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romanization schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_romanization_schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main romanization schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_romanization_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Comparison table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pre-Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_romanization_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_romanization_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other romanization schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_romanization_schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other romanization schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_romanization_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Persian_romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Persian_romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Baháʼí Persian romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Persian_romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASCII_Internet_romanizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASCII_Internet_romanizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>ASCII Internet romanizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASCII_Internet_romanizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_alphabet_based_on_Latin_in_USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_alphabet_based_on_Latin_in_USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Persian alphabet based on Latin in USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_alphabet_based_on_Latin_in_USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tajik_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tajik_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tajik Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tajik_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_proposed_by_Mir_Shamsuddin_Adib-Soltani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_proposed_by_Mir_Shamsuddin_Adib-Soltani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Variation proposed by Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_proposed_by_Mir_Shamsuddin_Adib-Soltani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لاتین‌نویسی فارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی فارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_du_persan" title="Romanisation du persan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation du persan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_bahasa_Parsi" title="Perumian bahasa Parsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian bahasa Parsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="ペルシア語のラテン文字表記法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシア語のラテン文字表記法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%DA%BC%D9%87_%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%87" title="په لاتیني بڼه د فارسي ژبې لیکنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په لاتیني بڼه د فارسي ژبې لیکنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Лотинӣ навиштани порсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лотинӣ навиштани порсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96" title="波斯語拉丁化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波斯語拉丁化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Representation of the Persian language with the Latin script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><span style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 170%;"> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> </span> </span></span></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Romanization</b> or <b>Latinization of Persian</b> (Persian: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">لاتین‌نِویسی فارسی</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Lâtin-Nēvisiyē Fârsi</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[lɒːtiːn.neviːˌsije<span class="wrap"> </span>fɒːɾˈsiː]</a></span>) is the representation of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of ideological goals. </p><p>Also in Iran being named = "<i>Finglish" Being a combination of <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.</i> </p><p>Romanization is familiar to many Persian speakers. Many use an <i>ad hoc</i> <a href="#Fingilish">romanization for text messaging and email</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> road signs in Iran commonly include both Persian and English (in order to make them accessible to foreigners);<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and websites use romanized <a href="/wiki/Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">domain names</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanization_of_Persian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Romanization_of_Persian.jpg/220px-Romanization_of_Persian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Romanization_of_Persian.jpg/330px-Romanization_of_Persian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Romanization_of_Persian.jpg/440px-Romanization_of_Persian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>A sign shows the name of a station<br />with both Latin and Perso-Arabic scripts at <a href="/wiki/Varzeshgah-e_Azadi_Metro_Station" title="Varzeshgah-e Azadi Metro Station">Varzeshgah-e Azadi Metro Station</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization_paradigms">Romanization paradigms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Romanization paradigms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> writing system (with a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>-heavy inventory of letters), many distinct words in standard Persian can have identical spellings, with widely varying pronunciations that differ in their (unwritten) <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> sounds. Thus a romanization paradigm can follow either transliteration (which mirrors spelling and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>) or transcription (which mirrors pronunciation and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> (in the strict sense) attempts to be a complete representation of the original writing, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. Transliterations of Persian are used to represent individual Persian words or short quotations, in scholarly texts in English or other languages that do not use the Arabic alphabet. </p><p>A transliteration will still have separate representations for different consonants of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a> that are pronounced identically in Persian. Therefore, transliterations of Persian are often based on <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">transliterations of Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The representation of the vowels of the Perso-Arabic alphabet is also complex, and transliterations are based on the written form. </p><p>Transliterations commonly used in the English-speaking world include <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN romanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC Romanization">ALA-LC Romanization</a>. </p><p>Non-academic English-language quotation of Persian words usually uses a simplification of one of the strict transliteration schemes (typically omitting <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical marks</a>) and/or unsystematic choices of spellings meant to guide English speakers using English spelling rules towards an approximation of the Persian sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcription">Transcription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcriptions</a> of Persian attempt to straightforwardly represent <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, without requiring a close or reversible correspondence with the Perso-Arabic script, and also without requiring a close correspondence to English phonetic values of Roman letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_romanization_schemes">Main romanization schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Main romanization schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>DMG</b> (1969), a strict scientific system by the German Oriental Society (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft</a>). It corresponds to Deutsches Institut für Normung standard <a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eki_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eki-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>ALA-LC</b> (1997), the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALA-LC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA-LC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>BGN/PCGN</b> (1958), the <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN romanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN-PCGN_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-PCGN-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>EI</b> (1960), the system used in early editions of <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eki_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eki-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>EI</b> (2012), its contemporary modification.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>UN</b> (1967), the Iranian national system (1966), that was approved by the <a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>UN</b> (2012), its contemporary modification.<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table">Comparison table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unicode</th> <th>Persian<br />letter</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>DMG (1969)</th> <th>ALA-LC (1997)</th> <th>BGN/PCGN (1958)</th> <th>EI (1960)</th> <th>EI (2012)</th> <th>UN (1967)</th> <th>UN (2012) </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>U+0627</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ا</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ʾ, —<sup id="cite_ref-hamza-ayn_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamza-ayn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="4">ʼ, —<sup id="cite_ref-hamza-ayn_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamza-ayn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td>_____ </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0628</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ب</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span></td> <td colspan="7">b </td> <td>B as in Bob </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+067E</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td colspan="7">p </td> <td>P as in pet </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062A</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ت</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td colspan="7">t </td> <td>T as in tall </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062B</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ث</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> <td>s̱</td> <td>s̱</td> <td>s̄</td> <td>t͟h</td> <td>ṯ</td> <td>s̄</td> <td>s </td> <td>S as in sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062C</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ج</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span></td> <td>ǧ</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>d͟j</td> <td>j</td> <td colspan="2">j </td> <td>J as in jam </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0686</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">چ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span></td> <td>č</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>ch</td> <td>č </td> <td>Ch as in Charlie </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062D</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ح</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḩ/ḥ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḥ</td> <td>ḩ</td> <td>h </td> <td>H as in holiday </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062E</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span></td> <td>ḫ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh</td> <td>k͟h</td> <td>ḵ</td> <td>kh</td> <td>x </td> <td>Spanish J (as in jalapeño) </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+062F</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">د</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span></td> <td colspan="7">d </td> <td>D as in Dave </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0630</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ذ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>z̄</td> <td>d͟h</td> <td>ḏ</td> <td>z̄</td> <td>z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0631</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ر</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span></td> <td colspan="7">r </td> <td>R as in rabbit </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0632</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ز</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td colspan="7">z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0698</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ژ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span></td> <td>ž</td> <td>zh</td> <td>zh</td> <td>z͟h</td> <td>ž</td> <td>zh</td> <td>ž </td> <td>S as in television <p>or G as in genre </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0633</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">س</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> <td colspan="7">s </td> <td>S as in Sam </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0634</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ش</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span></td> <td>š</td> <td>sh</td> <td>sh</td> <td>s͟h</td> <td>š</td> <td>sh</td> <td>š </td> <td>Sh as in sheep </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0635</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ص</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ş/ṣ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>ş</td> <td>s </td> <td>S as in Sam </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0636</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ض</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td>ż</td> <td>z̤</td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>ḍ</td> <td>ż</td> <td>ẕ</td> <td>z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0637</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ط</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ţ/ṭ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>ţ</td> <td>t </td> <td>t as in tank </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0638</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>z̧/ẓ<sup id="cite_ref-dot_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>z̧</td> <td>z </td> <td>Z as in zero </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0639</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ع</span></span></td> <td>ə</td> <td>ʿ</td> <td>ʻ</td> <td>ʼ<sup id="cite_ref-hamza-ayn_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamza-ayn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ʻ</td> <td>ʻ</td> <td>ʿ</td> <td>ʿ </td> <td>- as in uh-oh </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+063A</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">غ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɢ~ɣ</span></td> <td>ġ</td> <td>gh</td> <td>gh</td> <td>g͟h</td> <td>ḡ</td> <td>gh</td> <td>q </td> <td>somewhat resembling French R </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0641</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ف</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span></td> <td colspan="7">f </td> <td>F as in Fred </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0642</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ق</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɢ~ɣ</span></td> <td colspan="3">q</td> <td>ḳ</td> <td>ḳ</td> <td colspan="2">q </td> <td>somewhat resembling French R </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06A9</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ک</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></td> <td colspan="7">k </td> <td>C as in card </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06AF</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">گ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></td> <td colspan="7">g </td> <td>G as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0644</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ل</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></td> <td colspan="7">l </td> <td>L as in lamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0645</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">م</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></td> <td colspan="7">m </td> <td>M as in Michael </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0646</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ن</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></td> <td colspan="7">n </td> <td>N as in name </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0648</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">و</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v~w</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="4">v</td> <td>v, w<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">v </td> <td>V as in vision </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0647</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ه</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-h-final_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-final-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-h-final_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-final-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-h-final_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-final-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>H as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0629</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ة</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">∅,<span class="wrap"> </span>t</span></td> <td>—</td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-yh_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>t<sup id="cite_ref-marbuta_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marbuta-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-yh_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yh-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>—</td> <td>— </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ی</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span><sup id="cite_ref-vowel_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7">y </td> <td>Y as in Yale </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0621</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ء</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0623</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">أ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0624</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ؤ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0626</td> <td style="font-size: 190%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ئ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>∅</span></td> <td>ʾ</td> <td colspan="4">ʼ</td> <td colspan="2">ʾ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-diacritics_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diacritics-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unicode</th> <th>Final</th> <th>Medial</th> <th>Initial</th> <th>Isolated</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>DMG (1969)</th> <th>ALA-LC (1997)</th> <th>BGN/PCGN (1958)</th> <th>EI (2012)</th> <th>UN (1967)</th> <th>UN (2012) </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ</span></td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td> <td>A as in cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064F</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـُ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـُ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>u</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td> <td>O as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0648 U+064F</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـوَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـوَ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span><sup id="cite_ref-wo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>u</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td> <td>O as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0650</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـِ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa">ـِ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td>e</td> <td>i</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e </td> <td>E as in ten </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+0627</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَا</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَا</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0622</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـآ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـآ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آ</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā, ʾā<sup id="cite_ref-aa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ā, ʼā<sup id="cite_ref-aa_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَی</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>á</td> <td>á</td> <td>ā</td> <td>á</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06CC U+0670</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـیٰ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑː~ɒː</span></td> <td>ā</td> <td>á</td> <td>á</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā</td> <td>ā </td> <td>O as in hot </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064F U+0648</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـُو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـُو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اُو</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ū</td> <td>ū</td> <td>ū</td> <td>u, ō<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ū</td> <td>u </td> <td>U as in actual </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+0650 U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـِی</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـِیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اِی</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>eː</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ī</td> <td>ī</td> <td>ī</td> <td>i, ē<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ī</td> <td>i </td> <td>Y as in happy </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+0648</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَو</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَو</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ow~aw</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>au</td> <td>aw</td> <td>ow</td> <td>ow, aw<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ow</td> <td>ow </td> <td>O as in go </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَی</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـَیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَیـ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اَی</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ej~aj</span><sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ai</td> <td>ay</td> <td>ey</td> <td>ey, ay<sup id="cite_ref-Dari_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ey</td> <td>ey </td> <td>Ay as in play </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+064E U+06CC</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـیِ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–e,<span class="wrap"> </span>–je</span></td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–i, –yi</td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–e, –ye</td> <td>–e, –ye </td> <td>Ye as in yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>U+06C0</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ـهٔ</span></span></td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td style="font-size: 160%;">—</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">–je</span></td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ʼi</td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ye</td> <td>–ye </td> <td>Ye as in yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes</b>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vowel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Used as a vowel as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamza-ayn-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamza-ayn_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamza-ayn_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamza-ayn_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamza and ayn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dot-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dot_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dot_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xw-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xw_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the beginning of words the combination <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خو</span></span>⟩</span> was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xw/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷ/</span> in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʷ/</span> has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷa/</span> was changed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xo/</span> (see below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dari-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dari_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Dari.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h-final-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h-final_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h-final_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h-final_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Not transliterated at the end of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yh-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yh_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yh_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the combination <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">یة</span></span>⟩</span> at the end of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marbuta-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marbuta_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When used instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ت</span></span>⟩</span> at the end of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diacritics-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diacritics_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diacritical signs (<i><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">harakat</a></i>) are rarely written.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wo-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wo_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خ</span></span>⟩</span> from the earlier <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷa/</span>. Often transliterated as <i>xwa</i> or <i>xva</i>. For example, <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خور</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xor/</span> "sun" was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xʷar/</span> in Classical Persian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aa_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aa_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">After vowels.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_period">Pre-Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the pre-Islamic period Old and Middle Persian employed various scripts including <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a>, Pahlavi and Avestan scripts. For each period there are established transcriptions and transliterations by prominent linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartholomae_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartholomae-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kent_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKenzie_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Old Persian<sup id="cite_ref-equal_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-equal-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-var_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-var-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Middle Persian<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-equal_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-equal-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a><sup id="cite_ref-equal_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-equal-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:Beige;"> <td colspan="4">Consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td colspan="3">p </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td colspan="3">f </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td colspan="3">b </td></tr> <tr> <td>β~ʋ~w</td> <td>—</td> <td>β</td> <td>β/w </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td colspan="2">t</td> <td>t, t̰ </td></tr> <tr> <td>θ</td> <td colspan="3">θ/ϑ </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td colspan="3">d </td></tr> <tr> <td>ð</td> <td>—</td> <td>(δ)</td> <td>δ </td></tr> <tr> <td>θr</td> <td>ç/ϑʳ</td> <td colspan="2">θʳ/ϑʳ </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td colspan="3">s </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td colspan="3">z </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʃ</td> <td colspan="2">š</td> <td>š, š́, ṣ̌ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʒ</td> <td colspan="3">ž </td></tr> <tr> <td>c~tʃ</td> <td colspan="3">c/č </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɟ~dʒ</td> <td colspan="3">j/ǰ </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td colspan="3">k </td></tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td colspan="2">x</td> <td>x, x́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>xʷ</td> <td colspan="3">xʷ/xᵛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td colspan="2">g</td> <td>g, ġ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɣ</td> <td colspan="3">ɣ/γ </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td colspan="3">h </td></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td colspan="2">m</td> <td>m, m̨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋ</td> <td colspan="2">—</td> <td>ŋ, ŋʷ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋʲ</td> <td colspan="2">—</td> <td>ŋ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td colspan="2">n</td> <td>n, ń, ṇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td colspan="3">r </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td colspan="3">l </td></tr> <tr> <td>w~ʋ~v</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td colspan="2">y</td> <td>y, ẏ </td></tr> <tr style="background:Beige;"> <td colspan="4">Vowels </td></tr> <tr style="background:Ivory;"> <td colspan="4">Short </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td colspan="3">a </td></tr> <tr> <td>ã</td> <td colspan="2">—</td> <td>ą, ą̇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ə</td> <td colspan="2">—</td> <td>ə </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td>—</td> <td>(e)</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td colspan="3">i </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>—</td> <td>(o)</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td colspan="3">u </td></tr> <tr style="background:Ivory;"> <td colspan="4">Long </td></tr> <tr> <td>aː</td> <td colspan="3">ā </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɑː~ɒː</td> <td colspan="2">—</td> <td>å/ā̊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ə</td> <td colspan="2">—</td> <td>ə̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>əː</td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2">ē </td></tr> <tr> <td>iː</td> <td colspan="3">ī </td></tr> <tr> <td>oː</td> <td>—</td> <td colspan="2">ō </td></tr> <tr> <td>uː</td> <td colspan="3">ū </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes</b>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-equal-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-equal_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-equal_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-equal_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Slash signifies equal variants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-var-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-var_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There exist some differences in transcription of Old Persian preferred by different scholars: <ul><li><b>ā</b> = â</li> <li><b>ī, ū</b> = i, u</li> <li><b>x</b> = kh, ḵ, ḥ, ḫ</li> <li><b>c/č</b> = ǩ</li> <li><b>j/ǰ</b> = ǧ</li> <li><b>θ</b> = ϑ, þ, th, ṯ, ṭ</li> <li><b>ç</b> = tr, θʳ, ϑʳ, ṙ, s͜s, s̀</li> <li><b>f</b> = p̱</li> <li><b>y, v</b> = j, w.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <p>A sample romanization (a poem by Hafez): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian Rūmi </th> <th>Perso-Arabic script </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yusefê <p>gomgaşte báz áyad be Kanân qam maħor kolbeye ahzán şavad ruzi golestán qam maħor </p> </td> <td> <p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">یوسف گم گشته باز آید به کنعان غم مخور کلبه‌ی احزان شود روزی گلستان غم مخور</span> </p> </td> <td> <p>The lost Joseph will get back to Canaan, don't be sad </p><p>The hut of madness will become a garden one day, don't be sad </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_romanization_schemes">Other romanization schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other romanization schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Persian_romanization"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Persian_romanization"></span>Baháʼí Persian romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Persian romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_orthography" title="Baháʼí orthography">Baháʼí orthography</a></div> <p>Baháʼís use a system standardized by <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, which he initiated in a general letter on March 12, 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼí transliteration scheme was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in September 1894. Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> in certain cases (e.g. <i>s͟h</i> instead of <i>š</i>), and in incorporating the <a href="/wiki/Solar_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar letters">solar letters</a> when writing the definite article <i>al-</i> (Arabic: ال) according to pronunciation (e.g. <i>ar-Rahim</i>, <i>as-Saddiq</i>, instead of <i>al-Rahim</i>, <i>al-Saddiq</i>). </p><p>A detailed introduction to the Baháʼí Persian romanization can usually be found at the back of a Baháʼí scripture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII_Internet_romanizations"><span class="anchor" id="Fingilish"></span>ASCII Internet romanizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ASCII Internet romanizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> </th> <th>Fingilish </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="آ">آ</a>،<a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>a, â </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>ch, č </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>kh, x </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>zh, ž </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>sh, š </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a>،<a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>a, ə </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>gh, q </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>gh, q </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81f" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāf">ک</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>o, u, v, w </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%; line-height:115%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a></span>‎</span> </td> <td>i, y </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is common to write Persian language with only the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>) especially in <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a>. It has developed and spread due to a former lack of software supporting the Persian alphabet, and/or due to a lack of knowledge about the software that was available. Although Persian writing is supported in recent <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, there are still many cases where the Persian alphabet is unavailable and there is a need for an alternative way to write Persian with the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">basic Latin alphabet</a>. This way of writing is sometimes called <b>Fingilish</b> or <b>Pingilish</b> (a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>Farsi</i> or <i>Persian</i> and <i>English</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases this is an <i>ad hoc</i> simplification of the scientific systems listed above (such as ALA-LC or BGN/PCGN), but ignoring any special letters or diacritical signs. ع may be written using the numeral "3", as in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a> (though this is rarely done). The details of the spelling also depend on the contact language of the speaker; for example, the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> is often spelt "oo" after English, but Persian speakers from Germany and some other European countries are more likely to use "u". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_alphabet_based_on_Latin_in_USSR">Persian alphabet based on Latin in USSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persian alphabet based on Latin in USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the USSR from 1931 to 1938, the Persian alphabet based on Latin <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">was used</a>. It was used for teaching in schools, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bejraqe_Sorx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejraqe Sorx">Bejraqe Sorx</a></i> (Red Banner) newspaper was published in <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, as well as textbooks and other literature.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="standard" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em;">A a<br />آ </td> <td style="width:3em;">B в<br />ب </td> <td style="width:3em;">C c<br />چ </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ç ç<br />ج </td> <td style="width:3em;">D d<br />د </td> <td style="width:3em;">E e<br />اِ </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ә ә<br />اَ </td> <td style="width:3em;">F f<br />ف </td> <td style="width:3em;">G g<br />گ </td> <td style="width:3em;">H h<br />ﻫ ,ح </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em;">I i<br />اِى </td> <td style="width:3em;">J j<br />ى </td> <td style="width:3em;">K k<br />ک </td> <td style="width:3em;">L ʟ<br />ل </td> <td style="width:3em;">M m<br />م </td> <td style="width:3em;">N n<br />ن </td> <td style="width:3em;">O o<br />اُ </td> <td style="width:3em;">P p<br />پ </td> <td style="width:3em;">Q q<br />ق ,غ </td> <td style="width:3em;">R r<br />ر </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em;">S s<br />ث ,س ,ص </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ş ş<br />ش </td> <td style="width:3em;">T t<br />ت ,ط </td> <td style="width:3em;">U u<br />او </td> <td style="width:3em;">V v<br />و </td> <td style="width:3em;">X x<br />خ </td> <td style="width:3em;">Z z<br />ز ,ذ ظ ,ض </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ƶ ƶ<br />ژ </td> <td style="width:3em;">'<br />ع , ٴ </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tajik_Latin_alphabet">Tajik Latin alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tajik Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a> or Tajik Persian is a variety of the Persian language. It was written in the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik SSR">Tajik SSR</a> in a standardized Latin script from 1926 until the late 1930s, when the script was officially <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">changed to Cyrillic</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology#Historical_shifts" title="Persian phonology">Tajik phonology differs slightly</a> from that of Persian in Iran. As a result of these two factors romanization schemes of the Tajik Cyrillic script follow rather different principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Tajik_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tajik-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though it is largely unused, <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> implements the alphabet as the Latin transliteration for Tajik. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:large; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty letters of the Tajik Latin alphabet, capital and lowercase" align="center"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;"><b>The Tajik alphabet in Latin (1928-1940)</b><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>A a</td> <td>B ʙ</td> <td>C c</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>D d</td> <td>E e</td> <td>F f</td> <td>G g</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƣ">Ƣ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C6%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƣ">ƣ</a></td> <td>H h</td> <td>I i</td> <td>Ī ī </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈi/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>J j</td> <td>K k</td> <td>L l</td> <td>M m</td> <td>N n</td> <td>O o</td> <td>P p</td> <td>Q q</td> <td>R r</td> <td>S s</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>T t </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U u</td> <td>Ū ū</td> <td>V v</td> <td>X x</td> <td>Z z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƶ">Ƶ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C6%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƶ">ƶ</a></td> <td>ʼ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɵ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_proposed_by_Mir_Shamsuddin_Adib-Soltani">Variation proposed by Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Variation proposed by Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variation (that is sometimes called "Pârstin") proposed by linguist <a href="/wiki/Mir_Shamsuddin_Adib-Soltani" title="Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani">Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani</a> in 1976<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has seen some use by other linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Neil_MacKenzie" title="David Neil MacKenzie">David Neil MacKenzie</a> for the transliteration of the Perso-Arabic scripture. </p><p>The letters of this variation of the Latin alphabet are the basic Latin letters: <i><b>Aa</b></i>, <i><b>Bb</b></i>, <i><b>Cc</b></i>, <i><b>Dd</b></i>, <i><b>Ee</b></i>, <i><b>Ff</b></i>, <i><b>Gg</b></i>, <i><b>Hh</b></i>, <i><b>Ii</b></i>, <i><b>Jj</b></i>, <i><b>Kk</b></i>, <i><b>Ll</b></i>, <i><b>Mm</b></i>, <i><b>Nn</b></i>, <i><b>Oo</b></i>, <i><b>Pp</b></i>, <i><b>Qq</b></i>, <i><b>Rr</b></i>, <i><b>Ss</b></i>, <i><b>Tt</b></i>, <i><b>Uu</b></i>, <i><b>Vv</b></i>, <i><b>Xx</b></i>, <i><b>Yy</b></i>, <i><b>Zz</b></i>, plus the additional letters to support the native sounds: <i><b>Ââ</b></i>, <i><b>Čč</b></i>, <i><b>Šš</b></i>, <i><b>Žž</b></i> (the latter three from Slavic alphabets, like the <a href="/wiki/Czech_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech alphabet">Czech</a> one). </p><p>Besides being one of the simplest variations proposed for the Latinization of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> alphabet, this variation is based on the <a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_principle" title="Alphabetic principle">Alphabetic principle</a>. Based on this principle, each individual speech sound is represented by a single letter and there is a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and the letters that represent them. This principle, besides increasing the clarity of the text and preventing confusion for the reader, is specifically useful for representing the native sounds of the Persian language, for which there are no equivalents in most other languages written in a Latin-based alphabet. For instance, compound letters used in the other variations, such as <i>kh</i> and <i>gh</i>, in addition to <i>sh</i> and <i>zh</i> are respectively represented by <i>x</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>š</i> and <i>ž</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" 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section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Novel+Applied+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+linguistic+analysis+of+Romanized+Persian+SMS+messages&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Akbari&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4370554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2009" class="citation web cs1">Beam, Christopher (2009-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/06/why-do-iranian-police-uniforms-say-police-in-english.html">"Why do Iranian police uniforms say "police" in English?"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tajikpersianrefe00perr_330"><i>A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar</i></a></span>. Brill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tajikpersianrefe00perr_330/page/n49">34</a>–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004143234" title="Special:BookSources/9789004143234"><bdi>9789004143234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tajik+Persian+Reference+Grammar&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004143234&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftajikpersianrefe00perr_330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdib-Soltani1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mir_Shamsuddin_Adib-Soltani" title="Mir Shamsuddin Adib-Soltani">Adib-Soltani, Mir Shamsuddin</a> (1976). <i>An introduction to the writing of the Persian script</i>. Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+writing+of+the+Persian+script&rft.place=Tehran%2C+Iran&rft.pub=Amirkabir+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Adib-Soltani&rft.aufirst=Mir+Shamsuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Persian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Persian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Persian.pdf">Comparison of DMG, UN, ALA-LC, BGN/PCGN, EI, ISO 233-3 transliterations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/">Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.ncc.org.ir/">Iranian Committee on the Standardization of Geographical Names (ICSGN)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071215/http://geonames.ncc.org.ir/">Archived</a> 2010-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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