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Apocalypse of Zerubbabel - Wikipedia
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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalipsi_de_Zorobabel" title="Apocalipsi de Zorobabel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apocalipsi de Zorobabel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabels_bog" title="Zerubbabels bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zerubbabels bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch_Serubbabel" title="Buch Serubbabel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch Serubbabel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_de_Zorobabel" title="Livre de Zorobabel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre de Zorobabel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iepenbiering_fan_Ser%C3%BBbbabel" title="Iepenbiering fan Serûbbabel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iepenbiering fan Serûbbabel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%91%D7%9C" title="ספר זרובבל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר זרובבל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/250px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/375px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/500px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-style:italic"><i>Talmud Readers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Behrman" title="Adolf Behrman">Adolf Behrman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> Talmudic literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Minor Tractates</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Halakhic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Exodus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Leviticus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra (Torat Kohanim)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Numbers and Deuteronomy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifri_Zutta" title="Sifri Zutta">Sifrei Zutta on Numbers</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_le-Sefer_Devarim" title="Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim">Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Tannaitic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules" title="Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules">Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Thirty-two_Rules" title="Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules">Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 400–600 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Iyyob" title="Midrash Iyyob">Midrash Iyyob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 650–900 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avot_de-Rabbi_Natan" title="Avot de-Rabbi Natan">Avot de-Rabbi Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanna_Devei_Eliyahu" title="Tanna Devei Eliyahu">Tanna Devei Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a></li> <li>Devarim Zutta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rabbah" title="Ruth Rabbah">Ruth Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Samuel" title="Baraita of Samuel">Baraita of Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 900–1000 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ruth Zuta</li> <li>Eichah Zuta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 1000–1200 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tadshe" title="Midrash Tadshe">Midrash Tadshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_haMachiri" title="Yalkut haMachiri">Yalkut haMachiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Jonah" title="Midrash Jonah">Midrash Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Yaakov" title="Ein Yaakov">Ein Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaller_midrashim" title="Smaller midrashim">Smaller midrashim</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li> <li>Fragment Targum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Targum Tehillim</li> <li>Targum Mishlei</li> <li>Targum Iyyov</li> <li>Targum to the Five Megillot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther</li> <li>Targum to Chronicles</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template talk:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sefer Zerubavel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר זְרֻבָּבֶל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sēfer Zərubbāḇél</i></span>), also called the <b>Book of Zerubbabel</b> or the <b>Apocalypse of Zerubbabel</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>-language<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> written at the beginning of the seventh century AD in the style of biblical visions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>) placed into the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-strack_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strack-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a> to take a prominent part in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s history, who laid the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in the sixth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Postexilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Postexilic">postexilic</a> biblical leader receives a revelatory vision outlining personalities and events associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">restoration of Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">End of Days</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The groundwork for the book was probably written in <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palestine</a> between 629 and 636,<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a> for control of the region. These wars touched Byzantine Palestine and stirred Messianic hopes among <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, including the author for whom the wars appear to be <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> events leading to the appearance of the Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a> is thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Cryptogram" title="Cryptogram">cryptogram</a> for <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, and that the events described in the <i>Book of Zerubbabel</i> coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, firm evidence of the work's existence before the tenth century is elusive.<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i> is cognizant of the legend of <a href="/wiki/Hephzibah_(warrior)" title="Hephzibah (warrior)">Hephzibah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hefzibah_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefzibah-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom the apocalypse first names as the mother of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic Messiah</a> and a female warrior credited with killing multiple evil kings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> (892–942) and <a href="/wiki/Hai_ben_Sherira" title="Hai ben Sherira">Hai ben Sherira</a> (939–1038), both <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">heads of the Talmudic academies of Babylonia</a>, probably knew the book but never mention it by name.<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Book of Zerubbabel</i> is extant in several <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> and print <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recensions</a>. What may be the oldest manuscript copy is part of a <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">prayerbook</a> reportedly dated to about 840 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first publication was in 1519 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> within an anthology called <i>Liqqutim Shonim</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reprinted again along with the <i>Sefer Malkiel</i> in <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a> in 1819, and again by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Jellinek" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Jellinek">Adolph Jellinek</a> in his <i>Bet Ha-Midrasch</i> (1853–77) and <a href="/wiki/S._A._Wertheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="S. A. Wertheimer">S. A. Wertheimer</a> in his <i>Leqet Midrashim</i> (Jerusalem, 1903).<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fullest edition of the work was prepared by Israel Levi in his book <i>L'apocalypse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the book gave an unequivocal date (1058 AD) for the return of the Messiah, it exerted great influence upon contemporary Messianic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Eleazar of Worms</a><sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supposedly<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> criticized the book as "unreliable."<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One edition of the <a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature"><i>Pirqe Hekhalot</i></a> gave a figure of 890 years until the return of the Messiah, making the Messianic year 958 AD, within a decade of the birth of Saadia Gaon.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That date perhaps led to a message sent by <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhenish Jews</a> to Palestine inquiring after rumors of the Messiah's advent.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sefer_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer (Hebrew)">sefer</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a><sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is the leader of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Messiah ben Joseph</a>, who fails in battle but paves the way for the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Davidic Messiah">Davidic Messiah</a><sup id="cite_ref-strack_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strack-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ultimate triumph of <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteousness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original author expected the Messiah would come in the immediate future; subsequent editors substituted later dates.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Set after <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadrezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a>'s destruction of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-strack_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strack-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the book begins with Zerubbabel, whose name was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">first restoration</a>, receiving a vision after praying for "knowledge of the form of the eternal house."<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the vision he is transported by the <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> <a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ninevah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninevah">Ninevah</a>, the "city of blood" representing <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which the author likely means <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he finds in the <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a> a "bruised and despised man" named <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Ammiel" title="Menahem ben Ammiel">Menahem ben Ammiel</a> who reveals himself to be the Messiah ben David, <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Jew" title="Wandering Jew">doomed to abide there</a> until his appointed hour. Zerubbabel asks when the lamp of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> would be kindled.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metatron interjects that the Messiah would return 990 years after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">destruction of the Temple</a> (approximately 1058 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five years prior to the coming of Hephzibah,<sup id="cite_ref-Hefzibah_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefzibah-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would be the mother of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah ben David">Messiah ben David</a>, the Messiah ben Joseph, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_ben_Hushiel" title="Nehemiah ben Hushiel">Nehemiah ben Hushiel</a>, will appear but he will be slain by Armilus.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the Messiah ben David will <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrect</a> him.<sup id="cite_ref-silver_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sefer Zerubbabel mentions Gog and Armilus rather than <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> as the enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the narrative, Zerubbabel is led to a "house of disgrace" (a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>), a kind of antitemple.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he sees a beautiful statue of a woman (the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> as the father, the statue gives birth to the Antichrist Armilus.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forces associated with Armilus and the antitemple come to rule over the entire world.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the end, these forces are defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work concludes with Zerubbabel's vision of the descent of the Heavenly Temple to earth.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the "form of the eternal house" is revealed; unlike the Second Temple, it is made in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stern_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stern-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Martha_Himmelfarb" title="Martha Himmelfarb">Martha Himmelfarb</a> alongside a passage in the Tractate <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Berakhot</a> 2.4 10ff in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Yerushalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmud Yerushalmi">Talmud Yerushalmi</a>, dealing with the mother of the Messiah <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Ammiel" title="Menahem ben Ammiel">Menahem ben Ammiel</a>, Sefer Zerubbabel is the only early Jewish text to import a mother of the Messiah into Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sefer Zerubbabel, Menahem is Menahem ben Ammiel, and his mother is Hephzibah, the same name as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> and mother of <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hephzibah plays an important role as she finds and uses <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Vayosha" title="Midrash Vayosha">Midrash Vayosha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stern-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stern_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHimmelfarb1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Himmelfarb" title="Martha Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb, Martha</a> (1998). David Stern and Mark Mirsky (ed.). <i>Rabbinic Fantasies: Imaginative Narratives from Classical Hebrew Literature</i>. Yale University Press. p. 67f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07402-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07402-6"><bdi>0-300-07402-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Fantasies%3A+Imaginative+Narratives+from+Classical+Hebrew+Literature&rft.pages=67f&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-300-07402-6&rft.aulast=Himmelfarb&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strack-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strack_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strack_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strack_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrackGunter_Stemberger1992" class="citation book cs1">Strack, Hermann Leberecht; Gunter Stemberger (1992). <i>Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash</i>. Markus Bockmuehl (trans.). Fortress Press. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2524-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2524-2"><bdi>0-8006-2524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Talmud+and+Midrash&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8006-2524-2&rft.aulast=Strack&rft.aufirst=Hermann+Leberecht&rft.au=Gunter+Stemberger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also spelled Zrubavel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reeves-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reeves_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2005" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, John C. (2005). <i>Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 40f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58983-102-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58983-102-0"><bdi>1-58983-102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectories+in+Near+Eastern+Apocalyptic%3A+A+Postrabbinic+Jewish+Apocalypse+Reader&rft.pages=40f&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58983-102-0&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silver-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silver_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver1927" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Abba Hillel (1927). "II The Mohammedan Period". <i>History of Messianic Speculation in Israel—From the First Through the Seventeenth Centuries</i>. The MacMillan Company. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3514-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3514-4"><bdi>0-7661-3514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II+The+Mohammedan+Period&rft.btitle=History+of+Messianic+Speculation+in+Israel%E2%80%94From+the+First+Through+the+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=0-7661-3514-4&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Abba+Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eB8rzNfcRwC&q=Armilus+Heraclius&pg=PA108"><i>Jewish Martyrs in the Pagan and Christian Worlds</i></a>. Cambridge university press. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo. 2006. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139446020" title="Special:BookSources/9781139446020"><bdi>9781139446020</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Martyrs+in+the+Pagan+and+Christian+Worlds&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press.+Cambridge%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne%2C+Madrid%2C+Cape+Town%2C+Singapore%2C+Sao+Paulo&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781139446020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eB8rzNfcRwC%26q%3DArmilus%2BHeraclius%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hefzibah-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hefzibah_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hefzibah_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">also spelled Hephsibah, Hephzibah</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palimpsest.stmarytx.edu/thanneken/th7391/secondary/Himmelfarb(2010)ApocalypseBriefHistory.pdf"><i>The Apocalypse: A Brief History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Wiley-Blackwell: A John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publication. Malden (Massachusetts), Oxford, West Sussex. 2010. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405113472" title="Special:BookSources/9781405113472"><bdi>9781405113472</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocalypse%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell%3A+A+John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.+Publication.+Malden+%28Massachusetts%29%2C+Oxford%2C+West+Sussex&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781405113472&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalimpsest.stmarytx.edu%2Fthanneken%2Fth7391%2Fsecondary%2FHimmelfarb%282010%29ApocalypseBriefHistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001081745/http://demoss.com/newsrooms/greencollection/news/green-scholars-discover-worlds-oldest-jewish-prayer-book/">"Green Scholars Discover World's Oldest Jewish Prayer Book - DeMoss - Thinking | PR"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekcompany.co/news-release/green-scholars-discover-worlds-oldest-jewish-prayer-book-sept-26-2013/">the original</a> on 2013-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Scholars+Discover+World%27s+Oldest+Jewish+Prayer+Book+-+DeMoss+-+Thinking+%26%23124%3B+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekcompany.co%2Fnews-release%2Fgreen-scholars-discover-worlds-oldest-jewish-prayer-book-sept-26-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also spelled Armilos, Armilius</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Reeves2005" class="citation book cs1">John C. Reeves (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6q6Je0r24C&q=Menahem+ben+Amiel"><i>Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589831025" title="Special:BookSources/9781589831025"><bdi>9781589831025</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectories+in+Near+Eastern+Apocalyptic%3A+A+Postrabbinic+Jewish+Apocalypse+Reader&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Atlanta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781589831025&rft.au=John+C.+Reeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO6q6Je0r24C%26q%3DMenahem%2Bben%2BAmiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Himmelfarb" title="Martha Himmelfarb">Martha Himmelfarb</a>, <i>The Mother of the Messiah in the Talmud Yerushalmi and Sefer Zerubbabel</i>, in Peter Schäfer (ed.) <i>The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture</i>: Volume 3, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2002, p. 369, "Through the centuries the Virgin Mary has played a central role in Christian piety. Unlike so many aspects of Christianity, veneration of the ...Here I wish to discuss two texts that actually import a mother of the messiah into Judaism, a passage from Tractate Berakhot in the Talmud Yerushalmi and the Hebrew apocalypse Sefer Zerubbabel. As far as I know, these two texts, together with several reworkings of the story from the Yerushalmi that appear in later rabbinic collections, are the only texts to make this daring move. The Talmud Yerushalmi took shape in Roman.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raʻanan S. Boustan <i>From martyr to mystic: rabbinic martyrology and the making of Merkavah Mysticism</i> (Studies & Texts in Ancient Judaism) (9783161487538) Page 107 2005 "Martha Himmelfarb has rightly argued that the figure of Heftsibah, the mother of Menahem son of Ammiel, the Davidic Messiah in Sefer Zerubbabel, "should be understood as a counterpart to the figure of the Virgin Mary in contemporary "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Reeves2005" class="citation book cs1">John C. Reeves (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6q6Je0r24C&q=Menahem+ben+Amiel"><i>Trajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589831025" title="Special:BookSources/9781589831025"><bdi>9781589831025</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajectories+in+Near+Eastern+Apocalyptic%3A+A+Postrabbinic+Jewish+Apocalypse+Reader&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Atlanta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781589831025&rft.au=John+C.+Reeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTO6q6Je0r24C%26q%3DMenahem%2Bben%2BAmiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApocalypse+of+Zerubbabel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apocalypse_of_Zerubbabel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clas-pages.uncc.edu/john-reeves/research-projects/trajectories-in-near-eastern-apocalyptic/sefer-zerubbabel/">English translation of <i>SEFER ZERUBBABEL</i></a></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67876799fc‐rvxqt Cached time: 20241127203649 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.385 seconds Real time usage: 0.508 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1437/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55102/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 452/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 139191/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.263/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 20966886/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 442.308 1 -total 39.15% 173.161 16 Template:Sidebar 28.18% 124.629 1 Template:Reflist 24.47% 108.240 1 Template:Langx 23.59% 104.344 1 Template:Rabbinical_Literature 22.50% 99.510 8 Template:Cite_book 19.42% 85.908 1 Template:Short_description 11.36% 50.242 2 Template:Pagetype 5.78% 25.583 3 Template:Main_other 5.38% 23.807 1 Template:SDcat --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:14071318:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241127203649 and revision id 1257506800. 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