">Fiach Mac Conghail</a>, due to start in January 2006, took over in May 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-lavery_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavery-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reestablishment">Reestablishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reestablishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 August 2005, the Abbey Theatre's Advisory Council approved a plan to dissolve the Abbey's owner, the National Theatre Society, and replace it with a <a href="/wiki/Company_limited_by_guarantee" title="Company limited by guarantee">company limited by guarantee</a>, the Abbey Theatre Limited. After strong debate, the board accepted the program. Basing its actions on this plan, the Arts Council of Ireland awarded the Abbey €25.7 million in January 2006 to be spread over three years.<sup id="cite_ref-lavery_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavery-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grant represented an approximate 43  per cent increase in the Abbey's revenues and was the largest ever awarded by the Arts Council.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new company was established on 1 February 2006, with the announcement of a new Abbey Board chaired by High Court Judge Bryan McMahon. In March 2007 the larger auditorium in the theatre was radically reconfigured by Jean-Guy Lecat as part of a major upgrade of the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the Literary Department announced the pilot of a new development initiative, the <i>New Playwrights Programme</i>. The six writers who took part in this pilot programme were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aidan_Harney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aidan Harney (page does not exist)">Aidan Harney</a>, Lisa Keogh, Shona McCarthy, Jody O'Neill, Neil Sharpson and Lisa Tierney-Keogh.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 30 writers were commissioned by the Abbey after Mac Conghail was appointed director in May 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Abbey produced new plays by Tom Murphy, Richard Dormer, Gary Duggan, Billy Roche, Bernard Farrell and Owen McCafferty. The Abbey also developed a relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Public_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Theater">Public Theater</a> in New York, where it has presented two new plays: <i>Terminus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_O%27Rowe" title="Mark O'Rowe">Mark O'Rowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Shepard" title="Sam Shepard">Sam Shepard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kicking_a_Dead_Horse" title="Kicking a Dead Horse">Kicking a Dead Horse</a></i>. The Abbey also made a historic move in 2009/10 by producing four consecutive new plays by women writers: <i>B for Baby</i> by Carmel Winter, <i>No Romance</i> by Nancy Harris, <i>Perve</i> by Stacey Gregg and <i>16 Possible Glimpses</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marina_Carr" title="Marina Carr">Marina Carr</a>. </p><p>The Abbey ran a special programme, <i>Waking the Nation</i>, to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916. Some controversy arose over the fact that of ten productions, only one, a monologue for children, was by a female playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-directors_and_new_building_plans">Co-directors and new building plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Co-directors and new building plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, the Abbey's direction passed to two co-directors on five-year contracts. Neil Murray from Wales and Graham McLaren from Scotland pursued policies involving significant touring, a wider selection of plays including shorter runs, reduced reliance on Abbey stalwarts such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plough_and_the_Stars" title="The Plough and the Stars">The Plough and the Stars</a></i> (57 productions in the theatre's history), free previews, and an emphasis on diversity. They also pursued the project to renew the theatre building, with McLaren describing the current structure as "the worst theatre building I have ever worked in ... Stalinesque ... a terrible, terrible design".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After discussions about new locations in the Docklands, on O'Connell Street and elsewhere, it was decided to redevelop the Abbey in situ. Hence, in September 2012, the Abbey Theatre purchased 15-17 Eden Quay,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2016, 22-23 Eden Quay. With a budget of up to 80 million euros mentioned, including capital funding from the central government, the plan is to remove the existing building and build on the combined site, creating two new theatre spaces, of 700 and 250 seats, along with a restaurant, modern rehearsal spaces, and new offices. The new theatre would open onto the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">Liffey</a> quays.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2023, the plans for the redevelopment had not yet been finalised and an application for planning permission had not yet been submitted.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, after open competition, two new co-directors were appointed, Caitriona McLaughlin as Artistic Director and Mark O'Brien as Executive Director.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/12">"Abbey Theatre Austin"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abbey+Theatre+Austin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster (2003), pp. 486, 662.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2001" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, Mary (2001). <i>Ireland's National Theatre's: Political performance and the Origins of the Irish Dramatic Movement</i>. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+National+Theatre%27s%3A+Political+performance+and+the+Origins+of+the+Irish+Dramatic+Movement&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazier, Adrian. <i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman, and the Struggle for the Abbey Theater</i>, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990. p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2004" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, John (2004). "Film: "The Abbey Theatre: the First 100 years"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>RTÉ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Film%3A+%22The+Abbey+Theatre%3A+the+First+100+years%22&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory-1972-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory-1972_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory-1972_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1972" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Lady (1972). <i>Our Irish Theatre: A Chapter of Autobiography</i> (3rd ed.). Buckinghamshire: Colin Smythe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Irish+Theatre%3A+A+Chapter+of+Autobiography&rft.place=Buckinghamshire&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Colin+Smythe&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikhail, E. H. <i>The Abbey Theatre: Interviews and Recollections', Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, October 1987. p. 97. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-389-20616-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-389-20616-4">0-389-20616-4</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormack, W. J. (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Modern Irish Culture</i>, Blackwell Publishing, 28 January 2002. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22817-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22817-9">0-631-22817-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazier, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Shaun. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Irish Drama</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, February 2004. p. 63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00873-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00873-5">0-521-00873-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler Yeats, William. <i>The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats: Volume IV: 1905–1907</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Republished 1996. p. 616. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-812684-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-812684-0">0-19-812684-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Kenny (nephew of Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh): The Splendid Years: recollections of Maire Nic Shiubhlaigh, as told to Edward Kenny, with appendices and lists of Irish theatre plays, 1899–1916. Duffy and Co., Dublin. 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt-1979-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt-1979_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1979" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Hugh (1979). <i>The Abbey: Ireland's National Theatre 1904-1979</i>. New York : Columbia Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abbey%3A+Ireland%27s+National+Theatre+1904-1979.&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gegory-1914-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gegory-1914_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gegory-1914_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGegory1914" class="citation book cs1">Gegory, Isabella (1914). <i>Our National Theatre: a chapter of autobiography</i>. Ireland. pp. 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+National+Theatre%3A+a+chapter+of+autobiography&rft.place=Ireland&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Gegory&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bts_205-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bts_205_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bts_205_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier1990" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Adrian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindscenesyeat0000fraz"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i></a>. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06549-2"><bdi>0-520-06549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06549-2&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindscenesyeat0000fraz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Woods_Frazier1990" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Woods Frazier (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindscenesyeat0000fraz"><i>Behind the scenes : Yeats, Horniman and the struggle for the Abbey theatre</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520065492" title="Special:BookSources/0520065492"><bdi>0520065492</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/465842168">465842168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+scenes+%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+struggle+for+the+Abbey+theatre&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F465842168&rft.isbn=0520065492&rft.au=Adrian+Woods+Frazier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindscenesyeat0000fraz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier1990" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Adrian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindscenesyeat0000fraz/page/27"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i></a>. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindscenesyeat0000fraz/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06549-2"><bdi>0-520-06549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-520-06549-2&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindscenesyeat0000fraz%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 43–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=43-47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 219–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=219-230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 235–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=235-238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-int_115-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-int_115_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int_115_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ireland's National Theaters: Political Performance and the Origins of the Irish Dramatic Movement</i>. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+National+Theaters%3A+Political+Performance+and+the+Origins+of+the+Irish+Dramatic+Movement&rft.pages=115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 46–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=46-49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 49–50, 75–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=49-50%2C+75-77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 205–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=205-213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. pp. 232–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes%3A+Yeats%2C+Horniman+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.pages=232-238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Alan <i>Synge and Anglo-Irish Drama</i>, London: Methuen, 1961. pp. 15, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isherwood, Charles. "A Seductive Fellow Returns, but in a Darker Mood", <i>New York Times</i>, 28 October 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2015" class="citation journal cs1">McKenna, Bernard (Winter 2015). "Yeats, The Arrow, and the Aesthetics of a 'National, Moral Culture': The Blanco Posnet Affair". <i>Journal of Modern Literature</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 16–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjmodelite.38.2.16">10.2979/jmodelite.38.2.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jmodelite.38.2.16">10.2979/jmodelite.38.2.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142799874">142799874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Literature&rft.atitle=Yeats%2C+The+Arrow%2C+and+the+Aesthetics+of+a+%27National%2C+Moral+Culture%27%3A+The+Blanco+Posnet+Affair&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=16-28&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142799874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjmodelite.38.2.16%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjmodelite.38.2.16&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leland, Mary. <i>The Lie of the Land: Journeys Through Literary Cork</i>, Cork: Cork University Press, 2000. p. 238. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85918-231-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85918-231-3">1-85918-231-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, Robert, Stewart, Bruce. <i>The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, January 1996. p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866158-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866158-4">0-19-866158-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, pp. 118, 127, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Glenn. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/13/theater/o-casey-s-widow-muses-on-his-friendship-with-shaw.html">O'Casey's Widow Muses on His Friendship With Shaw"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727121330/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/13/theater/o-casey-s-widow-muses-on-his-friendship-with-shaw.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 13 November 1989. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kavanagh, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorley Walker, Kathrine. "The Festival and the Abbey: Ninette de Valois' Early Choreography, 1925–1934, Part One". <i>Dance Chronicle</i>, Volume 7, No. 4, 1984–85. pp. 379–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinciss1969" class="citation journal cs1">Pinciss, G.M. (December 1969). "A Dancer for Mr. Yeats". <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 386–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3205567">10.2307/3205567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3205567">3205567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Dancer+for+Mr.+Yeats&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=386-391&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3205567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3205567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pinciss&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHH_mem_1989_Finegan-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EHH_mem_1989_Finegan_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinegan1989" class="citation news cs1">Finegan, John (12 August 1989). "Toto deserves remembrance (astonishing woman of Dublin theatre)". <i>The Evening Herald</i>. Dublin, Ireland. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Herald&rft.atitle=Toto+deserves+remembrance+%28astonishing+woman+of+Dublin+theatre%29&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1989-08-12&rft.aulast=Finegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welsh (1999), p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2020" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Paige (2020). "Theatrical Ireland: New Routes from the Abbey Theatre to the Gate Theatre". In Howes, Marjorie Elizabeth (ed.). <i>Irish Literature in Transition, 1880–1940: Volume 4</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108570794" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108570794"><bdi>978-1108570794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theatrical+Ireland%3A+New+Routes+from+the+Abbey+Theatre+to+the+Gate+Theatre&rft.btitle=Irish+Literature+in+Transition%2C+1880%E2%80%931940%3A+Volume+4&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1108570794&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Paige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sisson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sisson_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisson2018" class="citation book cs1">Sisson, Elaine (2018). "Experiment and the Free State: Mrs Cogley's Cabaret and the Founding of the Gate Theatre". In David Clare; Des Lally; Patrick Lonergan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1050455337"><i>The Gate Theatre, Dublin: inspiration and craft</i></a>. Oxford: Peter Lang. pp. 11–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78874-624-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78874-624-3"><bdi>978-1-78874-624-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1050455337">1050455337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experiment+and+the+Free+State%3A+Mrs+Cogley%27s+Cabaret+and+the+Founding+of+the+Gate+Theatre&rft.btitle=The+Gate+Theatre%2C+Dublin%3A+inspiration+and+craft&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=11-27&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1050455337&rft.isbn=978-1-78874-624-3&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1050455337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, Robert, and Stewart, Bruce. <i>The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. p. 275. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866158-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866158-4">0-19-866158-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartlett, Rebecca Ann. <i>Choice's Outstanding Academic Books, 1992–1997: Reviews of Scholarly Titles</i>, Association of College & Research Libraries, 1998. p. 136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8389-7929-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8389-7929-7">0-8389-7929-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce, David. "Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century: A Reader". Cork: Cork University Press, September 2000. p. 743. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85918-208-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85918-208-9">1-85918-208-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh,_Ian" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Ian. <i>Experimental Irish Theatre: After W B Yeats</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 80–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experimental+Irish+Theatre%3A+After+W+B+Yeats&rft.pages=80-82&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haggerty, Bridget. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ALandmks/AbbeyTheatre.html">Irish Landmarks: The Abbey Theatre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208174803/http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ALandmks/AbbeyTheatre.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". irishcultureandcustoms.com. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDonald-1985-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald-1985_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald-1985_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonald-1985_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1985" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Frank (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60079186"><i>The destruction of Dublin</i></a>. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-1386-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-1386-8"><bdi>0-7171-1386-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60079186">60079186</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924144503/https://www.worldcat.org/title/destruction-of-dublin/oclc/60079186">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+destruction+of+Dublin&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60079186&rft.isbn=0-7171-1386-8&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F60079186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmon, Maurice. <i>Austin Clarke 1896–1974: A Critical Introduction</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, July 1989. p. 116. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-389-20864-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-389-20864-7">0-389-20864-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504114549/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-research-international/issue/5AB9FC67D717F3A219EEDB64DE529207">Review of "W. B. Yeats and the Idea of a Theatre"</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._Norman_Jeffares" title="A. Norman Jeffares">A. Norman Jeffares</a>, Theatre Research International, Vol 4 #1, Oct 1978, pp. 68 - 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Amazon.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0196475511" title="Special:BookSources/0196475511"><bdi>0196475511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazon.com&rft.isbn=0196475511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavery, Brian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/16/theater/newsandfeatures/16abbe.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Deficit, Cutbacks and Crisis for Abbey Theater at 100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106091004/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/16/theater/newsandfeatures/deficit-cutbacks-and-crisis-for-abbey-theater-at.html">Archived</a> 6 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>New York Times</i>, 16 September 2004. Retrieved 21 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogan, Louise. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/09/30/story948015820.asp">Judge appointed to lead Abbey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301015516/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2005/09/30/story948015820.asp">Archived</a> 1 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Irish Examiner</i>, 30 September 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lavery-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lavery_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lavery_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavery, Brian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/25/theater/newsandfeatures/25abbe.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">The Abbey Theater's Fiach Mac Conghail Takes a Cue From Yeats"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075230/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/25/theater/newsandfeatures/25abbe.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Archived</a> 17 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 25 March 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilroy, Ian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2006/01/25/story124202931.asp">Abbey Theatre lands historic €25.7m three-year grant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301015244/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2006/01/25/story124202931.asp">Archived</a> 1 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Irish Examiner, 25 January 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2007" class="citation news cs1">Hogan, Louise (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/abbey-theatre-to-spend-730000-on-a-building-its-soon-to-abandon-26271487.html">"Abbey Theatre to spend €730,000 on a building it's soon to abandon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611191348/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/abbey-theatre-to-spend-730000-on-a-building-its-soon-to-abandon-26271487.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Abbey+Theatre+to+spend+%E2%82%AC730%2C000+on+a+building+it%27s+soon+to+abandon&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fabbey-theatre-to-spend-730000-on-a-building-its-soon-to-abandon-26271487.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/abbey-theatre-saga-takes-new-twist-1.738914">"Abbey Theatre Saga Takes New Twist"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075230/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/abbey-theatre-saga-takes-new-twist-1.738914">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Abbey+Theatre+Saga+Takes+New+Twist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fabbey-theatre-saga-takes-new-twist-1.738914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/6497">MacConghail takes charge at Abbey Theatre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050215221843/http://www.thestage.co.uk/news/newsstory.php/6497">Archived</a> 15 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Stage Newspaper</i>, 15 February 2005. Retrieved 21 January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2015" class="citation news cs1">Carr, Aoife (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/abbey-admits-programme-does-not-represent-gender-equality-1.2422926">"Abbey admits programme does not represent gender equality"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. Irish Times Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420065214/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/abbey-admits-programme-does-not-represent-gender-equality-1.2422926">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Abbey+admits+programme+does+not+represent+gender+equality&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fabbey-admits-programme-does-not-represent-gender-equality-1.2422926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCormack" class="citation web cs1">MacCormack, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exeuntmagazine.com/features/thems-the-breaks-feminism-and-irish-theatre/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Them's the Breaks": Gender Imbalance and Irish Theatre"</a>. <i>Exeunt Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709160423/http://exeuntmagazine.com/features/thems-the-breaks-feminism-and-irish-theatre/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exeunt+Magazine&rft.atitle=%22Them%27s+the+Breaks%22%3A+Gender+Imbalance+and+Irish+Theatre&rft.aulast=MacCormack&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexeuntmagazine.com%2Ffeatures%2Fthems-the-breaks-feminism-and-irish-theatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortall2018" class="citation news cs1">Shortall, Eithne (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/out-with-the-old-in-the-with-new-at-the-abbey-theatre-5xh2ff0jh">"Out with the old, in the with new at the Abbey Theatre"</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i>. News International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113165657/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/out-with-the-old-in-the-with-new-at-the-abbey-theatre-5xh2ff0jh">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Out+with+the+old%2C+in+the+with+new+at+the+Abbey+Theatre&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.aulast=Shortall&rft.aufirst=Eithne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fout-with-the-old-in-the-with-new-at-the-abbey-theatre-5xh2ff0jh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley" class="citation news cs1">Crawley, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610223838/http://www.irishtheatremagazine.ie/News/Current/Downtown-Abbey.aspx">"Downtown Abbey"</a>. <i>News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Theatre_Magazine" title="Irish Theatre Magazine">Irish Theatre Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtheatremagazine.ie/News/Current/Downtown-Abbey.aspx">the original</a> on 10 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Downtown+Abbey&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtheatremagazine.ie%2FNews%2FCurrent%2FDowntown-Abbey.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortall2018" class="citation news cs1">Shortall, Eithne (1 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/curtain-up-on-dublin-s-80m-new-look-abbey-theatre-in-2021-btwqbbb2n">"Curtain up on Dublin's €80m new-look Abbey Theatre in 2021"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170033/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/curtain-up-on-dublin-s-80m-new-look-abbey-theatre-in-2021-btwqbbb2n">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Curtain+up+on+Dublin%27s+%E2%82%AC80m+new-look+Abbey+Theatre+in+2021&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.aulast=Shortall&rft.aufirst=Eithne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fcurtain-up-on-dublin-s-80m-new-look-abbey-theatre-in-2021-btwqbbb2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2023/03/13/plans-for-12-storey-abbey-theatre-scaled-back-following-planning-meetings/">"Plans for 12-storey Abbey Theatre scaled back following planning meetings"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Plans+for+12-storey+Abbey+Theatre+scaled+back+following+planning+meetings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fireland%2Fdublin%2F2023%2F03%2F13%2Fplans-for-12-storey-abbey-theatre-scaled-back-following-planning-meetings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/culture/2021/0223/1198845-abbey-theatre-announces-new-artistic-and-executive-directors/">"Abbey Theatre announces new Artistic and Executive Directors"</a>. <i>www.rte.ie</i>. 23 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811221148/https://www.rte.ie/culture/2021/0223/1198845-abbey-theatre-announces-new-artistic-and-executive-directors/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rte.ie&rft.atitle=Abbey+Theatre+announces+new+Artistic+and+Executive+Directors&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fculture%2F2021%2F0223%2F1198845-abbey-theatre-announces-new-artistic-and-executive-directors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbey+Theatre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fitz-Simon, Christopher. <i>The Abbey Theatre—Ireland's National Theatre: The First 100 Years</i>. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28426-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28426-1">0-500-28426-1</a></li> <li>Foster, R. F. <i>W. B. Yeats: A Life, Vol. II: The Arch-Poet 1915–1939</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-818465-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-818465-4">0-19-818465-4</a>.</li> <li>Frazier, Adrian. <i>Behind the Scenes: Yeats, Horniman, and the Struggle for the Abbey Theatre</i>. Berkeley: University of California, March 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06549-2">0-520-06549-2</a></li> <li>Gregory, Lady Augusta. <i>Our Irish Theatre</i>. New York and London: Knickerbocker Press, 1913.</li> <li>Grene, Nicholas. <i>The Politics of Irish Drama: Plays in Context from Boucicault to Friel</i>. Cambridge University Press, February 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66536-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66536-1">0-521-66536-1</a></li> <li>Hogan, Robert, and Richard Burnham. <i>Modern Irish Drama: A Documentary History. Vols. I-VI.</i>.</li> <li>Hunt, Hugh. <i>The Abbey: Ireland's National Theater, 1904–1979</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, October 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-04906-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-04906-4">0-231-04906-4</a></li> <li>Igoe, Vivien. <i>A Literary Guide to Dublin</i>. Methuen, April 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-69120-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-69120-9">0-413-69120-9</a></li> <li>Kavanagh, Peter. <i>The Story of the Abbey Theatre</i>. New York: Devin-Adair, 1950.</li> <li>Kilroy, James. <i>The "Playboy" Riots</i>. Dublin: Dolmen Pres, 1971. ASIN: B000LNLIXO</li> <li>McGlone, James P. <i><a href="/wiki/Ria_Mooney" title="Ria Mooney">Ria Mooney</a>: The Life and Times of the Artistic Director of the Abbey Theatre</i>. McFarland and Company, February 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1251-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1251-8">0-7864-1251-8</a></li> <li>Robinson, Lennox. <i>Ireland's Abbey Theatre</i>. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1951.</li> <li>Ryan, Philip B. <i>The Lost Theatres of Dublin</i>. The Badger Press, September 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526076-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9526076-1-1">0-9526076-1-1</a></li> <li>Welch, Robert. <i>The Abbey Theatre, 1899–1999: Form and Pressure</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, February 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926135-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926135-0">0-19-926135-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbey_Theatre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abbeytheatre.ie/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q306434#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/AbbeyTheatre"><span class="plainlinks">Podcasts and Videos from the Abbey Theatre</span>'s channel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_user_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube user (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdemocrat.co.uk/features/irish-theatre/">The Abbey and the genius of Irish theatre</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028001906/http://www.rte.ie/culture/millennia/people/johnstondenis.html">Denis Johnston and <i>The Old Lady Says 'No' </i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,1299214,00.html"><i>Dublin's Abbey in centenary crisis</i></a>—<i>Guardian Unlimited</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2004/0907/abbey.html"><i>Barnes to stay on as Abbey Theatre director</i></a>—RTÉ News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2004/0914/abbey.html"><i>Arts Council voices concern over Abbey</i></a>—RTÉ News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0513/abbey.html">Resignations</a>—RTÉ News.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.siu.edu/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=487">Abbey Theatre Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726112456/http://archives.lib.siu.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&id=487">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections Research Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8xwqq">Abbey Theatre Collection</a> at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bc-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?onCampus=false&docId=ALMA-BC21330989530001021&vid=bclib&institution=BCL">Abbey Theatre Collection</a> at the John J. Burns Library, Boston College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/abbey-theatre">Abbey Theatre Dublin at Google Cultural Institute</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abbey_Theatre&params=53_20_54_N_6_15_26_W_region:IE-D_type:landmark_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°15′26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.34833°N 6.25722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.34833; -6.25722</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amharclann_Ghaoth_Dobhair" title="Amharclann Ghaoth Dobhair">Amharclann Ghaoth Dobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Grian%C3%A1n_Theatre" title="An Grianán Theatre">An Grianán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlone_Little_Theatre" title="Athlone Little Theatre">Athlone Little Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aula_Maxima,_Maynooth" title="Aula Maxima, Maynooth">Aula Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bord_G%C3%A1is_Energy_Theatre" title="Bord Gáis Energy Theatre">Bord Gáis Energy Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_Opera_House" title="Cork Opera House">Cork Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Crowe_Theatre" title="Dean Crowe Theatre">Dean Crowe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid_Theatre_Company" title="Druid Theatre Company">Druid Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunamaise_Arts_Centre" title="Dunamaise Arts Centre">Dunamaise Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman_Palace_Theatre" title="Everyman Palace Theatre">Everyman Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firkin_Crane" title="Firkin Crane">Firkin Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">The Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Gaiety Theatre, Dublin">The Gaiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk%27s_Well_Theatre" title="Hawk's Well Theatre">Hawk's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Helix,_Dublin" title="The Helix, Dublin">The Helix</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Hall_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberty Hall Theatre (page does not exist)">Liberty Hall Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lir_Academy" title="The Lir Academy">The Lir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Theatre_Dundrum" title="Mill Theatre Dundrum">Mill Theatre Dundrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat_Theatre" title="Moat Theatre">Moat Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Opera_House_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opera House (Ireland)">National Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Theatre,_Dublin" title="New Theatre, Dublin">The New Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Olympia Theatre, Dublin">The Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Theatre,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Reilly Theatre, Dublin">O'Reilly Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_Theatre_(D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire)" title="Pavilion Theatre (Dún Laoghaire)">Pavilion Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Arts_Centre" title="Project Arts Centre">Project Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverbank_Arts_Centre" title="Riverbank Arts Centre">Riverbank Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamsa_T%C3%ADre" title="Siamsa Tíre">Siamsa Tíre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smock_Alley_Theatre" title="Smock Alley Theatre">Smock Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibhdhearc_na_Gaillimhe" title="Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe">Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Waterford" title="Theatre Royal Waterford">Theatre Royal Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipperary_Excel" title="Tipperary Excel">Tipperary Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Hall_Theatre_(Galway)" title="Town Hall Theatre (Galway)">Town Hall Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrews_Lane_Theatre" title="Andrews Lane Theatre">Andrews Lane Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre_(Dublin)" title="Astley's Amphitheatre (Dublin)">Astley's Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aungier_Street_Playhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aungier Street Playhouse (page does not exist)">Aungier Street Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capel_Street_Theatre" title="Capel Street Theatre">Capel Street Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Capitol Theatre, Dublin">Capitol Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Street_Theatre" title="Crow Street Theatre">Crow Street Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damer_Hall" title="Damer Hall">Damer Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblana_Theatre" title="Eblana Theatre">Eblana Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neale%27s_Musick_Hall,_Dublin" title="Neale's Musick Hall, Dublin">Fishamble Street Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_Theatre" title="Focus Theatre">Focus Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Literary_Theatre" title="Irish Literary Theatre">Irish Literary Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leinster_Hall" title="Leinster Hall">Leinster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldborough_House" title="Aldborough House">The Lord Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Puppet_Theatre" title="Lambert Puppet Theatre">Lambert Puppet Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Lyric Theatre, Dublin">Lyric Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics%27_Theatre" title="Mechanics' Theatre">Mechanics' Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Theatre" title="Pike Theatre">Pike Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Queen's Theatre, Dublin">Queen's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFX_Hall" title="SFX Hall">SFX Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Cork" title="Theatre Royal, Cork">Theatre Royal, Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Dublin" title="Theatre Royal, Dublin">Theatre Royal, Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Wexford" title="Theatre Royal, Wexford">Theatre Royal, Wexford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Theatre_(Dublin)" title="Tivoli Theatre (Dublin)">Tivoli Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Variety_Theatre" title="Tivoli Variety Theatre">Tivoli Variety Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_Theatre,_Dublin" title="Torch Theatre, Dublin">Torch Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburgh_Street_Theatre" title="Werburgh Street Theatre">Werburgh Street Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhowen_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardhowen Theatre (page does not exist)">Ardhowen Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvoir_Players_Studio_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvoir Players Studio Theatre (page does not exist)">Belvoir Players Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel_Theatre" title="Brian Friel Theatre">Brian Friel Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera_House,_Belfast" title="Grand Opera House, Belfast">Grand Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_Belfast" title="Lyric Theatre, Belfast">Lyric Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Forum" title="Millennium Forum">Millennium Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Theatre,_Coleraine" title="Riverside Theatre, Coleraine">Riverside Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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