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id="toc-The_Great_Terror_(1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Terror_(1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>The Great Terror</i> (1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Terror_(1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Harvest_of_Sorrow_(1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Harvest_of_Sorrow_(1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>The Harvest of Sorrow</i> (1986)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Harvest_of_Sorrow_(1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalin_and_the_Kirov_Murder_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin_and_the_Kirov_Murder_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Stalin and the Kirov Murder</i> (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin_and_the_Kirov_Murder_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Poetry and literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poetry_and_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Poetry and literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Poems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-What_to_Do_When_the_Russians_Come_(1984)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_to_Do_When_the_Russians_Come_(1984)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>What to Do When the Russians Come</i> (1984)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-What_to_Do_When_the_Russians_Come_(1984)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflections_on_a_Ravaged_Century_(1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflections_on_a_Ravaged_Century_(1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Reflections on a Ravaged Century</i> (1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflections_on_a_Ravaged_Century_(1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_of_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_of_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Laws of politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_of_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Conquest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="روبرت كونكويست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت كونكويست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رابرت کانکوئست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت کانکوئست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Робърт Конкуест – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Конкуест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="رابرت کانکوئست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت کانکوئست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%BD%98%ED%80%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="로버트 콘퀘스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 콘퀘스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ռոբերտ Կոնկուեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Կոնկուեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="רוברט קונקווסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט קונקווסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Роберт Конквест – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Конквест" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ კონქვესტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ კონქვესტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="روبيرت كونكويست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبيرت كونكويست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ロバート・コンクエスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・コンクエスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Конквест, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конквест, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Conquest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="รอเบิร์ต คอนเควสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอเบิร์ต คอนเควสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Роберт Конквест – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Конквест" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Robert Conquest</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Conquest_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conquest in 1987"><img alt="Conquest in 1987" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Robert_Conquest_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Conquest_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Robert_Conquest_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Robert_Conquest_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Robert_Conquest_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Robert_Conquest_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Conquest in 1987</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">George Robert Acworth Conquest<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-07-15</span>)</span>15 July 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Malvern" title="Great Malvern">Great Malvern</a>, Worcestershire, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">3 August 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-08-03)</span> (aged 98)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Historian</li><li>poet</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom</li><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Grenoble">University of Grenoble</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Terror_(book)" title="The Great Terror (book)">The Great Terror</a></i> (1968)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvest_of_Sorrow" title="The Harvest of Sorrow">The Harvest of Sorrow</a></i> (1986)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="#Awards_and_honors">See below</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Joan Watkins</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1948)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Tatiana Mihailova</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1962)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Caroleen MacFarlane</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1964; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1978)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elizabeth Wingate</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1979)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">3</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–68)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Robert Acworth Conquest</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span></span> (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015) was a British and American historian, poet, and novelist.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was briefly a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later wrote several books against Communism. </p><p>A long-time research fellow at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, Conquest was most notable for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. His books included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Terror_(book)" title="The Great Terror (book)">The Great Terror: Stalin's Purges of the 1930s</a></i> (1968); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvest_of_Sorrow" title="The Harvest of Sorrow">The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine</a></i> (1986); and <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_Breaker_of_Nations" title="Stalin: Breaker of Nations">Stalin: Breaker of Nations</a></i> (1991). He was also the author of two novels and several collections of poetry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conquest was born in <a href="/wiki/Great_Malvern" title="Great Malvern">Great Malvern</a>, Worcestershire,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to an American father, Robert Folger Wescott Conquest, and an English mother, Rosamund Alys Acworth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father served in an <a href="/wiki/AFS_Intercultural_Programs" title="AFS Intercultural Programs">American Ambulance Field Service</a> unit with the <a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">French Army in World War I</a>, and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de Guerre, with Silver Star</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conquest was educated at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, where he won an <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibition</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_Politics_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy, Politics and Economics">Philosophy, Politics and Economics</a> (PPE) at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>. He took a gap year, spending time at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Grenoble" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Grenoble">University of Grenoble</a> and in Bulgaria, and returning to Oxford in 1937, where he joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">MA</a> in PPE and a <a href="/wiki/DLitt" class="mw-redirect" title="DLitt">DLitt</a> in history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_years">War years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lisbon on an American passport at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Conquest returned to England.<sup id="cite_ref-Quadrant_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quadrant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Communist Party of Great Britain denounced the war in 1939 as imperialist and capitalist, Conquest broke with it and was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire_Light_Infantry" title="Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry">Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry</a> on 20 April 1940, serving with the regiment until 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943 he was posted to the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Slavonic_and_East_European_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Slavonic and East European Studies">School of Slavonic and East European Studies</a> (later part of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>) to study Bulgarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year he was posted to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">liaison officer</a> to the Bulgarian forces fighting under Soviet command, attached to the Third Ukrainian Front, then to the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Control Commission">Allied Control Commission</a>. At the end of the war, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>, returning to the British Legation in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> where he remained as the press officer.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948 he left Bulgaria when he was recalled to London under a minor diplomatic cloud after he had helped smuggle two Bulgarians out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_Research_Department">Information Research Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Information Research Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948 Conquest joined the Foreign Office's <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a> (IRD), a "propaganda counter-offensive" unit created by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a> government<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to "collect and summarize reliable information about Soviet and communist misdoings, to disseminate it to democratic journalists, politicians, and trade unionists, and to support, financially and otherwise, anticommunist publications."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IRD was also engaged in manipulating public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltic_Worlds_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltic_Worlds_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conquest was remembered there as a "brilliant, arrogant" figure who had 10 people reporting to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to work at the Foreign Office until 1956, becoming increasingly involved in the intellectual counter-offensive against communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 Conquest's assistant, Celia Kirwan (later Celia Goodman), approached <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> for information to help identify Soviet sympathisers. <a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a>, discovered after her death in 2002, included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">Observer</a></i> journalists, as well as <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Homberger_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conquest, like Orwell, fell for the beautiful Celia Kirwan, who inspired him to write several poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his foreign office colleagues was Alan Maclean, brother of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(spy)" title="Donald Maclean (spy)">Donald Maclean</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Philby</a> spy ring, who fled to Russia with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a> in 1951. When his brother defected, Alan resigned, then went to Macmillan and published a book of Conquest's poems.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Foreign Office, Conquest wrote several papers that sowed the seeds for his later work. One, on the Soviet means of obtaining confessions, was elaborated on in <i>The Great Terror</i>. Other papers were "Peaceful Co-existence in Soviet Propaganda and Theory", and "United Fronts – a Communist Tactic".<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950 Conquest served briefly as First Secretary in the British Delegation to the United Nations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956 Conquest left the Foreign Office and became a freelance writer and historian.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he left, he says, the Information Research Department (IRD) suggested to him that he could combine some of the data he had gathered from Soviet publications into a book.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s he edited eight volumes of work produced by the IRD, published in London by <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">the Bodley Head</a> as the Soviet Studies Series.<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his Foreign Office works were published this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the material was republished as The Contemporary Soviet Union Series by <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Frederick Praeger</a>, who had previously published several books on communism at the request of the CIA,<sup id="cite_ref-Leigh_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leigh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to works by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Fast" title="Howard Fast">Howard Fast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Patrick_Fitzgerald" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Patrick Fitzgerald">Charles Patrick Fitzgerald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962–1963 Conquest was literary editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i>, but he resigned when he found the job interfering with his historical writing. His first books on the Soviet Union were <i>Common Sense About Russia</i> (1960), <i>The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities</i> (1960) and <i>Power and Policy in the USSR</i> (1961). His other early works on the Soviet Union included <i>Courage of Genius: The Pasternak Affair</i> (1961) and <i>Russia After Khrushchev</i> (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_works">Historical works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Terror_(1968)"><span id="The_Great_Terror_.281968.29"></span><i>The Great Terror</i> (1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Great Terror (1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Terror_(book)" title="The Great Terror (book)">The Great Terror (book)</a></div> <p>In 1968 Conquest published what became his best-known work, <i>The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties</i>, the first comprehensive research of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, which took place in the Soviet Union between 1934 and 1939. Many reviewers at the time were not impressed by his way of writing about the Great Terror, which was in the tradition of "great men who make history".<sup id="cite_ref-Baltic_Worlds_2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltic_Worlds_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was based mainly on information which had been made public, either officially or by individuals, during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>" in the period 1956–64. It also drew on accounts by Russian and Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiles</a> dating back to the 1930s, and on an analysis of official Soviet documents such as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_census" title="Soviet census">Soviet census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GT1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important aspect of the book was that it widened the understanding of the purges beyond the previous narrow focus on the "<a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a>" of disgraced <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, who were executed shortly thereafter. The question of why these leaders had pleaded guilty and confessed to various crimes at the trials had become a topic of discussion for a number of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">western</a> writers, and helped inspire anti-Communist tracts such as <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conquest argued that the trials and executions of these former Communist leaders were a minor detail of the purges. By his estimates, Stalinist purges had led to the deaths of some 20 million people. He later stated that the total number of deaths could "hardly be lower than some thirteen to fifteen million."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conquest sharply criticized Western intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Duranty" title="Walter Duranty">Walter Duranty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pares" title="Bernard Pares">Sir Bernard Pares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._N._Pritt" class="mw-redirect" title="D. N. Pritt">D. N. Pritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Lattimore" title="Owen Lattimore">Owen Lattimore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>, as well as American ambassador <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Davies" title="Joseph E. Davies">Joseph Davies</a>, accusing them of being dupes of Stalin and apologists of his regime. Conquest cites various comments made by them where, he argues, they were denying, excusing, or justifying various aspects of the purges.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the opening up of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_archives" title="Soviet archives">Soviet archives</a>, detailed information was released that Conquest argued supported his conclusions. When Conquest's publisher asked him to expand and revise <i>The Great Terror</i>, Conquest is famously said to have suggested the new version of the book be titled <i>I Told You So, You Fucking Fools.</i> In fact, the mock title was jokingly proposed by Conquest's old friend, Sir <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a>. The new version was published in 1990 as <i>The Great Terror: A Reassessment</i>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507132-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507132-8">0-19-507132-8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American historian <a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">J. Arch Getty</a> disagreed, writing in 1993 that the archives did not support Conquest's casualty figures.<sup id="cite_ref-getty_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getty-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, investigative journalist Paul Lashmar suggested that the reputation of prominent academics such as Robert Conquest was built upon work derived from material provided by the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">IRD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defty_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defty-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a> <i>The Great Terror</i> was an important influence, "but one which confirmed people in their views rather than converted them".<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many aspects of his book continue <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Terror_(book)#Reception,_impact,_and_debates" title="The Great Terror (book)">to be disputed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sovietologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovietologist">sovietologist</a> historians and researchers on Russian and Soviet history, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Wheatcroft" title="Stephen G. Wheatcroft">Stephen G. Wheatcroft</a>, who insists that Conquest's victim totals for Stalinist repressions are too high, even in his reassessments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, whose family had emigrated from Russia as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, wrote "One of the few unalloyed pleasures of old age is living long enough to see yourself vindicated. Robert Conquest is currently enjoying this pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-Ignatieff_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignatieff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a>'s closest advisers, described Conquest as "our greatest living historian". And, in the phrase of <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a>, he was <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a> before Solzhenitsyn.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996 Marxist historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, who had been previously attacked by Conquest for his book <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Extremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Extremes">Age of Extremes</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> praised Conquest's <i>The Great Terror</i> "as a remarkable pioneer effort to assess the Stalin Terror". However he expressed the view that this work and others were now to be considered obsolete "simply because the archival sources are now available". As a result, he wrote, there was no need for "fragmentary sources" and "guesswork". "[W]hen better or more complete data are available, they must take the place of poor and incomplete ones."<sup id="cite_ref-Hobsbawm_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobsbawm-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 Conquest replied to his <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist critics</a>: <i>"They're still talking absolute balls. In the academy, there remains a feeling of, "Don't let's be too rude to Stalin. He was a bad guy, yes, but the Americans were bad guys too, and so was the British Empire."</i><sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Review_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Review-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Harvest_of_Sorrow_(1986)"><span id="The_Harvest_of_Sorrow_.281986.29"></span><i>The Harvest of Sorrow</i> (1986)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Harvest of Sorrow (1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Harvest_of_Sorrow" title="The Harvest of Sorrow">The Harvest of Sorrow</a></div> <p>In 1986 Conquest published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvest_of_Sorrow" title="The Harvest of Sorrow">The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine</a></i>, dealing with the collectivization of agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and elsewhere in the USSR, under Stalin's direction in 1929–31, and the resulting famine, in which millions of peasants died due to <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>, and execution. In this book, Conquest supported the view that the famine was a planned act of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historians <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wheatcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Wheatcroft">Stephen Wheatcroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._W._Davies" title="R. W. Davies">R. W. Davies</a>, "Conquest holds that Stalin wanted the famine... and that the Ukrainian famine was deliberately inflicted for its own sake." Nevertheless, he wrote to them in a letter in 2003 that "Stalin purposely inflicted the 1933 famine? No. What I argue is that with resulting famine imminent, he could have prevented it, but put 'Soviet interest' other than feeding the starving first thus consciously abetting it."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalin_and_the_Kirov_Murder_(1989)"><span id="Stalin_and_the_Kirov_Murder_.281989.29"></span><i>Stalin and the Kirov Murder</i> (1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stalin and the Kirov Murder (1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>, Kirov's murder was the Stalinist equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>, deliberately started by the Nazis to justify the arrest of German Communists. The Trotskyist-<a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> view became the dominant one among western historians, popularised in Robert Conquest's influential books.<sup id="cite_ref-Priestland_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priestland-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Terror">The Great Terror</a></i>, Conquest already undermined the official Soviet story of conspiracy and treason. Conquest placed the murder in 1934 of the Leningrad party boss, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a>, one of Stalin's inner circle, as the key to the mechanism of terror. </p><p>He returned to this in <i>Stalin and the Kirov Murder</i> (1989), where he argued that Stalin not only sanctioned Kirov's assassination, but used it as a justification for the terror that culminated in 1937–38, though no evidence has been found to confirm Stalin's role in the murder.<sup id="cite_ref-Homberger_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Figes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Getty_on_Kirov_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getty_on_Kirov-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry_and_literature">Poetry and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poetry and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poems">Poems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to his scholarly work, Conquest was a well-regarded poet<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose poems have been published in various periodicals from 1937. In 1945 he was awarded the PEN Brazil Prize for his war poem "For the Death of a Poet" – about an army friend, the poet Drummond Allison, killed in Italy – and, in 1951, he received a Festival of Britain verse prize.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his lifetime, he had seven volumes of poetry<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of literary criticism<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published. </p><p>Conquest was a major figure in a prominent British literary circle known as <a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(literature)" title="The Movement (literature)">"The Movement"</a> which also included <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a>. Movement poets, many of whom bristled at being so labeled, rejected the experiments of earlier practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He edited, in 1956 and 1962, the influential <i>New Lines</i> anthologies, introducing works by them, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thom_Gunn" title="Thom Gunn">Thom Gunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Enright" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Enright">Dennis Enright</a>, and others, to a wider public.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent 1959–60 as visiting poet at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Buffalo">University of Buffalo</a>. Several of his poems were published in <i>The New Oxford Book of Light Verse</i> (1978; compiled by Amis), under the pseudonyms "Stuart Howard-Jones", "Victor Gray" and "Ted Pauker".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="old source not suitable for factual claims (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It emerged from the pages of poet <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Selected_Letters_of_Philip_Larkin,_1940%E2%80%931985" title="Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1985">published letters</a> that Conquest and Larkin shared an enthusiasm for pornography in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Larkin was in Hull, Conquest sent him judicious selections of the latest pornography, and, when he came down to London, Conquest took him on shopping trips to the Soho porn shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Homberger_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one occasion Conquest, in 1957, wrote a letter to Larkin purporting to come from the Vice Squad which had found the poet's name on a pornographic publisher's list. Larkin panicked and went to see his solicitor, convinced that he was going to lose his job as librarian at Hull University, before Conquest owned up.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true story of the joke became in 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Larkin%27s_Awkward_Day" title="Mr Larkin's Awkward Day">Mr Larkin's Awkward Day</a></i>, a comedy radio play by Chris Harrald.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after his expulsion from the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> met with Conquest, asking him to translate a 'little' poem of his into English verse. This was "<a href="/wiki/Prussian_Nights" title="Prussian Nights">Prussian Nights</a>" – nearly two thousand lines in ballad metre – published in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new <i>Collected Poems</i>, edited by Elizabeth Conquest, was published in March 2020 by the Waywiser Press.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conquest had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a> since the 1940s, and shared Amis's taste for science fiction. Starting from 1961, the two writers jointly edited <i>Spectrum</i>, five anthologies of new sci-fi writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Homberger_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conquest also proposed to Amis a collaboration based on a draft comic novel that Conquest had completed. This was revised by Amis, then it appeared under both their names as <i>The Egyptologists</i> (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-Homberger_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel is about a secret Egyptological London society that is really a husbands' organization serving as an alibi for philanderers.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_4_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reviewer in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> felt that their "elaborate little jokes leave an unpleasant taste".<sup id="cite_ref-Homberger_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homberger-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later a film version of the novel was cancelled when its star, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, was called away to Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_Review_2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_Review_2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conquest published a science-fiction novel, <i>A World of Difference</i> (1955).<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_works">Political works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="What_to_Do_When_the_Russians_Come_(1984)"><span id="What_to_Do_When_the_Russians_Come_.281984.29"></span><i>What to Do When the Russians Come</i> (1984)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: What to Do When the Russians Come (1984)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, Robert Conquest wrote, with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Manchip_White" title="Jon Manchip White">Jon Manchip White</a>, the fictional book <i>What to Do When the Russians Come: a Survivor's Guide</i> which, however, was intended to be a real survival manual in case of Soviet invasion. This book, as many other works of the mid-1980s in different media, like Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hackett_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Hackett (British Army officer)">John Hackett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_World_War:_The_Untold_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third World War: The Untold Story">The Third World War</a></i>, the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Dawn" title="Red Dawn">Red Dawn</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Bradley" title="Milton Bradley">Milton Bradley</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Fortress_America_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress America (board game)">Fortress America</a></i>, starts from the premise that a Soviet ground-invasion of the United States could be imminent and that the Soviet Union was about to engulf the world. </p> <blockquote><p>It is widely accepted that the United States now faces a real possibility of succumbing to the power of an alien regime unless the right policies are pursued. [This book's aim] is, first, to show the American citizen clearly and factually what the results of this possible Soviet domination could be and how it would affect him or her personally; and second, to give some serious advice on how to survive."<sup id="cite_ref-russians_come_1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russians_come_1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Conquest supported the Reagan defense buildup and asked for an increase of expenses on US defense budget, claiming that in the nuclear field <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> was only possibly matching USSR military power: </p> <blockquote><p>We live in dangerous times. Such miscalculations are very possible. But they are not inevitable. The American people and their representatives have it in their power to prevent their country from undergoing the ordeal we have described. A democratic government, with all its distractions and disadvantages, ... It is not infallible, it is slow to learn, and it is willing to grasp at comfortable illusions; but it may yet act decisively"<sup id="cite_ref-russians_come_2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russians_come_2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "But why should we fear that such an ordeal may face us? The economic potential of the West in gross national product is far greater than that of the Soviet Union....In fact, the Soviet Union is economically far behind the United States. American technology is always a generation ahead of theirs. They have to turn to the United States for wheat. The Soviet economy is at a dead end. The Communist system has failed to win support in any of the countries of Eastern Europe. The Soviet idea has no attractions. On any calculation—of economic power or social advance or intellectual progress there could be no question of the Russians imposing their will. But in terms of actual military power, the West's advantage does not seem to have been made use of. It is at least matched, and many would say overmatched, in the nuclear field; the Western forces in Europe have less than half the striking power of their opponents. It is no good our being more advanced than they are if this is not translated into power—both military power and political willpower."<sup id="cite_ref-russians_come_3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russians_come_3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1986 Conquest affirmed that "a science-fiction attitude is a great help in understanding the Soviet Union. It isn't so much whether they're good or bad, exactly; they're not bad or good as we'd be bad or good. It's far better to look at them as Martians than as people like us."<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflections_on_a_Ravaged_Century_(1999)"><span id="Reflections_on_a_Ravaged_Century_.281999.29"></span><i>Reflections on a Ravaged Century</i> (1999)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reflections on a Ravaged Century (1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?153487-1/reflections-ravaged-century"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Conquest on <i>Reflections on a Ravaged Century</i>, December 19, 1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?154811-1/reflections-ravaged-century">Presentation by Conquest of <i>Reflections on a Ravaged Century</i>, January 19, 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ReflectionsOnARavagedCentury">Reflections on a Ravaged Century</a></i> is a book devoted to the psychological roots of fanaticism, in which Conquest argues that Communism and Nazism were equal and more twins than opposites.<sup id="cite_ref-TLS_Hitchens_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLS_Hitchens-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is much more in this book about communism than Nazism, partly because of Conquest's greater expertise on communism, and partly because comparatively few Western intellectuals became Nazis. He focuses mainly on attacks on intellectuals in the West who became communists because they felt or believed that this was "anti-fascism" or "anti-Nazism".<sup id="cite_ref-TLS_Hitchens_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLS_Hitchens-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_of_politics">Laws of politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Laws of politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Three_Laws_of_Politics"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Two_Laws_of_Politics"></span> Conquest posited two laws of politics, apparently not referenced in any of his books but as observations he made in conversations:<sup id="cite_ref-Vogel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Generally speaking, everybody is reactionary on subjects he knows about.</li> <li>Every organisation appears to be headed by secret agents of its opponents.</li></ol> <p>Conquest's first and second law are attested by at least two sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogel_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 February 2003, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Andrew Brown</a> wrote of Conquest's campaign against the expansion of university education that "[f]rom this period dates 'Conquest's Law', which states that 'Everyone is a reactionary about subjects he understands'. This was later supplemented with the balancing rule that every organisation behaves as if it is run by secret agents of its opponents."<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1991 <i>Memoirs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Amis" title="Kingsley Amis">Kingsley Amis</a> wrote of Conquest that "he was to point out that, while very 'progressive' on the subject of colonialism and other matters I was ignorant of, I was a sound reactionary about education, of which I had some understanding and experience. From my own and others' example he formulated his famous First Law, which runs, 'Generally speaking, everybody is reactionary on subjects he knows about.' (The Second Law, more recent, says, 'Every organisation appears to be headed by secret agents of its opponents.')"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 June 2003, <a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="National Review Online">National Review Online</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s blog <i>The Corner</i> that "[a]s best I can remember", Conquest conjectured three laws of politics:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Everyone is conservative about what he knows best.</li> <li>Any organization not explicitly right-wing sooner or later becomes left-wing.</li> <li>The simplest way to explain the behavior of any bureaucratic organization is to assume that it is controlled by a cabal of its enemies.</li></ol> <p>Derbyshire commented: "Of the Second Law, Conquest gave the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> as examples. Of the third, he noted that a bureaucracy sometimes actually <i>IS</i> controlled by a secret cabal of its enemies — e.g. the postwar <a href="/wiki/British_secret_service" class="mw-redirect" title="British secret service">British secret service</a>." For these statements, Conquest would become well known among certain thinkers, especially online <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservatives</a>; however, Derbyshire cited no source for them and implied his memory was not certain on the matter. Indeed, the second law given here is <a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a>, which was stated by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">John O'Sullivan</a> in his article "O'Sullivan's First Law" in the 27 October 1989 print issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>, in which he also references Derbyshire's Conquest's third law as Conquest's second law: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That is explained by O'Sullivan's First Law: All organizations that are not actually right-wing will over time become left-wing. I cite as supporting evidence the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, and the Episcopal Church. The reason is, of course, that people who staff such bodies tend to be the sort who don't like private profit, business, making money, the current organization of society, and, by extension, the Western world. At which point Michels's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Law_of_Oligarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Law of Oligarchy">Iron Law of Oligarchy</a> takes over — and the rest follows. </p><p>Is there any law which enables us to predict the behavior of right-wing organizations? As it happens, there is: Conquest's Second Law (formulated by the Sovietologist Robert Conquest): </p><p> The behavior of an organization can best be predicted by assuming it to be controlled by a secret cabal of its enemies. Examples: virtually any conservative party anywhere, the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lauder" title="Ronald Lauder">Ronald Lauder</a> for Mayor campaign, and the British secret service. That last example is, however, flawed, since the British secret service actually was controlled by a secret cabal of its enemies in the form of Kim Philby, Anthony Blunt, et al. In which case, Conquest's Law should have operated to make M1-6 [sic] a crack anti-Soviet intelligence service of James Bond proportions. But these are deep waters.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conquest was married four times, first in 1942 to Joan Watkins, with whom he had two sons. They divorced in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There followed a marriage to Tatiana Mihailova (1948–1962),<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom he had helped escape from Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> in 1951. In 1962 he married Caroleen MacFarlane; they divorced in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year he began dating Elizabeth Neece Wingate, a lecturer in English and the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> colonel. He and Wingate married in 1979. When he died in 2015, he had several grandchildren from his sons and stepdaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/220px-Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/330px-Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg/440px-Aretha_Franklin_honored_with_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Conquest (left) receiving the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> (middle) and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> (right) at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, November 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981 Conquest moved to California to take up a post as Senior Research Fellow and Scholar-Curator of the Russian and Commonwealth of Independent States Collection at Stanford University's <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, where he remained a Fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 he signed a petition in support of the anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s Russian Institute, and of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>; a distinguished visiting scholar at <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>; a research associate of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s Ukrainian Research Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 he presented <i>Red Empire</i>, a seven-part mini-series on the Soviet Union produced by <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Television">Yorkshire Television</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conquest died in 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, at the age of 98, of respiratory failure as a result of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_4_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conquest was a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a>, and a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Roman_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies">Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His honours include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (CMG; 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> (OBE; 1955])<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland">Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland</a> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Estonian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Cross of Terra Mariana</a> (2008)</li> <li>Ukrainian Order of Yaroslav Mudryi (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hearing_Secret_Harmonies" title="Hearing Secret Harmonies">Hearing Secret Harmonies</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a>, the final volume in Powell's 12 volume sequence, <a href="/wiki/A_Dance_to_the_Music_of_Time" title="A Dance to the Music of Time">A Dance to the Music of Time</a>, is dedicated to Conquest. <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A street in (the Ukrainian city of) <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a> was renamed after Robert Conquest in February 2024<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His awards include: </p> <ul><li>Selection by the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> to deliver the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a> (the highest honor the U.S. government bestows for distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities)</li> <li>Richard Weaver Award for Scholarly Letters (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Braude_Award_for_Light_Verse" title="Michael Braude Award for Light Verse">Michael Braude Award for Light Verse</a> (American Academy of Arts & Letters,1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_David_Prize" title="Dan David Prize">Dan David Prize</a> (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Conquest was a member of the advisory council of the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation" title="Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation">Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonovych_prize" title="Antonovych prize">Antonovych prize</a> (1987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Historical and political</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_About_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense About Russia">Common Sense About Russia</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004259274&seq=9">Power and Policy in the U.S.S.R.: The Study of Soviet Dynastics</a></i> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities</i> (1960)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pasternakaffair">Courage of Genius: The Pasternak Affair</a></i> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaafterkhrushchev">Russia After Khrushchev</a></i> (1965)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsideasussr">The Politics of Ideas in the USSR</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietnationalitiesinpractice">Soviet Nationalities Policy in Practice</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/industrialworkersussrconquest">Industrial Workers in the USSR</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agriculturalworkersussr">Agricultural Workers in the USSR</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionintheussr">Religion in the U.S.S.R.</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietpolsystemconquest">The Soviet Political System</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietpolicesystemconquest">The Soviet Police System</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justiceandlegalsystemussr">Justice and the Legal System in the U.S.S.R.</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Terror">The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties</a></i> (1968) <ul><li><i>The Great Terror: A Reassessment</i> (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Great Terror: 40th Anniversary Edition</i> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquest-where-marx-went-wrong-1970">Where Marx Went Wrong</a></i> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thenationkillers">The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestrobertthehumancostofsovietcommunism">The Human Cost of Soviet Communism</a></i> (Prepared for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Subcommittee_on_Internal_Security" title="United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security">Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws</a>, of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 1970)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vileninconquest">V.I. Lenin</a></i> (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Russian Tradition</i> (with Tibor Szamuely, 1974)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquest-robert-kolyma-the-artic-death-camps_202012">Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps</a></i> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presentdangerconquest">Present Danger: Towards a Foreign Policy</a></i> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weandtheyrobertconquest">We & They: Civic & Despotic Cultures</a></i> (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Man-made Famine in Ukraine</i> (with <a href="/wiki/James_Mace" title="James Mace">James Mace</a>, Michael Novak and Dana Dalrymple, 1984)</li> <li><i>What to Do When the Russians Come: A Survivor's Guide</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Manchip_White" title="Jon Manchip White">Jon Manchip White</a>, 1984)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Inside Stalin's Secret Police: NKVD Politics, 1936–1939</i> (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvest_of_Sorrow" title="The Harvest of Sorrow">The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine</a></i> (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Last Empire: Nationality and the Soviet Future</i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tyrantsandtypewriters">Tyrants and Typewriters: Communiques in the Struggle for Truth</a></i> (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Stalin and the Kirov Murder</i> (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_Breaker_of_Nations" title="Stalin: Breaker of Nations">Stalin: Breaker of Nations</a></i> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>History, Humanity, and Truth</i> (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ReflectionsOnARavagedCentury">Reflections on a Ravaged Century</a></i> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Dragons of Expectation: Reality and Delusion in the Course of History</i>, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a> (2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05933-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05933-2">0-393-05933-2</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Journal articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/20039340">The Limits of Detente.</a> <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, <i>46</i>(4), pp. 733–742.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/20039460">Stalin's Successors.</a> (1970) <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, <i>48</i>(3), pp. 509–524.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/20039523">A New Russia? A New World?</a> (1975) <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, <i>53</i>(3), pp. 482–497.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/130291">Revisionizing Stalin's Russia.</a> (1987) The Russian Review, <i>46</i>(4), pp.386-390.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42894861">Academe and the Soviet Myth</a>. (1993) <i>The National Interest</i>, <i>31</i>, pp. 91–98.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42897201">Toward an English-Speaking Union</a>. (1999) <i>The National Interest</i>, (57), pp. 64–70.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42897501">Downloading Democracy</a>. (2004) <i>The National Interest</i>, (78), pp. 29–32.</li></ul> <p><b>Poetry</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Poems</i> (1956)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Back to Life: Poems from behind the Iron Curtain</i> as translator/editor (1958)</li> <li><i>Between Mars and Venus</i> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Arias from a Love Opera, and Other Poems</i> (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Forays</i> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>New and Collected Poems</i> (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Demons Don't</i> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Penultimata</i> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>A Garden of Erses</i> [limericks, as Jeff Chaucer] (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Blokelore and Blokesongs</i> (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_6-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Novels</b> </p> <ul><li><i>A World of Difference</i> (1955)<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Egyptologists</i> (with Kingsley Amis, 1965)<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Criticism</b> </p> <ul><li><i>The Abomination of Moab</i> (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(journalist)" title="William Grimes (journalist)">Grimes, William</a> (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/05/arts/international/robert-conquest-historian-who-documented-soviet-horrors-dies-at-98.html">"Robert Conquest, Historian Who Documented Soviet Horrors, Dies at 98"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160516144031/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/05/arts/international/robert-conquest-historian-who-documented-soviet-horrors-dies-at-98.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Conquest%2C+Historian+Who+Documented+Soviet+Horrors%2C+Dies+at+98&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F05%2Farts%2Finternational%2Frobert-conquest-historian-who-documented-soviet-horrors-dies-at-98.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2015/08/robert-conquest-obit-080615">"Stanford historian Robert Conquest, expert on Soviet Union, dies at 98"</a>. <i>Stanford University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University&rft.atitle=Stanford+historian+Robert+Conquest%2C+expert+on+Soviet+Union%2C+dies+at+98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fstories%2F2015%2F08%2Frobert-conquest-obit-080615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of British Writers, 19th and 20th Centuries by Christine L. Krueger page 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature, Volume 2 By R. Reginald, Douglas Menville, Mary A. Burgess</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supplement to the <i>Alumni Register</i> (October 1920), "Pennsylvania; A Record of the University's Men in the Great War", University of Pennsylvania General Alumni Society, 1920, page 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_6-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Brown, Andrew</a> (15 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/feb/15/featuresreviews.guardianreview23">"Scourge and poet"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11782719/Robert-Conquest-historian-obituary.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Robert+Conquest%2C+historian+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F11782719%2FRobert-Conquest-historian-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leigh-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leigh_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh1978" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Leigh_(journalist)" title="David Leigh (journalist)">Leigh, David</a> (27 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/e/fo_deceit_unit_graun_27jan1978.html">"Death of the department that never was"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Orwell's List" (review), <i>New York Review of Books</i>, 23 September 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltic_Worlds_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baltic_Worlds_2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltic_Worlds_2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson" class="citation web cs1">Samuelson, Lennart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balticworlds.com/a-pathbreaker-robert-conquest-and-soviet-studies-during-the-cold-war/">"A pathbreaker. Robert Conquest and Soviet studies during the Cold War"</a>. <i>Baltic Worlds</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Robert+Conquest%2C+Seminal+Historian+of+Soviet+Misrule%2C+Dies+at+98&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft.au=Cullison%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Frobert-conquest-seminal-historian-of-soviet-misrule-dies-at-98-1438714647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Conquest, Preface, <i>The Great Terror: A Reassessment: 40th Anniversary Edition</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. p. xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Conquest, <i>The Great Terror: A Reassessment</i>, Oxford University Press (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507132-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507132-8">0-19-507132-8</a>, pp. 466–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conquest, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2007/apr/12/kingsley-amis-and-the-great-terror">"Letter to the Editors"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, 12 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-getty-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-getty_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Arch_GettyGábor_T._RitterspornViktor_N._Zemskov1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. 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Zemskov</a> (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/GTY-Penal_System.pdf">"Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>98</b> (4): 1043. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2166597">10.2307/2166597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2166597">2166597</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828071544/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/GTY-Penal_System.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Victims+of+the+Soviet+Penal+System+in+the+Pre-War+Years%3A+A+First+Approach+on+the+Basis+of+Archival+Evidence&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1043&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2166597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2166597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=J.+Arch+Getty&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+T.+Rittersporn&rft.au=Viktor+N.+Zemskov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FGTY-Penal_System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defty-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defty_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefty2013" class="citation book cs1">Defty, Andrew (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ9EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945-53: The Information Research Department</i></a>. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Comments_KEP_CNQ.pdf">"The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (6): 1143–1159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130050143860">10.1080/09668130050143860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19326595">19326595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205667754">205667754</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828071704/http://sovietinfo.tripod.com/WCR-Comments_KEP_CNQ.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Scale+and+Nature+of+Stalinist+Repression+and+its+Demographic+Significance%3A+On+Comments+by+Keep+and+Conquest&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1143-1159&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205667754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19326595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130050143860&rft.au=Wheatcroft%2C+S.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsovietinfo.tripod.com%2FWCR-Comments_KEP_CNQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ignatieff-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ignatieff_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnatieff2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ignatieff, Michael (23 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/mar/23/the-man-who-was-right/">"The Man Who Was Right"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <b>47</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arch, <i>Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-38,</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Yezzi, <i>Yale Review</i>, Volume 98, Issue 2 (April 2010), p. 183 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115171724/http://waywiser-press.com/conquest.html">"Robert Conquest, <i>Penultimata</i>: Note on Robert Conquest"</a>. waywiser-press.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&rft.atitle=Stanford+legend+Robert+Conquest%3A+new+books+at+93+for+the+historian+and+poet&rft.date=2010-08-16&rft.aulast=Haven&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2010%2Faugust%2Fconquest-historian-poet-081610.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/speakers-and-events/biography/robert-conquest">"Robert Conquest"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Conquest&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fconfront-genocide%2Fspeakers-and-events%2Fbiography%2Frobert-conquest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zachary Leader, ed., <i>The Movement Reconsidered</i>, Oxford University Press, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Radio_4_Publicity2008" class="citation web cs1">BBC Radio 4 Publicity (29 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/wk18/tue.shtml">"Mr Larkin's Awkward Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr+Larkin%27s+Awkward+Day&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft.au=BBC+Radio+4+Publicity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fproginfo%2Fradio%2Fwk18%2Ftue.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Conquest, 'Solzhenitsyn, A Genius with a Blindspot', <i>Sunday Times</i>, 10 August 2008; p. A15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waywiser-press.com/product/collected-poems/"><i>Collected Poems</i>, Robert Conquest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_Times-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillier1986" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Hillier" title="Bevis Hillier">Hillier, Bevis</a> (19 November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-11-19-vw-4241-story.html">"Harvest' of Soviet Terrorism Reaped by Historian Conquest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Harvest%27+of+Soviet+Terrorism+Reaped+by+Historian+Conquest&rft.date=1986-11-19&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Bevis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-11-19-vw-4241-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_National_Review_2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_National_Review_2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2015" class="citation web cs1">O'Sullivan, John (14 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/422574/robert-conquest-guardian-obituary">"What to Make of the Guardian's Shameful Robert Conquest Obituary?"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. nationalreview.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=What+to+Make+of+the+Guardian%27s+Shameful+Robert+Conquest+Obituary%3F&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F422574%2Frobert-conquest-guardian-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russians_come_1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russians_come_1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquestManchip_White1984" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert; Manchip White, Jon (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattodowhenruss00conq"><i>What to Do When the Russians Come: a Survivor's Guide</i></a></span>. Stein and Day. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattodowhenruss00conq/page/n164">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812829859" title="Special:BookSources/0812829859"><bdi>0812829859</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+to+Do+When+the+Russians+Come%3A+a+Survivor%27s+Guide&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0812829859&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Manchip+White%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhattodowhenruss00conq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russians_come_2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russians_come_2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquestManchip_White1984" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert; Manchip White, Jon (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattodowhenruss00conq"><i>What to Do When the Russians Come: a Survivor's Guide</i></a></span>. Stein and Day. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattodowhenruss00conq/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812829859" title="Special:BookSources/0812829859"><bdi>0812829859</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+to+Do+When+the+Russians+Come%3A+a+Survivor%27s+Guide&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0812829859&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Manchip+White%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhattodowhenruss00conq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russians_come_3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-russians_come_3_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquestManchip_White1984" class="citation book cs1">Conquest, Robert; Manchip White, Jon (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattodowhenruss00conq"><i>What to Do When the Russians Come: a Survivor's Guide</i></a></span>. Stein and Day. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whattodowhenruss00conq/page/176">176</a>–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812829859" title="Special:BookSources/0812829859"><bdi>0812829859</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+to+Do+When+the+Russians+Come%3A+a+Survivor%27s+Guide&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0812829859&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Manchip+White%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhattodowhenruss00conq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLS_Hitchens-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLS_Hitchens_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLS_Hitchens_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens1999" class="citation news cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (26 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/against-sinister-perfectionism/">"Against sinister perfectionism"</a>. The Times Literary Supplement<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Against+sinister+perfectionism&rft.date=1999-11-26&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fpublic%2Fagainst-sinister-perfectionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogel-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vogel_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vogel_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2018" class="citation web cs1">Vogel, Martin (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vogelwakefield.com/2018/12/tracking-down-conquests-law-on-organisations/">"Tracking down Conquest's law on organisations"</a>. <i>Vogel Wakefield</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011090917/https://vogelwakefield.com/2018/12/tracking-down-conquests-law-on-organisations/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogel+Wakefield&rft.atitle=Tracking+down+Conquest%27s+law+on+organisations&rft.date=2018-12-17&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvogelwakefield.com%2F2018%2F12%2Ftracking-down-conquests-law-on-organisations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmis2012" class="citation book cs1">Amis, Kingsley (2012) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_neTtBlqCU4C"><i>Memoirs</i></a> (E-book ed.). Random House. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446414668" title="Special:BookSources/9781446414668"><bdi>9781446414668</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs&rft.pages=146&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781446414668&rft.aulast=Amis&rft.aufirst=Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_neTtBlqCU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerbyshire2003" class="citation web cs1">Derbyshire, John (25 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/conquests-laws-john-derbyshire/">"Conquest's Laws"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011090915/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/conquests-laws-john-derbyshire/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Conquest%27s+Laws&rft.date=2003-06-25&rft.aulast=Derbyshire&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2Fconquests-laws-john-derbyshire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Conquest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1989" class="citation web cs1">O'Sullivan, John (27 October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715191034/http://old.nationalreview.com/flashback/flashback-jos062603.asp">"Conquest's Laws"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_Conquest" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Conquest" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2184567/">Robert Conquest</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/poetry/features/0,12887,902797,00.html"><i>Scourge and Poet</i></a>, a profile of Robert Conquest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/contributors/robert-conquest/">articles by and about Robert Conquest at the <i>New York Review of Books</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/august/conquest-historian-poet-081610.html">"Stanford legend Robert Conquest: new books at 93 for the historian and poet,"</a> by Cynthia Haven, <i>Stanford Report,</i> August 16, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116070649/http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment-conquest100101.shtml"><i>Where Ignorance Isn't Bliss</i></a>, article by Robert Conquest at <i>National Review Online</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516045553/http://www.hoover.org/bios/conquest.html">His biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923214706/http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/17830254.html">Great Terror at 40</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423220615/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/gergen/july-dec99/conquest_12-24.html">Elizabeth Farnsworth talks with historian Robert Conquest about his new book <i>Reflections on a Ravaged Century</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/HISconquest.htm">Robert Conquest profile at Spartacus site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321170814/http://ukrainianstudies.stanford.edu/ConquestUkr.html">Robert Conquest's profile at Stanford University, Ukrainian Studies Department webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/news/remembering-robert-conquest">Remembering Robert Conquest</a>. The Hoover Institution.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1990">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Dunlop" title="John B. Dunlop">Dunlop, J.</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, N.</a> (2016). "Robert Conquest, 1917–2015". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <i>75</i>(1), 238–239. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5612%2Fslavicreview.75.1.238">10.5612/slavicreview.75.1.238</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Antoniuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Antoniuk (page does not exist)">Andriy Antoniuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olena_Apanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Olena Apanovich">Olena Apanovich</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Bolshakov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Bolshakov (page does not exist)">Leonid Bolshakov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Herts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Herts (page does not exist)">Yuriy Herts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Holoborodko" title="Vasyl Holoborodko">Vasyl Holoborodko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Zaretsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Zaretsky (page does not exist)">Viktor Zaretsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Zinkevych" title="Vasyl Zinkevych">Vasyl Zinkevych</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oles_Lupiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oles Lupiy (page does not exist)">Oles Lupiy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volodymyr_Ovsiychuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volodymyr Ovsiychuk (page does not exist)">Volodymyr Ovsiychuk</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Rachmanny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Rachmanny (page does not exist)">Roman Rachmanny</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nadiya_Svitlychna" title="Nadiya Svitlychna">Nadiya Svitlychna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Svitlychny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Svitlychny (page does not exist)">Ivan Svitlychny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Chendei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Chendei (page does not exist)">Ivan Chendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Ivasiuk" title="Volodymyr Ivasiuk">Volodymyr Ivasiuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Antonovych_prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antonovych_prize_winners" title="Template:Antonovych prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antonovych_prize_winners" title="Template talk:Antonovych prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antonovych_prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antonovych prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Antonovych_prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Antonovych_prize" title="Antonovych prize">Antonovych prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Barka" title="Vasyl Barka">Vasyl Barka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Orest Subtelny</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Stus" title="Vasyl Stus">Vasyl Stus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Gordon" title="Linda Gordon">Linda Gordon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emma_Andijewska" title="Emma Andijewska">Emma Andijewska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdalena_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3-Ku%C8%9Biuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdalena László-Kuțiuk (page does not exist)">Magdalena László-Kuțiuk</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Kolomiyets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Kolomiyets (page does not exist)">Yuriy Kolomiyets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Saunders_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Saunders (historian) (page does not exist)">David Saunders</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuiriy_Lavrinenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuiriy Lavrinenko (page does not exist)">Yuiriy Lavrinenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Krawchenko" title="Bohdan Krawchenko">Bohdan Krawchenko</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalya_Livytska-Cholodna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalya Livytska-Cholodna (page does not exist)">Natalya Livytska-Cholodna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Plyushch" title="Leonid Plyushch">Leonid Plyushch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/John-Paul_Himka" title="John-Paul Himka">John-Paul Himka</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryhoriy_Kostyuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryhoriy Kostyuk (page does not exist)">Hryhoriy Kostyuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bohachevsky-Chomiak" title="Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak">Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Kostenko" title="Lina Kostenko">Lina Kostenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dziuba" title="Ivan Dziuba">Ivan Dziuba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Shevchuk" title="Valeriy Shevchuk">Valeriy Shevchuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Hawrylyshyn" title="Bohdan Hawrylyshyn">Bohdan Hawrylyshyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Drach" title="Ivan Drach">Ivan Drach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: Literaturna Ukrayina / Mykhaylo Braychevskyi / Volodymyr Drozd</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Zhulynskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykola Zhulynskyi (page does not exist)">Mykola Zhulynskyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Dashkevych" title="Yaroslav Dashkevych">Yaroslav Dashkevych</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Vinhranovskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykola Vinhranovskyi (page does not exist)">Mykola Vinhranovskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Olena_Apanovych" title="Olena Apanovych">Olena Apanovych</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Hutsalo" title="Yevhen Hutsalo">Yevhen Hutsalo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhaylyna_Kotsyubynska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykhaylyna Kotsyubynska (page does not exist)">Mykhaylyna Kotsyubynska</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Briukhovetsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viacheslav Briukhovetsky (page does not exist)">Viacheslav Briukhovetsky</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Fedoriv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Fedoriv (page does not exist)">Roman Fedoriv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohdan_Bociurkiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohdan Bociurkiw (page does not exist)">Bohdan Bociurkiw</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryhoriy_Lohvyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryhoriy Lohvyn (page does not exist)">Hryhoriy Lohvyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Mushketyk" title="Yuriy Mushketyk">Yuriy Mushketyk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmytro_Stepovyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmytro Stepovyk (page does not exist)">Dmytro Stepovyk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kalynets" title="Ihor Kalynets">Ihor Kalynets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Barabash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Barabash (page does not exist)">Yuriy Barabash</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_S._N._Luckyj" title="George S. N. Luckyj">George S. N. Luckyj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ihor_%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko" title="Ihor Ševčenko">Ihor Ševčenko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Badzyo" title="Yuriy Badzyo">Yuriy Badzyo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Yurii_Andrukhovych" title="Yurii Andrukhovych">Yurii Andrukhovych</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Hamm (page does not exist)">Michael Hamm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Szporluk" title="Roman Szporluk">Roman Szporluk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Shapoval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Shapoval (page does not exist)">Yuriy Shapoval</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryhoriy_Huseynov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryhoriy Huseynov (page does not exist)">Hryhoriy Huseynov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaroslav_Isayevych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaroslav Isayevych (page does not exist)">Yaroslav Isayevych</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Riabchuk" title="Mykola Riabchuk">Mykola Riabchuk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ivanychuk" title="Roman Ivanychuk">Roman Ivanychuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Sodomora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Sodomora (page does not exist)">Andriy Sodomora</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Pavlychko" title="Dmytro Pavlychko">Dmytro Pavlychko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: None</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Borys_Gudziak" title="Borys Gudziak">Borys Gudziak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Hrytsak" title="Yaroslav Hrytsak">Yaroslav Hrytsak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/George_G._Grabowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Grabowicz">George G. Grabowicz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Dzhul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Dzhul (page does not exist)">Andriy Dzhul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Liubomyr_Vynar" title="Liubomyr Vynar">Liubomyr Vynar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Zabuzhko" title="Oksana Zabuzhko">Oksana Zabuzhko</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandra_Hnatiuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandra Hnatiuk (page does not exist)">Aleksandra Hnatiuk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82a_Berdychowska" title="Bogumiła Berdychowska">Bogumiła Berdychowska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Graziosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Graziosi (page does not exist)">Andrea Graziosi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislav_Kultsytskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislav Kultsytskyi (page does not exist)">Stanislav Kultsytskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Zenon_Kohut" title="Zenon Kohut">Zenon Kohut</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sysyn" title="Frank Sysyn">Frank Sysyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Finberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Finberg (page does not exist)">Leonid Finberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhy" title="Serhii Plokhy">Serhii Plokhy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohdan_Prakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohdan Prakh (page does not exist)">Bohdan Prakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Shcherbak" title="Yuriy Shcherbak">Yuriy Shcherbak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Alexander J. Motyl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(newspaper)" title="Svoboda (newspaper)">Svoboda</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379628#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368637078">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121192118">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7388633">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31302/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm6hqfF3TQHdgJpBYHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/17410555X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018440">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11897527n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11897527n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436479">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Conquest, Robert"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV031615">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36172387">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Conquest, Robert"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2003172325&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1140846">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00242269?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/17410555X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026797429">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hh89mg">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&oldid=1258066673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conquest&oldid=1258066673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_births" title="Category:1917 births">1917 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_deaths" title="Category:2015 deaths">2015 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Magdalen_College,_Oxford" 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