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Conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoconservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoconservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Neoconservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoconservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Christian right </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libertarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libertarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Libertarians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libertarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Moderates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trumpists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trumpists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Trumpists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trumpists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Trump_faction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Trump_faction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Anti-Trump faction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Trump_faction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_caucuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_caucuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Political caucuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_caucuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historical factions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_factions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical factions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stalwarts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalwarts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stalwarts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalwarts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Half-Breeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half-Breeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Half-Breeds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Half-Breeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Radical Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Progressive Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Birchers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockefeller_Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockefeller_Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Rockefeller Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockefeller_Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reagan_coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Reagan coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea_Party_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_Party_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Tea Party movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_Party_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item 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searchaux" style="display:none">Ideological and political wings of the Republican Party</div> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> includes several <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a>, or wings. During the 19th century, Republican factions included the <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a>, who supported civil service reform; the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, who advocated the immediate and total abolition of slavery, and later advocated civil rights for freed slaves during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwarts">Stalwarts</a>, who supported machine politics. In the 20th century, Republican factions included the Progressive Republicans, the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_coalition" title="Reagan coalition">Reagan coalition</a>, and the liberal <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a>. In the 21st century, Republican factions include conservatives (represented in the House by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>), moderates (represented in the House by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Caucus</a>, and the Republican members of the <a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a>), and libertarians (represented in Congress by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a>). During and after the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Never Trump">anti-Trumpist</a> factions arose within the Republican Party. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century_factions">21st century factions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 21st century factions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/225px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/300px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> and current <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></figcaption></figure> During the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the Republican Party experienced internal conflict between its governing class (known as the Republican establishment) and the anti-establishment, small-government <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 2019, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, Perry Bacon Jr. of FiveThirtyEight.com asserted that there were five groups of Republicans: Trumpists, Pro-Trumpers, Trump-Skeptical Conservatives, Trump-Skeptical Moderates, and Anti-Trumpers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In February 2021, following Trump's 2020 loss to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">2021 United States Capitol attack</a>, Philip Bump of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> posited that the Republican Party in the U.S. House of Representatives consisted of three factions: the Trumpists (who voted against the <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> in 2021, voted against stripping <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> of her committee assignments, and supported <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_overturn_the_results_of_the_2020_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election">efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election</a>), the accountability caucus (who supported either the Trump impeachment, the effort to discipline Greene, or both), and the pro-democracy Republicans (who opposed the Trump impeachment and the effort to discipline Greene but also opposed efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Also in February 2021, Carl Leubsdorf of the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a> asserted that there were three groups of Republicans: Never Trumpers (including <a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Bill Kristol</a>, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, and governors <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Charlie Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a>), Sometimes Trumpers (including Senate Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> and former U.N. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Haley" title="Nikki Haley">Nikki Haley</a>), and Always Trumpers (including Sens. <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Josh Hawley</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In March 2021, one survey indicated that five factions of Republican voters had emerged following Trump's presidency: Never Trump, Post-Trump G.O.P. (voters who liked Trump but did not want him to run for president again), Trump Boosters (voters who approved of Trump, but identified more closely with the Republican Party than with Trump), Die-hard Trumpers, and Infowars G.O.P. (voters who subscribe to conspiracy theories).<a href="#cite_note-Haberman2021-8">[8]</a> In November 2021, <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> identified four Republican-aligned groups of Americans: Faith and Flag Conservatives, Committed Conservatives, the Populist Right, and the Ambivalent Right.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As of 2023, congressional Republicans refer to the various House Republican factions as the Five Families.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Derived from <a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a>, the term refers to Mafia crime families.<a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[11]</a> The Five Families consist of "the right-wing House <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a>, the business-minded <a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Main Street Caucus</a>, the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a>", and the Republican members of the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a>. The House Republican factions overlap with one another, and some members belong to no caucus.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatives">Conservatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conservatives">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_F._Buckley,_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg/150px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg/225px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg/300px-William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr._Public_Domain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> is considered one of the earliest and most influential figures of the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative movement</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> wing grew out of the 1950s and 1960s, with its initial leaders being Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">William F. Buckley Jr.</a> Its central tenets include the promotion of individual liberty and <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economics">free-market economics</a> and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regulation">government regulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Critchlow-14">[14]</a> The Republican Party has undergone a major decrease in the influence of its <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment#United_States" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> conservative faction since the election of Donald Trump in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Biebricher-2023-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aratani-2021-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-17">[17]</a> In economic policy, conservatives call for a large reduction in <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a>, less regulation of the economy, and privatization or changes to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>. Supporters of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatives</a> predominate, but there are <a href="/wiki/Deficit_hawk" title="Deficit hawk">deficit hawks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">protectionists</a> within the party as well. Before 1930, the Northeastern industrialist faction of the GOP was strongly committed to <a href="/wiki/Tariff_History_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariff History of the United States">high tariffs</a>, a political stance that returned to popularity in many conservative circles during the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aberbach-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-19">[19]</a> The conservative wing typically supports <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> positions, such as supporting <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">gun rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion">restrictions on abortion</a>, though there is a wide range of views on such issues within the party.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/220px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/330px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg/440px-Conservative_Gallup_8-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Percent of self-identified <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a> by state in 2010:<a href="#cite_note-gallup-consverative-poll-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  49% and above</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  45–48%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  41–44%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  37–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  33–36%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  32% and under</div> </figcaption></figure> Conservatives generally oppose <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, support increased military spending, and are opposed to <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a>. On the issue of <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">school vouchers</a>, conservative Republicans split between supporters who believe that "<a href="/wiki/Big_government" title="Big government">big government</a> education" is a failure and opponents who fear greater government control over private and church schools. Parts of the conservative wing have been criticized for being <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalist</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunlap_2010-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-chait-27">[27]</a> in opposition to the general <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific consensus</a>, making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.<a href="#cite_note-chait-27">[27]</a> Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Trump have been described as a "new <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a>" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-28">[28]</a> These have resulted in shifts towards greater support of <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> protectionism,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservatism</a>, a more <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a> foreign policy, skepticism of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.<a href="#cite_note-New_Fusionism-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoconservatives">Neoconservatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neoconservatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism (politics)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg/250px-Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg/375px-Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg/500px-Rumsfeld_Bush_Cheney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="2381" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (middle), Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (left) were considered central figures of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Bush-Cheney_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-Cheney administration">Bush-Cheney administration</a> marked the height of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a> during the 2000s.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatives</a> promote an <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a> and democracy or American interests abroad. Neoconservatives have been credited with importing into the Republican Party a more active international policy. They are amenable to <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateral</a> military action when they believe it serves a morally valid purpose (such as the spread of democracy or deterrence of human rights abuses abroad). They grounded in a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist</a> philosophy of "<a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">peace through strength</a>."<a href="#cite_note-britannica-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-merriam-webster-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse-35">[35]</a> Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the late 20th century, and neoconservatism peaked in influence during the administration of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> during the 2000s, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Prominent neoconservatives in the <a href="/wiki/Bush-Cheney_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-Cheney administration">Bush-Cheney administration</a> included <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a>. During and after <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump's presidency</a>, neoconservatism has declined and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> However, after Trump took office, some neoconservatives joined his administration, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Schadlow" title="Nadia Schadlow">Nadia Schadlow</a>. Neoconservatives' role remains key in foreign policy issues. The <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a> has been described as neoconservative,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Danny_Cooper_2011_45-41">[41]</a> whose researchers and foreign policy experts have played a key role in <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> administrations since the 2000s. Other organizations associated with this faction include the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for Defense of Democracies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-45">[45]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_right">Christian right</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian right">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social conservatism in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism § United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">United States anti-abortion movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBT_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg/150px-Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg/225px-Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg/300px-Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>, whose founding of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> was a key step in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Christian_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christian Right">New Christian Right</a></figcaption></figure> The Christian right is a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">political faction</a> characterized by strong support of <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalist</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_Christian-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico_Christian-50">[50]</a> Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to influence law and public policy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">evangelical Protestants</a> and conservative <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholics</a>, as well as a large number of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints (Mormons)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deckman2004-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweber2012-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The movement has its roots in <a href="/wiki/American_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="American politics">American politics</a> going back as far as the 1940s and has been especially influential since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-hartsem-56">[56]</a> In the late 20th century, the Christian right became strongly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Republican politicians associated with the Christian right in the 21st century include Tennessee Senator <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a>, former Arkansas Governor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>, and former Senator <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Many within the Christian right have also identified as <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservatives">social conservatives</a>, which sociologist <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Dahms" title="Harry F. Dahms">Harry F. Dahms</a> has described as Christian doctrinal conservatives (<a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">anti-abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">anti-LGBT rights</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">gun-rights</a> conservatives (pro-<a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a>) as the two domains of ideology within social conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Christian nationalists generally seek to declare the U.S. a Christian nation, enforce <a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a>, and overturn the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">separation of church and state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP_Christian-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Politico_Christian-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarians">Libertarians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Libertarians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea Party Movement">Tea Party Movement</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg/150px-Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg/225px-Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg/300px-Senator_Goldwater_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> had a substantial impact on the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian conservative">libertarian conservative</a> movement of the 1960s and beyond</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarians</a> make up a relatively small faction of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-pew2014-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-silver-61">[61]</a> In the 1950s and 60s, <a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">fusionism</a>—the combination of <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">traditionalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">social conservatism</a> with political and economic <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a>—was essential to the movement's growth.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This philosophy is most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> also had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Libertarian conservatives in the 21st century favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>, and protecting <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTAnalysis-65">[65]</a> On social issues, they favor <a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">privacy</a>, oppose the <a href="/wiki/USA_Patriot_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a>, and oppose the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTAnalysis-65">[65]</a> On foreign policy, libertarian conservatives favor <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a>, which describes itself as "the oldest continuously operating organization in the Liberty Republican movement with state charters nationwide", was founded in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-RLCHistory-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_Liberty_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="House Liberty Caucus">House Liberty Caucus</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">congressional caucus</a> formed by former Representative <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a>, a former Republican of Michigan who joined the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> in 2020 before returning in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Drape-69">[69]</a> Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include New Hampshire Governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Chris Sununu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Snopes-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-RS-71">[71]</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>, Representative <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Thomas Massie</a>, former Representative and Governor of South Carolina <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Mark Sanford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and former Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> (who was a Republican prior to 1987 and again from 1996 to 2015, and a Libertarian from 1987 to 1996 and since 2015). Ron Paul ran for president <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 1988 presidential campaign">once as a Libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">twice more recently as a Republican</a>. The libertarian conservative wing of the party had significant cross-over with the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-libertarian-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-libertarian2-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderates">Moderates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moderates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Center-right_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-right politics">Center-right politics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg/150px-Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg/225px-Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg/300px-Colin_Powell_official_Secretary_of_State_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> was one of the most high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">moderate</a> Republicans in recent history, and left the party in January 2021 following the <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">storming of the United States Capitol</a>.</figcaption></figure> Moderate Republicans tend to be conservative-to-moderate on fiscal issues and moderate-to-liberal on social issues, and usually represent <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> or <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">blue states</a>. Moderate Republican voters are typically <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">highly educated</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nate_Silver-76">[76]</a> affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often part of the <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Ideologically, such Republicans resemble the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative liberals</a> of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">lower taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>), moderate Republicans differ in that some support <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>,<a href="#cite_note-washpost-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights and same-sex marriage</a>, legal access to and even public funding for <a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun control</a> laws, more <a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">environmental regulation</a> and action on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, fewer restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants, and <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" title="Stem cell controversy">embryonic stem cell research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Prominent 21st century moderate Republicans include Senators <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> of Arizona, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a> of Alaska and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> of Maine<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and several current or former governors of northeastern states, such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Charlie Baker</a> of Massachusetts<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Scott" title="Phil Scott">Phil Scott</a> of Vermont.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Another moderate Republican is incumbent governor of Nevada <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lombardo" title="Joe Lombardo">Joe Lombardo</a>, who was previously the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Clark_County" title="Sheriff of Clark County">Sheriff of Clark County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Moderate Republican Representatives include <a href="/wiki/Brian_Fitzpatrick_(American_politician)" title="Brian Fitzpatrick (American politician)">Brian Fitzpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lawler" title="Mike Lawler">Mike Lawler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Valadao" title="David Valadao">David Valadao</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the most high-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history was <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> as Secretary of State in the first term of the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> administration (Powell left the Republican Party in January 2021 following the <a href="/wiki/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 storming of the United States Capitol">2021 storming of the United States Capitol</a>, and had endorsed every Democrat for president in the general election since 2008).<a href="#cite_note-nolongerconsider-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a> is a caucus of moderate Republicans within the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-auto-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trumpists">Trumpists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trumpists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_associated_with_Trumpism" title="List of politicians associated with Trumpism">List of politicians associated with Trumpism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._D._Vance_(53808261332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/J._D._Vance_%2853808261332%29.jpg/220px-J._D._Vance_%2853808261332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/J._D._Vance_%2853808261332%29.jpg/330px-J._D._Vance_%2853808261332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/J._D._Vance_%2853808261332%29.jpg/440px-J._D._Vance_%2853808261332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>, Donald Trump's <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">pick for Vice President</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024 presidential campaign</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/J.D._Vance#Relationship_with_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Vance">initially critical of Trump</a>, Vance became a staunch advocate of <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> later into Trump's first term and by 2021, was being described as a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populist">right-wing populist</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement,<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Washington_2021-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gabbatt_Smith_2023-94">[94]</a> Trumpists are the dominant faction in the Republican Party as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biebricher-2023-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arhin-2023-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aratani2021-97">[97]</a> It has been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-campani-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cassidy-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Economist_Feb152024-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>, the political movement associated with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and his base.<a href="#cite_note-Katzenstein2019-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiSalvo2022-104">[104]</a> They have been described by some commentators, including Joseph Lowndes, James A. Gardner, and Guy-Uriel Charles, as the American political variant of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">far-right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardner_Charles_2023_p._31-107">[107]</a> Rachel Kleinfeld, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, describes it as an authoritarian, antidemocratic movement that has successfully weaponized cultural issues, and that cultivates a narrative placing white people, Christians, and men at the top of a status hierarchy as its response to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement in the United States">Great Replacement</a>" theory, a claim that minorities, immigrants, and women, enabled by Democrats, Jews, and elites, are displacing white people, Christians, and men from their rightful positions in American society.<a href="#cite_note-Kleinfeld2022-108">[108]</a> In international relations, Trumpists support <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations#United_States_aid" title="Israel–United States relations">U.S. aid to Israel</a> but not to Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-Falk_2023_t804-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> are generally supportive towards <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and favor an <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> "<a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a>" foreign policy agenda.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2023-117">[117]</a> They generally reject compromise within the party and with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collinson_2023_n804-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rocha_2023_k444-119">[119]</a> and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.<a href="#cite_note-Macpherson_2021_r371-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times-Herald.com_2023_x358-121">[121]</a> Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to be immigration restrictionists,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-122">[122]</a> and to be against <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental protection laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The Republican Party's Trumpist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with a global increase in such movements in the 2010s and 2020s,<a href="#cite_note-SpiegeleireSkinnerSweijs2017-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaac2017-127">[127]</a> coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> which has also been described as far-right.<a href="#cite_note-Blum_pp._88–109-128">[128]</a> The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">anti-Trump</a> factions.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-McCray-Ragusa_2018-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swartz2022-130">[130]</a> When conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> advised voters of all ideologies to vote for Democratic candidates in the Senate and House elections of November 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Will2018-131">[131]</a> political writer Dan McLaughlin at the National Review responded that doing so would make the Trumpist faction even more powerful within the Republican party.<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-132">[132]</a> Anticipating Trump's defeat in the U.S. presidential election held on November 3, 2020, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feaver" title="Peter Feaver">Peter Feaver</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine: "With victory having been so close, the Trumpist faction in the party will be empowered and in no mood to compromise or reform."<a href="#cite_note-Feaver2020-133">[133]</a> A poll conducted in February 2021 indicated that a plurality of Republicans (46% versus 27%) would leave the Republican Party to join a new party if Trump chose to create it.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Nick Beauchamp, assistant professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a>, says he sees the country as divided into four parties, with two factions representing each of the Democratic and Republican parties: "For the GOP, there's the Trump faction—which is the larger group—and the non-Trump faction".<a href="#cite_note-Stening2022-135">[135]</a> Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since the 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party: "Trump basically worked as a lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction."<a href="#cite_note-Homans2022-136">[136]</a> Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>, noted that not all Trumpist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as a person.<a href="#cite_note-Azari_2022_j483-137">[137]</a> In a speech he gave on November 2, 2022, at Washington's Union Station near the U.S. Capitol, President Biden asserted that "the pro-Trump faction" of the Republican Party is trying to undermine the U.S. electoral system and suppress voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-HeldermanAbutaleb2022-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Trump_faction">Anti-Trump faction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anti-Trump faction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_(23342266429).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_%2823342266429%29.jpg/220px-John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_%2823342266429%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_%2823342266429%29.jpg/330px-John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_%2823342266429%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_%2823342266429%29.jpg/440px-John_McCain_%26_Mitt_Romney_%2823342266429%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Senators <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, both former Republican presidential nominees, were two of the most prominent early voices within the Republican Party to publicly condemn Donald Trump and <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">his ideology</a>.</figcaption></figure> A divide has formed in the party between those who remain loyal to Donald Trump and those who oppose him.<a href="#cite_note-Lauter2021-140">[140]</a> A recent survey concluded that the Republican Party was divided between pro-Trump (the "Trump Boosters," "Die-hard Trumpers," and "<a href="/wiki/Infowars" class="mw-redirect" title="Infowars">Infowars</a> G.O.P." wings) and anti-Trump factions (the "<a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a>" and "Post-Trump G.O.P." wings).<a href="#cite_note-Haberman2021-8">[8]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> was an early leading critic of Trumpism within the Republican Party, refusing to support the then-Republican presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ml2016-141">[141]</a> Several critics of the Trump faction have faced various forms of retaliation. Representative <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">Liz Cheney</a> was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, which was perceived as retaliation for her criticism of Trump;<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> in 2022, she was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Adam Kinzinger</a> decided to retire at the end of his term, while Murkowski faced a pro-Trump primary challenger in <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2022 United States Senate election in Alaska">2022</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Tshibaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelly Tshibaka">Kelly Tshibaka</a> whom she defeated.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A primary challenge to Romney had been suggested<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Chaffetz" title="Jason Chaffetz">Jason Chaffetz</a>, who has criticized his opponents within the Republican Party as "Trump haters".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Romney chose not to run for re-election in <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2024 United States Senate election in Utah">2024</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gonzalez_(politician)" title="Anthony Gonzalez (politician)">Anthony Gonzalez</a>, one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Trump over the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 United States Capitol attack">Capitol riot</a>, called him "a cancer" while announcing his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Former Governor of New Jersey <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Christie 2024 presidential campaign">running against Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican primaries</a>, called him "a lonely, self-consumed, self-serving, mirror hog" in <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Christie 2024 presidential campaign">his presidential announcement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Indiana senator <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Todd Young</a> is one of few elected Republican senators that has pledged to not support Trump's 2024 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Organizations associated with this faction include <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_Project" title="The Lincoln Project">The Lincoln Project</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Accountability_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Accountability Project">Republican Accountability Project</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicans_for_the_Rule_of_Law" title="Republicans for the Rule of Law">Republicans for the Rule of Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_caucuses">Political caucuses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political caucuses">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; style=" width="70%""> <tbody><tr> <th width="8%">Caucus </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership#Affiliated_members_of_Congress" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Caucus</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="8%"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Center</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Center</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hill-156">[156]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Center-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-right">center-right</a><a href="#cite_note-Centrist_Republicans_warn_far-right_tactics_could_backfire_in_funding_fight-157">[157]</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Center</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Center-right</a><a href="#cite_note-Is_the_US_now_a_four-party_system?_Progressives_split_Democrats,_and_far-right_divides_Republicans-159">[159]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-Party_Sub‐Brands_and_American_Party_Factions-160">[160]</a> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections">2020</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">28 / 213<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">45 / 213<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">0 / 213<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">157 / 213<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 74%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">45 / 213<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2022</a><a href="#cite_note-Meet_‘the_five_families’_that_wield_power_in_McCarthy’s_House_majority-163">[163]</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;">29 / 222<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">42 / 222<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">67 / 222<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 30%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">173 / 222<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 78%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">33 / 222<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #E81B23; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_factions">Historical factions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical factions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tan faction</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">Lily-white movement</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Republican_Party" title="Negro Republican Party">Negro Republican Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalwarts">Stalwarts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stalwarts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts (politics)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blaine_faction" title="Blaine faction">Blaine faction</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a> were a traditionalist faction that existed from the 1860s through the 1880s. They represented "traditional" Republicans who favored <a href="/wiki/Machine_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine politics">machine politics</a> and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> reforms of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> and the more progressive <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> They declined following the elections of Hayes and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>. After Garfield's assassination by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, his Stalwart Vice President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> assumed the presidency. However, rather than pursuing Stalwart goals he took up the reformist cause, which curbed the faction's influence.<a href="#cite_note-Peskin1984-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Half-Breeds">Half-Breeds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Half-Breeds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds (politics)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a> were a reformist faction of the 1870s and 1880s. The name, which originated with rivals claiming they were only "half" Republicans, came to encompass a wide array of figures who did not all get along with each other. Generally speaking, politicians labeled Half-Breeds were moderates or progressives who opposed the machine politics of the Stalwarts and advanced civil service reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Peskin1984-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_Republicans">Radical Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radical Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Butlerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Butlerism">Butlerism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/150px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/225px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg/300px-Ulysses_S._Grant_1870-1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4087" data-file-height="5473" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> to protect African Americans.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> in 1877. The Radicals strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, were hard-line <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionists</a>, and later advocated equal rights for the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and women. They were often at odds with the moderate and conservative factions of the party. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> as too lenient on the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederates</a>. After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> over Reconstruction policy.<a href="#cite_note-Radical_Republican-168">[168]</a> After winning major victories in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1866">1866 congressional elections</a>, the Radicals took over Reconstruction, pushing through new legislation protecting the civil rights of African Americans. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> of Michigan, the party's first nominee for president in 1856, was a Radical Republican. Upset with Lincoln's politics, the faction split from the Republican Party to form the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a> in 1864 and again nominated <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a> for president. They supported <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> for president in 1868 and 1872, who worked closely with them to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. As <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> retook control in the South and enthusiasm for continued Reconstruction declined in the North, their influence within the GOP waned.<a href="#cite_note-Radical_Republican-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Republicans">Progressive Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Progressive Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/150px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/225px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/300px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="3659" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> who later joined the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose Party</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, the Republican Party included a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> wing that advocated using government to improve the problems of modern society. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, an early leader of the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive movement</a>, advanced a "<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>" domestic program as president (1901–09) that was built on the goals of controlling corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> After splitting with his successor, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Roosevelt sought to block Taft's re-election, first by challenging him for the <a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">1912 Republican presidential nomination</a>, and then when that failed, by entering the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 presidential contest</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> candidate, running on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive</a> ticket. He succeeded in depriving Taft of a second term, but came in second behind <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. After Roosevelt's 1912 defeat, the progressive wing of the party went into decline. Progressive Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> held a "<a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a>" protest in December 1923, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/68th_United_States_Congress" title="68th United States Congress">68th Congress</a>, when they refused to support the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Frederick H. Gillett</a>, voting instead for two other candidates. After eight ballots spanning two days, they agreed to support Gillett in exchange for a seat on the <a href="/wiki/House_Rules_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Rules Committee">House Rules Committee</a> and pledges that subsequent rules changes would be considered. On the ninth ballot, Gillett received 215 votes, a majority of the 414 votes cast, to win the election.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, leading early progressive Republicans included <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Borah" title="William Borah">William Borah</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Murdock" title="Victor Murdock">Victor Murdock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clyde_M._Reed" title="Clyde M. Reed">Clyde M. Reed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birchers">Birchers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birchers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></div> In the 1964 Republican primaries, the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> (JBS) helped to secure <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>’s Republican presidential nomination, defeating Nelson Rockefeller. Original members believed the Republican party was in danger of becoming too moderate.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Members of the John Birch Society, known as Birchers, were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">ultraconservatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The John Birch Society was founded in 1958 by businessman <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a>, and is controversial for its promotion of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rockefeller_Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rockefeller Republicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republican</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg/150px-Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg/225px-Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg/300px-Nelson_Rockefeller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>Vice President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republican" title="Rockefeller Republican">Rockefeller Republicans</a></figcaption></figure> Moderate or liberal Republicans in the 20th century, particularly those from the Northeast and West Coast, were referred to as "The Eastern Establishment" or "Rockefeller Republicans", after <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, Vice President during the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> administration.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> With their power decreasing in the final decades of the 20th century, many Rockefeller-style Republicans were replaced by conservative and moderate Democrats, such as those from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog</a> or <a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat</a> coalitions. Massachusetts Republican <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (who served in several cabinet positions during the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> administration) and writer and academic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a> argued that the liberalism of Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> movement were in many ways to the right of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, Rockefeller, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a>, Republican Congressman and Mayor of New York City in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reagan_coalition">Reagan coalition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reagan coalition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/225px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg/300px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_coalition" title="Reagan coalition">Reagan coalition</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reagan_coalition" title="Reagan coalition">Reagan coalition</a></div> According to historian <a href="/wiki/George_H._Nash" title="George H. Nash">George H. Nash</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_coalition" title="Reagan coalition">Reagan coalition</a> in the Republican Party, which centered around <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his administration throughout all of the 1980s (continuing in the late 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> administration), originally consisted of five factions: the libertarians, the traditionalists, the anti-communists, the neoconservatives, and the religious right (which consisted of Protestants, Catholics, and some Jewish Republicans).<a href="#cite_note-Critchlow-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woolridge-Micklethwait-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea_Party_movement">Tea Party movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tea Party movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_affiliated_with_the_Tea_Party_movement" title="List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement">List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ron_Paul,_official_Congressional_photo_portrait,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg/150px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg/225px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg/300px-Ron_Paul%2C_official_Congressional_photo_portrait%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>Former Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, known as the "intellectual godfather" of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></figcaption></figure> The Tea Party movement was an American <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> that began in 2009 following the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Members of the movement have called for lower <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">taxes</a>, and for a reduction of the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal budget deficit">federal budget deficit</a> through decreased <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">government spending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallup-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-thefiscaltimes.com-185">[185]</a> The movement supports small-government principles<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and opposes <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">government-sponsored universal healthcare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> It has been described as a popular <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutional</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> On matters of foreign policy, the movement largely supports avoiding being drawn into unnecessary conflicts and opposes "liberal internationalism".<a href="#cite_note-ForeignAffairs-190">[190]</a> Its name refers to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UPI.com-191">[191]</a> By 2016, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> said that the modern Tea Party movement was "pretty much dead now"; however, the article noted that it seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been "co-opted" by the mainstream Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Politicians associated with the Tea Party include former Representatives <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_West_(politician)" title="Allen West (politician)">Allen West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-194">[194]</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> former Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_DeMint" title="Jim DeMint">Jim DeMint</a>,<a href="#cite_note-npr.org-196">[196]</a> former acting White House Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee and former Alaska Governor <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-194">[194]</a> Although there has never been any one clear founder or leader of the movement, Palin scored highest in a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> poll asking Tea Party organizers "which national figure best represents your groups?".<a href="#cite_note-agwpostface-199">[199]</a> Ron Paul was described in a 2011 <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">Atlantic</a> article as its "intellectual godfather".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Both Paul and Palin, although ideologically different in many ways, had a major influence on the emergence of the movement due to their separate 2008 <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2008 presidential campaign">presidential primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_presidential_candidacy_of_Sarah_Palin" title="Vice presidential candidacy of Sarah Palin">vice presidential general election</a> runs respectively.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-ForeignAffairs-190">[190]</a> Several political organizations were created in response to the movement's growing popularity in the late 2000s and into the early 2010s, including the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Express" title="Tea Party Express">Tea Party Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Caucus" title="Tea Party Caucus">Tea Party Caucus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Both have an anti-immigrant element.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Republicans+unveil+two+minimum+wage+bills+in+response+to+Democrats%27+push&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.aulast=Aratani&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F26%2Frepublicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punchbowl_Old_GOP-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Punchbowl_Old_GOP_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Punchbowl_Old_GOP_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesiderioShermanBresnahan2024" class="citation news cs1">Desiderio, Andrew; Sherman, Jake; Bresnahan, John (February 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/">"The end of the Old GOP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Punchbowl_News" title="Punchbowl News">Punchbowl News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207114758/https://punchbowl.news/article/the-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punchbowl+News&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+Old+GOP&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft.aulast=Desiderio&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Jake&rft.au=Bresnahan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchbowl.news%2Farticle%2Fthe-end-of-the-old-republican-party-senate-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aberbach-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Aberbach_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberbachPeele2011" class="citation book cs1">Aberbach, Joel D.; Peele, Gillian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QE7U4-Ion7kC&pg=PA105">Crisis of Conservatism?:The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199831364" title="Special:BookSources/9780199831364"><bdi>9780199831364</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220081610/https://books.google.com/books?id=QE7U4-Ion7kC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+Conservatism%3F%3AThe+Republican+Party%2C+the+Conservative+Movement%2C+and+American+Politics+After+Bush&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199831364&rft.aulast=Aberbach&rft.aufirst=Joel+D.&rft.au=Peele%2C+Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQE7U4-Ion7kC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-politico-19"><a href="#cite_ref-politico_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2016" class="citation news cs1">Becker, Bernie (February 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/donald-trump-working-class-voters-219231">"Trump's 6 populist positions"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved November 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+6+populist+positions&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F02%2Fdonald-trump-working-class-voters-219231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_20-0">^</a> William Martin, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (1996). </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-consverative-poll-21"><a href="#cite_ref-gallup-consverative-poll_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Jeffrey (August 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/141677/Wyoming-Mississippi-Utah-Rank-Conservative-States.aspx">"Wyoming, Mississippi, Utah Rank as Most Conservative States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. Retrieved October 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Wyoming%2C+Mississippi%2C+Utah+Rank+as+Most+Conservative+States&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F141677%2FWyoming-Mississippi-Utah-Rank-Conservative-States.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabecoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Shabecoff, Philip (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil">Earth Rising: American Environmentalism in the 21st Century</a>. Island Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthrisingameri00phil/page/125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597263351" title="Special:BookSources/9781597263351"><bdi>9781597263351</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 9, 2017. <q>republican party anti-environmental.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+Rising%3A+American+Environmentalism+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781597263351&rft.aulast=Shabecoff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthrisingameri00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Samuel P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jG5IwgEFSYQC&pg=PA119">A History of Environmental Politics Since 1945</a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822972242" title="Special:BookSources/9780822972242"><bdi>9780822972242</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220081610/https://books.google.com/books?id=jG5IwgEFSYQC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119#v=onepage&q=republican%20party%20anti-environmentalist">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Environmental+Politics+Since+1945&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780822972242&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjG5IwgEFSYQC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellers2017" class="citation web cs1">Sellers, Christopher (June 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2017/4/22/15377964/republicans-environmentalism">"How Republicans came to embrace anti-environmentalism"</a>. Vox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102175137/https://www.vox.com/2017/4/22/15377964/republicans-environmentalism">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+Republicans+came+to+embrace+anti-environmentalism&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2017%2F4%2F22%2F15377964%2Frepublicans-environmentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlap_2010-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlap_2010_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlapMcCright2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Araon M. (August 7, 2010). "A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 50 (5): 26–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3200%2FENVT.50.5.26-35">10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154964336">154964336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment%3A+Science+and+Policy+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=A+Widening+Gap%3A+Republican+and+Democratic+Views+on+Climate+Change&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=26-35&rft.date=2010-08-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3200%2FENVT.50.5.26-35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154964336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Riley+E.&rft.au=McCright%2C+Araon+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBåtstrand2015" class="citation journal cs1">Båtstrand, Sondre (2015). "More than Markets: A Comparative Study of Nine Conservative Parties on Climate Change". <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_Policy" title="Politics and Policy">Politics and Policy</a>. 43 (4): 538–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpolp.12122">10.1111/polp.12122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1747-1346">1747-1346</a>. <q>The U.S. Republican Party is an anomaly in denying anthropogenic climate change.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=More+than+Markets%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Nine+Conservative+Parties+on+Climate+Change&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=538-561&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpolp.12122&rft.issn=1747-1346&rft.aulast=B%C3%A5tstrand&rft.aufirst=Sondre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chait-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chait_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chait_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChait2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait, Jonathan</a> (September 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/09/whys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html">"Why Are Republicans the Only Climate-Science-Denying Party in the World?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721045321/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/09/whys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017. <q>Of all the major conservative parties in the democratic world, the Republican Party stands alone in its denial of the legitimacy of climate science. Indeed, the Republican Party stands alone in its conviction that no national or international response to climate change is needed. To the extent that the party is divided on the issue, the gap separates candidates who openly dismiss climate science as a hoax, and those who, shying away from the political risks of blatant ignorance, instead couch their stance in the alleged impossibility of international action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Why+Are+Republicans+the+Only+Climate-Science-Denying+Party+in+the+World%3F&rft.date=2015-09-27&rft.aulast=Chait&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fdaily%2Fintelligencer%2F2015%2F09%2Fwhys-gop-only-science-denying-party-on-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Fusionism-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Fusionism_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshbeeWaddan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ashbee, Edward; Waddan, Alex (December 13, 2023). 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February 15, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195332/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+growing+peril+of+national+conservatism&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2024%2F02%2F15%2Fthe-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation">"The Republican Party no longer believes America is the essential nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. October 26, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213131705/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2023/10/26/the-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Republican+Party+no+longer+believes+America+is+the+essential+nation&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2023%2F10%2F26%2Fthe-republican-party-no-longer-believes-america-is-the-essential-nation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-Navarro2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Garcia-Navarro, Lulu (January 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213083434/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/21/magazine/heritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html">"Inside the Heritage Foundation's Plans for 'Institutionalizing Trumpism'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company" title="The New York Times Company">The New York Times Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7822">0028-7822</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/21/magazine/heritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html">the original</a> on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Heritage+Foundation%27s+Plans+for+%27Institutionalizing+Trumpism%27&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft.issn=0028-7822&rft.aulast=Garcia-Navarro&rft.aufirst=Lulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F21%2Fmagazine%2Fheritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-32"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagger" class="citation web cs1">Dagger, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoconservatism">"Neoconservatism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531190807/https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoconservatism">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Neoconservatism&rft.aulast=Dagger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fneoconservatism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriam-webster-33"><a href="#cite_ref-merriam-webster_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neoconservative">"Neoconservative"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925214021/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neoconservative">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Neoconservative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fneoconservative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_34-0">^</a> John Ehrman. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945–1994 (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaïsse-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse_35-0">^</a> Justin Vaïsse. Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecord" class="citation book cs1">Record, Jeffery. Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 47–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wanting+War%3A+Why+the+Bush+Administration+Invaded+Iraq&rft.pages=47-50&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=Record&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuckerCosta2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rucker" title="Philip Rucker">Rucker, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Costa_(journalist)" title="Robert Costa (journalist)">Costa, Robert</a> (March 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/">"Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trump+questions+need+for+NATO%2C+outlines+noninterventionist+foreign+policy&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Rucker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Costa%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2Fdonald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonBrooks2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dodson, Kyle; Brooks, Clem (September 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00380253.2021.1966348">"All by Himself? Trump, Isolationism, and the American Electorate"</a>. The Sociological Quarterly. 63 (4): 780–803. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00380253.2021.1966348">10.1080/00380253.2021.1966348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0253">0038-0253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240577549">240577549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=All+by+Himself%3F+Trump%2C+Isolationism%2C+and+the+American+Electorate&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=780-803&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240577549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-0253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00380253.2021.1966348&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Clem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00380253.2021.1966348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562">"Elliott Abrams, prominent D.C. neocon, named special envoy for Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. January 25, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204115156/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/25/elliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Elliott+Abrams%2C+prominent+D.C.+neocon%2C+named+special+envoy+for+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2019%2F01%2F25%2Felliott-abrams-envoy-venezuela-1128562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://militarist-monitor.org/profile/hudson_institute/">"Hudson Institute"</a>. Militarist Monitor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Militarist+Monitor&rft.atitle=Hudson+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilitarist-monitor.org%2Fprofile%2Fhudson_institute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danny_Cooper_2011_45-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Danny_Cooper_2011_45_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanny_Cooper2011" class="citation book cs1">Danny Cooper (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNyZILpcSgkC&pg=PA45">Neoconservatism and American Foreign Policy: A Critical Analysis</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84052-8"><bdi>978-0-203-84052-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161657/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNyZILpcSgkC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoconservatism+and+American+Foreign+Policy%3A+A+Critical+Analysis&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84052-8&rft.au=Danny+Cooper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNyZILpcSgkC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Christopher_Rhoades2008" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Christopher Rhoades (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnlVbs5HSicC&pg=PA110">Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future</a>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-62046-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-62046-4"><bdi>978-0-549-62046-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoconservatism%3A+Beliefs%2C+the+Bush+Administration%2C+and+the+Future&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-62046-4&rft.au=Matthew+Christopher+Rhoades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnlVbs5HSicC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Feffer2003" class="citation book cs1">John Feffer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8PQgoFju7UC&pg=PA231">Power Trip: Unilateralism and Global Strategy After September 11</a>. Seven Stories Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-025-3"><bdi>978-1-60980-025-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123161644/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8PQgoFju7UC&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Trip%3A+Unilateralism+and+Global+Strategy+After+September+11&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-025-3&rft.au=John+Feffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8PQgoFju7UC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2013" class="citation news cs1">Foster, Peter (February 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/9891755/Obamas-new-head-boy.html">"Obama's new head boy"</a>. The Telegraph (UK). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228034030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/9891755/Obamas-new-head-boy.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+new+head+boy&rft.date=2013-02-24&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fus-politics%2F9891755%2FObamas-new-head-boy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmonitor-45"><a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsson2009" class="citation news cs1">Jonsson, Patrik (June 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/0611/p02s01-usju.html">"Shooting of two soldiers in Little Rock puts focus on 'lone wolf' Islamic extremists"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031548/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/0611/p02s01-usju.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Shooting+of+two+soldiers+in+Little+Rock+puts+focus+on+%27lone+wolf%27+Islamic+extremists&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.aulast=Jonsson&rft.aufirst=Patrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FJustice%2F2009%2F0611%2Fp02s01-usju.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> K. Dodds, K. and S. Elden, "Thinking Ahead: David Cameron, the Henry Jackson Society and BritishNeoConservatism," British Journal of Politics and International Relations (2008), 10(3): 347–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Christopher_Rhoades2008" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Christopher Rhoades (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnlVbs5HSicC&pg=PA14">Neoconservatism: Beliefs, the Bush Administration, and the Future</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-62046-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-62046-4"><bdi>978-0-549-62046-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoconservatism%3A+Beliefs%2C+the+Bush+Administration%2C+and+the+Future&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-62046-4&rft.au=Matthew+Christopher+Rhoades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnlVbs5HSicC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteheadPerryBaker2018" class="citation journal cs1">Whitehead, Andrew L.; Perry, Samuel L.; Baker, Joseph O. (January 25, 2018). "Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election". Sociology of Religion. 79 (2): 147–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx070">10.1093/socrel/srx070</a>. <q>The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump, even after controlling for economic dissatisfaction, sexism, anti-black prejudice, anti-Muslim refugee attitudes, and anti-immigrant sentiment, as well as measures of religion, sociodemographics, and political identity more generally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Make+America+Christian+Again%3A+Christian+Nationalism+and+Voting+for+Donald+Trump+in+the+2016+Presidential+Election&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-171&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsocrel%2Fsrx070&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft.au=Perry%2C+Samuel+L.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Joseph+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP_Christian-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_Christian_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_Christian_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2024" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Peter (February 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82">"Many believe the founders wanted a Christian America. Some want the government to declare one now"</a>. Associated Press. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219033711/https://apnews.com/article/american-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Many+believe+the+founders+wanted+a+Christian+America.+Some+want+the+government+to+declare+one+now&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Famerican-founders-christian-nation-conservative-beliefs-4ea388e8d80c54016a6a4460cbef9b82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Politico_Christian-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_Christian_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Politico_Christian_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouseTelhami2022" class="citation web cs1">Rouse, Stella; Telhami, Shibley (September 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736">"Most Republicans Support Declaring the United States a Christian Nation"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927001816/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/09/21/most-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Most+Republicans+Support+Declaring+the+United+States+a+Christian+Nation&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft.au=Telhami%2C+Shibley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2022%2F09%2F21%2Fmost-republicans-support-declaring-the-united-states-a-christian-nation-00057736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonTaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Margaret L.; Taylor, Howard Francis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9bIrZ9xacC&pg=PA469">Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society</a>. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-61716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-61716-5"><bdi>978-0-534-61716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+Understanding+a+Diverse+Society&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-534-61716-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Howard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP9bIrZ9xacC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deckman2004-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Deckman2004_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeckman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Deckman" title="Melissa Deckman">Deckman, Melissa Marie</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoolboardbattl0000deck">School Board Battles: The Christian Right in Local Politics</a>. Georgetown University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoolboardbattl0000deck/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589010017" title="Special:BookSources/9781589010017"><bdi>9781589010017</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 10, 2014. <q>More than half of all Christian right candidates attend evangelical Protestant churches, which are more theologically liberal. A relatively large number of Christian Right candidates (24 percent) are Catholics; however, when asked to describe themselves as either "progressive/liberal" or "traditional/conservative" Catholics, 88 percent of these Christian right candidates place themselves in the traditional category.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Board+Battles%3A+The+Christian+Right+in+Local+Politics&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781589010017&rft.aulast=Deckman&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschoolboardbattl0000deck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweber2012-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Schweber2012_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweber2012" class="citation news cs1">Schweber, Howard (February 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard-schweber/the-catholicization-of-th_b_1298435.html">"The Catholicization of the American Right"</a>. The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Catholicization+of+the+American+Right&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.aulast=Schweber&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fhoward-schweber%2Fthe-catholicization-of-th_b_1298435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Marie_Deckman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Deckman" title="Melissa Deckman">Melissa Marie Deckman</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schoolboardbattl0000deck">School Board Battles: the Christian right in Local Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Board+Battles%3A+the+Christian+right+in+Local+Politics&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Melissa+Marie+Deckman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fschoolboardbattl0000deck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2015/04/27/five-things-know-mormon-politics/">"Five things you should know about Mormon politics"</a>. Religion News Service. April 27, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=Five+things+you+should+know+about+Mormon+politics&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2015%2F04%2F27%2Ffive-things-know-mormon-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartsem-56"><a href="#cite_ref-hartsem_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230556/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm">"Christian Right"</a>. hirr.hartsem.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Cright.htm">the original</a> on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hirr.hartsem.edu&rft.atitle=Christian+Right&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirr.hartsem.edu%2Fency%2FCright.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberman2018" class="citation news cs1">Haberman, Clyde (October 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/religion-politics-evangelicals.html">"Religion and Right-Wing Politics: How Evangelicals Reshaped Elections"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029015238/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/religion-politics-evangelicals.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Right-Wing+Politics%3A+How+Evangelicals+Reshaped+Elections&rft.date=2018-10-28&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F28%2Fus%2Freligion-politics-evangelicals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2015" class="citation news cs1">Cohn, Nate (May 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/upshot/mike-huckabee-and-the-continuing-influence-of-evangelicals.html">"Mike Huckabee and the Continuing Influence of Evangelicals"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506151326/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/upshot/mike-huckabee-and-the-continuing-influence-of-evangelicals.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mike+Huckabee+and+the+Continuing+Influence+of+Evangelicals&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2F06%2Fupshot%2Fmike-huckabee-and-the-continuing-influence-of-evangelicals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5V1BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101">"Social Conservatism, Distractors, and Authoritarianism: Axiological versus instrumental rationality"</a>. In Dahms, Harry F. (ed.). Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century. 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FiveThirtyEight.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Not+Income%2C+Predicted+Who+Would+Vote+For+Trump&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Feducation-not-income-predicted-who-would-vote-for-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2023" class="citation news cs1">Cohn, Nate (August 17, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html">"The 6 Kinds of Republican Voters"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012095530/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/08/17/upshot/six-kinds-of-republican-voters.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2023. 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Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39182-8"><bdi>978-0-313-39182-8</bdi></a>. <q>Most European liberals are Conservative Liberals, located at the right end of the left-right line, exactly opposite the American liberals' position. If transplanted to the United States, they would occupy the Left wing and the center of the Republican Party. 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Both have an anti-immigrant element.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Republicans+unveil+two+minimum+wage+bills+in+response+to+Democrats%27+push&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.aulast=Aratani&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F26%2Frepublicans-minimum-wage-bills-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-campani-98"><a href="#cite_ref-campani_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampaniFabelo_ConcepciónRodriguez_SolerSánchez_Savín2022" class="citation journal cs1">Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc12060154">"The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse"</a>. Societies. 12 (6): 154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoc12060154">10.3390/soc12060154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2075-4698">2075-4698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Societies&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Donald+Trump+Right-Wing+Populism+in+the+United+States%3A+Middle+American+Radicalism+and+Anti-Immigration+Discourse&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsoc12060154&rft.issn=2075-4698&rft.aulast=Campani&rft.aufirst=Giovanna&rft.au=Fabelo+Concepci%C3%B3n%2C+Sunamis&rft.au=Rodriguez+Soler%2C+Angel&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez+Sav%C3%ADn%2C+Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsoc12060154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2020" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, Pippa (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068820927686">"Measuring populism worldwide"</a>. Party Politics. 26 (6): 697–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068820927686">10.1177/1354068820927686</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0688">1354-0688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216298689">216298689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=Measuring+populism+worldwide&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=697-717&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216298689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068820927686&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1354068820927686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassidy-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Cassidy_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Cassidy, John (February 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party">"Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225035/http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+is+Transforming+the+G.O.P.+Into+a+Populist%2C+Nativist+Party&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-cassidy%2Fdonald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_Feb152024-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_Feb152024_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism">""National conservatives" are forging a global front against liberalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. February 15, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220205122/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/02/15/national-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=%22National+conservatives%22+are+forging+a+global+front+against+liberalism&rft.date=2024-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2024%2F02%2F15%2Fnational-conservatives-are-forging-a-global-front-against-liberalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Shaoqing (December 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9735003">"The origins, characteristics and trends of neo-nationalism in the 21st century"</a>. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology. 6 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs41257-022-00079-4">10.1186/s41257-022-00079-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9735003">9735003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36532330">36532330</a>. <q>On a practical level, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union and Trump's election as the United States president are regarded as typical events of neo-nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Anthropology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+origins%2C+characteristics+and+trends+of+neo-nationalism+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9735003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36532330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs41257-022-00079-4&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Shaoqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9735003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katzenstein2019-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Katzenstein2019_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenstein2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. 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Retrieved September 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WZB+%7C+Berlin+Social+Science+Center&rft.atitle=Trumpism+is+US&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Katzenstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzb.eu%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftrumpism-is-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiSalvo2022-104"><a href="#cite_ref-DiSalvo2022_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiSalvo2022" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_DiSalvo" title="Daniel DiSalvo">DiSalvo, Daniel</a> (Fall 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/party-factions-and-american-politics">"Party Factions and American Politics"</a>. National Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323210441/https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/party-factions-and-american-politics">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Affairs&rft.atitle=Party+Factions+and+American+Politics&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=DiSalvo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalaffairs.com%2Fpublications%2Fdetail%2Fparty-factions-and-american-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowndes2019" class="citation book cs1">Lowndes, Joseph (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gm5uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270">"Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump"</a>. In de la Torre, Carlos (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. "Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315226446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315226446"><bdi>978-1315226446</bdi></a>. <q>Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Populism+and+race+in+the+United+States+from+George+Wallace+to+Donald+Trump&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Global+Populism&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=%22Trumpism%22+section%2C+pp.+197-200&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1315226446&rft.aulast=Lowndes&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgm5uDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennhold2020" class="citation news cs1">Bennhold, Katrin (September 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/world/europe/germany-trump-far-right.html">"Trump Emerges as Inspiration for Germany's Far Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120233123/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/world/europe/germany-trump-far-right.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Emerges+as+Inspiration+for+Germany%27s+Far+Right&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft.aulast=Bennhold&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F07%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgermany-trump-far-right.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner_Charles_2023_p._31-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner_Charles_2023_p._31_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerCharles2023" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, J.A.; Charles, G.U. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZViqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31">Election Law in the American Political System</a>. Aspen Casebook Series. Aspen Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5438-2683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5438-2683-8"><bdi>978-1-5438-2683-8</bdi></a>. 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Trump's popularity has only encouraged other Republicans to adopt a soft-gloves approach to Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=GOP+strained+by+Trump-influenced+shift+from+Reagan+on+Russia&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft.aulast=Lillis&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fhouse%2F4492514-gop-strained-by-trump-influenced-shift-from-reagan-on-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2024" class="citation news cs1">Ball, Molly (February 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/how-trump-turned-conservatives-against-helping-ukraine-d9f75b3b">"How Trump Turned Conservatives Against Helping Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 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Retrieved February 28, 2024. <q>But during his time in office and after, Trump managed to create, from the grassroots up, a Republican constituency for Russia-friendly policy ... Conservatives vying to be the Trumpiest of them all have realized that supporting Russia translates in the Republican mind as a proxy for supporting Trump. Hence the politicians most willing to defend his offenses against democratic norms — Marjorie Taylor Greene, Jim Jordan, Tommy Tuberville, Mike Lee, J. D. Vance — hold the most anti-Ukraine or pro-Russia views. Conversely, the least-Trumpy Republicans, such as Mitch McConnell and Mitt Romney, have the most hawkish views on Russia. The rapid growth of Trump's once-unique pro-Russia stance is a gravitational function of his personality cult.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Russian+Dolls+Trump+has+finally+remade+Republicans+into+Putin%27s+playthings.&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Chait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2Farticle%2Fdonald-trump-republicans-vladimir-putin-puppets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2024" class="citation news cs1">Lange, Jason (January 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/">"Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8095">1553-8095</a>. 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Retrieved October 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+6+Kinds+of+Republican+Voters&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2023%2F08%2F17%2Fupshot%2Fsix-kinds-of-republican-voters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collinson_2023_n804-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Collinson_2023_n804_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinson2023" class="citation web cs1">Collinson, Stephen (October 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/04/politics/mccarthy-victim-trump-gop-revolution/index.html">"McCarthy became the latest victim of Trump's extreme GOP revolution"</a>. 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AP News. Retrieved December 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Far+right+tugs+at+North+Dakota+Republican+Party&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fgovernment-and-politics-north-dakota-8fce64375abe042324cf26b4c82d57bf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times-Herald.com_2023_x358-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Times-Herald.com_2023_x358_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.times-herald.com/opinion/fringe-activists-threaten-georgia-gop-s-political-future/article_b3fd5a4a-f33f-11ed-901d-7fbbbf28e09e.html">"Fringe activists threaten Georgia GOP's political future"</a>. The Times Herald. May 15, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Herald&rft.atitle=Fringe+activists+threaten+Georgia+GOP%27s+political+future&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.times-herald.com%2Fopinion%2Ffringe-activists-threaten-georgia-gop-s-political-future%2Farticle_b3fd5a4a-f33f-11ed-901d-7fbbbf28e09e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-122"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerCritchlow2020" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Paula; Critchlow, Donald T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of American Political History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190628697" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190628697"><bdi>978-0190628697</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215023724/https://books.google.com/books?id=547UDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved April 23, 2021 – via Google Books. <q>Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assaults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+American+Political+History&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190628697&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Critchlow%2C+Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D547UDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactions+in+the+Republican+Party+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Kent (2021). 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Retrieved June 12, 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation news cs1">Green, Joshua (August 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/the-tea-party-8217-s-brain/8280/a">"The Tea Party's Brain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023223819/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/the-tea-partys-brain/308280/">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2012. 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The Almanac of American Politics, 2010 (2009). 1,900 pages of minute, nonpartisan detail on every state and district and member of Congress.</li> <li>Baker, Peter, and Susan Glasser. The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017-2021 (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Divider-Trump-White-House-2017-2021/dp/038554653X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Dyche, John David. Republican Leader: A Political Biography of Senator Mitch McConnell (2009).</li> <li>Edsall, Thomas Byrne. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive For Permanent Power (2006). Sophisticated analysis by liberal.</li> <li>Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Book on Politics (2004). Nonpartisan.</li> <li>Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas (2005). Attack by a liberal.</li> <li>Frohnen, Bruce, Beer, Jeremy and Nelson, Jeffery O., eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006). 980 pages of articles by 200 conservative scholars.</li> <li>Hamburger, Tom and Peter Wallsten. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century (2006). Hostile.</li> <li>Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)</li> <li>Hewitt, Hugh. GOP 5.0: Republican Renewal Under President Obama (2009).</li> <li>Ross, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://truth-2-power.com/2012/08/09/the-republican-un-civil-war-the-neocons-and-the-tea-party-fight-for-control-of-the-gop/">"The Republican Un-Civil War – The Neocons and the Tea Party Fight for Control of the GOP"</a> (August 9, 2012). Truth-2-Power.</li> <li>Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004). Sophisticated nonpartisan analysis.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/packages/khtml/2006/10/01/weekinreview/20061001_HERDS_GRAPHIC.html">"A Guide to the Republican Herd"</a> (October 5, 2006). The New York Times.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/polls/vault/stories/poll100498.htm">"Belief Spectrum Brings Party Splits"</a> (October 4, 1998). The Washington Post.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Ideological_caucuses_in_the_United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus#Ideological_conferences" title="Congressional caucus">Ideological caucuses in the United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions in the Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Factions in the Republican Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republicans (217)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a> (156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership#Affiliated_members_of_Congress" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Caucus</a> (70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a> (45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a> (42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a> (9)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Democrats (213)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a> (98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> (96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a> (10)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bipartisan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a> (63)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership#Affiliated_members_of_Congress" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Caucus</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Caucuses with no known membership as of the 117th Congress do not have memberships listed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&oldid=1258165838">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)&oldid=1258165838</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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