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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1950)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1950)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1950)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1950)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1950–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(1950–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>U.S. Senate (1950–1953)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(1950–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1953–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1953–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vice presidency (1953–1961)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1953–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1960 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1962_California_gubernatorial_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1962_California_gubernatorial_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1962 California gubernatorial campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1962_California_gubernatorial_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilderness_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Wilderness years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1968 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1969–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1969–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Presidency (1969–1974)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1969–1974)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1969–1974) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1969–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>Latin American policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.4</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eastern_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eastern_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.5</span> <span>Middle Eastern policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eastern_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_initiatives_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_initiatives_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Governmental initiatives and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_initiatives_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.3</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Space policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reelection,_Watergate_scandal,_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reelection,_Watergate_scandal,_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reelection,_Watergate_scandal,_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1972_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.1</span> <span>1972 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watergate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watergate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.2</span> <span>Watergate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watergate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4.3</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1974–1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1974–1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Post-presidency (1974–1994)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1974–1994)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1974–1994) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1974–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pardon_and_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardon_and_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Pardon and illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardon_and_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Return to public life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Author_and_elder_statesman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author_and_elder_statesman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Author and elder statesman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author_and_elder_statesman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Personality and public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Print sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nixon_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nixon_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Nixon Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nixon_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.4</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>Official websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Nixon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ሪቻርድ ኒክሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪቻርድ ኒክሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_Nixon" title="Ricard Nixon – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ricard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ريتشارد نيكسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد نيكسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Ռիչըրտ Նիքսըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռիչըրտ Նիքսըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Nikson" title="Riçard Nikson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Nikson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریچارد نیکسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد نیکسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="রিচার্ড নিক্সন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড নিক্সন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рычард Ніксан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Ніксан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рычард Мілхаўс Ніксан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рычард Мілхаўс Ніксан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Никсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" title="Richard M. Nixon – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Richard M. Nixon" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ريتشارد نيكسون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ريتشارد نيكسون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%91%DE%B0_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ރިޗަރޑް ނިކްސަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރިޗަރޑް ނިކްސަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ρίτσαρντ Νίξον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Νίξον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریچارد نیکسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد نیکسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A8" title="리처드 닉슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 닉슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ռիչարդ Նիքսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Նիքսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड मिल्हौस निक्सन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिचर्ड मिल्हौस निक्सन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ריצ'רד ניקסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד ניקסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ನಿಕ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ನಿಕ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ ნიქსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიჩარდ ნიქსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Milhous_Nixon" title="Ricardus Milhous Nixon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus Milhous Nixon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Niksons" title="Ričards Niksons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Niksons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Milhous_Nixon" title="Richard Milhous Nixon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Richard Milhous Nixon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="റിച്ചാർഡ് നിക്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ് നിക്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड निक्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिचर्ड निक्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ ნიქსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიჩარდ ნიქსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ريتشارد نيكسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد نيكسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریچارد نیکسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریچارد نیکسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ရစ်ချက် နစ်ကဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရစ်ချက် နစ်ကဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचार्ड निक्सन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रिचार्ड निक्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="リチャード・ニクソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・ニクソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਨਿਕਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਨਿਕਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="رچرڈ نکسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ نکسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ریچارډ میلهوس نیکسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ریچارډ میلهوس نیکسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Milhous_Nixon" title="Richard Milhous Nixon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Richard Milhous Nixon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Nikson" title="Riçard Nikson – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Riçard Nikson" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" title="Richard M. Nixon – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Richard M. Nixon" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Никсон, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никсон, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="ڕیچارد نیکسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد نیکسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ரிச்சர்ட் நிக்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிச்சர்ட் நிக்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="రిచర్డ్ నిక్సన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రిచర్డ్ నిక్సన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ริชาร์ด นิกสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชาร์ด นิกสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ричард Никсон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ричард Никсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%82" title="ᎵᏣᏗ ᏂᎩᏌᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎵᏣᏗ ᏂᎩᏌᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Річард Ніксон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Ніксон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="رچرڈ نکسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ نکسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="رىچارد نىكسون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىچارد نىكسون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE" title="理查德·尼克松 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理查德·尼克松" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ריטשארד ניקסאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריטשארד ניקסאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C" title="理察尼克遜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理察尼克遜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Richard Nixon" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE" title="理查德·尼克松 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·尼克松" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Richard Nixon" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nixon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nixon (disambiguation)">Nixon (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard Nixon (disambiguation)">Richard Nixon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Richard Nixon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Presidential portrait of Richard Nixon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/220px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/330px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/440px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2939" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1972</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">37th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> <span class="nowrap">(1969–1973)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i>None</i> <span class="nowrap">(Oct–Dec 1973)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gerald Ford <span class="nowrap">(1973–1974)</span></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">36th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lyndon B. Johnson</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1, 1950 – January 1, 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Sheridan Downey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from California's <span data-sort-value="California12 !"><a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">12th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1947 – November 30, 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hillings" title="Patrick J. Hillings">Patrick J. Hillings</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Richard Milhous Nixon</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1913-01-09</span>)</span>January 9, 1913<br /><a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 22, 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-04-22)</span> (aged 81)<br />New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Ryan</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 21, 1940">1940</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 22, 1993">1993</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whittier_College" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Author</li> <li>lawyer</li> <li>politician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Nixon's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg/128px-Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg/192px-Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg/256px-Richard_Nixon_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="109" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1942–1946 (active)</li> <li>1946–1966 (inactive)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a><sup id="cite_ref-archives_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal" title="Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal" title="Armed Forces Reserve Medal">Armed Forces Reserve Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_speaks_on_Peace_in_Vietnam.ogg" title="File:Richard Nixon speaks on Peace in Vietnam.ogg">Richard Nixon's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Richard_Nixon_speaks_on_Peace_in_Vietnam.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Richard_Nixon_speaks_on_Peace_in_Vietnam.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/Richard_Nixon_speaks_on_Peace_in_Vietnam.ogg/Richard_Nixon_speaks_on_Peace_in_Vietnam.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Nixon speaks on <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">peace in Vietnam</a><br />Recorded November 3, 1969</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" 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.hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/75px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/113px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg/150px-Richard_Nixon_presidential_portrait_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2939" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Richard Nixon</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Depictions</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Pre-vice presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1950)">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946 election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#U.S._Senate_(1950–1953)">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950 election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">36th Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">2nd inauguration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">Motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Post-vice presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962 California gubernatorial bid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">37th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">second</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Judicial appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Appointed federal judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">Appointment controversies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Policies</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon#List_of_international_trips" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Parks" title="Legacy of Parks">Legacy of Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Native American policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Native American</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">First term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#End_of_conscription" title="Conscription in the United States">End of the draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Visit to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_cancer" title="War on cancer">War on cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Philadelphia_Plan" title="Revised Philadelphia Plan">Philadelphia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Business_Development_Agency" title="Minority Business Development Agency">Minority Business Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Second term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_interval" title="Decent interval">decent interval</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">airlift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">Mideast Peace Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Tapes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Post-presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Nixon interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Vice presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>1952 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1952 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li>1956 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon_series" title="Template:Richard Nixon series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon_series" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Milhous Nixon</b> (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1969 until <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Richard_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Richard Nixon">his resignation</a> in 1974. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he previously served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">representative</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and as the 36th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> from 1953 to 1961 under President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">His presidency</a> saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a></i> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> Moon landing, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. </p><p>Nixon was born into a poor family of <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorba Linda">Yorba Linda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke Law School</a> in 1937, practiced law in California, and then moved with his wife <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1942 to work for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>. After serving active duty in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">Naval Reserve</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a>. His work on the <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> case established his reputation as a leading <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a>, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. Nixon was the running mate of Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 election</a>, and served for eight years as vice president. He narrowly lost the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 presidential election</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. After his loss in the <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a> race for governor of California, he announced his retirement from politics. However, in <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, he made another run for the presidency and narrowly defeated the Democratic incumbent vice president <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>. </p><p>Seeking to bring the North Vietnamese to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">military operations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">carpet bombing campaigns</a> in Cambodia. He ended American combat involvement in Vietnam in 1973 and the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">military draft</a> the same year. His <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">visit to China</a> in 1972 eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">diplomatic relations between the two nations</a>, and he then finalized the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> with the Soviet Union. Domestically, Nixon pushed for the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> and began the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>. Nixon's first term took place at the height of the American <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">environmental movement</a> and enacted many progressive environmental policy shifts; his administration created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> and passed legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Acts</a>. He implemented the ratified <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-sixth Amendment</a>, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, and enforced the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">desegregation</a> of Southern schools. Under Nixon, relations with Native Americans improved, seeing an increase in <a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">self-determination</a> for <a href="/wiki/Native_American_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Native American policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Native Americans</a> and his administration rescinded the <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">termination policy</a>. Nixon imposed wage and price controls for 90 days, began the <a href="/wiki/War_on_cancer" title="War on cancer">war on cancer</a>, and presided over the Apollo 11 Moon landing, which signaled the end of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. He was re-elected in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>, when he defeated <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">one of the largest landslide victories in American history</a>. </p><p>In his second term, Nixon ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel_Grass" title="Operation Nickel Grass">an airlift</a> to resupply Israeli materiel losses in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, a conflict which led to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis</a> at home. From 1973, ongoing revelations from the Nixon administration's involvement in Watergate eroded his support in Congress and the country. The scandal began with a break-in at the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> office, ordered by administration officials, and escalated despite <a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">cover-up</a> efforts by the Nixon administration, of which he was aware. On August 9, 1974, facing almost certain <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment</a> and removal from office, Nixon resigned. Afterward, he was issued <a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">a controversial pardon</a> by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. During nearly 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote nine books and undertook many foreign trips, rehabilitating his image into that of an elder statesman and leading expert on foreign affairs. On April 18, 1994, he suffered a debilitating <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">died four days later</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Rankings</a> of his time in office have proven complex, with the successes of his presidency contrasted against the circumstances of both his ascension and his departure from office. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_child.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nixon_child.jpeg/220px-Nixon_child.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nixon_child.jpeg/330px-Nixon_child.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nixon_child.jpeg/440px-Nixon_child.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>Nixon (second from right) makes his newspaper debut in 1916, contributing five cents to a fund for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> orphans; his brother <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald</a> is to his right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then the township precinct of <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a house built by his father, on his family's lemon ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPS,_Nixon_Birthplace_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS,_Nixon_Birthplace-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris209_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris209-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah (Milhous) Nixon</a>. His mother was a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>, and his father converted from <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> to the Quaker faith. Through his mother, Nixon was a descendant of the early English settler <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cornell_(settler)" title="Thomas Cornell (settler)">Thomas Cornell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's upbringing was influenced by Quaker observances of the time such as abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. He had four brothers: Harold (1909–1933), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald</a> (1914–1987), Arthur (1918–1925), and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward</a> (1930– 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Childhood_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Childhood-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the five Nixon boys were named after historic British kings; Richard, for example, was named after <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> in describing his boyhood: "We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn't know it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken12_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken12-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_California" title="Whittier, California">Whittier, California</a>. In an area of East Whittier with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station at what is now the corner of Whittier Boulevard and Santa Gertrudes Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period, the Nixon family attended East Whittier Friends Church.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 at the age of seven after a short illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198741_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198741-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard was 12 years old when a spot was found on his lung; with a family history of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, he was forbidden to play sports. The spot turned out to be scar tissue from an early bout of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken27_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken27-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198756–57_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198756–57-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_HS_Yearbook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Richard_Nixon_HS_Yearbook.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Nixon as a senior at <a href="/wiki/Whittier_High_School" title="Whittier High School">Whittier High School</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack16-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His older brother Harold had attended <a href="/wiki/Whittier_High_School" title="Whittier High School">Whittier High School</a>, which his parents thought resulted in Harold's dissolute lifestyle, before he contracted tuberculosis (that killed him in 1933). They decided to send Nixon to the larger <a href="/wiki/Fullerton_Union_High_School" title="Fullerton Union High School">Fullerton Union High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris89_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack17–19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack17–19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he had to ride a school bus an hour each way during his freshman year, he attained excellent grades. Later, he lived with an aunt in <a href="/wiki/Fullerton,_California" title="Fullerton, California">Fullerton</a> during the week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris91_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris91-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, though he rarely was used in games.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris92_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris92-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had greater success as a debater, winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton's Head of English, H. Lynn Sheller. Nixon later mused on Sheller's words, "Remember, speaking is conversation...don't shout at people. Talk to them. Converse with them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon said he tried to use a conversational tone as much as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken28_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. At Whittier, Nixon lost a bid for student body president—his first electoral defeat. He often rose at 4 a.m. to drive the family truck to Los Angeles to purchase vegetables at the market and then drove to the store to wash and display them before going to school. Harold was diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona hoping to improve his health, the demands on Nixon increased, causing him to give up football. Nevertheless, Nixon graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack20–23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack20–23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_and_law_school">College and law school</h3></div> <p>Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the store. He remained in his hometown, and enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Whittier_College" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a> in September 1930. His expenses were met by his maternal grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack23–24_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack23–24-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, and though he lacked the size to play, he remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of fraternities and sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men, the Franklins, many of whom were from prominent families, unlike Nixon. He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack24–25_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack24–25-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the society, his studies, and work at the store, Nixon engaged in several extracurricular activities; he was a champion debater and hard worker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198761_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198761-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, he was engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken58–63_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken58–63-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#North_America" title="Latin honors">summa cum laude</a></i> with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at the new <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which offered scholarships to top students, including Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It paid high salaries to its professors, many of whom had national or international reputations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken67_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken67-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, creating intense competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon kept his scholarship, was elected president of the Duke Bar Association,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet81_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet81-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif" title="Order of the Coif">Order of the Coif</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Family_Collection_Guide_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Family_Collection_Guide-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated third in his class in June 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_marriage">Early career and marriage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg/220px-Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg/330px-Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg/440px-Formal_Nixon_Family_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption>Nixon's family: <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Eisenhower" title="David Eisenhower">David Eisenhower</a>, President Nixon, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Cox" title="Edward F. Cox">Edward Cox</a> on December 24, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>After graduating from Duke, Nixon initially hoped to join the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a>. He received no response to his letter of application, and learned years later that he had been hired, but his appointment had been canceled at the last minute due to budget cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken76_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken76-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/State_Bar_of_California" title="State Bar of California">California bar</a> in 1937, and began practicing in Whittier with the law firm Wingert and Bewley in the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Whittier_Building" title="National Bank of Whittier Building">National Bank of Whittier Building</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">commercial litigation</a> for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, as well as on <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">wills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken79–82_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken79–82-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris193_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in <a href="/wiki/La_Habra,_California" title="La Habra, California">La Habra, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack44_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack44-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a full partner in the firm the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack43_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack43-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris193_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Nixon was also the president of the Citra-Frost Company, which attempted to produce and sell frozen orange juice, but the company went bankrupt after just 18 months.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NixonsCounty_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NixonsCounty-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1938, Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(play)" title="The Dark Tower (play)">The Dark Tower</a></i> in which he played opposite his future wife, a high school teacher named <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Nixon described it as "a case of <a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">love at first sight</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197823_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197823-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but apparently for Nixon only, since Pat Ryan turned him down several times before agreeing to date him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell385–393_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell385–393-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal. They wed in a small ceremony on June 21, 1940. After a honeymoon in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell37,_402_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell37,_402-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two daughters: <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a>, born in 1946, and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a>, born in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Nixon_Family_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Nixon_Family-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon,_USN.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon%2C_USN.jpeg/220px-NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon%2C_USN.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon%2C_USN.jpeg/330px-NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon%2C_USN.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon%2C_USN.jpeg/440px-NH_84098_Lieutenant_Commander_Richard_Milhous_Nixon%2C_USN.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Nixon as a lieutenant commander in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1942, the couple moved to the Northern Virginia suburbs, where Nixon took a job at the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Price_Administration" title="Office of Price Administration">Office of Price Administration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197826_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197826-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his political campaigns, Nixon suggested that this was his response to <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941. Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris124–126_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris124–126-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assigned to the tire rationing division, where he was tasked with replying to correspondence. He did not enjoy the role, and four months later applied to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornitzer143–144_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornitzer143–144-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he could have claimed an exemption from <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">the draft</a> as a birthright Quaker, or a deferral due to his government service, Nixon nevertheless sought a commission in the Navy. His application was approved, and he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">lieutenant junior grade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Naval Reserve</a> on June 15, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-navy.mil_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken96–97_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken96–97-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1942, he was given his first assignment as aide to the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ottumwa_Regional_Airport#History" title="Ottumwa Regional Airport">Naval Air Station Ottumwa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wapello_County,_Iowa" title="Wapello County, Iowa">Wapello County, Iowa</a>, until May 1943. Seeking more excitement, he requested sea duty; on July 2, 1943, he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_25" title="Marine Aircraft Group 25">Marine Aircraft Group 25</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Combat_Air_Transport_Command" title="South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command">South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command</a> (SCAT), where he supported the <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a> of operations in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">South Pacific theater</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center,_Commander_Nixon_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center,_Commander_Nixon-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack58–60_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack58–60-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">lieutenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navy.mil_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon commanded the SCAT forward detachments at <a href="/wiki/Vella_Lavella" title="Vella Lavella">Vella Lavella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buin,_Papua_New_Guinea#Japan_and_the_USA_during_World_War_II" title="Buin, Papua New Guinea">Bougainville</a>, and finally at <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Island" title="Nissan Island">Nissan Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navy.mil_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">R4D/C-47</a> operations and supervised the loading and unloading of the transport aircraft. For this service, he received a <a href="/wiki/Commendation_Medal" title="Commendation Medal">Navy Letter of Commendation</a>, awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon, which was later updated to the <a href="/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal</a>, from his commanding officer for "meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command". Upon his return to the U.S., Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda" title="Naval Air Station Alameda">Alameda Naval Air Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alameda,_California" title="Alameda, California">Alameda, California</a>. </p><p>In January 1945, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics" title="Bureau of Aeronautics">Bureau of Aeronautics</a> office in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where he helped negotiate the termination of World War II contracts, and received his second letter of commendation, from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack62_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack62-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for "meritorious service, tireless effort, and devotion to duty". Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts, and he moved from the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C. to Philadelphia, New York and finally to Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken112_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken112-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197833_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197833-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">lieutenant commander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navy.mil_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack62_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack62-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 10, 1946, he was relieved of active duty.<sup id="cite_ref-navy.mil_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 1953, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">commander</a> in the U.S. Naval Reserve, and he retired from the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6, 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-navy.mil_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in the Navy, Nixon became a very good <a href="/wiki/Five-card_stud" title="Five-card stud">five-card stud</a> poker player, helping finance his first congressional campaign with the winnings. In a 1983 interview, he described turning down an invitation to dine with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> because he was hosting a game.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1947–1950)"><span id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_.281947.E2.80.931950.29"></span>U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1950)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946 California's 12th congressional district election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixonflyer1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nixonflyer1946.jpg/220px-Nixonflyer1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nixonflyer1946.jpg/330px-Nixonflyer1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nixonflyer1946.jpg/440px-Nixonflyer1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Nixon's 1946 congressional campaign flyer</figcaption></figure> <p>Republicans in <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">California's 12th congressional district</a> were frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic representative <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a>, and they sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign against him. In 1945, they formed a "Committee of 100" to decide on a candidate, hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to previous Voorhis victories. After the committee failed to attract higher-profile candidates, Herman Perry, manager of Whittier's <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> branch, suggested Nixon, a family friend with whom he had served on Whittier College's board of trustees before the war. Perry wrote to Nixon in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and after a night of excited conversation with his wife, Nixon gave Perry an enthused response,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirming that he was registered to vote in California at his parents' Whittier residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken114_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken114-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where he began a year of intensive campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a representative and suggested that Voorhis's endorsement by a group linked to Communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet111–113_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet111–113-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon won the election, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis's 49,994.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman82_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman82-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1947, Nixon supported the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and he served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Education and Labor">Education and Labor Committee</a>. In August 1947, he became one of 19 House members to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Herter_Committee" title="Herter Committee">Herter Committee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Final_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Final-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid. Nixon was the youngest member of the committee and the only Westerner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman105–107,_125–126_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman105–107,_125–126-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocacy by Herter Committee members, including Nixon, led to congressional passage of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris365_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris365-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs, Nixon wrote that he joined the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC) "at the end of 1947". However, he was already a HUAC member in early February 1947, when he heard "Enemy Number One" <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Eisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Eisler">Gerhard Eisler</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Fischer" title="Ruth Fischer">Ruth Fischer</a> testify. On February 18, 1947, Nixon referred to Eisler's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech to the House. Also by early February 1947, fellow U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Kersten" title="Charles J. Kersten">Charles J. Kersten</a> had introduced him to Father <a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Cronin" title="John Francis Cronin">John Francis Cronin</a> in Baltimore. Cronin shared with Nixon his 1945 privately circulated paper "The Problem of American Communism in 1945",<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with much information from the FBI's <a href="/wiki/William_C._Sullivan" title="William C. Sullivan">William C. Sullivan</a> who by 1961 headed domestic intelligence under <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NixonV1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NixonV1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1948, Nixon had co-sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Mundt%E2%80%93Nixon_Bill" title="Mundt–Nixon Bill">Mundt–Nixon Bill</a> to implement "a new approach to the complicated problem of internal communist subversion<span class="nowrap"> </span>... It provided for registration of all <a href="/wiki/CPUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="CPUSA">Communist Party</a> members and required a statement of the source of all printed and broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to be Communist fronts." He served as floor manager for the Republican Party. On May 19, 1948, the bill passed the House by 319 to 58, but later it failed to pass the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1978Running_for_Congress:_1946_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1978Running_for_Congress:_1946-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nixon Library cites this bill's passage as Nixon's first significant victory in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congressman_Richard_Nixon,_Yorba_Linda,_circa_April_1950_(5494854338).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Congressman_Richard_Nixon%2C_Yorba_Linda%2C_circa_April_1950_%285494854338%29.jpg/220px-Congressman_Richard_Nixon%2C_Yorba_Linda%2C_circa_April_1950_%285494854338%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Congressman_Richard_Nixon%2C_Yorba_Linda%2C_circa_April_1950_%285494854338%29.jpg/330px-Congressman_Richard_Nixon%2C_Yorba_Linda%2C_circa_April_1950_%285494854338%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Congressman_Richard_Nixon%2C_Yorba_Linda%2C_circa_April_1950_%285494854338%29.jpg/440px-Congressman_Richard_Nixon%2C_Yorba_Linda%2C_circa_April_1950_%285494854338%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Nixon in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> April 1950</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948, when his persistence as a House Un-American Activities Committee member helped break the <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a> spy case. While many doubted <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>'s allegations that Hiss, a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> official, had been a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy, Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation. After Hiss filed suit, alleging defamation, Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations, including paper and <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after hiding them overnight in a field; they became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumpkin papers">Pumpkin Papers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack129–135_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack129–135-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiss was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a> in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman239–241_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman239–241-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, Nixon successfully <a href="/wiki/Cross-filed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-filed">cross-filed</a> as a candidate in his district, winning both major party primaries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris381_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris381-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was comfortably reelected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Congressman_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Congressman-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate_(1950–1953)"><span id="U.S._Senate_.281950.E2.80.931953.29"></span>U.S. Senate (1950–1953)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950 United States Senate election in California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg/220px-Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg/330px-Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg/440px-Nixon_campaigns_in_Sausalito_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="5728" /></a><figcaption>Nixon campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Sausalito,_California" title="Sausalito, California">Sausalito, California</a>, during his <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950 U.S. Senate campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, Nixon began to consider running for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> against the Democratic incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Sheridan Downey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman282_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman282-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered the race in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris535_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris535-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downey, faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative <a href="/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">Helen Gahagan Douglas</a>, announced his retirement in March 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman296–297_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman296–297-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman304_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman304-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> was a major issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman310_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman310-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon tried to focus attention on Douglas's liberal voting record. As part of that effort, a "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_1950#Debut_of_the_Pink_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in California, 1950">Pink Sheet</a>" was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that Douglas's voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a>, reputed to be a communist, and their political views must be nearly identical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris581_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris581-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman335_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman335-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign, Nixon was first called "Tricky Dick" by his opponents for his campaign tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman303_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman303-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, traveling frequently and speaking out against it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained friendly relations with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, his fellow <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, controversial U.S. Senate colleague from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987211,_311–312_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987211,_311–312-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon criticized President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s handling of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported statehood for <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, voted in favor of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster relief for <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack178_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack178-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack178_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack178-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1953–1961)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281953.E2.80.931961.29"></span>Vice presidency (1953–1961)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ike_Dick.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ike_Dick.png/220px-Ike_Dick.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ike_Dick.png/330px-Ike_Dick.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Ike_Dick.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of campaign literature for the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>–Nixon campaign in the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Richard_Nixon_official_portrait_as_Vice_President.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4382" data-file-height="5551" /></a><figcaption>Nixon's official portrait as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1953–1961</span></figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952. He had no strong preference for a vice-presidential candidate, and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a "<a href="/wiki/Smoke-filled_room" title="Smoke-filled room">smoke-filled room</a>" and recommended Nixon to the general, who agreed to the senator's selection. Nixon's youth (he was then 39), stance against communism, and political base in California—one of the largest states—were all seen as vote-winners by the leaders. Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> of Ohio, Governor <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Driscoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Driscoll">Alfred Driscoll</a> of New Jersey, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> of Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman440–441_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman440–441-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken205–206_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken205–206-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke of his plans for the country, and left the negative campaigning to his <a href="/wiki/Running_mate" title="Running mate">running mate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken222–223_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken222–223-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis when the media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornitzer191_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornitzer191-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of a potential conflict of interest. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticket (politics)">ticket</a>, Nixon went on television to address the nation on September 23, 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The address, later named the <a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a>, was heard by about 60 million Americans, which represented the largest audience ever for a television broadcast at that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson291_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson291-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the speech, Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret and that his donors had not received special favors. He painted himself as a patriot and man of modest means, mentioning that his wife had no mink coat; instead, he said, she wore a "respectable Republican cloth coat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech was remembered for the gift which Nixon had received, but which he would not give back, which he described as "a little cocker spaniel dog<span class="nowrap"> </span>...sent all the way from Texas. And our little girl—Tricia, the 6-year-old—named it Checkers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken218_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken218-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris846_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris846-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ticket was victorious in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">the November election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken222–223_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken222–223-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eisenhower granted Nixon more responsibilities during his term than any previous vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon attended <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Council (USA)">National Security Council</a> meetings and chaired them in Eisenhower's absence. A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States, and gave Nixon an appreciation of the region as a potential industrial center. He visited <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken225–227_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken225–227-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the time he devoted to foreign relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987342_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987342-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office. The vice president welcomed the president's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives. Because of the collaboration between these two leaders, Nixon deserves the title, "the first modern vice president".<sup id="cite_ref-Gellman-Small_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gellman-Small-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg/140px-LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg/210px-LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg/280px-LosAngelesTimes_May9_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i></small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg/140px-SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg/210px-SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg/280px-SanFranciscoChronicle_May9_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1054" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><small><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i></small></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">American newspaper covers on May 9, 1958, covering student protests against Nixon at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru</div></div></div></div> <p>Despite intense campaigning by Nixon, who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats, the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_elections" title="1954 United States elections">1954 elections</a>. These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987357–358_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987357–358-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 24, 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack and his condition was initially believed to be life-threatening. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. The <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> had not yet been proposed, and the vice president had no formal power to act. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken256–258_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken256–258-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nixon biographer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>, Nixon had "earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987375–376_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987375–376-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His spirits buoyed, Nixon sought a second term, but some of Eisenhower's aides aimed to displace him. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration, to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run. Nixon believed this would destroy his political career. When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, saying it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower, Nixon received a substantial number of write-in votes against the president in the 1956 <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a> election. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken237–241_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken237–241-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">November 1956 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet294_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet294-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1957, Nixon undertook another foreign trip, this time to Africa. On his return, he helped shepherd the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> through Congress. The bill was weakened in the Senate, and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it. Nixon advised the President to sign the bill, which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack349–352_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack349–352-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower suffered a mild <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack355_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack355-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen_debate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kitchen_debate.jpg/220px-Kitchen_debate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kitchen_debate.jpg/330px-Kitchen_debate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kitchen_debate.jpg/440px-Kitchen_debate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and Nixon speak as the press looks on at the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a> on July 24, 1959; <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F" title="What's My Line?">What's My Line?</a></i> host <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Daly" title="John Charles Daly">John Charles Daly</a> is on the far left.</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon reluctantly embarked on a goodwill tour of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay, Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus, where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. Nixon went to the historical campus of <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, the oldest university in the Americas, got out of his car to confront the students, and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987465–469_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987465–469-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">their limousine was attacked</a> by a pipe-wielding mob.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987469–479_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987469–479-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct "caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987463_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987463-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporting to the cabinet after the trip, Nixon claimed there was "absolute proof that [the protestors] were directed and controlled by a central Communist conspiracy." Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, both concurred with Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1959, President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for the opening of the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Exhibition" title="American National Exhibition">American National Exhibition</a> in Moscow. On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet first secretary and premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell1394–1400_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell1394–1400-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960_presidential_campaign">1960 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg/220px-Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg/330px-Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg/440px-Kennedy_Nixon_debate_first_Chicago_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and Nixon before their first <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">televised 1960 debate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1960.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ElectoralCollege1960.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1960.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ElectoralCollege1960.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1960.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ElectoralCollege1960.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1960.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 electoral vote</a> results</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1960, Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States, officially announcing on January 9, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI_1960_in_Review_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI_1960_in_Review-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chose former Massachusetts senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> as his running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Democratic opponent was <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and the race remained close for the duration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Broadcast_Communications,_"Kennedy–Nixon_Debates"_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Broadcast_Communications,_"Kennedy–Nixon_Debates"-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower–Nixon administration</a> had <a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in quantity and quality of ballistic missiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel2003-05-25_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel2003-05-25-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Kennedy faced issues about his Catholicism, Nixon remained a divisive figure to some.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Televised <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">presidential debates</a> made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. In the first of four such debates, Nixon appeared pale, with a <a href="/wiki/Five_o%27clock_shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Five o'clock shadow">five o'clock shadow</a>, in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought Nixon had won.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner843_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner843-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon narrowly lost the election, with Kennedy winning the popular vote by only 112,827 votes (0.2 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were charges of <a href="/wiki/Voter_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter fraud">voter fraud</a> in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy. Nixon refused to consider contesting the election, feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world and that the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2000-11-17_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2000-11-17-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961, Nixon and his family returned to California, where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book, <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i>, which included coverage of the Hiss case, Eisenhower's heart attack, and the Fund Crisis, which had been resolved by the Checkers speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack431_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack431-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1962_California_gubernatorial_campaign">1962 California gubernatorial campaign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NixonCaSticker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NixonCaSticker.jpg/120px-NixonCaSticker.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NixonCaSticker.jpg/180px-NixonCaSticker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NixonCaSticker.jpg/240px-NixonCaSticker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>1962 California gubernatorial campaign sticker</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962 California gubernatorial election</a></div> <p>Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent <a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a> for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor of California</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a> gubernatorial election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping stone for another presidential run, some opposition from the far-right of the party, and his own lack of interest in being California's governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack432–433_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack432–433-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points, and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">an impromptu concession speech</a> the morning after the election, Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent, saying, "You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken304–305_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken304–305-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11, 1962, episode of <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Smith" title="Howard K. Smith">Howard K. Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a> show, <i>Howard K. Smith: News and Comment</i>, titled "The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987673_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987673-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alger Hiss appeared on the program, and many members of the public complained that it was unseemly to give a convicted felon air time to attack a former vice president. The furor drove Smith and his program from the air,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Broadcast_Communications,_"Smith,_Howard_K."_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuseum_of_Broadcast_Communications,_"Smith,_Howard_K."-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and public sympathy for Nixon grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987673_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987673-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilderness_years">Wilderness years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001,_Berlin,_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0724-0015-001%2C_Berlin%2C_Besuch_Richard_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Nixon shows his papers to an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> officer as he crosses between the sectors of divided <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in July 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963 the Nixon family traveled to Europe, where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack446_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack446-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family moved to New York City, where Nixon became a <a href="/wiki/Partner_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Partner lawyer">senior partner</a> in the leading law firm <a href="/wiki/Mudge_Rose_Guthrie_Alexander_%26_Ferdon" title="Mudge Rose Guthrie Alexander & Ferdon">Nixon, Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President_113-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Vice_President-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When announcing his California campaign, Nixon had pledged not to run for president in 1964; even if he had not, he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy, or after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">his assassination</a>, Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken297,_321_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken297,_321-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Nixon won write-in votes <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">in the primaries</a>, and was considered a serious contender by both Gallup polls<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and members of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was even placed on a primary ballot as an active candidate by Oregon's secretary of state.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as two months before the <a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 Republican National Convention</a>, however, Nixon fulfilled his promise to remain out of the presidential nomination process and instead endorsed Arizona senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, the eventual Republican nominee. When Goldwater won the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce him at the convention. Nixon felt that Goldwater was unlikely to win, but campaigned for him loyally. In the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 general election</a>, Goldwater lost in a landslide to Johnson and Republicans experienced heavy losses in Congress and among state governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken321–322_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken321–322-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results, and he sought to build on that in the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_elections" title="1966 United States elections">1966 congressional elections</a> in which he campaigned for many Republicans and sought to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide. Nixon was credited with helping Republicans win major electoral gains that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken323–326_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken323–326-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Nixon was approached by an associate at his firm in <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Garment" title="Leonard Garment">Leonard Garment</a> about a case involving the press and perceived invasion of privacy. Garment suggested Nixon to argue on behalf of the Hill family in <i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Hill" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Nixon studied strenuously in the months prior to the oral argument before the Court. While the final decision was in favor of Time Inc., Nixon was encouraged by the praise he received for his argument. It was the first and only case he argued in front of the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1968_presidential_campaign">1968 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968 Republican Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg/220px-Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg/330px-Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg/440px-Lyndon_Johnson_Richard_Nixon_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4892" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Nixon and President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> meet at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> prior to Nixon's nomination in July 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NIXONcampaigns.jpg/220px-NIXONcampaigns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NIXONcampaigns.jpg/330px-NIXONcampaigns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/NIXONcampaigns.jpg/440px-NIXONcampaigns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>Nixon campaigning for president in <a href="/wiki/Paoli,_Pennsylvania" title="Paoli, Pennsylvania">Paoli, Pennsylvania</a>, July 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1968.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ElectoralCollege1968.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1968.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ElectoralCollege1968.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1968.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/ElectoralCollege1968.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1968.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 electoral vote</a> results; the popular vote split between Nixon and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> was less than one percentage point.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet502_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet502-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being embarrassed, for example, by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris410–411_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris410–411-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She still managed to be supportive of her husband's ambitions. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, a Republican had a good chance of winning, although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet502_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet502-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exceptionally tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> season began as the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> was launched in January 1968. President Johnson <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrew as a candidate</a> in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. In June, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, a Democratic candidate, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">was assassinated</a> just moments after his victory in the California primary. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan governor <a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George Romney</a>, though New York governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> and California governor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> each hoped to be nominated in a <a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">brokered convention</a>. Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet503–508_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet503–508-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to secure the nomination to the support of many Southern delegates, after he and his subordinates made concessions to <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Dent_Sr." title="Harry S. Dent Sr.">Harry Dent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He selected Maryland governor <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> as his running mate, a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party, appealing both to Northern moderates and to Southerners disaffected with the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet509_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet509-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, who was nominated at <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">a convention</a> marked <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity">by violent protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the campaign, Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during this period of national unrest and upheaval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appealed to what he later called the "<a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">silent majority</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Socially_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially conservative">socially conservative</a> Americans who disliked the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">hippie counterculture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">anti-war</a> demonstrators. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow1996-09-30_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow1996-09-30-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign, meeting with supporters in front of cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stressed that the crime rate was too high, and attacked what he perceived as a surrender of the United States' nuclear superiority by the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack550_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack550-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon promised "<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace with honor">peace with honor</a>" in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that "new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not give specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a "secret plan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His slogan of "Nixon's the One" proved to be effective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's negotiators hoped to reach a truce in Vietnam, or at least a cessation of bombings. On October 22, 1968, candidate Nixon received information that Johnson was preparing a so-called "<a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a>", abandoning three non-negotiable conditions for a bombing halt, to help elect Humphrey in the last days of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkey-Wrench_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkey-Wrench-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging <a href="/wiki/Anna_Chennault" title="Anna Chennault">Anna Chennault</a>, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Monkey-Wrench_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkey-Wrench-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous.<sup id="cite_ref-New-York-Times-Peter-Baker-January-2-2017_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New-York-Times-Peter-Baker-January-2-2017-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and <a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>, Nixon defeated Humphrey by only 500,000 votes, a margin almost as close as in 1960, with both elections seeing a gap of less than one percentage point of the popular vote. However, Nixon earned 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack558_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack558-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first non-incumbent vice president to be elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-Azari_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azari-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his victory speech, Nixon pledged that his administration would try to <a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">bring the divided nation together</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_&_Novak33–34_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_&_Novak33–34-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon said: "I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. I know how it feels to <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">lose a close one</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI_1968_in_Review_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI_1968_in_Review-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1969–1974)"><span id="Presidency_.281969.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Presidency (1969–1974)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/220px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/330px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/440px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Nixon is sworn in as the 37th president by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>. The new first lady, Pat, holds the family Bible.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">was inaugurated</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>. Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 2:4, which reads, "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks." In his inaugural address, which received almost uniformly positive reviews, Nixon remarked that "the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack567–568_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack567–568-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a phrase that found a place on his gravestone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick189_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick189-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In these difficult years, America has suffered from a fever of words; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading. We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another, until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI_1969_in_Review_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI_1969_in_Review-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg/200px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg/300px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg/400px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Premier_Chou_En-Lai_Shake_Hands_at_the_Nixons%27_Arrival_in_Peking%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1969" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> upon arriving in Beijing, 1972</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg/200px-Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg/300px-Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg/400px-Nixon_and_Zhou_toast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="2055" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nixon and Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon's 1972 visit to China</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China before he became president, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> a year before his election: "There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the reasons that Nixon sought to improve relations with China was in the hope of weakening the Soviet Union and decreasing China's support to the North in the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-Lampton23_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lampton23-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon ultimately used the idea of gaining leverage against the Soviet Union through relations with China to obtain the support of key conservative figures including Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assisting him in pursuing relations with China was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, Nixon's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">national security advisor</a> and future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a>. They collaborated closely, bypassing Cabinet officials. With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir—<a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">border clashes between the two</a> took place during Nixon's first year in office—Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> invited a team of American table tennis players <a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">to visit China and play against top Chinese players</a>. Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989453_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989453-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secrecy had allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the visit.<sup id="cite_ref-Goh-Small_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goh-Small-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China after Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack778_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack778-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon touching down, the President and First Lady emerged from <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> and were greeted by Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-secretary of state <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a hundred television journalists accompanied the president. On Nixon's orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print. It also gave him the opportunity to snub the print journalists he despised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/220px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/330px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg/440px-President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and Nixon</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon and Kissinger immediately met for an hour with CCP Chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and Premier Zhou at Mao's official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon's forthrightness, unlike the leftists and the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said he was suspicious of Kissinger,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his "encounter with history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>. The following day, Nixon met with Zhou; the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">joint communique</a> following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989516_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989516-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders, including the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans took their first glance into everyday Chinese life through the cameras that accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The visit ushered in a new era of <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">US–China relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing the possibility of a US–China alliance, the Soviet Union yielded to pressure for <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek300_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek300-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one component of <a href="/wiki/Triangular_diplomacy" title="Triangular diplomacy">triangular diplomacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the United States in the Vietnam War">Role of the United States in the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NixononCambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NixononCambodia.jpg/220px-NixononCambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NixononCambodia.jpg/330px-NixononCambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NixononCambodia.jpg/440px-NixononCambodia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Nixon delivers an address to the nation about the incursion in Cambodia</figcaption></figure> <p>When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the war was widely unpopular in the United States, the subject of ongoing violent protests. The Johnson administration had offered to suspend bombing unconditionally in exchange for negotiations, but to no avail. According to Walter Isaacson, Nixon concluded soon after taking office that the Vietnam War could not be won, and he was determined to end it quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew65_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew65-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought an arrangement that would permit American forces to withdraw while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack569_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack569-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon approved a secret <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> positions in Cambodia beginning in March 1969 and code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a>, without the consent of Cambodian leader <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack591_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack591-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to their leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. Initial talks did not result in an agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989281–283_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989281–283-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam did so, and suggesting South Vietnam hold internationally supervised elections with <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> participation.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg/170px-President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg/255px-President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg/340px-President_Richard_Nixon_greets_a_U.S._Army_1st_Infantry_Division_Soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2298" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Nixon visits American troops in South Vietnam, July 30, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1969, Nixon visited <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Vietnamese troops</a>, known as "<a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a> passing through Laos and Cambodia and used to supply North Vietnamese forces. In March 1970, at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s then-second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a>, North Vietnamese troops launched an offensive and overran much of Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon announced the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">ground invasion of Cambodia</a> on April 30, 1970, against North Vietnamese bases in the east of the country,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP/''St._Peterburg_Independent''_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP/''St._Peterburg_Independent''-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further protests erupted against perceived expansion of the conflict, which resulted in Ohio National Guardsmen killing four unarmed students at <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's responses to protesters included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">an impromptu, early morning meeting with them</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> on May 9, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Safire_pp205–209_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safire_pp205–209-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI/''Beaver_County_Times''1970-05-09_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI/''Beaver_County_Times''1970-05-09-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack675–676_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack675–676-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's campaign promise to curb the war, contrasted with the escalated bombing, led to claims that Nixon had a "<a href="/wiki/Credibility_gap" title="Credibility gap">credibility gap</a>" on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">bombing of Cambodia</a> between 1970 and 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, excerpts from the "<a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a>", which had been leaked by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a>, were published by <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. When news of the leak first appeared, Nixon was inclined to do nothing; the Papers, a history of United States' involvement in Vietnam, mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations. He was persuaded by Kissinger that the Papers were more harmful than they appeared, and the President tried to prevent publication, but the Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">ruled in favor of</a> the newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989446–448_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989446–448-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">conscription</a> was phased out by 1973, and the armed forces became all-volunteer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of fighting, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> were signed at the beginning of 1973. The agreement implemented a cease fire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops without requiring withdrawal of the 160,000 <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnam Army">North Vietnam Army</a> regulars located in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199153–55_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199153–55-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once American combat support ended, there was a brief truce, before fighting resumed, and <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991473_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991473-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_American_policy">Latin American policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/U.S._intervention_in_Chile#1973_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. intervention in Chile">U.S. intervention in Chile § 1973 coup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg/220px-Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg/330px-Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg/440px-Gustavo_Diaz_Ordaz_Richard_Nixon_San_Diego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2024" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a> (to his right); motorcade in San Diego, California, September 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> and 1962 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rebozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Rebozo">Bebe Rebozo</a>, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. The Soviets and Cubans became concerned, fearing Nixon might attack Cuba and break the understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev that ended the missile crisis. In August 1970, the Soviets asked Nixon to reaffirm the understanding, which he did, despite his hard line against Castro. The process was not completed before the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of <a href="/wiki/Cienfuegos" title="Cienfuegos">Cienfuegos</a> in October 1970. A minor confrontation ensued, the Soviets stipulated they would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles, and the final round of diplomatic notes were exchanged in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989379–383_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989379–383-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of Marxist candidate <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President of Chile</a> in September 1970 spurred a vigorous campaign of covert opposition to him by Nixon and Kissinger.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pinochet_File_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pinochet_File-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> This began by trying to convince the Chilean congress to confirm <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Alessandri" title="Jorge Alessandri">Jorge Alessandri</a> as the winner of the election, and then messages to military officers in support of a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pinochet_File_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pinochet_File-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other support included strikes organized against Allende and funding for Allende opponents. It was even alleged that "Nixon personally authorized" $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pinochet_File_184-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pinochet_File-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> assumed power in a violent <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">coup d'état</a> on September 11, 1973; among the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">dead was Allende</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack921_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack921-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/220px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/330px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png/440px-Leonid_Brezhnev_and_Richard_Nixon_talks_in_1973.png 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with Brezhnev during the Soviet leader's trip to the U.S., 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Following the announcement of his visit to China, the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union. The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22, 1972, and met with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">general secretary of the Communist Party</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a>, among other leading Soviet officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: <a href="/wiki/SALT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT I">SALT I</a>, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a>, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistence". A banquet was held that evening at the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22_186-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon and Kissinger planned to link arms control to détente and to the resolution of other urgent problems through what Nixon called "<a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">linkage.</a>" David Tal argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The linkage between strategic arms limitations and outstanding issues such as the Middle East, Berlin and, foremost, Vietnam thus became central to Nixon's and Kissinger's policy of détente. Through the employment of linkage, they hoped to change the nature and course of U.S. foreign policy, including U.S. nuclear disarmament and arms control policy, and to separate them from those practiced by Nixon's predecessors. They also intended, through linkage, to make U.S. arms control policy part of détente<span class="nowrap"> </span>... His policy of linkage had in fact failed. It failed mainly because it was based on flawed assumptions and false premises, the foremost of which was that the Soviet Union wanted strategic arms limitation agreement much more than the United States did.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Seeking to foster better relations with the United States, China and the Soviet Union both cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis294,_299_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis294,_299-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon later described his strategy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist, if possible, the help of the Soviets and the Chinese. Though rapprochement with China and détente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. At worst, Hanoi was bound to feel less confident if Washington was dealing with Moscow and Beijing. At best, if the two major Communist powers decided that they had bigger fish to fry, Hanoi would be pressured into negotiating a settlement we could accept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1985105–106_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1985105–106-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In 1973, Nixon encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Export–Import Bank of the United States">Export-Import Bank</a> to finance in part a trade deal with the Soviet Union in which <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a> would export <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> from Florida to the Soviet Union, and import Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The deal, valued at $20 billion over 20 years, involved the construction of two major Soviet port facilities at <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rich_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a pipeline connecting four ammonia plants in the greater <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> region to the port at Odessa.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking <a href="/wiki/Most_favored_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Most favored nation">most favored nation</a> trade status with the USSR,<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was challenged by Congress in the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson-Vanik Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.–Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack963-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a> that evening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack963-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon and Brezhnev met in <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, détente, and <a href="/wiki/MIRV" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRV">MIRVs</a>. Nixon considered proposing a comprehensive test-ban treaty, but he felt he would not have time to complete it during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack963-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack963-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Eastern_policy">Middle Eastern policy</h4></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Middle_East_policy"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Hadani_collection_(990045274210205171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nixon with Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, June 1974." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990045274210205171%29.jpg/220px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990045274210205171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990045274210205171%29.jpg/330px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990045274210205171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990045274210205171%29.jpg/440px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990045274210205171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3287" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, June 1974</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Sadat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nixon_Sadat.jpg/220px-Nixon_Sadat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nixon_Sadat.jpg/330px-Nixon_Sadat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nixon_Sadat.jpg/440px-Nixon_Sadat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3513" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> of Egypt, June 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a>, the U.S. avoided giving direct combat assistance to its allies and instead gave them assistance to defend themselves. During the Nixon administration, the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East, particularly Israel, Iran and Saudi Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanhimäki-Small_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanhimäki-Small-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel, an American ally in the Middle East, but the support was not unconditional. Nixon believed Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the U.S. should encourage it. The president believed that—except during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>—the U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel, and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table. The Arab-Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon's attention during his first term—for one thing, he felt that no matter what he did, American Jews would oppose his reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_vote_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_vote-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 6, 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, supported with arms and materiel by the Soviet Union, attacked Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses, cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 338">negotiating a truce</a>, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis; when Israel gained the upper hand, Egyptian president Sadat requested a joint U.S.–USSR peacekeeping mission, which the U.S. refused. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to <a href="/wiki/DEFCON" title="DEFCON">DEFCON</a>3,<sup id="cite_ref-fas-defcon_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-defcon-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. This was the closest the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis. Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1978938–940_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1978938–940-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Israel's victory was largely due to U.S. support, the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S., resulting in the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack923–928_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack923–928-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The embargo caused gasoline shortages and rationing in the United States in late 1973, and was eventually ended by the oil-producing nations as peace in the Middle East took hold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991311_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991311-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, and under Nixon's presidency, the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967. Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations</a>; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20: </p> <blockquote><p>I believe that, beyond a doubt, we are now facing the best opportunity we have had in 15 years to build a lasting peace in the Middle East. I am convinced history will hold us responsible if we let this opportunity slip by ... I now consider a permanent Middle East settlement to be the most important final goal to which we must devote ourselves.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974, and became the first president to visit Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack951–952,_959_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack951–952,_959-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a> and <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg/220px-President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg/330px-President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg/440px-President_Richard_Nixon_Enjoys_Opening_Day_Baseball_at_Robert_F._Kennedy_Stadium_in_the_Company_of_a_Young_Fan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="3745" /></a><figcaption>Nixon at the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Texas_Rangers_(baseball)#Washington_Senators:_1961–1971" title="History of the Texas Rangers (baseball)">Washington Senators</a>' 1969 Opening Day with team owner <a href="/wiki/Bob_Short" title="Bob Short">Bob Short</a> (arms folded) and Baseball Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Bowie_Kuhn" title="Bowie Kuhn">Bowie Kuhn</a> (hand on mouth). Nixon's <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp#United_States" title="Aide-de-camp">aide</a>, Major <a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a>, sits behind them in uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time Nixon took office in 1969, inflation was at 4.7 percent—its highest rate since the Korean War. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> had been enacted under Johnson, which, together with the Vietnam War costs, was causing large budget deficits. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections (Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon's presidency).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to political economist Nigel Bowles in his 2011 study of Nixon's economic record, the new president did little to alter Johnson's policies through the first year of his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles-Small_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-Small-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies, but he believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection. As part of his "<a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a>" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. However, Nixon gained political credit for advocating them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, Congress had granted the president the power to impose wage and price freezes, though the Democratic majorities, knowing Nixon had opposed such controls throughout his career, did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles-Small_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-Small-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With inflation unresolved by August 1971, and an election year looming, Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>. Nixon's options were to limit fiscal and monetary expansionist policies that reduced unemployment or end the dollar's fixed exchange rate; Nixon's dilemma has been cited as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Impossible_trinity" title="Impossible trinity">Impossible trinity</a> in international economics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowles points out, </p> <blockquote><p>by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation's defeat, Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents ... to criticize him. His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowles-Small_206-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowles-Small-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's decision to end the gold standard in the United States led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>. According to Thomas Oatley, "the Bretton Woods system collapsed so that Nixon might win the 1972 presidential election."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Nixon won re-election, inflation was returning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzel92-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reimposed price controls in June 1973. The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople, who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzel92-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controls produced <a href="/wiki/Economic_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic shortage">food shortages</a>, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzel92-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the failure to control inflation, controls were slowly ended, and on April 30, 1974, their statutory authorization lapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzel92-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_initiatives_and_organization">Governmental initiatives and organization</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg/170px-State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg/255px-State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg/340px-State_of_the_Union_Speech_in_the_US_Capitol_-_NARA_-_194346_Retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>Nixon gives the 1971 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg/170px-Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg/255px-Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg/340px-Richard_Nixon_-_Presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Official Nixon portrait by <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Wills" title="James Anthony Wills">James Anthony Wills</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1984</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif/170px-US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif/255px-US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif/340px-US_incarceration_rate_timeline.gif 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Graph of increases in <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">U.S. incarceration rate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon advocated a "<a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a>", which would devolve power to state and local elected officials, though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken395_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken395-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eliminated the Cabinet-level <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">United States Post Office Department</a>, which in 1971 became the government-run <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSPS,_Periodicals_postage_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSPS,_Periodicals_postage-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was a late supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation movement</a>. Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election, and the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. Nixon broke new ground by discussing environmental policy in his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union speech">State of the Union speech</a> in 1970. He saw that the first <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject, and sought to use that to his benefit; in June he announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He relied on his domestic advisor <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a>, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues."<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other initiatives supported by Nixon included the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act of 1970">Clean Air Act of 1970</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA), and the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> required <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statements</a> for many Federal projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> of 1972—objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon <a href="/wiki/Impoundment_of_appropriated_funds" title="Impoundment of appropriated funds">impounded</a> the funds he deemed unjustifiable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken396_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken396-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate,<sup id="cite_ref-voluntary_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voluntary-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> federalization of <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> for poor families with dependent minor children,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1971_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1971-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support for <a href="/wiki/Health_maintenance_organization" title="Health maintenance organization">health maintenance organizations</a> (HMOs).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform—a private health insurance employer mandate<sup id="cite_ref-voluntary_216-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voluntary-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and <a href="/wiki/Cost_sharing" title="Cost sharing">cost sharing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1974_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1974-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was concerned about the prevalence of domestic drug use in addition to drug use among American soldiers in Vietnam. He called for a <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> and pledged to cut off sources of supply abroad. He also increased funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989418_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989418-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As one policy initiative, Nixon called for more money for <a href="/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sickle-cell disease">sickle-cell</a> research, treatment, and education in February 1971<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Federal_Register179–182_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Federal_Register179–182-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_American_Presidency_Project_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_American_Presidency_Project-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute2_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute2-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Nixon called for increased spending on such high-profile items as sickle-cell disease and for a <a href="/wiki/War_on_cancer" title="War on cancer">war on cancer</a>, at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWailoo165,_170_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWailoo165,_170-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h4></div> <p>The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large-scale <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integration</a> of public schools in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoger6_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoger6-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats, whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabia_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabia-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972, he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then. Soon after his inauguration, he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force, which worked with local leaders—both white and black—to determine how to <a href="/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">integrate</a> local schools. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a>. Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. By 1971, however, tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities, with angry protests over the <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Desegregation busing in the United States">busing</a> of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet595–597,_603_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet595–597,_603-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars, such as James Morton Turner and John Isenberg, believe that Nixon, who had advocated for civil rights in his 1960 campaign, slowed down <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a> as president, appealing to the racial conservatism of Southern whites, who were angered by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. This, he hoped, would boost his election chances in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Plan">Philadelphia Plan</a> in 1970—the first significant federal <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaney1970-07-20_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaney1970-07-20-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrum246_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrum246-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also pushed for African American civil rights and economic equity through a concept known as black capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968, though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election. Nevertheless, he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Nixon,_Domestic_Politics_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Nixon,_Domestic_Politics-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_policy">Space policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy of the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg/220px-President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg/330px-President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg/440px-President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6862" data-file-height="6862" /></a><figcaption>Nixon visiting the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> astronauts in quarantine aboard the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-12)" title="USS Hornet (CV-12)">USS <i>Hornet</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>After a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">nearly decade-long national effort</a>, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>. Nixon spoke with <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> during their moonwalk. He called the conversation "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet563_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet563-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon was unwilling to keep funding for the <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) at the high level seen during the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon. NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a> drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a crewed expedition to Mars as early as 1981. Nixon rejected both proposals due to the expense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlin_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlin-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon also canceled the Air Force <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbital_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Orbital Laboratory">Manned Orbital Laboratory</a> program in 1969, because uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">spy satellites</a> were a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite204–205ch._5_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite204–205ch._5-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_notes_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_notes-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a five-year cooperative program between NASA and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>, culminating in the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft</a> linking in space.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzell192ch._6–11_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzell192ch._6–11-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reelection,_Watergate_scandal,_and_resignation"><span id="Reelection.2C_Watergate_scandal.2C_and_resignation"></span>Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1972_presidential_campaign">1972 presidential campaign</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1972.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ElectoralCollege1972.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1972.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ElectoralCollege1972.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1972.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ElectoralCollege1972.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1972.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1972 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of <a href="/wiki/Political_realignment" title="Political realignment">political realignment</a>. The Democratic "<a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>" had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions. Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> but had alienated more moderate Southerners. Nixon's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace's candidacy. Through his first term, he pursued a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a> with policies, such as his desegregation plans, that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites, encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. He nominated two Southern conservatives, <a href="/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth" title="Clement Haynsworth">Clement Haynsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._Harrold_Carswell" title="G. Harrold Carswell">G. Harrold Carswell</a>, to the Supreme Court, but neither was confirmed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason-Small_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-Small-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5, 1972, effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack766_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack766-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virtually assured the Republican nomination,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack795_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack795-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the President had initially expected his Democratic opponent to be <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Edward M. Kennedy</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">the late president</a>), who was largely removed from contention after the July 1969 <a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_incident" title="Chappaquiddick incident">Chappaquiddick incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack617_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack617-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> became the front runner, with <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> in a close second place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack766_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack766-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 10, McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack816_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack816-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month, Nixon was renominated at the <a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 Republican National Convention</a>. He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack834_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack834-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGovern intended to sharply reduce defense spending<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite123_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite123-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supported amnesty for draft evaders as well as <a href="/wiki/Abortion_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion rights">abortion rights</a>. With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for "amnesty, abortion and acid". McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a>, dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroshock treatment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1972-08-14_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1972-08-14-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1970-11-20_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1970-11-20-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle, and was reelected on November 7, 1972, in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">one of the largest landslide election victories in American history</a>. He defeated McGovern with over 60 percent of the popular vote, losing only in Massachusetts and D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet629_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet629-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Watergate">Watergate</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Richard_M._Nixon_press_conference_-_NARA_-_194551.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Nixon takes questions at 1973 press conference</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Watergate</i> has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration. Those activities included "dirty tricks", such as bugging the offices of political opponents, and the harassment of activist groups and political figures. The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into the Democratic party headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> picked up on the story; reporters <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> relied on an informant known as "<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>"—later revealed to be <a href="/wiki/W._Mark_Felt" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a>, associate director at the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>—to link the men to the Nixon administration. Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics, calling news articles biased and misleading. A series of revelations made it clear that the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee to Re-elect President Nixon</a>, and later the White House, were involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats. Senior aides such as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a> faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Post_Investigates_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Post_Investigates-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg/170px-Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg/255px-Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg/340px-Impeach_Nixon_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="3742" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrator demands <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a>, October 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Richard_Nixon_-_"I'm_not_a_crook.".oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_-_%22I%27m_not_a_crook.%22.oga"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Richard_Nixon_-_%22I%27m_not_a_crook.%22.oga/Richard_Nixon_-_%22I%27m_not_a_crook.%22.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Richard_Nixon_-_%22I%27m_not_a_crook.%22.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>On November 17, 1973, President Nixon held a press conference at <a href="/wiki/Disney%27s_Contemporary_Resort#Richard_Nixon's_1973_press_conference" title="Disney's Contemporary Resort">Disney's Contemporary Resort</a> and famously said "I'm not a crook"</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1973, White House aide <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a> testified <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">under oath</a> to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system and recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office. <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">These tapes</a> were <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenaed</a> by Watergate Special Counsel <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a>; Nixon provided transcripts of the conversations but not the actual tapes, citing <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>. With the White House and Cox at loggerheads, Nixon had Cox fired in October in the "<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>"; he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a>. In November, Nixon's lawyers revealed that a tape of conversations held in the White House on June 20, 1972, had an <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">18<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>minute gap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a>, the President's personal secretary, claimed responsibility for the gap, saying that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape, but her story was widely mocked. The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President, cast doubt on Nixon's statement that he had been unaware of the cover-up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken511–512_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken511–512-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts_251-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He admitted he had made mistakes but insisted he had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned for reasons unrelated to Watergate: he was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as governor of Maryland. Believing his first choice, <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, would not be confirmed by Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken555_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken555-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon chose <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority leader of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader of the House of Representatives</a>, to replace Agnew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989231–232,_239_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989231–232,_239-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One researcher suggests Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 17, 1973, during a televised question-and-answer session<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrum26_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrum26-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 400 <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> <a href="/wiki/Managing_editor" title="Managing editor">managing editors</a>, Nixon said, "People have got to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilpatrick1973-11-18_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilpatrick1973-11-18-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg/220px-Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg/330px-Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg/440px-Nixon_edited_transcripts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2039" /></a><figcaption>Nixon announces the release of edited transcripts of the Watergate tapes, April 29, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974, and in April Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between himself and his aides. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> opened <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns_253-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 24, the Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">ruled unanimously</a> that the full tapes, not just selected transcripts, must be released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991394–395_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991394–395-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President, ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due, and later paid $465,000 (equivalent to $2.9 million in 2023) in back taxes in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="465" data-mwtitle="Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_"Smoking_Gun"_Conversation_June_23,_1972.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23,_1972.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Nixon_Oval_Office_meeting_with_H.R._Haldeman_%22Smoking_Gun%22_Conversation_June_23%2C_1972.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Nixon Oval Office meeting with H. R. Haldeman: the "Smoking Gun" Conversation, June 23, 1972 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729063732/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/watergate/trial/exhibit_01.pdf">Full Transcript</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations, Nixon hoped to fight the charges. But one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as <a href="/wiki/Watergate_tapes#"Smoking_Gun"_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Watergate tapes">the "Smoking Gun Tape"</a> on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991414–416_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991414–416-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senate Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Hugh Scott</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, and House Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Jacob Rhodes</a> met with Nixon soon after. Rhodes told Nixon he faced certain impeachment in the House. Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had, at most, only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate, far fewer than the 34 needed to avoid removal from office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack978_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack978-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg/170px-President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg/255px-President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg/340px-President_Richard_Nixon_Departing_the_White_House_on_the_Presidential_Helicopter_for_the_Last_Time_as_President.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Nixon leaving the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a> shortly before his resignation became effective, August 9, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty that he would be impeached and removed from office, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974, after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">addressing the nation on television the previous evening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns_253-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Nixon said he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president, Gerald Ford. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991435–436_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991435–436-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defended his record as president, quoting from <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s 1910 speech <i><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_a_Republic" title="Citizenship in a Republic">Citizenship in a Republic</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, "whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Resignation_Speech_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Resignation_Speech-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="923" data-mwtitle="Nixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Nixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Nixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg/Nixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANixon_resignation_audio_with_buzz_removed.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>President Nixon's resignation speech</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mudd" title="Roger Mudd">Roger Mudd</a> of <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991437_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991437-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was termed "a masterpiece" by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a>, one of his biographers. Black opined that "What was intended to be an unprecedented humiliation for any American president, Nixon converted into a virtual parliamentary acknowledgement of almost blameless insufficiency of legislative support to continue. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack983_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack983-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1974–1994)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281974.E2.80.931994.29"></span>Post-presidency (1974–1994)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardon_and_illness">Pardon and illness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon of Richard Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg/220px-President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg/330px-President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg/440px-President_Ford_announces_his_decision_to_pardon_former_President_Richard_Nixon_-_NARA_-_7140608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5750" data-file-height="3717" /></a><figcaption>President Ford announcing his decision to pardon Nixon, September 8, 1974, in the Oval Office</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home <a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Jonathan Aitken</a>, "Nixon was a soul in torment" after his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken529_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken529-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. With some of his staff still with him, Nixon was at his desk by 7:00 a.m. with little to do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken529_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken529-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His former press secretary, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Ziegler" title="Ron Ziegler">Ron Ziegler</a>, sat with him alone for hours each day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken529–530_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken529–530-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon, even though it would be unpopular in the country. Nixon, contacted by Ford emissaries, was initially reluctant to accept the pardon, but then agreed to do so. Ford insisted on a statement of contrition, but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. Ford eventually agreed and, on September 8, 1974, he granted Nixon a "full, free, and absolute pardon", which ended any possibility of an indictment. Nixon then released a statement: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate, particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy. No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken532_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken532-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack990_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack990-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In October 1974, Nixon fell ill with <a href="/wiki/Phlebitis" title="Phlebitis">phlebitis</a>. Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die, a reluctant Nixon chose surgery, and President Ford visited him in the hospital. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides—Dean, Haldeman, and <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a>—and <i>The Washington Post</i>, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the "wrong foot". Judge <a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> excused Nixon's presence despite the defendants' objections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken533–534_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken533–534-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon's presidential papers—beginning a three-decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack994,_999_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack994,_999-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon was in the hospital when the <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_elections" title="1974 United States elections">1974 midterm elections</a> were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 49 seats in the House and four in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack998_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack998-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_public_life">Return to public life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg/170px-Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg/255px-Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg/340px-Nixon_Ford_Carter_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and ex-presidents <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and Nixon meet at the White House before former vice president <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>'s funeral, 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill will against him in the country. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So be it. We will see it through. We've had tough times before and we can take the tougher ones that we will have to go through now. That is perhaps what we were made for—to be able to take punishment beyond what anyone in this office has had before particularly after leaving office. This is a test of character and we must not fail the test.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken535_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken535-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>By early 1975, Nixon's health was improving. He maintained an office in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> station 300 yards (270 m) from his home, at first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day; he mainly worked on his memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991481_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991481-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken537,_539_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken537,_539-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February, which compelled him to part with many of his staff, including Ziegler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1000_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1000-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August of that year, he met with British talk-show host and producer <a href="/wiki/David_Frost" title="David Frost">David Frost</a>, who paid him $600,000 (equivalent to $3.4 million in 2023) for <a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">a series of sit-down interviews</a>, filmed and aired in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1004_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1004-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began on the topic of foreign policy, recounting the leaders he had known, but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate. Nixon admitted he had "let down the country" and that "I brought myself down. I gave them a sword and they stuck it in. And they twisted it with relish. And, I guess, if I'd been in their position, I'd have done the same thing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew138_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew138-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interviews garnered 45–50 million viewers—becoming the most-watched program of its kind in television history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991512_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991512-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interviews helped improve Nixon's financial position—at one point in early 1975 he had only $500 in the bank—as did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy friends of Nixon, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rebozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Rebozo">Bebe Rebozo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken539–540_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken539–540-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1976, Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao. Nixon had wanted to return to China but chose to wait until after Ford's own visit in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1005_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1005-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan. Ford won, but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">the general election</a>. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> to withhold its official invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken543_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken543-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Nixon was <a href="/wiki/Disbarment" title="Disbarment">disbarred</a> by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association" title="New York State Bar Association">New York State Bar Association</a> for <a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">obstruction of justice</a> in the Watergate affair. He chose not to present any defense.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1978, he visited the United Kingdom; there, he was shunned by American diplomats, most ministers of the <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> government, and two former prime ministers, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>. He was welcomed, however, by the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, and former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Lord Home</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>. Nixon addressed the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a> regarding Watergate: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Some people] felt that on this matter that I had not handled it properly, and they were right. I screwed it up and I paid the price.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author_and_elder_statesman">Author and elder statesman</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg/220px-Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg/330px-Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg/440px-Four_Presidents_pose_for_a_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> meets with his three immediate predecessors, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and Nixon, at the White House, October 1981; the three former presidents would represent the United States at the funeral of Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, Nixon published his memoirs, <i>RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</i>, the first of nine books he was to author in his retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Farrell" title="John A. Farrell">John A. Farrell</a> deemed it one of the better presidential memoirs, candid and capturing its author's voice; he deemed its rise up the bestseller lists justified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell2852_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell2852-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon visited the White House in 1979, invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon, but Deng had said he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited. Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991524–525_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991524–525-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 10, 1979, the Nixons purchased a 12‐room condominium occupying the seventh floor of 817 <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> New York City<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being rejected by two Manhattan <a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">co-ops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991528_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991528-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the deposed <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a> died in Egypt in July 1980, Nixon defied the State Department, which intended to send no U.S. representative, by attending the funeral. Though Nixon had no official credentials, as a former president he was seen as the American presence at its former ally's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991533_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991533-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon supported Ronald Reagan for president in <a href="/wiki/1980_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 U.S. presidential election">1980</a>, making television appearances portraying himself as, in biographer Stephen Ambrose's words, "the senior statesman above the fray".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991534_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991534-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan's victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991540_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991540-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 18 months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to <a href="/wiki/Saddle_River,_New_Jersey" title="Saddle River, New Jersey">Saddle River</a>, New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1980s, Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveled, and met with many foreign leaders, especially those of Third World countries. He joined former presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a trip to the Middle East, Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya, which attracted significant U.S. media attention; <i>The Washington Post</i> ran stories on Nixon's "rehabilitation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991545_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991545-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon visited the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Soviet general secretary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in <a href="/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll" title="Gallup's most admired man and woman poll">a Gallup poll</a> as one of the ten most admired men in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew142_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew142-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg/440px-President_Bill_Clinton_meets_with_former_President_Richard_Nixon_at_the_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5543" data-file-height="3729" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in the residence of the White House, March 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1986, Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers, impressing his audience with his <i>tour d'horizon</i> of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew144_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew144-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, <a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">political pundit</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Drew" title="Elizabeth Drew">Elizabeth Drew</a> wrote, "Even when he was wrong, Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory, as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority, enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew144_297-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew144-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Newsweek</i> ran a story on "Nixon's comeback" with the headline "He's back".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken561–562_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken561–562-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 19, 1990, the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>, opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance. They were joined by a large crowd of people, including Presidents Ford, Reagan, and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, as well as their wives, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken565–568_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken565–568-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1994, the former president founded the Nixon Center (today the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a>), a Washington policy <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> and conference center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1045–1046_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1045–1046-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993, of <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>. Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace. Former president Nixon was distraught throughout the interment and delivered a tribute to her inside the library building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1049–1050_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1049–1050-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg/220px-Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg/330px-Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg/440px-Presidents_at_the_funeral_of_President_Richard_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption>Five U.S. presidents (then-incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>) and their wives attending Nixon's funeral, April 27, 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon suffered a severe <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> on April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his home at <a href="/wiki/Park_Ridge,_New_Jersey" title="Park Ridge, New Jersey">Park Ridge</a>, New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">blood clot</a> resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart, <a href="/wiki/Embolus" title="Embolus">broken off</a>, and traveled to his brain.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was taken to <a href="/wiki/NewYork-Presbyterian_Hospital" title="NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital">NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23_303-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damage to the brain caused swelling (<a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a>), and Nixon slipped into a deep coma. He died at 9:08 p.m. on April 22, 1994, with his daughters at his bedside. He was 81 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23_303-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's funeral took place on April 27, 1994, in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a>. Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, Senate Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, California governor <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a>, and the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>. Also in attendance were former presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1051–1053_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1051–1053-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Nixon was buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library. He was survived by his two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a>, and four grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23_303-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeil_&_Randolph1994-04-23-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with his wishes, his funeral was not a full <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>, though his body did <a href="/wiki/Lie_in_repose" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie in repose">lie in repose</a> in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2004-06-11_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2004-06-11-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly, wet weather to pay their respects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Deseret_News''1994-04-27_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Deseret_News''1994-04-27-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak, the line to pass by Nixon's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick206_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick206-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John F. Stacks of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death, </p> <blockquote><p>An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self-created disaster that he faced. To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation, he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world's leaders ... and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House [in 1993], Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman. Clinton, whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon, met openly with him and regularly sought his advice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacks1994-05-02_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacks1994-05-02-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wicker" title="Tom Wicker">Tom Wicker</a> of <i>The New York Times</i> noted that Nixon had been equalled only by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and, quoting Nixon's 1962 farewell speech, wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>Richard Nixon's jowly, beard-shadowed face, the ski-jump nose and the widow's peak, the arms upstretched in the V-sign, had been so often pictured and caricatured, his presence had become such a familiar one in the land, he had been so often in the heat of controversy, that it was hard to realize the nation really would not "have Nixon to kick around anymore".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWicker1994-04-24_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicker1994-04-24-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ambrose said of the reaction to Nixon's death, "To everyone's amazement, except his, he's our beloved elder statesman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawhill2011-02_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawhill2011-02-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon Nixon's death, the news coverage mentioned Watergate and the resignation but much of the coverage was favorable to the former president. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i> stated, "History ultimately should show that despite his flaws, he was one of our most farsighted chief executives."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick205–206_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick205–206-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offended some; columnist <a href="/wiki/Russell_Baker" title="Russell Baker">Russell Baker</a> complained of "a group conspiracy to grant him absolution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick204–205_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick204–205-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koterba" title="Jeff Koterba">Jeff Koterba</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald" title="Omaha World-Herald">Omaha World-Herald</a></i> depicted History before a blank canvas, his subject Nixon, as America looks on eagerly. The artist urges his audience to sit down; the work will take some time to complete, as "this portrait is a little more complicated than most".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick210_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick210-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a> wrote a scathing piece denouncing Nixon for <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, entitled "He Was a Crook" (which also appeared a month later in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his article, Thompson described Nixon as "a political monster straight out of <a href="/wiki/Grendel" title="Grendel">Grendel</a> and a very dangerous enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_315-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of awards and honors received by Richard Nixon">List of awards and honors received by Richard Nixon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg/220px-Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg/330px-Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg/440px-Nixon_Library_and_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon's Presidential Library and Museum</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_grave_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nixon_grave_2011.jpg/220px-Nixon_grave_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nixon_grave_2011.jpg/330px-Nixon_grave_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nixon_grave_2011.jpg/440px-Nixon_grave_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>The graves of Nixon and his wife Pat</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian and political scientist <a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a> asked of Nixon, "How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore495_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore495-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaluations <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">of his presidency</a> have proven complex, contrasting his presidency's domestic and foreign policy successes with the acrimonious circumstances of his departure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore495_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore495-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ambrose, "Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991592_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991592-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional career, suggests, "He was remarkable among his congressional peers, a success story in a troubled era, one who steered a sensible <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> course against the excess of McCarthy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman460_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman460-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aitken feels that "Nixon, both as a man and as a statesman, has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised for his virtues. Yet even in a spirit of <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a>, no simple verdict is possible."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken577_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken577-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon saw his policies on Vietnam, China, and the Soviet Union as central to his place in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanhimäki-Small_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanhimäki-Small-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's onetime opponent <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> commented in 1983, "President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II ... With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreider1983-10-10_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreider1983-10-10-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a> disagrees, saying that Nixon's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> by diplomatic, rather than military, means.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanhimäki-Small_196-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanhimäki-Small-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> concludes that "Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena. While the criminal farce of Watergate was in the making, Nixon's inspirational statesmanship was establishing new working relationships both with Communist China and with the Soviet Union."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrew1995384_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrew1995384-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's stance on domestic affairs has been credited with the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation. In a 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, historian Paul Charles Milazzo points to Nixon's creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), and to his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a>, stating that "though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure".<sup id="cite_ref-Milazzo-Small_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milazzo-Small-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon himself did not consider the environmental advances he made in office an important part of his legacy; some historians contend that his choices were driven more by political expediency than any strong <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians say Nixon's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a> turned the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> into a Republican stronghold, while others deem economic factors more important in the change.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason-Small_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-Small-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his career, Nixon moved his party away from the control of isolationists, and as a Congressman he was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1053_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1053-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_W._Olson" title="Keith W. Olson">Keith W. Olson</a> has written that Nixon left a legacy of fundamental mistrust of government, rooted in Vietnam and Watergate.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson-Small_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-Small-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of Bill Clinton</a> in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct was comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than Clinton's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick211–214_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick211–214-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time, there was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. Olson suggests that legislation in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> restored the president's power.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson-Small_324-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-Small-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, "Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmetviii_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmetviii-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_public_image">Personality and public image</h2></div> <p>Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves281–283_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves281–283-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elvis-nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Elvis-nixon.jpg/220px-Elvis-nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Elvis-nixon.jpg/330px-Elvis-nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Elvis-nixon.jpg/440px-Elvis-nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2154" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in December 1970: "The President & The King"</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew150_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew150-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon biographer <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a> described him as being "driven" though also "uneasy with himself in some ways".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack574_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack574-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Black, Nixon </p> <blockquote><p>thought that he was doomed to be traduced, double-crossed, unjustly harassed, misunderstood, underappreciated, and subjected to the trials of <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>, but that by the application of his mighty will, tenacity, and diligence, he would ultimately prevail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack700_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack700-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png/220px-Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png/330px-Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png/440px-Richard_Nixon_1960_Campaign_Button.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>1960 campaign button</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon sometimes drank alcohol to excess, especially during 1970. He also was prescribed sleeping pills. According to <a href="/wiki/Ray_Price_(speechwriter)" title="Ray Price (speechwriter)">Ray Price</a>, Nixon sometimes took them in together. Nixon also took <a href="/wiki/Dilantin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilantin">dilantin</a>, recommended by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dreyfus" title="Jack Dreyfus">Jack Dreyfus</a>. That medicine is usually prescribed to treat and prevent seizures, but in Nixon's case it was for depression. His periodic overindulgences, especially during stressful times such as during <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>, concerned Price and others, including then-advisor Ehrlichman and long-time <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a> <a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author and former British politician <a href="/wiki/David_Owen#Selected_publications" title="David Owen">David Owen</a> deemed Nixon an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic">alcoholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Drew" title="Elizabeth Drew">Elizabeth Drew</a> summarized Nixon as a "smart, talented man, but most peculiar and haunted of presidents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew151_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew151-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his account of the Nixon presidency, author <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(American_writer)" title="Richard Reeves (American writer)">Richard Reeves</a> described Nixon as "a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves12_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves12-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's presidency was doomed by his personality, Reeves argues: </p> <blockquote><p>He assumed the worst in people and he brought out the worst in them ... He clung to the idea of being "tough". He thought that was what had brought him to the edge of greatness. But that was what betrayed him. He could not open himself to other men and he could not open himself to greatness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves13_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves13-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In October 1999, a volume of 1971 White House audio tapes was released which contained multiple statements by Nixon deemed derogatory toward Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one conversation with <a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a>, Nixon said that Washington was "full of Jews" and that "most Jews are disloyal", making exceptions for some of his top aides.<sup id="cite_ref-Noah_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noah-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then added, "But, Bob, generally speaking, you can't trust the bastards. They turn on you. Am I wrong or right?"<sup id="cite_ref-Noah_338-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noah-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere on the 1971 recordings, Nixon denies being antisemitic, saying, "If anybody who's been in this chair ever had reason to be antisemitic, I did ... And I'm not, you know what I mean?"<sup id="cite_ref-Noah_338-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noah-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. Even <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Rebozo" title="Bebe Rebozo">Bebe Rebozo</a>, by some accounts his closest friend, did not call him by his first name. Nixon said of this, </p> <blockquote><p>Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thing—saying, "Gee, I couldn't sleep ..." I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. That's just the way I am. Some people are different. Some people think it's good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts ... [and] reveal their inner psyche—whether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. Not me. No way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When Nixon was told that most Americans felt they did not know him even at the end of his career, he replied, "Yeah, it's true. And it's not necessary for them to know."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene_339-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2></div> <ul><li>Nixon, Richard M. (1960). <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises</a></i>, Doubleday, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-00125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-00125-0">978-0-385-00125-0</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1978). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofrichard00nixo">RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</a></i>, Simon & Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70741-5">978-0-671-70741-5</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1980). <i>The Real War</i>, Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98650-5">978-0-283-98650-5</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1982). <i>Leaders</i>, Random House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-51249-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-51249-7">978-0-446-51249-7</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1984). <i>Real Peace</i>, Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-99076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-99076-2">978-0-283-99076-2</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?24604-1/seize-moment-part-1">Part One of <i>Booknotes</i> interview with Nixon on <i>Seize the Moment</i>, February 23, 1992</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?24737-1/seize-moment-part-2">Part Two of <i>Booknotes</i> interview, March 1, 1992</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Nixon, Richard M. (1987). <i>No More Vietnams</i>, Arbor House Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87795-668-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87795-668-6">978-0-87795-668-6</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1988). <i>1999: Victory Without War</i>, Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62712-6">978-0-671-62712-6</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1990). <i>In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat, and Renewal</i>, Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72318-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72318-7">978-0-671-72318-7</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1992). <i>Seize the Moment: America's Challenge in a One-Superpower World</i>, Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-74343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-74343-7">978-0-671-74343-7</a>.</li> <li>Nixon, Richard M. (1994). <i>Beyond Peace</i>, Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43323-1">978-0-679-43323-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Electoral history of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i></a>, film, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Presidential transition of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">Timeline of the Watergate scandal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_vote-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_vote_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 583–585. In 1972, Nixon did more than double his percentage of the Jewish vote, from 17 percent to 35 percent. <a href="#CITEREFMerkley">Merkley</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TP4g-RhUJmcC&dq=nixon%20jewish%20vote%201972&pg=PA68">68</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-voluntary-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-voluntary_216-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-voluntary_216-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voluntary for employees</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially page 2 (after introductory material) in which a bar graph displays NHLBI funding for sickle cell research from FY 1972 through FY 2001, totaling $923 million for these thirty years, starting at $10 million for 1972, then about $15 million a year through 1976, about $20 million for 1977, etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-archives-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archives_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archives_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archives_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921204555/http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf">"Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. September 21, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnixon.archives.gov%2Fthelife%2Fnixonbio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/census/presidents/nixon.html">"Richard Nixon in the U.S. Census Records"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. August 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon+in+the+U.S.+Census+Records&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fcensus%2Fpresidents%2Fnixon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS,_Nixon_Birthplace-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPS,_Nixon_Birthplace_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNPS,_Nixon_Birthplace">NPS, Nixon Birthplace</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerris209-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerris209_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerris">Ferris</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitwiesner" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Addams_Reitwiesner" title="William Addams Reitwiesner">Reitwiesner, William Addams</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html">"The Ancestors of Senator John Forbes Kerry (b. 1943)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427081750/http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ancestors+of+Senator+John+Forbes+Kerry+%28b.+1943%29&rft.aulast=Reitwiesner&rft.aufirst=William+Addams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wargs.com%2Fpolitical%2Fkerry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Childhood-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Childhood_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Childhood">Nixon Library, Childhood</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken11_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken12-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken12_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Carter2023" class="citation web cs1">Paul Carter (January 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richardnixonsocal.com/2023/01/whittier-to-the-white-house-10/">"Whittier to the White House"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whittier+to+the+White+House&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft.au=Paul+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichardnixonsocal.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fwhittier-to-the-white-house-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Carter2023" class="citation web cs1">Paul Carter (January 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richardnixonsocal.com/2023/01/whittier-to-the-white-house-13/">"Whittier to the White House"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whittier+to+the+White+House&rft.date=2023-01-09&rft.au=Paul+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichardnixonsocal.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fwhittier-to-the-white-house-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198741-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198741_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1987">Ambrose 1987</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken27-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken27_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198756–57-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198756–57_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1987">Ambrose 1987</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack16_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris89-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris89_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack17–19-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack17–19_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris91-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris91_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris92-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris92_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken28-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken28_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken28_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack20–23-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack20–23_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack23–24-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack23–24_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman15_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack24–25-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack24–25_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198761-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198761_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1987">Ambrose 1987</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken58–63-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken58–63_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 58–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor">Nixon Library, Student & Sailor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whittier.edu/news/richard-nixon-100th-birthday">"Richard M. Nixon's '34 100th birthday celebrated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whittier_College" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a>. January 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+M.+Nixon%27s+%2734+100th+birthday+celebrated&rft.pub=Whittier+College&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whittier.edu%2Fnews%2Frichard-nixon-100th-birthday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose198733–34_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1987">Ambrose 1987</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken67-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken67_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet81-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet81_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Family_Collection_Guide-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Family_Collection_Guide_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Family_Collection_Guide">Nixon Library, Family Collection Guide</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken76-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken76_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Durflinger2017" class="citation web cs1">Keith Durflinger (August 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2012/09/16/historic-whittier-bank-building-was-president-nixons-law-office-at-one-time/">"Historic Whittier bank building was President Nixon's law office at one time"</a>. Whittier Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Whittier+bank+building+was+President+Nixon%27s+law+office+at+one+time&rft.pub=Whittier+Daily+News&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.au=Keith+Durflinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whittierdailynews.com%2F2012%2F09%2F16%2Fhistoric-whittier-bank-building-was-president-nixons-law-office-at-one-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken79–82-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken79–82_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 79–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris193-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris193_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris193_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack44-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack44_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack43-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack43_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon">"10 Things You May Not Know About Richard Nixon"</a>. <i>History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=10+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+Richard+Nixon&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F10-things-you-may-not-know-about-richard-nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NixonsCounty-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NixonsCounty_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocweekly.com/dick-nixons-orange-county-6394777/">"Dick Nixon's Orange County"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OC_Weekly" title="OC Weekly">OC Weekly</a>. August 5, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dick+Nixon%27s+Orange+County&rft.pub=OC+Weekly&rft.date=1999-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocweekly.com%2Fdick-nixons-orange-county-6394777%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197823-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197823_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1978">Nixon 1978</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell385–393-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell385–393_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrell">Farrell</a>, pp. 385–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell37,_402-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell37,_402_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarrell">Farrell</a>, pp. 37, 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Nixon_Family-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Nixon_Family_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Nixon_Family">Nixon Library, Nixon Family</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon197826-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon197826_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1978">Nixon 1978</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris124–126-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris124–126_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, pp. 124–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornitzer143–144-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornitzer143–144_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKornitzer">Kornitzer</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navy.mil-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navy.mil_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy.mil_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy.mil_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy.mil_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy.mil_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navy.mil_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-n/nixon-richard.html">"Naval Profiles: Richard Milhous Nixon"</a>. <i>Naval History and Heritage Command</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.atitle=Naval+Profiles%3A+Richard+Milhous+Nixon&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fbiographies-list%2Fbios-n%2Fnixon-richard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken96–97-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken96–97_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center,_Commander_Nixon-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center,_Commander_Nixon_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaval_Historical_Center,_Commander_Nixon">Naval Historical Center, Commander Nixon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack58–60-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack58–60_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong81_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong">Armstrong</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack62-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack62_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack62_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li 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href="https://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/14681-men-of-action-richard-the-big-bluffer-nixon">"Men Of Action -- Richard "The Big Bluffer" Nixon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Card_Player" title="Card Player">Card Player</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Card+Player&rft.atitle=Men+Of+Action+--+Richard+%22The+Big+Bluffer%22+Nixon&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.aulast=Paijich&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardplayer.com%2Fpoker-news%2F14681-men-of-action-richard-the-big-bluffer-nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet91–96_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, pp. 91–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman27–28_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken114-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken114_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet111–113-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet111–113_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, pp. 111–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman82-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman82_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Final-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Final_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/04/Studies_Prior_to_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf">"Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Marshall Foundation. May 1, 1948. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221035849/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/04/Studies_Prior_to_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+on+Foreign+Aid+of+the+House+Select+Committee+on+Foreign+Aid&rft.pub=Marshall+Foundation&rft.date=1948-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Flibrary%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2014%2F04%2FStudies_Prior_to_the_Marshall_Plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman105–107,_125–126-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman105–107,_125–126_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, pp. 105–107, 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris365-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris365_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1945" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Cronin" title="John Francis Cronin">Cronin, John Francis</a> (October 29, 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdhistory.net/hiss/cronin-report.pdf">"The Problem of American Communism in 1945: Facts and Recommendations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a> (March 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-5zAgAAQBAJ"><i>Nixon Volume I: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 144–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4588-6"><bdi>978-1-4767-4588-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Congressman-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Congressman_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Congressman">Nixon Library, Congressman</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman282-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman282_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris535-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris535_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman296–297-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman296–297_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, pp. 296–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman304-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman304_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman310-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman310_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris581-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris581_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman335-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman335_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellman303-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellman303_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGellman">Gellman</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Senator_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Senator">Nixon Library, Senator</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987211,_311–312-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1987211,_311–312_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1987">Ambrose 1987</a>, pp. 211, 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack178-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack178_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. Malsberger, "Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and the Fund Crisis of 1952," <i>Historian,</i> 73 (Fall 2011), pp 526–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornitzer191-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornitzer191_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKornitzer">Kornitzer</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken210–217_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 210–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson291-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson291_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson">Thompson</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken218-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken218_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris846-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris846_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 846.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Process&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon+at+the+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Barbas&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oah.org%2Fprocess%2Frichard-nixon-supreme-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet502-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet502_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet502_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris410–411-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris410–411_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, pp. 410–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet503–508-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet503–508_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, pp. 503–508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Rick</a> (2008). <i>Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. pp. 295–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-4302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland%3A+The+Rise+of+a+President+and+the+Fracturing+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295-303&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet509-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet509_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_President_139-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_President">Nixon Library, President</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow1996-09-30-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow1996-09-30_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrow1996-09-30">Morrow & 1996-09-30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack513–514_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 513–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack550-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack550_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulzinger413_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchulzinger">Schulzinger</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monkey-Wrench-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monkey-Wrench_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monkey-Wrench_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2017/06/misunderstanding-a-monkey-wrench/">"Misunderstanding a Monkey Wrench"</a>. <i>Richard Nixon Foundation</i>. June 2, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606192751/https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2017/06/misunderstanding-a-monkey-wrench/">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Richard+Nixon+Foundation&rft.atitle=Misunderstanding+a+Monkey+Wrench&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonfoundation.org%2F2017%2F06%2Fmisunderstanding-a-monkey-wrench%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New-York-Times-Peter-Baker-January-2-2017-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New-York-Times-Peter-Baker-January-2-2017_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/politics/nixon-tried-to-spoil-johnsons-vietnam-peace-talks-in-68-notes-show.html?_r=0">Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson's Vietnam Peace Talks in '68, Notes Show</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307110433/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/02/us/politics/nixon-tried-to-spoil-johnsons-vietnam-peace-talks-in-68-notes-show.html?_r=0">Archived</a> March 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, Politics Section, Peter Baker, January 2, 2017. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html">H.R. Haldeman's Notes from Oct. 22, 1968</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205221138/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/haldeman-notes.html">Archived</a> February 5, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, December 31, 2016, which reprints four pages of Haldeman's notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack558-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack558_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azari-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azari_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzari2020" class="citation news cs1">Azari, Julia (August 20, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/biden-had-to-fight-for-the-presidential-nomination-but-most-vps-have-to/">"Biden Had To Fight For The Presidential Nomination. But Most VPs Have To"</a>. <i>FiveThirtyEight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FiveThirtyEight&rft.atitle=Biden+Had+To+Fight+For+The+Presidential+Nomination.+But+Most+VPs+Have+To.&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Azari&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.com%2Ffeatures%2Fbiden-had-to-fight-for-the-presidential-nomination-but-most-vps-have-to%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans_&_Novak33–34-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_&_Novak33–34_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans_&_Novak">Evans & Novak</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI_1968_in_Review-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI_1968_in_Review_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUPI_1968_in_Review">UPI 1968 in Review</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack567–568-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack567–568_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 567–568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrick189-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrick189_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrick">Frick</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI_1969_in_Review-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI_1969_in_Review_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUPI_1969_in_Review">UPI 1969 in Review</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller_Center">Miller Center</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lampton23-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lampton23_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampton2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Lampton" title="David M. Lampton">Lampton, David M.</a> (2024). <i>Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-8725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+U.S.-China+relations%3A+From+Cold+War+to+Cold+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8&rft.aulast=Lampton&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinami2024" class="citation book cs1">Minami, Kazushi (2024). <i>People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501774157" title="Special:BookSources/9781501774157"><bdi>9781501774157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Diplomacy%3A+How+Americans+and+Chinese+Transformed+US-China+Relations+during+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781501774157&rft.aulast=Minami&rft.aufirst=Kazushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989453-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989453_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goh-Small-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goh-Small_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goh, Evelyn. "The China card" in <a href="#CITEREFSmall">Small</a>, pp. 425–443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack778-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack778_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit_159-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPBS,_The_Nixon_Visit">PBS, The Nixon Visit</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack780–782_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 780–782.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989516-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989516_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek300-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek300_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDallek">Dallek</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/i/21100.htm">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume I Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972"</a>. <i>2001-2009.state.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1969-1976%2C+Volume+I+Foundations+of+Foreign+Policy%2C+1969-1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ffrus%2Fnixon%2Fi%2F21100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwc24.htm">"Vietnam War Deaths and Casualties By Month"</a>. The American War Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204020044/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwc24.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+War+Deaths+and+Casualties+By+Month&rft.pub=The+American+War+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanwarlibrary.com%2Fvietnam%2Fvwc24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew65-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew65_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrew">Drew</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack569-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack569_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 569.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack591-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack591_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwenKiernan2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Owen, Taylor; Kiernan, Ben (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf">"Bombs Over Cambodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Walrus</i>. pp. 32–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420220434/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Walrus&rft.atitle=Bombs+Over+Cambodia&rft.pages=32-36&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft.au=Kiernan%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fcgp%2FWalrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span> Kiernan and Owen later revised their estimate of 2.7 million tons of U.S. bombs dropped on Cambodia down to the previously accepted figure of roughly 500,000 tons: See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanOwen2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Owen, Taylor (April 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications"</a>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002843/http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Making+More+Enemies+than+We+Kill%3F+Calculating+U.S.+Bomb+Tonnages+Dropped+on+Laos+and+Cambodia%2C+and+Weighing+Their+Implications&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2015%2F13%2F16%2FBen-Kiernan%2F4313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClymer2013" class="citation book cs1">Clymer, Kenton (2013). <i>The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000: A Troubled Relationship</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34156-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34156-6"><bdi>978-1-134-34156-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Cambodia%2C+1969%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Troubled+Relationship&rft.pages=14-16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-34156-6&rft.aulast=Clymer&rft.aufirst=Kenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989281–283-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989281–283_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, pp. 281–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2047&st=&st1=">Address to the Nation on Vietnam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043247/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2047&st=&st1=">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 14, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1971-04-05_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTime1971-04-05"><i>Time</i> & 1971-04-05</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosyakov2004" class="citation book cs1">Mosyakov, Dmitry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309074636/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc">"The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives"</a>. In Cook, Susan E. (ed.). <i>Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda</i>. Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series. p. 54ff. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc">the original</a> on March 9, 2013. <q>In April–May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: 'Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khmer+Rouge+and+the+Vietnamese+Communists%3A+A+History+of+Their+Relations+as+Told+in+the+Soviet+Archives&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Cambodia+and+Rwanda&rft.series=Yale+Genocide+Studies+Program+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=54ff&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mosyakov&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fgsp%2Fpublications%2FMosyakov.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP/''St._Peterburg_Independent''-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP/''St._Peterburg_Independent''_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAP/St._Peterburg_Independent">AP/<i>St. Peterburg Independent</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin1987" class="citation book cs1">Gitlin, Todd (1987). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixties:_Years_of_Hope,_Days_of_Rage" title="The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage">The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage</a></i>. Bantam Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixtiesyearsofho00gitl/page/410">410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37212-0"><bdi>978-0-553-37212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties%3A+Years+of+Hope%2C+Days+of+Rage&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-553-37212-0&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safire_pp205–209-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Safire_pp205–209_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSafire">Safire</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xahIAOPX8JwC&dq=%E2%80%9CManolo%20Sanchez%2C%20his%20valet%2C%20heard%20the%20music%20and%20soon%20appeared%E2%80%9D&pg=PA205">205–209</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI/''Beaver_County_Times''1970-05-09-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI/''Beaver_County_Times''1970-05-09_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUPI/Beaver_County_Times1970-05-09">UPI/<i>Beaver County Times</i> & 1970-05-09</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack675–676-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack675–676_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 675–676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989446–448-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989446–448_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, pp. 446–448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans">Evans</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199153–55-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199153–55_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, pp. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991473-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991473_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989379–383-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989379–383_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, pp. 379–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pinochet_File-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pinochet_File_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pinochet_File_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pinochet_File_184-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbluh2003" class="citation book cs1">Kornbluh, Peter (2003). <i>The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability</i>. New York: The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-936-5"><bdi>978-1-56584-936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pinochet+File%3A+A+Declassified+Dossier+on+Atrocity+and+Accountability&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-936-5&rft.aulast=Kornbluh&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack921-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack921_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC1972-05-22_186-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC1972-05-22">BBC & 1972-05-22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Tal, " 'Absolutes' and 'Stages' in the Making and Application of Nixon's SALT Policy." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 37.5 (2013): 1090–1116, quoting pp 1091, 1092. Nixon himself later wrote, "[W]e decided to link progress in such areas of Soviet concern as strategic arms limitation and increased trade with progress in areas that were important to us—Vietnam, the Mideast, and Berlin. This concept became known as linkage." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Nixon1978" class="citation book cs1">Richard Nixon (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyfcLYY9F0gC&pg=RA1-PT388"><i>RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3183-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-3183-4"><bdi>978-1-4767-3183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-3183-4&rft.au=Richard+Nixon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyfcLYY9F0gC%26pg%3DRA1-PT388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis294,_299-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaddis294,_299_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis">Gaddis</a>, pp. 294, 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1985105–106-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1985105–106_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1985">Nixon 1985</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1974" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Hedrick (June 29, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/29/archives/occidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html">"OCCIDENTAL SIGNS DEAL WITH SOVIET"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OCCIDENTAL+SIGNS+DEAL+WITH+SOVIET&rft.date=1974-06-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hedrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F06%2F29%2Farchives%2Foccidental-signs-deal-with-soviet-4-contracts-are-activated-in-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/magazine/the-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html">"THE RIDDLE OF ARMAND HAMMER"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 29, 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+RIDDLE+OF+ARMAND+HAMMER&rft.date=1981-11-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F11%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-riddle-of-armand-hammer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_192-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_192-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1979" class="citation news cs1">Rich, Spencer (October 4, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1979/10/04/soviets-dumping-ammonia-itc-says/4d53c7fa-6c89-470b-b8f0-5aced1b92513/">"Soviets Dumping Ammonia, ITC Says"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Soviets+Dumping+Ammonia%2C+ITC+Says&rft.date=1979-10-04&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1979%2F10%2F04%2Fsoviets-dumping-ammonia-itc-says%2F4d53c7fa-6c89-470b-b8f0-5aced1b92513%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/05/archives/nixon-in-appeal-on-soviet-trade-urges-congress-to-include.html">"NIXON IN APPEAL ON SOVIET TRADE"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 5, 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NIXON+IN+APPEAL+ON+SOVIET+TRADE&rft.date=1973-10-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F10%2F05%2Farchives%2Fnixon-in-appeal-on-soviet-trade-urges-congress-to-include.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr"><i>From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 804. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pages=804&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack963-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack963_195-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanhimäki-Small-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanhimäki-Small_196-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanhimäki-Small_196-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanhimäki-Small_196-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanhimäki, Jussi M. "Foreign Policy Overview" in <a href="#CITEREFSmall">Small</a>, pp. 345–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fas-defcon-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fas-defcon_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/defcon.htm">"DEFCON DEFense CONdition"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123557/https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/defcon.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=DEFCON+DEFense+CONdition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Fusa%2Fc3i%2Fdefcon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon1978938–940-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon1978938–940_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon1978">Nixon 1978</a>, pp. 938–940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack923–928-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack923–928_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 923–928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991311-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991311_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler, Patrick (2010), p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack951–952,_959-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack951–952,_959_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 951–952, 959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989225–226_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, pp. 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432_205-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989431–432_205-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, pp. 431–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowles-Small-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles-Small_206-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles-Small_206-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowles-Small_206-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowles, Nigel. "Economic Policy" in <a href="#CITEREFSmall">Small</a>, pp. 235–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatley2019" class="citation book cs1">Oatley, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GJoDwAAQBAJ"><i>International Political Economy: Sixth Edition</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 351–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-03464-7"><bdi>978-1-351-03464-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Political+Economy%3A+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=351-352&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-03464-7&rft.aulast=Oatley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4GJoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowa1983" class="citation book cs1">Gowa, Joanne (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvr7f40n"><i>Closing the Gold Window</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1622-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-1622-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvr7f40n">10.7591/j.ctvr7f40n</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closing+the+Gold+Window&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctvr7f40n%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1622-4&rft.aulast=Gowa&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctvr7f40n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken399–400_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHetzel92-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHetzel92_210-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHetzel">Hetzel</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken395-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken395_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSPS,_Periodicals_postage-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSPS,_Periodicals_postage_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUSPS,_Periodicals_postage">USPS, Periodicals postage</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398_213-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken397–398_213-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distillations-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_214-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinde2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Rinde, Meir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism">"Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. Vol. 3, no. 1. pp. 16–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405024821/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/richard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon+and+the+Rise+of+American+Environmentalism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rinde&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Frichard-nixon-and-the-rise-of-american-environmentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken396-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken396_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1971-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1971_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNHI:_CQ_Almanac_1971">NHI: CQ Almanac 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973">HMO: CQ Almanac 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1974-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENHI:_CQ_Almanac_1974_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNHI:_CQ_Almanac_1974">NHI: CQ Almanac 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989418-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989418_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Federal_Register179–182-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Federal_Register179–182_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffice_of_the_Federal_Register">Office of the Federal Register</a>, pp. 179–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_American_Presidency_Project-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_American_Presidency_Project_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_American_Presidency_Project">The American Presidency Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute2-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute2_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWailoo165,_170-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWailoo165,_170_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWailoo">Wailoo</a>, pp. 165, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoger6-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoger6_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoger">Boger</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabia-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabia_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabia">Sabia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet595–597,_603-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet595–597,_603_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, pp. 595–597, 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979970"><i>The Republican Reversal—James Morton Turner, Andrew C. Isenberg | Harvard University Press</i></a>. Harvard University Press. November 12, 2018. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674979970" title="Special:BookSources/9780674979970"><bdi>9780674979970</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108151027/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674979970">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span> – via www.hup.harvard.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Reversal%E2%80%94James+Morton+Turner%2C+Andrew+C.+Isenberg+%7C+Harvard+University+Press&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.isbn=9780674979970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674979970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo8212972.html"><i>The Partisan Sort</i></a>. Chicago Studies in American Politics. University of Chicago Press. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731184243/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo8212972.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partisan+Sort&rft.series=Chicago+Studies+in+American+Politics&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FP%2Fbo8212972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaney1970-07-20-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaney1970-07-20_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelaney1970-07-20">Delaney & 1970-07-20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrum246-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrum246_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrum">Frum</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2017" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Nishani (2017). <i>Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism</i>. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 184–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68226-018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68226-018-0"><bdi>978-1-68226-018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harambee+City%3A+Congress+of+Racial+Equality+in+Cleveland+and+the+Rise+of+Black+Power+Populism.&rft.pages=184-207&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-68226-018-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Nishani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Nixon,_Domestic_Politics-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Nixon,_Domestic_Politics_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPBS,_Nixon,_Domestic_Politics">PBS, Nixon, Domestic Politics</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet563-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet563_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, p. 563.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlin-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlin_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandlin">Handlin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite204–205ch._5-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHepplewhite204–205ch._5_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHepplewhite">Hepplewhite</a>, pp. 204–205, ch. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT_notes-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIT_notes_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005/video-lectures/logsdn_lec_notes.pdf">"MIT lecture notes in "Aircraft Systems Engineering," fall 2005, on early Space Shuttle policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fall 2005. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120157/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005/video-lectures/logsdn_lec_notes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIT+lecture+notes+in+%22Aircraft+Systems+Engineering%2C%22+fall+2005%2C+on+early+Space+Shuttle+policy&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focw.mit.edu%2Fcourses%2Faeronautics-and-astronautics%2F16-885j-aircraft-systems-engineering-fall-2005%2Fvideo-lectures%2Flogsdn_lec_notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEzell192ch._6–11-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEzell192ch._6–11_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEzell">Ezell</a>, p. 192, ch. 6–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-Small-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason-Small_240-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason-Small_240-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Robert "Political realignment" in <a href="#CITEREFSmall">Small</a>, pp. 252–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack766-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack766_241-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack766_241-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack795-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack795_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 795.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack617-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack617_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack816-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack816_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 816.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack834-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack834_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite123-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite123_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite">White</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1972-08-14-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1972-08-14_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTime1972-08-14"><i>Time</i> & 1972-08-14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''1970-11-20-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''1970-11-20_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTime1970-11-20"><i>Time</i> & 1970-11-20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmet629-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmet629_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParmet">Parmet</a>, p. 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Post_Investigates-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Post_Investigates_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Washington_Post,_The_Post_Investigates"><i>The Washington Post</i>, The Post Investigates</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts_251-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts_251-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_The_Government_Acts_251-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Washington_Post,_The_Government_Acts"><i>The Washington Post</i>, The Government Acts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken511–512-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken511–512_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 511–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns_253-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns_253-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Washington_Post'',_Nixon_Resigns_253-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Washington_Post,_Nixon_Resigns"><i>The Washington Post</i>, Nixon Resigns</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken555-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken555_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 555.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989231–232,_239-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1989231–232,_239_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1989">Ambrose 1989</a>, pp. 231–232, 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckmann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Beckmann, Matthew N. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Did+Nixon+quit+before+he+resigned%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2053168017704800&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2053168017704800&rft.issn=2053-1680&rft.aulast=Beckmann&rft.aufirst=Matthew+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2053168017704800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrum26-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrum26_257-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrum">Frum</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKilpatrick1973-11-18-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKilpatrick1973-11-18_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKilpatrick1973-11-18">Kilpatrick & 1973-11-18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991394–395-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991394–395_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, pp. 394–395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamson-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamson_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamson">Samson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991414–416-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991414–416_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, pp. 414–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack978-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack978_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991435–436-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991435–436_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, pp. 435–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Resignation_Speech-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS,_Resignation_Speech_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPBS,_Resignation_Speech">PBS, Resignation Speech</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991437-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991437_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack983-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack983_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENixon_Library,_Post_Presidency_267-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNixon_Library,_Post_Presidency">Nixon Library, Post Presidency</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken529-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken529_268-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, pp. 533–534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack994,_999-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack994,_999_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, pp. 994, 999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack998-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack998_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack">Black</a>, p. 998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken535-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken535_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAitken">Aitken</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991481-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1991481_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1991">Ambrose 1991</a>, p. 481.</span> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+Year+Nixon+Fell+Apart&rft.date=2017-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F03%2Fjohn-farrell-nixon-book-excerpt-214954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/david-owen-lessons-in-removing-politicians-from-public-office-891446.html">"David Owen: Lessons in removing politicians from public office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. August 12, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715193824/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/david-owen-lessons-in-removing-politicians-from-public-office-891446.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=David+Owen%3A+Lessons+in+removing+politicians+from+public+office&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcommentators%2Fdavid-owen-lessons-in-removing-politicians-from-public-office-891446.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseley2009" class="citation news cs1">Boseley, Sarah (March 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/28/politicians-hubris-medical-condition">"A doctor writes: Politicians' pride is a medical disorder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715195739/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/28/politicians-hubris-medical-condition">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+doctor+writes%3A+Politicians%27+pride+is+a+medical+disorder&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft.aulast=Boseley&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2Fmar%2F28%2Fpoliticians-hubris-medical-condition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew151-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrew151_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrew">Drew</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves12-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves12_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves13-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves13_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves">Reeves</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/oct99/nixon6.htm">"New tapes reveal depth of Nixon's anti-Semitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, October 6, 1999. Retrieved on April 4, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noah-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_338-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_338-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noah_338-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Noah" title="Timothy Noah">Noah, Timothy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/1003783">"Nixon: I Am Not an Anti-Semite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)"><i>Slate</i></a>, October 7, 1999. Retrieved on July 17, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreene-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene_339-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreene_339-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreene">Greene</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_sources">Print sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Aitken" title="Jonathan Aitken">Aitken, Jonathan</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonlife0000aitk_x2z0"><i>Nixon: A Life</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-720-7"><bdi>978-0-89526-720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-720-7&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonlife0000aitk_x2z0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr"><i>Nixon: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962</i></a></span>. Vol. I. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-52836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-52836-2"><bdi>978-0-671-52836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+The+Education+of+a+Politician+1913%E2%80%931962&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-671-52836-2&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixon00ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1989" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr"><i>Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician 1962–1972</i></a></span>. Vol. II. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-72506-8"><bdi>978-0-671-72506-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+The+Triumph+of+a+Politician+1962%E2%80%931972&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-671-72506-8&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixon00ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1991" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixon00ambr"><i>Nixon: Ruin and Recovery 1973–1990</i></a></span>. Vol. III. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69188-2"><bdi>978-0-671-69188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%3A+Ruin+and+Recovery+1973%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-69188-2&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixon00ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew1995" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forpresidentseye00andr"><i>For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092178-1"><bdi>978-0-06-092178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+President%27s+Eyes+Only%3A+Secret+Intelligence+and+the+American+Presidency+from+Washington+to+Bush&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092178-1&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforpresidentseye00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, William M. (2017). <i>Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT</i>. Charleston: Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46712-743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46712-743-1"><bdi>978-1-46712-743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Air+Group+25+and+SCAT&rft.place=Charleston&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-46712-743-1&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Black, Conrad</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586485191"><i>Richard M. Nixon: A Life in Full</i></a></span>. New York: PublicAffairs Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-519-1"><bdi>978-1-58648-519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+M.+Nixon%3A+A+Life+in+Full&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-519-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781586485191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlythe" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Blythe" title="Will Blythe">Blythe, Will</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tohatelikethisis00blyt"><i>To Hate Like This is to be Happy Forever</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074023-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-074023-8"><bdi>978-0-06-074023-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Hate+Like+This+is+to+be+Happy+Forever&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-06-074023-8&rft.aulast=Blythe&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftohatelikethisis00blyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoger" class="citation book cs1">Boger, John Charles (2005). <i>School Resegregation: Must the South Turn Back?</i>. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5613-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5613-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-5613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+Resegregation%3A+Must+the+South+Turn+Back%3F&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5613-0&rft.aulast=Boger&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Dallek, Robert</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonkissingerpa00dall"><i>Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-072230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-072230-2"><bdi>978-0-06-072230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon+and+Kissinger%3A+Partners+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-072230-2&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonkissingerpa00dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Drew" title="Elizabeth Drew">Drew, Elizabeth</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardmnixon00drew"><i>Richard M. Nixon</i></a>. The American Presidents Series. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6963-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-6963-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+M.+Nixon&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+American+Presidents+Series&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6963-1&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardmnixon00drew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans_&_Novak" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Evans" title="Rowland Evans">Evans, Rowland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak, Robert</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixoninwhitehous00evan"><i>Nixon in the White House: The Frustration of Power</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46273-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46273-8"><bdi>978-0-394-46273-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon+in+the+White+House%3A+The+Frustration+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46273-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Rowland&rft.au=Novak%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixoninwhitehous00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ezell" title="Edward Ezell">Ezell, Edward Clinton</a>; Ezell, Linda Neuman (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123000956/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm"><i>The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</i></a>. Washington D.C.: NASA History Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm">the original</a> on January 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partnership%3A+A+History+of+the+Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz+Test+Project&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA+History+Office&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Ezell&rft.aufirst=Edward+Clinton&rft.au=Ezell%2C+Linda+Neuman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4209%2Ftoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Farrell" title="John A. Farrell">Farrell, John A.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oupUDwAAQBAJ"><i>Richard Nixon: The Life</i></a> (eBook ed.). Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345804969" title="Special:BookSources/9780345804969"><bdi>9780345804969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon%3A+The+Life&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780345804969&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoupUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris" class="citation book cs1">Ferris, Gary W. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialplac0000ferr"><i>Presidential Places: A Guide to the Historic Sites of the U.S. Presidents</i></a></span>. Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89587-176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89587-176-3"><bdi>978-0-89587-176-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Places%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Historic+Sites+of+the+U.S.+Presidents&rft.place=Winston-Salem%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=John+F.+Blair&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89587-176-3&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialplac0000ferr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2006). <i>Give Me Liberty!: An American History</i>. Vol. 2. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92784-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92784-9"><bdi>978-0-393-92784-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Me+Liberty%21%3A+An+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92784-9&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrick" class="citation book cs1">Frick, Daniel (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinventingricha0000fric"><i>Reinventing Richard Nixon</i></a></span>. Lawrence, Kans.: University of Kansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1599-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1599-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-1599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Richard+Nixon&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kans.&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1599-5&rft.aulast=Frick&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freinventingricha0000fric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04195-4"><bdi>978-0-465-04195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04195-4&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategiesofcon000gadd"><i>Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503097-6"><bdi>978-0-19-503097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategies+of+Containment%3A+A+Critical+Appraisal+of+Postwar+American+National+Security+Policy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503097-6&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrategiesofcon000gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellman" class="citation book cs1">Gellman, Irwin (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contenderrichard00gellrich"><i>The Contender</i></a></span>. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7255-8"><bdi>978-1-4165-7255-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contender&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-7255-8&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontenderrichard00gellrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Greenberg, David. <i>Nixon's Shadow: The History of an Image</i> (2003). Important study of how Nixon was perceived by media and scholars.</li> <li>Hall, Mitchell K. ed. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Nixon-Ford Era</i> (2008) 285pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepplewhite" class="citation book cs1">Hepplewhite, T.A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/sp4221.htm"><i>The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle</i></a>. Washington D.C.: NASA History Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Space+Shuttle+Decision%3A+NASA%27s+Search+for+a+Reusable+Space+Vehicle&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=NASA+History+Office&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hepplewhite&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4221%2Fsp4221.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHetzel" class="citation book cs1">Hetzel, Robert L. (2008). <i>The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88132-6"><bdi>978-0-521-88132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monetary+Policy+of+the+Federal+Reserve&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88132-6&rft.aulast=Hetzel&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngle" class="citation book cs1">Ingle, H. Larry (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonsfirstcover00ingl"><i>Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President</i></a></span>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-2042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-2042-4"><bdi>978-0-8262-2042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon%27s+First+Cover-up%3A+The+Religious+Life+of+a+Quaker+President&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-2042-4&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=H.+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnixonsfirstcover00ingl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornitzer" class="citation book cs1">Kornitzer, Bela (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1V3AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Real Nixon: An Intimate Biography</i></a>. New York: Rand McNally & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Nixon%3A+An+Intimate+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rand+McNally+%26+Company&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kornitzer&rft.aufirst=Bela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1V3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangguth" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Langguth" title="A. J. Langguth">Langguth, A.J.</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f6q3"><i>Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f6q3/page/524">524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1244-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-1244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Vietnam%3A+The+War+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1244-1&rft.aulast=Langguth&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_f6q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Malsberger, John W. <i>The General and the Politician: Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and American Politics</i> (2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkley" class="citation book cs1">Merkley, Paul Charles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TP4g-RhUJmcC"><i>American Presidents, Religion, and Israel: the Heirs of Cyrus</i></a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98340-6"><bdi>978-0-275-98340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Presidents%2C+Religion%2C+and+Israel%3A+the+Heirs+of+Cyrus&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98340-6&rft.aulast=Merkley&rft.aufirst=Paul+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTP4g-RhUJmcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Morris_(American_writer)" title="Roger Morris (American writer)">Morris, Roger</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw8_HAAACAAJ"><i>Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1834-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1834-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-1834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Milhous+Nixon%3A+The+Rise+of+an+American+Politician&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-1834-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUw8_HAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1978" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Richard (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rnmemoirsofricha00nixo"><i>RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</i></a>. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-448-14374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-448-14374-3"><bdi>978-0-448-14374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-448-14374-3&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frnmemoirsofricha00nixo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon1985" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Richard (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nomorevietnams00nixo"><i>No More Vietnams</i></a>. Westminster, Md.: Arbor House Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87795-668-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87795-668-6"><bdi>978-0-87795-668-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+More+Vietnams&rft.place=Westminster%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Arbor+House+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87795-668-6&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnomorevietnams00nixo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmet" class="citation book cs1">Parmet, Herbert S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonhisa00parm_0"><i>Richard Nixon and His America</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-69232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-69232-8"><bdi>978-0-316-69232-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon+and+His+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-316-69232-8&rft.aulast=Parmet&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardnixonhisa00parm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perlstein" title="Rick Perlstein">Perlstein, Richard</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Nixonland:_The_Rise_of_a_President_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America"><i>Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</i></a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4302-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-4302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland%3A+The+Rise+of+a+President+and+the+Fracturing+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4302-5&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Reeves_(American_writer)" title="Richard Reeves (American writer)">Reeves, Richard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentnixonal00reev"><i>President Nixon: Alone in the White House</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80231-2"><bdi>978-0-684-80231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Nixon%3A+Alone+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80231-2&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentnixonal00reev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a> (2005) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xahIAOPX8JwC"><i>Before The Fall: An Insider View of the Pre-Watergate White House, with a 2005 Preface by the Author</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0466-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-0466-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+The+Fall%3A+An+Insider+View+of+the+Pre-Watergate+White+House%2C+with+a+2005+Preface+by+the+Author&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-0466-0&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxahIAOPX8JwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published: Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1975 (new material 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Small" title="Melvin Small">Small, Melvin</a>, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120083897/a-companion-to-richard-m-nixon"><i>A Companion to Richard M. Nixon</i></a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3017-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-3017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Richard+M.+Nixon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3017-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F120083897%2Fa-companion-to-richard-m-nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span>; Emphasis on historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulzinger" class="citation book cs1">Schulzinger, Robert D. (2003). <i>A Companion to American Foreign Relations</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4986-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4986-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-4986-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+American+Foreign+Relations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4986-0&rft.aulast=Schulzinger&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(sociologist)" title="John Thompson (sociologist)">Thompson, John B.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PAEwuLjQm4gC"><i>Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age</i></a>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2550-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2550-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-2550-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Scandal%3A+Power+and+Visibility+in+the+Media+Age&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-2550-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPAEwuLjQm4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Tyler" title="Patrick Tyler">Tyler, Patrick</a> (2010). <i>A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East—from the Cold War to the War on Terror</i>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Trouble%3A+The+White+House+and+the+Middle+East%E2%80%94from+the+Cold+War+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">White, Theodore H.</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden1972whit"><i>The Making of the President 1972</i></a></span>. New York: Antheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-10553-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-10553-1"><bdi>978-0-689-10553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+President+1972&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Antheneum&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-689-10553-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofpresiden1972whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nixon_Library">Nixon Library</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_Childhood" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194530/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/childhood.php">"Childhood"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/childhood.php">the original</a> on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life&rft.atitle=Childhood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fthelife%2Fchildhood.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_Student_&_Sailor" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194531/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/astudentandsailor.php">"A Student & Sailor"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/astudentandsailor.php">the original</a> on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life&rft.atitle=A+Student+%26+Sailor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fthelife%2Fastudentandsailor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_Nixon_Family" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225422/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/thenixonfamily.php">"The Nixon Family"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/thenixonfamily.php">the original</a> on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life&rft.atitle=The+Nixon+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fthelife%2Fthenixonfamily.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_Congressman" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041941/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thecongressman.php">"The Congressman"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thecongressman.php">the original</a> on June 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life&rft.atitle=The+Congressman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fthelife%2Fapolitician%2Fthecongressman.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_Senator" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216113442/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thesenator.php">"The Senator"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thesenator.php">the original</a> on February 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life&rft.atitle=The+Senator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fthelife%2Fapolitician%2Fthesenator.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_Vice_President" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615014220/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thevicepresident.php">"The Vice President"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thevicepresident.php">the original</a> on June 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life&rft.atitle=The+Vice+President&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibrary.gov%2Fthelife%2Fapolitician%2Fthevicepresident.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon_Library,_President" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120163546/http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/">"The President"</a>. <i>The Life</i>. Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/nixon-domestic/">the original</a> on May 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Richard+M.+Nixon%2C+Domestic+Politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Fnixon-domestic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabia" class="citation web cs1">Sabia, Joseph J. (May 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/5331.html">"Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with <i>Brown</i>"</a>. History News Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Richard+Nixon+Deserves+to+Be+Remembered+Along+with+Brown&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2004-05-31&rft.aulast=Sabia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F5331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI_1960_in_Review" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1960/Kennedy-Wins-1960-Presidential-Election/12295509435928-8/">"Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election"</a>. <i>1960 Year In Review</i>. United Press International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1960+Year+In+Review&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Wins+1960+Presidential+Election&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1960%2FKennedy-Wins-1960-Presidential-Election%2F12295509435928-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI_1968_in_Review" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/1968-Presidential-Election/12303153093431-2/">"1968 Presidential Election"</a>. <i>1968 Year in Review</i>. United Press International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1968+Year+in+Review&rft.atitle=1968+Presidential+Election&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1968%2F1968-Presidential-Election%2F12303153093431-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI_1969_in_Review" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1969/War-Protests/12303189849225-3/">"Nixon Becomes President"</a>. <i>1969 Year in Review</i>. United Press International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1969+Year+in+Review&rft.atitle=Nixon+Becomes+President&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1969%2FWar-Protests%2F12303189849225-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSPS,_Periodicals_postage" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730162257/http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/periodicals-postage-history.pdf">"Postage rates for periodicals: A narrative history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/periodicals-postage-history.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postage+rates+for+periodicals%3A+A+narrative+history&rft.pub=United+States+Postal+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fwho-we-are%2Fpostal-history%2Fperiodicals-postage-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Federal_Register" class="citation book cs1">Office of the Federal Register (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2qRyBmB15EC&pg=PA180">"New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents"</a>. <i>Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon, 1971</i>. National Archives and Records Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-058863-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-058863-1"><bdi>978-0-16-058863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Actions+To+Prevent+Illnesses+And+Accidents&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+of+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+Richard+Nixon%2C+1971&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Service&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-16-058863-1&rft.au=Office+of+the+Federal+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2qRyBmB15EC%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_American_Presidency_Project" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3413">"Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. University of California, Santa Barbara. May 16, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Statement+on+Signing+the+National+Sickle+Cell+Anemia+Control+Act&rft.date=1972-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D3413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Heart,_Lung,_and_Blood_Institute" class="citation web cs1">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131185453/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/scd30/scd30.pdf">"Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Institutes of Health. 02-5214. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/docs/scd30/scd30.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sickle+Cell+Research+for+Treatment+and+Cure&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2002-09&rft.au=National+Heart%2C+Lung%2C+and+Blood+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fresources%2Fdocs%2Fscd30%2Fscd30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWailoo" class="citation book cs1">Wailoo, Keith (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingincityofblu00keit"><i>Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health</i></a></span>. University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingincityofblu00keit/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4896-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-4896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+in+the+City+of+the+Blues%3A+Sickle+Cell+Anemia+and+the+Politics+of+Race+and+Health&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4896-8&rft.aulast=Wailoo&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingincityofblu00keit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHI:_CQ_Almanac_1971" class="citation journal cs1">"Health insurance: hearings on new proposals". <i>Congressional Quarterly Almanac Plus</i>. <b>27</b>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly: 541–544. 1972. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6007">0095-6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1564784">1564784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Quarterly+Almanac+Plus&rft.atitle=Health+insurance%3A+hearings+on+new+proposals&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=541-544&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1564784&rft.issn=0095-6007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHMO:_CQ_Almanac_1973" class="citation journal cs1">"Limited experimental health bill enacted". <i>Congressional Quarterly Almanac Plus</i>. <b>29</b>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly: 499–508. 1974. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6007">0095-6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1564784">1564784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Quarterly+Almanac+Plus&rft.atitle=Limited+experimental+health+bill+enacted&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=499-508&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1564784&rft.issn=0095-6007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHI:_CQ_Almanac_1974" class="citation journal cs1">"National health insurance: no action in 1974". <i>Congressional Quarterly Almanac Plus</i>. <b>30</b>. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly: 386–394. 1975. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6007">0095-6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1564784">1564784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Quarterly+Almanac+Plus&rft.atitle=National+health+insurance%3A+no+action+in+1974&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=386-394&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1564784&rft.issn=0095-6007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson" class="citation web cs1">Samson, William (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/cf7c9c870b600b9585256df80075b9dd/f8723e3606cd79ec85256ff6006f82c3?OpenDocument">"President Nixon's Troublesome Tax Returns"</a>. TaxAnalysts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Nixon%27s+Troublesome+Tax+Returns&rft.pub=TaxAnalysts&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxhistory.org%2Fthp%2Freadings.nsf%2Fcf7c9c870b600b9585256df80075b9dd%2Ff8723e3606cd79ec85256ff6006f82c3%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrier2011" class="citation web cs1">Grier, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0418/Tax-Day-2011-Why-do-presidents-release-tax-returns-Hint-I-am-not-a">"Tax Day 2011: Why do presidents release tax returns?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Tax+Day+2011%3A+Why+do+presidents+release+tax+returns%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FDC-Decoder%2FDecoder-Wire%2F2011%2F0418%2FTax-Day-2011-Why-do-presidents-release-tax-returns-Hint-I-am-not-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation book cs1">Li, Victor (2018). <i>Nixon in New York: How Wall Street Helped Richard Nixon Win the White House</i>. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68393-000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68393-000-6"><bdi>978-1-68393-000-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon+in+New+York%3A+How+Wall+Street+Helped+Richard+Nixon+Win+the+White+House&rft.place=Madison%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-68393-000-6&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFoDBwAAQBAJ"><i>Being Nixon: A Man Divided</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9536-7"><bdi>978-0-8129-9536-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904756092">904756092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Nixon%3A+A+Man+Divided&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904756092&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9536-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFoDBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link 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title="c:Richard Nixon">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Nixon" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Richard Nixon">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Nixon" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Richard Nixon">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Richard_Nixon" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Richard Nixon">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_websites">Official websites</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/richard-m-nixon/">White House biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/">Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nixonfoundation.org/">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/richard-milhous-nixon">Richard Nixon</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9588#P3221" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?richardnixon">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9588#P2190" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151633-1/life-portrait-richard-m-nixon">"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, November 19, 1999</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressN000116" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000116">"Richard Nixon (id: N000116)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Richard+Nixon+%28id%3A+N000116%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DN000116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/nixon">Essays on Richard Nixon, each member of his cabinet and First Lady</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/nixon/index.html">Richard Nixon: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/979746298">"The Presidents: Nixon"</a>, an <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%20Milhous%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nixon%2C%20R%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20Milhous%20Nixon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20Nixon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20Milhous%20Nixon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Milhous%20Nixon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%20Milhous%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nixon%2C%20R%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nixon%2C%20R%2E%20Milhous%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20Nixon%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20Milhous%20Nixon%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20Nixon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20Milhous%20Nixon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20M%2E%20Nixon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%20Milhous%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20Nixon%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nixon%2C%20Richard%22%29%20OR%20%28%221913-1994%22%20AND%20Nixon%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Richard Nixon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10724">Works by Richard Nixon</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Nixon-Richard-M">Richard Nixon Personal Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0633271/">Richard Nixon</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9588#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1668">Works by Richard Nixon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Nixon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Nixon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1969–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">California's 12th congressional district</a> </b><br />1947–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hillings" title="Patrick J. Hillings">Patrick J. Hillings</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Sheridan Downey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">United States Senator (Class 3) from California</a> </b><br />1950–1953 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William Knowland</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_F._Houser" title="Frederick F. Houser">Frederick F. Houser</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 3</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Knowland" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Knowland">William F. Knowland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1953–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1969–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Richard_Nixon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Richard_Nixon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Richard Nixon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eisenhower_cabinet" title="Template:Eisenhower cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eisenhower_cabinet" title="Template talk:Eisenhower cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/100px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/150px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/200px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="3558" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Christian Herter</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">George M. Humphrey</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Robert B. Anderson</a> (1957–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Charles Erwin Wilson</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">Neil H. McElroy</a> (1957–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Thomas S. Gates Jr.</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1957–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Arthur Summerfield</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McKay" title="Douglas McKay">Douglas McKay</a> (1953–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Seaton" title="Fred A. Seaton">Fred A. Seaton</a> (1956–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Taft Benson</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">Sinclair Weeks</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Mueller" title="Frederick H. Mueller">Frederick H. Mueller</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Patrick_Durkin" title="Martin Patrick Durkin">Martin Patrick Durkin</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Mitchell" title="James P. Mitchell">James P. Mitchell</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_B._Folsom" title="Marion B. Folsom">Marion B. Folsom</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Arthur Flemming</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hughes" title="Rowland Hughes">Rowland Hughes</a> (1954–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Brundage" title="Percival Brundage">Percival Brundage</a> (1956–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremiah_Wadsworth" title="James Jeremiah Wadsworth">James Jeremiah Wadsworth</a> (1960–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Security_Agency" title="Mutual Security Agency">Director of the Mutual Security Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Arthur Flemming</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gordon Gray</a> (1957–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration" title="Federal Civil Defense Administration">Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_Peterson" title="Val Peterson">Val Peterson</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Hoegh" title="Leo Hoegh">Leo Hoegh</a> (1957–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_and_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization">Director of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Hoegh" title="Leo Hoegh">Leo Hoegh</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Adams" title="Sherman Adams">Sherman Adams</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Wilton Persons</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Wilton Persons</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Morgan" title="Gerald D. Morgan">Gerald D. Morgan</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Cabinet_Secretary" title="White House Cabinet Secretary">White House Cabinet Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_M._Rabb" title="Maxwell M. Rabb">Maxwell M. Rabb</a> (1954–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keith_Gray" title="Robert Keith Gray">Robert Keith Gray</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template talk:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">United States senators from California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators#Class_1" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Haun" title="Henry P. Haun">Haun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conness" title="John Conness">Conness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Casserly" title="Eugene Casserly">Casserly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Hager" title="John S. Hager">Hager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Williams" title="Abram Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Felton" title="Charles N. Felton">Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._White" title="Stephen M. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Bard" title="Thomas R. Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Flint" title="Frank Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Salinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._Tunney" title="John V. Tunney">Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa" title="S. I. Hayakawa">Hayakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(California_politician)" title="John Seymour (California politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cole" title="Cornelius Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Shortridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Storke" title="Thomas M. Storke">Storke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Kuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="California&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_80th–82nd_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="California&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_80th–82nd_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s delegation(s) to the 80th–82nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/80th_United_States_Congress" title="80th United States Congress">80th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">S. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">W. Knowland</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clarence_F._Lea" title="Clarence F. Lea">C. Lea</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Welch" title="Richard J. Welch">R. Welch</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_W._Gearhart" title="Bertrand W. Gearhart">B. Gearhart</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Elliott" title="Alfred J. Elliott">A. Elliott</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Franck_R._Havenner" title="Franck R. Havenner">F. Havenner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harry_R._Sheppard" title="Harry R. Sheppard">H. Sheppard</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_Z._Anderson" title="Jack Z. Anderson">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Carl_Hinshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carl Hinshaw">J. Hinshaw</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cecil_R._King" title="Cecil R. King">C. King</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Leroy_Johnson" title="J. Leroy Johnson">J. L. Johnson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chester_E._Holifield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester E. Holifield">C. Holifield</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_R._Phillips_(American_politician)" title="John R. Phillips (American politician)">J. Phillips</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">C. Engle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Willis_W._Bradley" title="Willis W. Bradley">W. Bradley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">H. Gahagan Douglas</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gordon_L._McDonough" title="Gordon L. McDonough">G. McDonough</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_P._Miller" title="George P. Miller">G. P. Miller</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Allen_Jr." title="John J. Allen Jr.">J. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ernest_K._Bramblett" title="Ernest K. Bramblett">E. Bramblett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Jackson" title="Donald L. Jackson">D. Jackson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R. Nixon</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Norris_Poulson" title="Norris Poulson">N. Poulson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Fletcher" title="Charles K. Fletcher">C. Fletcher</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey"><i>S. Downey</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">W. Knowland</a> (R)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>R. Nixon</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Welch" title="Richard J. Welch"><i>R. Welch</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Franck_R._Havenner" title="Franck R. Havenner">F. Havenner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harry_R._Sheppard" title="Harry R. Sheppard">H. Sheppard</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_Z._Anderson" title="Jack Z. Anderson">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Carl_Hinshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carl Hinshaw">J. Hinshaw</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cecil_R._King" title="Cecil R. King">C. King</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Leroy_Johnson" title="J. Leroy Johnson">J. L. Johnson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chester_E._Holifield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester E. Holifield">C. Holifield</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_R._Phillips_(American_politician)" title="John R. Phillips (American politician)">J. Phillips</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">C. Engle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">H. Gahagan Douglas</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gordon_L._McDonough" title="Gordon L. McDonough">G. McDonough</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_P._Miller" title="George P. Miller">G. P. Miller</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Allen_Jr." title="John J. Allen Jr.">J. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ernest_K._Bramblett" title="Ernest K. Bramblett">E. Bramblett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Jackson" title="Donald L. Jackson">D. Jackson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>R. Nixon</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Norris_Poulson" title="Norris Poulson">N. Poulson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Doyle" title="Clyde Doyle">C. Doyle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clinton_D._McKinnon" title="Clinton D. McKinnon">C. McKinnon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hubert_B._Scudder" title="Hubert B. Scudder">H. Scudder</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Werdel" title="Thomas H. Werdel">T. Werdel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cecil_F._White" title="Cecil F. White">C. White</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_F._Shelley" title="John F. Shelley"><i>J. Shelley</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress" title="82nd United States Congress">82nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">W. Knowland</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>R. Nixon</i></a> (R)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel"><i>T. Kuchel</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Franck_R._Havenner" title="Franck R. Havenner">F. Havenner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harry_R._Sheppard" title="Harry R. Sheppard">H. Sheppard</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_Z._Anderson" title="Jack Z. Anderson">J. Anderson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Carl_Hinshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carl Hinshaw">J. Hinshaw</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Cecil_R._King" title="Cecil R. King">C. King</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Leroy_Johnson" title="J. Leroy Johnson">J. L. Johnson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Chester_E._Holifield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester E. Holifield">C. Holifield</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_R._Phillips_(American_politician)" title="John R. Phillips (American politician)">J. Phillips</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">C. Engle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Gordon_L._McDonough" title="Gordon L. McDonough">G. McDonough</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_P._Miller" title="George P. Miller">G. P. Miller</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_J._Allen_Jr." title="John J. Allen Jr.">J. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ernest_K._Bramblett" title="Ernest K. Bramblett">E. Bramblett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Jackson" title="Donald L. Jackson">D. Jackson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Norris_Poulson" title="Norris Poulson">N. Poulson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Doyle" title="Clyde Doyle">C. Doyle</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clinton_D._McKinnon" title="Clinton D. McKinnon">C. McKinnon</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Hubert_B._Scudder" title="Hubert B. Scudder">H. Scudder</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Werdel" title="Thomas H. Werdel">T. Werdel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_F._Shelley" title="John F. Shelley">J. Shelley</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hillings" title="Patrick J. Hillings">P. Hillings</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Allan_O._Hunter" title="Allan O. Hunter">A. Hunter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">S. Yorty</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1948)_1952_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1952 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1952 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1952 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1948)_1952_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">← 1948</a>) <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">→ 1956</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Mickelson" title="George T. Mickelson">George T. Mickelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">John Sparkman</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Paul A. Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Kerr" title="Robert S. Kerr">Robert S. Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hamblen" title="Stuart Hamblen">Stuart Hamblen </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick" title="Enoch A. Holtwick">Enoch A. Holtwick</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Hallinan" title="Vincent Hallinan">Vincent Hallinan</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlotta_Bass" title="Charlotta Bass">Charlotta Bass</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_Longstreet_Bodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longstreet Bodin">Edward Longstreet Bodin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Krajewski" title="Henry B. Krajewski">Henry B. Krajewski</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Homer_Aubrey_Tomlinson" title="Homer Aubrey Tomlinson">Homer Aubrey Tomlinson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1952 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1952 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1956 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1952)_1956_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1960)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">← 1952</a>) <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">→ 1960</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">John S. Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Happy Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Davis" title="James C. Davis">James C. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_Timmerman_Jr." title="George Bell Timmerman Jr.">George Bell Timmerman Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_M._Shelton" title="Herbert M. Shelton">Herbert M. Shelton</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Enoch_A._Holtwick" title="Enoch A. Holtwick">Enoch A. Holtwick </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Holdridge" title="Herbert C. Holdridge">Herbert C. Holdridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Friedman" title="Samuel H. Friedman">Samuel H. Friedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T._Coleman_Andrews" title="T. Coleman Andrews">T. Coleman Andrews</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1956 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1956 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1960 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1956)_1960_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1964)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">← 1956</a>) <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">→ 1964</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ross_Barnett" title="Ross Barnett">Ross Barnett</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_DiSalle" title="Michael DiSalle">Michael DiSalle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_H._McLain" title="George H. McLain">George H. McLain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Meyner" title="Robert B. Meyner">Robert B. Meyner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Porter" title="Albert S. Porter">Albert S. Porter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Stuart Symington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_M._Lloyd" title="James M. Lloyd">James M. Lloyd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Symon_Gould" title="Symon Gould">Symon Gould</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F5BCA9;"><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/J._B._Stoner" title="J. B. Stoner">J. B. Stoner</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Decker" title="Rutherford Decker">Rutherford Decker</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labor Party">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Myra_Tanner_Weiss" title="Myra Tanner Weiss">Myra Tanner Weiss</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_B._Curtis" title="Merritt B. Curtis">Merritt B. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar_Daly" class="mw-redirect" title="Lar Daly">Lar Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">George Lincoln Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Sullivan" title="Charles L. Sullivan">Charles L. Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1960 elections: <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1960 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1964)_1968_United_States_presidential_election_(1972_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">← 1964</a>) <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Frank Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Case" title="Clifford P. Case">Clifford P. Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Rockefeller" title="Winthrop Rockefeller">Winthrop Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Romney 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Crommelin" title="John G. Crommelin">John G. Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C._Fisher" title="Paul C. Fisher">Paul C. Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson_from_the_1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Lynch" title="Thomas C. Lynch">Thomas C. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Eugene McCarthy 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_K._Moore" title="Dan K. Moore">Dan K. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_E._Phillips" title="Channing E. Phillips">Channing E. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smathers" title="George Smathers">George Smathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Young" title="Stephen M. Young">Stephen M. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1968">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Charlene Mitchell</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zagarell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Zagarell">Michael Zagarell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fitzgerald_Dowd" title="Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd">Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halstead" title="Fred Halstead">Fred Halstead</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boutelle" title="Paul Boutelle">Paul Boutelle</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1968 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1968 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1968 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">← 1968</a>) <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook" title="John M. Ashbrook">John M. Ashbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></b> <ul><li>replacing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Vance Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hays" title="Wayne Hays">Wayne Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1972">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz </a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Hobson" title="Julius Hobson">Julius Hobson </a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a></b> <ul><li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Green_(ufologist)" title="Gabriel Green (ufologist)">Gabriel Green</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1972 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1972 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template talk:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" title="National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners">National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron "Whizzer" White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Donold_Lourie" title="Donold Lourie">Donold B. Lourie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Juan_T._Trippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan T. Trippe">Juan T. Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Earl H. "Red" Blaik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Frederick L. Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: Chester J. LaRoche</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Thomas J. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Gerald B. Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: Edgar B. Speer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Wilson_Jr." title="Louis H. Wilson Jr.">Louis H. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_dePaul_Draddy" title="Vincent dePaul Draddy">Vincent dePaul Draddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Walter J. Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Sr." title="Justin Whitlock Dart Sr.">Justin W. Dart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Anniversary_Awards_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)">Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)</a> - All Honored <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Davis_(defensive_end)" title="Willie Davis (defensive end)">Willie Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kramer" title="Ron Kramer">Ron Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Swink" title="Jim Swink">Jim Swink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/John_McGillicuddy" title="John McGillicuddy">John F. McGillicuddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: William I. Spencer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)" title="Bill Morton (American football)">William H. Morton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Meyer">Charles R. Meyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton E. Frank">Clinton E. Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Moorer">Thomas H. Moorer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Keough" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Keough">Donald R. Keough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)" title="Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)">Thomas S. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alfond" title="Harold Alfond">Harold Alfond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corrigan" title="Gene Corrigan">Gene Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_H._McConnell" title="John H. McConnell">John H. McConnell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jackson" title="Keith Jackson">Keith Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: Fred M. Kirby II</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Red_McCombs" title="Red McCombs">Billy Joe "Red" McCombs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell (business executive)">William V. Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: Jon F. Hanson</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dawkins" title="Pete Dawkins">Pete Dawkins</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Roger Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Phil Knight</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bowerman" title="Bill Bowerman">Bill Bowerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Tom Catena</a> & George Weiss</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Manning" title="Archie Manning">Archie Manning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>None awarded</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/200px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/19px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/29px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/42px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9588#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9588#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11858832X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018757">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119177538">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119177538">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451392">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nixon, Richard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV035073">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35388842">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701324&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX831641">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/56072">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068458517">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90075985">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000019808&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000081780&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036136">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=111805">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000044636">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199620282">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjldtn5k9xqxn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01440461?l=en">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500475822">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/056203cf-376f-412a-86f7-3ffa80157ef4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/richard-nixon/13444">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000116">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/935245">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11858832X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11858832X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027048632">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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