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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_for_encoding_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_for_encoding_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Timeline for encoding standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline_for_encoding_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline for encoding standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline_for_encoding_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_for_widely_used_computer_codes_supporting_the_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_for_widely_used_computer_codes_supporting_the_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Timeline for widely used computer codes supporting the alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_for_widely_used_computer_codes_supporting_the_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ISO basic Latin alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية أيزو اللاتينية الأساسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية أيزو اللاتينية الأساسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আইএসও মৌলিক লাতিন বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইএসও মৌলিক লাতিন বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazala_latina_alfabeto" title="Bazala latina alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bazala latina alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Latin_dasar_ISO" title="Alfabet Latin dasar ISO – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Latin dasar ISO" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto_latin_basic" title="Alphabeto latin basic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto latin basic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ISO基本ラテンアルファベット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ISO基本ラテンアルファベット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_latino_b%C3%A1sico_ISO" title="Alfabeto latino básico ISO – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto latino básico ISO" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ISO basic Latin alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="آیزو بنیادی لاطینی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آیزو بنیادی لاطینی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Latinh_c%C6%A1_b%E1%BA%A3n_c%E1%BB%A7a_ISO" title="Bảng chữ cái Latinh cơ bản của ISO – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Latinh cơ bản của ISO" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">26 letters in two cases broadly used in international communication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>ISO basic Latin alphabet</b> is an international standard (beginning with ISO/IEC 646) for a <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a> that consists of two sets (<a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">uppercase</a> and lowercase) of 26 letters, codified in<sup id="cite_ref-terena_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> various national and <a href="/wiki/International_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="International standards">international standards</a> and used widely in <a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">international communication</a>. They are the same letters that comprise the current <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. Since medieval times, they are also the same letters of the modern <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. The order is also important for sorting words into <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. </p><p>The two sets contain the following 26 letters each:<sup id="cite_ref-terena_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center; table-layout:fixed"> <caption>ISO basic Latin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Uppercase letter set </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lowercase letter set </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1960s it became apparent to the <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> industries in the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) encapsulated the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> in their (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>) 7-bit character-encoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based on the already published <i>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</i>, better known as <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which included in the <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a> the 26 × 2 letters of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a> (8-bit character encoding) and <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin characters in Unicode">Unicode Latin</a>), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin script with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-terena_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terena-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Unicode block</a> that contains the alphabet is called "<a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">C0 Controls and Basic Latin</a>". Two subheadings exist:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Uppercase Latin alphabet": the letters start at U+0041 and contain the string LATIN CAPITAL LETTER in their descriptions</li> <li>"Lowercase Latin alphabet": the letters start at U+0061 and contain the string LATIN SMALL LETTER in their descriptions</li></ul> <p>There are also another two sets in the <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms</a> block:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Uppercase: the letters start at U+FF21 and contain the string FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER in their descriptions</li> <li>Lowercase: the letters start at U+FF41 and contain the string FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER in their descriptions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_for_encoding_standards">Timeline for encoding standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline for encoding standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1865 International Morse Code was standardized at the International Telegraphy Congress in Paris, and was later made the standard by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)</li> <li>1950s <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephony_Spelling_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet">Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet</a> by ICAO<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_for_widely_used_computer_codes_supporting_the_alphabet">Timeline for widely used computer codes supporting the alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline for widely used computer codes supporting the alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1963: <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> (7-bit character-encoding standard from the <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> in 1969)</li> <li>1963/1964: <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> (developed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and supporting the same alphabetic characters as ASCII, but with different code values)</li> <li>1965-04-30: Ratified by <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a> as <b>ECMA-6</b><sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-6_1985_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-6_1985-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-ECMA-6_1985_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECMA-6_1985-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/ISO_646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 646">ISO 646</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> 7-bit character-encoding standard, using the same alphabetic code values as ASCII, revised in second edition ISO 646:1983 and third edition ISO/IEC 646:1991 as a joint <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC">ISO/IEC</a> standard)</li> <li>1983: ITU-T Rec. T.51 | <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6937" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 6937">ISO/IEC 6937</a> (a multi-byte extension of ASCII)</li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO/IEC 8859-1</a>:1987 (8-bit character encoding) <ul><li>Subsequently, other versions and parts of ISO/IEC 8859 have been published.</li></ul></li> <li>Mid-to-late 1980s: <a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">Windows-1250</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a>, and other encodings used in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> (some roughly similar to ISO/IEC 8859-1)</li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> 1.0 (developed by the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unicode1.0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode1.0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contained in the block "<a href="/wiki/C0_Controls_and_Basic_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="C0 Controls and Basic Latin">C0 Controls and Basic Latin</a>" using the same alphabetic code values as ASCII and ISO/IEC 646 <ul><li>Subsequently, other versions of Unicode have been published and it later became a joint <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC">ISO/IEC</a> standard as well, as identified below.</li></ul></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646-1">ISO/IEC 10646-1</a>:1993, ISO/IEC standard for characters in Unicode 1.1 <ul><li>Subsequently, other versions of ISO/IEC 10646-1 and one of ISO/IEC 10646-2 have been published. Since 2003, the standards have been published under the name "ISO/IEC 10646" without the separation into two parts.</li></ul></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Windows_Glyph_List_4" title="Windows Glyph List 4">Windows Glyph List 4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen-segment_display_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Sixteen-segment_display_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="43" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>The uppercase letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet on a <a href="/wiki/16-segment_display" class="mw-redirect" title="16-segment display">16-segment display</a> (plus the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>In ASCII the letters belong to the <a href="/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters" title="ASCII">printable characters</a> and in Unicode since version 1.0 they belong to the block "<a href="/wiki/C0_Controls_and_Basic_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="C0 Controls and Basic Latin">C0 Controls and Basic Latin</a>". In both cases, as well as in <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> they are occupying the positions in hexadecimal notation 41 to 5A for uppercase and 61 to 7A for lowercase. </p><p>Not case sensitive, all letters have code words in the <a href="/wiki/ICAO_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO spelling alphabet">ICAO spelling alphabet</a> and can be represented with <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the lowercase letters are used in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). In <a href="/wiki/Extended_Speech_Assessment_Methods_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet">X-SAMPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a> these letters have the same sound value as in IPA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabets_containing_the_same_set_of_letters">Alphabets containing the same set of letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alphabets containing the same set of letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">List of Latin-script alphabets</a></div> <p>The list below only includes alphabets that include all the 26 letters but exclude: </p> <ul><li>letters whose <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical marks">diacritical marks</a> make them distinct letters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigraph_(orthography)" title="Multigraph (orthography)">multigraphs</a> that constitute distinct letters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligatures</a> that are distinct letters.</li></ul> <p>Notable omissions due to these rules include <a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperanto alphabet">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abakada_alphabet" title="Abakada alphabet">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a>. The German alphabet is sometimes considered by tradition to contain only 26 letters (with <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> considered variants and <span class="nowrap">⟨ß⟩</span> considered a ligature of <span class="nowrap">⟨ſ⟩</span> (<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>) and <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>), but the current German orthographic rules include <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ß⟩</span> in the alphabet placed after <span class="nowrap">⟨Z⟩</span>. In Spanish orthography, the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> are distinct; the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> is not considered a diacritic in this case. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:200px;">Alphabet </th> <th>Diacritic </th> <th>Multigraphs (not constituting distinct letters) </th> <th>Ligatures </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">ê</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">ô</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">û</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9D" title="Ý">ý</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraphs</a>: ⟨<a href="/wiki/Aa_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aa (digraph)">aa</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ai_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai (digraph)">ai</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ee_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ee (digraph)">ee</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ei_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ei (digraph)">ei</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Eu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eu (digraph)">eu</a>⟩, ⟨gh⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ie_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ie (digraph)">ie</a>⟩, ⟨nj⟩, ⟨ng⟩ ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">oe</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oi_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oi (digraph)">oi</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oo_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oo (digraph)">oo</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ou_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ou (digraph)">ou</a>⟩, ⟨sj⟩, ⟨tj⟩, ⟨ts⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ui_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ui (digraph)">ui</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Uu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uu (digraph)">uu</a>⟩ <p><a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">Trigraphs</a>: ⟨aai⟩, ⟨eeu⟩, ⟨oei⟩, ⟨ooi⟩ </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCN" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼN">ŉ</a> (N‑apostrophe) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese alphabet</a> (Academia de l'Aragonés orthography) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">lꞏl</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gu (digraph)">gu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ll_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ll (digraph)">ll</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">rr</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tz (digraph)">tz</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Catalan alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">ò</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">lꞏl</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Gu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gu (digraph)">gu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ig_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ig (digraph)">ig</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ix_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ix (digraph)">ix</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ll_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ll (digraph)">ll</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">rr</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ss_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ss (digraph)">ss</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ⟨<a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a>⟩ is sometimes considered to be a separate letter. When that is the case, it usually replaces or is intermixed with ⟨y⟩. Other digraphs: ⟨<a href="/wiki/Aa_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aa (digraph)">aa</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ae_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ae (digraph)">ae</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ai_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai (digraph)">ai</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Au_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Au (digraph)">au</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ee_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ee (digraph)">ee</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ei_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ei (digraph)">ei</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Eu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eu (digraph)">eu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ie_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ie (digraph)">ie</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">oe</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oi_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oi (digraph)">oi</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oo_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oo (digraph)">oo</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ou_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ou (digraph)">ou</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ui_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ui (digraph)">ui</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Uu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uu (digraph)">uu</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">only in loanwords (see below)<sup><small>1</small></sup> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ea_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (digraph)">ea</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ou_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ou (digraph)">ou</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a> (both archaic) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">â</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">ê</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">ô</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ù">ù</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">û</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%B8" title="Ÿ">ÿ</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Ai_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai (digraph)">ai</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Au_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Au (digraph)">au</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ei_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ei (digraph)">ei</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Eu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eu (digraph)">eu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oi_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oi (digraph)">oi</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ou_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ou (digraph)">ou</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gn (digraph)">gn</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/An_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="An (digraph)">an</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Am_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Am (digraph)">am</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/En_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="En (digraph)">en</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Em_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Em (digraph)">em</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/In_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="In (digraph)">in</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Im_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Im (digraph)">im</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/On_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="On (digraph)">on</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Om_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Om (digraph)">om</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Un_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Un (digraph)">un</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Um_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Um (digraph)">um</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Yn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yn (digraph)">yn</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ym_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ym (digraph)">ym</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ain_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain (trigraph)">ain</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Aim_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aim (trigraph)">aim</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ein_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein (trigraph)">ein</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oin_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oin (trigraph)">oin</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AE_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aî (digraph)">aî</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/E%C3%AE_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eî (digraph)">eî</a>⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a> (rare), <a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(mandatory) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong Latin alphabet</a> </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Bh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bh (digraph)">bh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bl_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bl (digraph) (page does not exist)">bl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dh (digraph)">dh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dl (digraph)">dl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hl (digraph)">hl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hm_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hm (digraph)">hm</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hn (digraph)">hn</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Jh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jh (digraph)">jh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ml_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ml (digraph)">ml</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nc (digraph)">nc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nq_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nq (digraph)">nq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nr (digraph)">nr</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nt_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nt (digraph)">nt</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nx (digraph)">nx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Pl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pl (digraph)">pl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qh (digraph)">qh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">ts</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tx (digraph)">tx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Xy_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xy (digraph)">xy</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhl_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhl (trigraph) (page does not exist)">bhl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhl_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhl (trigraph) (page does not exist)">dhl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hml_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hml (trigraph)">hml</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hny_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hny (trigraph)">hny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nch_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nch (trigraph)">nch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ndl_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndl (trigraph)">ndl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngh (trigraph)">ngh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nrh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrh (trigraph)">nrh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nth_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nth (trigraph)">nth</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nxh_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nxh (trigraph) (page does not exist)">nxh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phl_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phl (trigraph) (page does not exist)">phl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tsh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsh (trigraph)">tsh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Txh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Txh (trigraph)">txh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndhl_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndhl (trigraph) (page does not exist)">ndhl</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian alphabet</a> (extended)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8C" title="Ì">ì</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a> (formal), <a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">ò</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ù">ù</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ci_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ci (digraph)">ci</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gi_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gi (digraph)">gi</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gl (digraph)">gl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gli_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gli (trigraph)">gli</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gn (digraph)">gn</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sc (digraph)">sc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sci_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci (trigraph)">sci</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ido_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido alphabet">Ido alphabet</a>* </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian alphabet">Indonesian alphabet</a> </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">only in learning materials (see below)<sup><small>4</small></sup> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sy_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sy (digraph)">sy</a>⟩, <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a>: ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ai_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai (digraph)">ai</a>⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨ei⟩, ⟨oi⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlingua alphabet">Interlingua alphabet</a>* </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">only in unassimilated loanwords (see below)<sup><small>2</small></sup> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese Latin alphabet">Javanese Latin alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Dh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dh (digraph)">dh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sy_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sy (digraph)">sy</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a> alphabet* </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione#Stress" title="Latino sine flexione">only an optional accent for unusual stress</a> (see below)<sup><small>3</small></sup> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Ae_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ae (digraph)">ae</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oe_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe (digraph)">oe</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩ <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish alphabet">Luxembourgish alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Aa_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aa (digraph)">aa</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ck_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ck (digraph)">ck</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ee_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ee (digraph)">ee</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ei_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ei (digraph)">ei</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ie_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ie (digraph)">ie</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ii_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ii (digraph)">ii</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Oo_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oo (digraph)">oo</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ou_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ou (digraph)">ou</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ue_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ue (digraph)">ue</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Uu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uu (digraph)">uu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sch_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sch (trigraph)">sch</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet</a> </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">only in learning materials (see below)<sup><small>4</small></sup> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sy_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sy (digraph)">sy</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">ã</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%95" title="Õ">õ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">â</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">ê</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">ô</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Lh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lh (digraph)">lh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">nh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">rr</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ss_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ss (digraph)">ss</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Am_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Am (digraph)">am</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Em_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Em (digraph)">em</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Im_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Im (digraph)">im</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Om_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Om (digraph)">om</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Um_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Um (digraph)">um</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%83e_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ãe (digraph)">ãe</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%83o_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ão (digraph)">ão</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%95e_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Õe (digraph)">õe</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese Latin alphabet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Eu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eu (digraph)">eu</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa alphabet</a> </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">only in learning materials (see below)<sup><small>5</small></sup> </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Bh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bh (digraph)">bh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dl (digraph)">dl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dy_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dy (digraph)">dy</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">dz</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gc (digraph)">gc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gq_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gq (digraph)">gq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gr (digraph)">gr</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gx (digraph)">gx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hh (digraph)">hh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hl (digraph)">hl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kr (digraph)">kr</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Krh_(trigraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krh (trigraph) (page does not exist)">krh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Lh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lh (digraph)">lh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Mh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mh (digraph)">mh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nc (digraph)">nc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ng%CA%BC_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngʼ (digraph) (page does not exist)">ngʼ</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngc_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngc (trigraph)">ngc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngh (trigraph)">ngh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngq_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngq (trigraph)">ngq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngx_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngx (trigraph)">ngx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">nh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nkc_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkc (trigraph)">nkc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nkq_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkq (trigraph)">nkq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nkx_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkx (trigraph)">nkx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nq_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nq (digraph)">nq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nx (digraph)">nx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyh_(digraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyh (digraph) (page does not exist)">nyh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qh (digraph)">qh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ths_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ths (trigraph)">ths</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thsh_(tetragraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thsh (tetragraph) (page does not exist)">thsh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">ts</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tsh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsh (trigraph)">tsh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ty_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ty (digraph)">ty</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tyh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyh (trigraph)">tyh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Wh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh (digraph)">wh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Xh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xh (digraph)">xh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Yh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yh (digraph)">yh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Zh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zh (digraph)">zh</a>⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu alphabet</a> </td> <td style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast">none </td> <td>⟨<a href="/wiki/Bh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bh (digraph)">bh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dl (digraph)">dl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Dy_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dy (digraph)">dy</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gc (digraph)">gc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gq_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gq (digraph)">gq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Gx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gx (digraph)">gx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hh (digraph)">hh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Hl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hl (digraph)">hl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Kl_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kl (digraph)">kl</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Mb_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mb (digraph)">mb</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nc (digraph)">nc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngc_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngc (trigraph)">ngc</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngq_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngq (trigraph)">ngq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ngx_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngx (trigraph)">ngx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">nj</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nk_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nk (digraph)">nk</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nq_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nq (digraph)">nq</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ntsh_(tetragraph)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ntsh (tetragraph) (page does not exist)">ntsh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Nx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nx (digraph)">nx</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ph_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ph (digraph)">ph</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Qh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qh (digraph)">qh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">ts</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Tsh_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsh (trigraph)">tsh</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/Xh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xh (digraph)">xh</a>⟩ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* Constructed languages </p> <ol><li>English is one of the few modern European languages requiring no diacritics for native words (although a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> is used by some American publishers in words such as "<a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6peration" class="mw-redirect" title="Coöperation">coöperation</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a>, a constructed language, never uses diacritics except in unassimilated loanwords. However, they can be removed if they are not used to modify the vowel (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafe">cafe</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">café</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione" title="Latino sine flexione">Latino sine flexione</a>, a.k.a. "Peano's Interlingua", <a href="/wiki/Latino_sine_flexione#Stress" title="Latino sine flexione">allows but does not require the placement of an accent for unusual stress</a>. (It antedates the other "Interlingua" by roughly four decades.)</li> <li>Malay and Indonesian (based on Malay) use all the Latin alphabet and require no diacritics and ligatures. However, Malay and Indonesian learning materials may use ⟨é⟩ (E with acute) to clarify the pronunciation of the letter E; in that case, ⟨e⟩ is pronounced /ə/ while ⟨é⟩ is pronounced /e/ and (è) is pronounced /ɛ/. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">700+ languages of Indonesia</a> also use the Indonesian alphabet to write their languages, some—such as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a>—adding diacritics é and è, and some omitting q, x, and z.</li> <li>Xhosa is usually written without diacritics, but may optionally use diacritics over <span class="nowrap">⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩</span> for tones: <span class="nowrap">⟨à, á, â, ä⟩</span>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Column_numbering">Column numbering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Column numbering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/ISO basic Latin alphabet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Roman (Latin) alphabet is commonly used for column numbering in a table or chart. This avoids confusion with row numbers using <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>. For example, a 3-by-3 table would contain columns A, B, and C, set against rows 1, 2, and 3. If more columns are needed beyond Z (normally the final letter of the alphabet), the column immediately after Z is AA, followed by AB, and so on<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Bijective_numeration#The_bijective_base-26_system" title="Bijective numeration">bijective base-26 system</a>). This can be seen by scrolling far to the right in a spreadsheet program such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> or <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Calc" title="LibreOffice Calc">LibreOffice Calc</a>. </p><p>The letters are often used for indexing nested bullet points. In this case after the 26th it is more common to use AA, BB, CC, ... instead of base-26 numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a> for the sound correspondence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">List of Latin-script alphabets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Italian alphabet is traditionally considered to have only 21 letters, excluding <i>j</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>. However, in practice these letters occur in a number of loanwords. <i>J</i> also occurs in some native Italian proper names as a variant of writing semivocalic <i>i</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note for Portuguese: <i>k</i> and <i>y</i> (but not <i>w</i>) were part of the alphabet until several spelling reforms during the 20th century, the aim of which was to change the etymological Portuguese spelling into an easier phonetic spelling. These letters were replaced by other letters having the same sound: thus <i>psychologia</i> became <i>psicologia</i>, <i>kioske</i> became <i>quiosque</i>, <i>martyr</i> became <i>mártir</i>, etc. Nowadays <i>k</i>, <i>w</i>, and <i>y</i> are only found in foreign words and their derived terms and in scientific abbreviations (e.g. <i>km</i>, <i>byronismo</i>). These letters are considered part of the alphabet again following the <a href="/wiki/1990_Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement">1990 Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement</a>, which came into effect on January 1, 2009, in Brazil. See <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Portuguese_orthography" title="Reforms of Portuguese orthography">Reforms of Portuguese orthography</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As an example of an article containing a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> in "coöperate", as well as accents on loan words in English, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> in "façades" and a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> in the word "crêpe", see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrafton2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Grafton, Anthony (October 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/23/061023crbo_books?currentPage=all">"Books: The Nutty Professors, The history of academic charisma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Books%3A+The+Nutty+Professors%2C+The+history+of+academic+charisma&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2F2006%2F10%2F23%2F061023crbo_books%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-terena-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terena_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terena_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terena_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terena.org/activities/multiling/euroml/section04.html">"Internationalisation standardization of 7-bit codes, ISO 646"</a>. Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association (TERENA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internationalisation+standardization+of+7-bit+codes%2C+ISO+646&rft.pub=Trans-European+Research+and+Education+Networking+Association+%28TERENA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terena.org%2Factivities%2Fmultiling%2Feuroml%2Fsection04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf">"C0 Controls and Basic Latin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=C0+Controls+and+Basic+Latin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU0000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf">"Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unicode.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=Halfwidth+and+Fullwidth+Forms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFF00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212211147/https://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_10_aeronautical_telecommunications.htm">"The Postal History of ICAO"</a>. <i>www.icao.int</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/annex_10_aeronautical_telecommunications.htm">the original</a> on February 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icao.int&rft.atitle=The+Postal+History+of+ICAO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icao.int%2Fsecretariat%2FPostalHistory%2Fannex_10_aeronautical_telecommunications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECMA-6_1985-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-6_1985_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECMA-6_1985_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529230908/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-6%2C%205th%20Edition%2C%20March%201985.pdf"><i>Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Coded Character Set</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Computer Manufacturers Association">European Computer Manufacturers Association</a> (Ecma). March 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-6,%205th%20Edition,%20March%201985.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Technical Committee TC1 of <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a> met for the first time in December 1960 to prepare standard codes for Input/Output purposes. On April 30, 1965, Standard ECMA-6 was adopted by the General Assembly of ECMA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+ECMA-6%3A+7-Bit+Coded+Character+Set&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=European+Computer+Manufacturers+Association+%28Ecma%29&rft.date=1985-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecma-international.org%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN%2FECMA-6%2C%25205th%2520Edition%2C%2520March%25201985.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/ucd">"Unicode character database"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Unicode+character+database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fucd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode1.0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode1.0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Unicode Standard Version 1.0, Volume 1</i>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-56788-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-56788-1"><bdi>0-201-56788-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+Version+1.0%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-201-56788-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not "letters", per: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ager" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Ager">Ager, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/lsf.htm">"Latino sine Flexione"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Omniglot" title="Omniglot">Omniglot</a></i>. Latino sine Flexione alphabet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Latino+sine+Flexione&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Flsf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216160024/http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis">"The New Yorker's odd mark — the diaeresis"</a>. December 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dscriber.com/news/121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis">the original</a> on December 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Yorker%27s+odd+mark+%E2%80%94+the+diaeresis&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdscriber.com%2Fnews%2F121-the-new-yorkers-odd-mark-the-diaeresis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interlingua.com/ied/intro/">"Introduction al IED (in anglese)"</a>. <i>www.interlingua.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interlingua.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+al+IED+%28in+anglese%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interlingua.com%2Fied%2Fintro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/numbers-for-columns-in-excel">"How To Switch From Letters to Numbers for Columns in Excel"</a>. <i>Indeed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indeed&rft.atitle=How+To+Switch+From+Letters+to+Numbers+for+Columns+in+Excel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indeed.com%2Fcareer-advice%2Fcareer-development%2Fnumbers-for-columns-in-excel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISO+basic+Latin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Character_encodings589" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Character_encodings" title="Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Character_encodings" title="Template talk:Character encodings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Character_encodings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Character_encodings589" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC_6937" title="T.51/ISO/IEC 6937">T.51/ISO/IEC 6937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_T.61" title="ITU T.61">ITU T.61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">ITU T.101</a></li> <li>World System Teletext <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">sets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Approved parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11 (Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Abandoned parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proposed but not approved <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-197" title="ISO-IR-197">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Adaptations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-200" title="ISO-IR-200">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARC-8" title="MARC-8">MARC-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">ISO 5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6862" title="ISO 6862">6862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_66003" title="DIN 66003">DIN 66003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELOT_927" title="ELOT 927">ELOT 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12345" title="GB 12345">GB 12345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">JIS X 0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">JIS X 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-7" title="KOI-7">KOI-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1564" title="LST 1564">LST 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1590-4" title="LST 1590-4">LST 1590-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533" title="Thai Industrial Standard 620-2533">TIS-620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10367" title="ISO/IEC 10367">ISO/IEC 10367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a><br />("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_S%C3%A1mi" title="Mac OS Sámi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100_encoding" title="VT100 encoding">VT100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_737" title="Code page 737">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_858" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 858">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_867" title="Code page 867">867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_868" title="Code page 868">868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_869" title="Code page 869">869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_897" title="Code page 897">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_899" title="Code page 899">899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_903" title="Code page 903">903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_904" title="Code page 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(IBM)" title="Code page 932 (IBM)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(IBM)" title="Code page 936 (IBM)">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_942" title="Code page 942">942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_949_(IBM)" title="Code page 949 (IBM)">949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_951" title="Code page 951">951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1040" title="Code page 1040">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1042" title="Code page 1042">1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1043" title="Code page 1043">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1098" title="Code page 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1115" title="Code page 1115">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1116" title="Code page 1116">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1117" title="Code page 1117">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1118" title="Code page 1118">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1127" title="Code page 1127">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWI-2" title="CWI-2">CWI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIK_(character_set)" title="MIK (character set)">MIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_895" title="Code page 895">895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_896" title="Code page 896">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_912" title="Code page 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_915" title="Code page 915">915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_921" title="Code page 921">921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1006" title="Code page 1006">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1008" title="Code page 1008">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1009" title="Code page 1009">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1010" title="Code page 1010">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1012" title="Code page 1012">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1013" title="Code page 1013">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1014" title="Code page 1014">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1015" title="Code page 1015">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1016" title="Code page 1016">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1017" title="Code page 1017">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1018" title="Code page 1018">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1019" title="Code page 1019">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">1124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1133" title="Code page 1133">1133</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CER-GS" title="CER-GS">CER-GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)">936</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1270" title="Windows-1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_Finnish" title="Windows Cyrillic + Finnish">Cyrillic + Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKOI" title="DKOI">DKOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1052">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1053" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1053">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1054">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1055" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1055">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1058" title="Code page 1058">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitstream_International_Character_Set" title="Bitstream International Character Set">BICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_display_code" title="CDC display code">CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">CP/M+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">DEC MCS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">NRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_character_set" title="RPL character set">HP RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_International_Character_Set" title="Lotus International Character Set">LICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX_character_set" title="MSX character set">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_APC_character_set" title="NEC APC character set">NEC APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_SC-3000_character_set" title="Sega SC-3000 character set">Sega SC-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRS-80_character_set" title="TRS-80 character set">TRS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_International" title="Ventura 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