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<span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fonologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phonologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="صواتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صواتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolox%C3%ADa" title="Fonoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fonoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologiya" title="Fonologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fonologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фонология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фонология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фаналогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фаналогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фаналёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фаналёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponolohiya" title="Ponolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ponolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фонология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fonologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologiezh" title="Fonologiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fonologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Фонологи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фонологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fonologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambainzwi" title="Ruambainzwi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambainzwi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffonoleg" title="Ffonoleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffonoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonoloogia" title="Fonoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fonoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φωνολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωνολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolog%C3%ADa" title="Fonología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologio" title="Fonologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fonologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="واج‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واج‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phonologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonology" title="Fonology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fonology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheeanchoryssaghtys" title="Sheeanchoryssaghtys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheeanchoryssaghtys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolox%C3%ADa" title="Fonoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fonoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%9A%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="음운론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음운론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնչույթաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչույթաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="स्वनिमविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वनिमविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fonologija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fonologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologio" title="Fonologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fonologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia" title="Phonologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phonologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0kerfisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hljóðkerfisfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljóðkerfisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פונולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಧ್ವನಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧ್ವನಿಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფონოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფონოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фонология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolojia" title="Fonolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fonolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonoloji" title="Fonoloji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fonoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologia" title="Phonologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolo%C4%A3ija" title="Fonoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fonoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Phonologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fonologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fonologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/snage%27a" title="snage'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="snage'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomanjatula" title="Essomanjatula – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomanjatula" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funulugia" title="Funulugia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Funulugia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonol%C3%B3gia" title="Fonológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фонологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фонологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolo%C4%A1ija" title="Fonoloġija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fonoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="उच्चारशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उच्चारशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-%C3%B4ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ĭng-ông-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-ông-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဝါစဿရဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါစဿရဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fonologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E8%AB%96" title="音韻論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音韻論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Фонологи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фонологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologiya" title="Fonologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4" title="ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਉਂਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧੁਨੀ ਵਿਉਂਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="صوتیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوتیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DA%96%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="غږپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غږپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologie" title="Fonologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фонология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_gaya_hengak" title="Knklaan gaya hengak – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan gaya hengak" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologie" title="Phonologie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phonologie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologjia" title="Fonologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fonologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonolugg%C3%ACa" title="Fonoluggìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fonoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phonology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="صوتيات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonol%C3%B3gia" title="Fonológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="فۆنۆلۆجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆنۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фонологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologija" title="Fonologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fonologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponolohiya" title="Ponolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ponolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒலியனியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலியனியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="สัทวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัทวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D2%B7%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Воҷшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Воҷшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesbilim" title="Sesbilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sesbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Фонологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="صوتیہ شماری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صوتیہ شماری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fono%C5%82ozia" title="Fonołozia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fonołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_v%E1%BB%8B_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Âm vị học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm vị học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音韻學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="音韻學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponolohiya" title="Ponolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ponolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="音位学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="音位学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veng%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Vengşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vengşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音系學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音系學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_bunyi" title="Èlmu bunyi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu bunyi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">Phenology</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the study of language production and perception, see <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Phonology</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> that studies how languages systematically organize their <a href="/wiki/Phone_(phonetics)" title="Phone (phonetics)">phones</a> or, for <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular <a href="/wiki/Language_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Language variety">language variety</a>. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">linguistic analysis</a> either: </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>at a level beneath the word (including <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>, onset and <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_gestures" title="Articulatory gestures">articulatory gestures</a>, articulatory features, <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>, etc.), or</li><li>all levels of language in which sound or signs are structured to convey <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic meaning">linguistic meaning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a> have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all <a href="/wiki/Human_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Human languages">human languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "phonology" (as in "<a href="/wiki/Phonology_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonology of English">phonology of English</a>") can refer either to the field of study or to the phonological system of a given language.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the fundamental systems that a language is considered to comprise, like its <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">lexicon</a>. The word <i>phonology</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φωνή</span></span>, <i>phōnḗ</i>, 'voice, sound', and the suffix <i><a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logy</a></i> (which is from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λόγος</span></span>, <i>lógos</i>, 'word, speech, subject of discussion'). </p><p>Phonology is typically distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, which concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of the sounds or signs of language.<sup id="cite_ref-Lass1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phonology describes the way they function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive linguistics">descriptive linguistics</a> and phonology to <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistics</a>, but establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence in some theories. The distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> in the mid-20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">speech perception</a>, which result in specific areas like <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonology" title="Articulatory phonology">articulatory phonology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_phonology" title="Laboratory phonology">laboratory phonology</a>. </p><p>Definitions of the field of phonology vary. <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolai Trubetzkoy</a> in <i>Grundzüge der Phonologie</i> (1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language," as opposed to phonetics, which is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech" (the distinction between <i>language</i> and <i>speech</i> being basically <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>'s distinction between <a href="/wiki/Langue_and_parole" title="Langue and parole"><i>langue</i> and <i>parole</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-GdP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GdP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, and in more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items."<sup id="cite_ref-Lass1998_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lass1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Clark <i>et al.</i> (2007), it means the systematic use of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> to encode meaning in any spoken <a href="/wiki/Human_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Human language">human language</a>, or the field of linguistics studying that use.<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkEtal2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkEtal2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early evidence for a systematic study of the sounds in a language appears in the 4th century BCE <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> grammar composed by <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>. In particular, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras" title="Shiva Sutras">Shiva Sutras</a></i>, an auxiliary text to the <i>Ashtadhyayi</i>, introduces what may be considered a list of the phonemes of Sanskrit, with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text, which deals with matters of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jinni" title="Ibn Jinni">Ibn Jinni</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, a pioneer in phonology, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> morphology and phonology in works such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81b_Al-Mun%E1%B9%A3if&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitāb Al-Munṣif (page does not exist)">Kitāb Al-Munṣif</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81b_Al-Mu%E1%B8%A5tasab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab (page does not exist)">Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab</a>,</i> and <i> </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit%C4%81b_Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%CA%BEi%E1%B9%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ (page does not exist)">Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ</a> <i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" class="extiw" title="ar:الخصائص (كتاب)">ar</a>]</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of phonology as it exists today is defined by the formative studies of the 19th-century Polish scholar <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baudouin_de_Courtenay" title="Jan Baudouin de Courtenay">Jan Baudouin de Courtenay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-and2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> who (together with his students <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Kruszewski" title="Mikołaj Kruszewski">Mikołaj Kruszewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Shcherba" title="Lev Shcherba">Lev Shcherba</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_School" title="Kazan School">Kazan School</a>) shaped the modern usage of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a></i> in a series of lectures in 1876–1877. The word <i>phoneme</i> had been coined a few years earlier, in 1873, by the French linguist <a href="/wiki/A._Dufriche-Desgenettes" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Dufriche-Desgenettes">A. Dufriche-Desgenettes</a>. In a paper read at 24 May meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Linguistique_de_Paris" title="Société de Linguistique de Paris">Société de Linguistique de Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dufriche-Desgenettes proposed for <i>phoneme</i> to serve as a one-word equivalent for the German <i>Sprachlaut</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baudouin de Courtenay's subsequent work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now called <a href="/wiki/Allophony" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophony">allophony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a>) and may have had an influence on the work of Saussure, according to <a href="/wiki/E._F._K._Koerner" title="E. F. K. Koerner">E. F. K. Koerner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai_Trubetzkoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy.jpg/170px-Nikolai_Trubetzkoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Nikolai Trubetzkoy, 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the <a href="/wiki/Prague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague school">Prague school</a>. One of its leading members was Prince <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolai Trubetzkoy</a>, whose <i>Grundzüge der Phonologie</i> (<i>Principles of Phonology</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-GdP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GdP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from that period. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a>, but the concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy also developed the concept of the <i><a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">archiphoneme</a></i>. Another important figure in the Prague school was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>, one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">glossematics</a> also contributed with a focus on linguistic structure independent of phonetic realization or semantics.<sup id="cite_ref-and2021_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a></i> (SPE), the basis for <a href="/wiki/Generative_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative phonology">generative phonology</a>. In that view, phonological representations are sequences of <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segments</a> made up of <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">distinctive features</a>. The features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Fant" title="Gunnar Fant">Gunnar Fant</a>, and Morris Halle. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set and have the binary values + or −. There are at least two levels of representation: <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying representation</a> and surface phonetic representation. Ordered phonological rules govern how <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying representation</a> is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so-called surface form). An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the generativists folded <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a> into phonology, which both solved and created problems. </p><p>Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and, more explicitly, in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal <a href="/wiki/Phonological_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological process">phonological processes</a> that interact with one another; those that are active and those that are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">distinctive features</a> within <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodic</a> groups. Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously, but the output of one process may be the input to another. The second most prominent natural phonologist is Patricia Donegan, Stampe's wife; there are many natural phonologists in Europe and a few in the US, such as Geoffrey Nathan. The principles of natural phonology were extended to <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_U._Dressler" title="Wolfgang U. Dressler">Wolfgang U. Dressler</a>, who founded natural morphology. </p><p>In 1976, <a href="/wiki/John_Goldsmith_(linguist)" title="John Goldsmith (linguist)">John Goldsmith</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Autosegmental_phonology" title="Autosegmental phonology">autosegmental phonology</a>. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on <i>one</i> linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations but rather as involving <i>some parallel sequences</i> of features that reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Feature_geometry" title="Feature geometry">feature geometry</a>, which became the standard theory of representation for theories of the organization of phonology as different as lexical phonology and <a href="/wiki/Optimality_theory" title="Optimality theory">optimality theory</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Government_phonology" title="Government phonology">Government phonology</a>, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of <a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">principles</a> and vary according to their selection of certain binary <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameters</a>. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, but parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kaye_(linguist)" title="Jonathan Kaye (linguist)">Jonathan Kaye</a>, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, <a href="/wiki/Monik_Charette" title="Monik Charette">Monik Charette</a>, and John Harris. </p><p>In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Prince" title="Alan Prince">Alan Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Smolensky" title="Paul Smolensky">Paul Smolensky</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Optimality_theory" title="Optimality theory">optimality theory</a>, an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(linguist)" title="John McCarthy (linguist)">John McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Prince" title="Alan Prince">Alan Prince</a> and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of "substance-free phonology", especially by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hale" title="Mark Hale">Mark Hale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reiss" title="Charles Reiss">Charles Reiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaleReiss2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaleReiss2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaleReiss2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaleReiss2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary Phonology">Evolutionary Phonology</a> in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_of_phonemes">Analysis of phonemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis of phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phonology" title="Special:EditPage/Phonology">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. For example, in English, the "p" sound in <i>pot</i> is <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span>) while that in <i>spot</i> is not aspirated (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (<a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, which cannot give origin to <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal pairs">minimal pairs</a>) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> were interchanged with the unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> in <i>spot</i>, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phonological_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phonological_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png/250px-Phonological_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phonological_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png/375px-Phonological_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Phonological_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The vowels of modern (Standard) <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (left) and (Israeli) <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> (right) from the phonemic point of view. Note the intersection of the two circles—the distinction between short <i>a</i>, <i>i</i> and <i>u</i> is made by both speakers, but Arabic lacks the mid articulation of short vowels, while Hebrew lacks the distinction of vowel length.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png/250px-Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png/375px-Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png/500px-Phonetic_Diagram_of_modern_Arabic_and_Hebrew_vowels.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonetic point of view. The two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language is made by speakers of the other.</figcaption></figure> <p>Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcriptions</a> of the speech of <a href="/wiki/Native_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speaker">native speakers</a>) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well. </p><p>The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>. </p><p>The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception. </p><p>Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language. </p><p>Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>; these units can be called <i>morphophonemes</i>, and analysis using this approach is called <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">morphophonology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_topics">Other topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, or replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (<a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">allomorphs</a>), as well as, for example, <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> structure, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feature_geometry" title="Feature geometry">feature geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>. </p><p>Phonology also includes topics such as <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and <a href="/wiki/Alternation_(linguistics)" title="Alternation (linguistics)">phonological alternation</a> (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of <a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">phonological rules</a>, sometimes in a given order that can be <a href="/wiki/Feeding_order" title="Feeding order">feeding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_order" title="Bleeding order">bleeding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental">suprasegmentals</a> and topics such as <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>. </p><p>The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of <a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">modality</a> because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see <a href="/wiki/Phoneme#Phonemes_in_sign_languages" title="Phoneme">Phonemes in sign languages</a>), even though the sublexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_neutralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute neutralisation">Absolute neutralisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">Accent (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherology">Cherology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phonologists" title="List of phonologists">List of phonologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neogrammarian" title="Neogrammarian">Neogrammarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_development" title="Phonological development">Phonological development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_hierarchy" title="Phonological hierarchy">Phonological hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_language_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Second language phonology">Second language phonology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrentariFenlonCormier2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brentari, Diane; Fenlon, Jordan; Cormier, Kearsy (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f17a7b97fd366c1cab628bcf07cbe97b458ce793">"Sign Language Phonology"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.117">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199384655" title="Special:BookSources/9780199384655"><bdi>9780199384655</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:60752232">60752232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sign+Language+Phonology&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A60752232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.117&rft.isbn=9780199384655&rft.aulast=Brentari&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Fenlon%2C+Jordan&rft.au=Cormier%2C+Kearsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2Ff17a7b97fd366c1cab628bcf07cbe97b458ce793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokoe1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Stokoe" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Stokoe">Stokoe, William C.</a> (1978) [1960]. <i>Sign Language Structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf</i>. Department of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign+Language+Structure%3A+An+outline+of+the+visual+communication+systems+of+the+American+deaf&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+MD&rft.series=Studies+in+linguistics%2C+Occasional+papers&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Linstok+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Stokoe&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phonology">"Definition of PHONOLOGY"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+PHONOLOGY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fphonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lass1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lass1998_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lass1998_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass,_Roger1998" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsAt3D6H58C&q=phonology"><i>Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts</i></a>. Cambridge, UK; New York; Melbourne, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23728-4"><bdi>978-0-521-23728-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>Paperback ISBN 0-521-28183-0</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Basic+Concepts&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York%3B+Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23728-4&rft.au=Lass%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTsAt3D6H58C%26q%3Dphonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr,_Philip2003" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Philip (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p5a7mmpqbt0C&q=introduction+phonetics+phonology"><i>English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction</i></a>. Massachusetts, US; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia; Berlin, Germany: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19775-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19775-1"><bdi>978-0-631-19775-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>Paperback ISBN 0-631-19776-1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Phonetics+and+Phonology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Massachusetts%2C+US%3B+Oxford%2C+UK%3B+Victoria%2C+Australia%3B+Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19775-1&rft.au=Carr%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5a7mmpqbt0C%26q%3Dintroduction%2Bphonetics%2Bphonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GdP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GdP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GdP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trubetzkoy N., <i>Grundzüge der Phonologie</i> (published 1939), translated by C. Baltaxe as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ej6ENdUGS-UC&q=%22Grundz%C3%BCge+der+Phonologie%22">Principles of Phonology</a></i>, University of California Press, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkEtal2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClarkEtal2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark,_JohnYallop,_ColinFletcher,_Janet2007" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John; Yallop, Colin; Fletcher, Janet (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC&q=introduction+phonetics+phonology"><i>An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology</i></a> (3rd ed.). Massachusetts, US; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3083-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-3083-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>Alternative ISBN 1-4051-3083-0</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.place=Massachusetts%2C+US%3B+Oxford%2C+UK%3B+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3083-7&rft.au=Clark%2C+John&rft.au=Yallop%2C+Colin&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdX5P5mxtYYIC%26q%3Dintroduction%2Bphonetics%2Bphonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernards, Monique, "Ibn Jinnī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 27 May 2021 First published online: 2021 First print edition: 9789004435964, 20210701, 2021-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-and2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-and2021_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-and2021_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Anderson" title="Stephen R. Anderson">Anderson, Stephen R.</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/5577931"><i>Phonology in the twentieth century</i></a> (Second, revised and expanded ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.5509618">10.5281/zenodo.5509618</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-327-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-327-0"><bdi>978-3-96110-327-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2629-172X">2629-172X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=Second%2C+revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2629-172X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.5509618&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-327-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F5577931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anon (probably <a href="/wiki/Louis_Havet" title="Louis Havet">Louis Havet</a>). (1873) "Sur la nature des consonnes nasales". <i>Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature</i> 13, No. 23, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>, <i>Selected Writings: Word and Language</i>, Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, 1971, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._F._K._Koerner" title="E. F. K. Koerner">E. F. K. Koerner</a>, <i>Ferdinand de Saussure: Origin and Development of His Linguistic Thought in Western Studies of Language. A contribution to the history and theory of linguistics</i>, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn [Oxford & Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press], 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaleReiss2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaleReiss2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale,_MarkReiss,_Charles2008" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008). <i>The Phonological Enterprise</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953397-8"><bdi>978-0-19-953397-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonological+Enterprise&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953397-8&rft.au=Hale%2C+Mark&rft.au=Reiss%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaleReiss2000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaleReiss2000_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleReiss2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Substance abuse' and 'dysfunctionalism': Current trends in phonology". <i>Linguistic Inquiry</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 157–169. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4179099">4179099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistic+Inquiry&rft.atitle=%27Substance+abuse%27+and+%27dysfunctionalism%27%3A+Current+trends+in+phonology&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-169&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4179099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Reiss%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blevins, Juliette. 2004. <i>Evolutionary phonology: The emergence of sound patterns</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldsmith 1995:1.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, John M.; and Ewen, Colin J. (1987). <i>Principles of dependency phonology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1941" class="citation journal cs1">Bloch, Bernard (1941). "Phonemic overlapping". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 278–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F486567">10.2307/486567</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/486567">486567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Phonemic+overlapping&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=278-284&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F486567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F486567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield, Leonard</a>. (1933). <i>Language</i>. New York: H. Holt and Company. (Revised version of Bloomfield's 1914 <i>An introduction to the study of language</i>).</li> <li>Brentari, Diane (1998). <i>A prosodic model of sign language phonology.</i> Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>. (1964). Current issues in linguistic theory. In J. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz (Eds.), <i>The structure of language: Readings in the philosophy language</i> (pp. 91–112). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</li> <li>Chomsky, Noam; and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Halle, Morris</a>. (1968). <i>The sound pattern of English</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_N._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="George N. 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Keyser. (1983). <i>CV phonology: A generative theory of the syllable</i>. Linguistic inquiry monographs (No. 9). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53047-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53047-3">0-262-53047-3</a> (pbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-03098-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-03098-5">0-262-03098-5</a> (hbk).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lacy,_Paul2007" class="citation book cs1">de Lacy, Paul, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7sxLaeZAhOAC&q=Cambridge+Handbook+of+Phonology"><i>The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84879-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84879-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Phonology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84879-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7sxLaeZAhOAC%26q%3DCambridge%2BHandbook%2Bof%2BPhonology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Donegan, Patricia. (1985). On the Natural Phonology of Vowels. New York: Garland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-5424-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8240-5424-5">0-8240-5424-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Firth">Firth, J. R.</a> (1948). "Sounds and prosodies". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 127–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1948.tb00556.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1948.tb00556.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=Sounds+and+prosodies&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-152&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1948.tb00556.x&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbersde_Hoop1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbers, Dicky; de Hoop, Helen (1998). 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"The phonemic principle". <i>Language</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 117–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409603">10.2307/409603</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409603">409603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+phonemic+principle&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-129&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409603&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409603%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Swadesh&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTragerBloch1941" class="citation journal cs1">Trager, George L.; Bloch, Bernard (1941). "The syllabic phonemes of English". <i>Language</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 223–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409203">10.2307/409203</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409203">409203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+syllabic+phonemes+of+English&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=223-246&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trager&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Trubetzkoy, Nikolai</a>. (1939). <i>Grundzüge der Phonologie</i>. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 7.</li> <li>Twaddell, William F. (1935). On defining the phoneme. Language monograph no. 16. <i>Language</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Phonologies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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