CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tai Tham script - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5d7f743f-5e91-478f-806a-9aa173af9853","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tai_Tham_script","wgTitle":"Tai Tham script","wgCurRevisionId":1282127513,"wgRevisionId":1282127513,"wgArticleId":17085002,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 maint: date and year","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Thai-language text","Articles containing Burmese-language text","Pages with Northern Thai IPA","Articles containing Northeastern Thai-language text","Articles containing Lao-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009","Pages with Thai IPA","Pages with Lao IPA","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Brahmic scripts","Culture of Thailand","Writing systems without word boundaries","Lan Na"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tai_Tham_script","wgRelevantArticleId":17085002,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1314503","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Tua_Tham.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Tua_Tham.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tua_Tham.png/640px-Tua_Tham.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tai Tham script - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tham_script"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tham_script"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tai_Tham_script rootpage-Tai_Tham_script skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tai+Tham+script" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tai+Tham+script" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tai+Tham+script" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tai+Tham+script" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Consonants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consonants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consonant chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_digraph_with_Ha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_digraph_with_Ha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Consonant digraph with Ha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_digraph_with_Ha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Consonant cluster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medial_La" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medial_La"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Medial La </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_La-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medial_Ra_(Rawong)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medial_Ra_(Rawong)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Medial Ra (Rawong) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_Ra_(Rawong)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_sound_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_sound_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.1 With sound change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_sound_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Without_sound_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Without_sound_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2.2 Without sound change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Without_sound_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medial_Wa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medial_Wa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Medial Wa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_Wa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Special letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vowels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vowels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Independent vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependent_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependent_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dependent vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependent_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tone marks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tone_marks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tone marks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tone_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone_mark_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_mark_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tone mark conjugation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_mark_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_other_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_other_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relation with other scripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_other_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_and_Pali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_and_Pali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sanskrit and Pali </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sanskrit_and_Pali-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sanskrit and Pali subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_and_Pali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pali_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Pali consonants in Tai Tham script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Sanskrit consonants in Tai Tham script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Unicode block </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Fonts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tai Tham script</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanna_(Schrift)" title="Lanna (Schrift) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lanna (Schrift)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الفبای تای تام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای تای تام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="धम्म लान्ना लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धम्म लान्ना लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_tai_tham" title="Alfabeto tai tham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto tai tham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2" title="ອັກສອນທໍາລ້ານນາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັກສອນທໍາລ້ານນາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="တိုင်ထံအက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုင်ထံအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ラーンナー文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーンナー文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="دھم لانا لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دھم لانا لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_lanna" title="Pismo lanna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo lanna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE)" title="Ланна (письмо) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ланна (письмо)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanna_(skrift)" title="Lanna (skrift) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lanna (skrift)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Tai_Tham" title="Sulat Tai Tham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat Tai Tham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อักษรธรรมล้านนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรธรรมล้านนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Tai_Tham" title="Chữ Tai Tham – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Tai Tham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%82%A3%E4%BB%82%E6%96%87" title="老傣仂文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老傣仂文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1314503#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tai_Tham_script" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tai_Tham_script" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tai_Tham_script" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&oldid=1282127513" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tai_Tham_script&id=1282127513&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTai_Tham_script">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTai_Tham_script">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tai_Tham_script&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tai_Tham_script" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1314503" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abugida script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Unicode block, see <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_(Unicode_block)" title="Tai Tham (Unicode block)">Tai Tham (Unicode block)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Tai Tham <div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279614930">.mw-parser-output .script-tai_tham{font-family:"Lanna Alif","Lanna Unicode UI","Talom","SYYDAI01","A Tai Tham KH New V3","A Tai Tham KH New","A Tai Tham KH","Tai Tham LN"}</style>ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼, Tua Tham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tua_Tham.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tua_Tham.png/250px-Tua_Tham.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tua_Tham.png/330px-Tua_Tham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tua_Tham.png/500px-Tua_Tham.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1314503?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a><a href="#cite_note-diringer-1">[1]</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Old Mon script</a><a href="#cite_note-diringer-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Tai Tham</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tham_Lao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tham Lao script (page does not exist)">Tham Lao</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Lana <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" />(351), Tai Tham (Lanna)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Tai Tham</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1A20.pdf">U+1A20–U+1AAF</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> Tai Tham script (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Tham</a> meaning "scripture") is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> used mainly for a group of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai languages</a> i.e., <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>; as well as the liturgical languages of Buddhism i.e., <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. It is historically known as Tua Tham (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼). In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, the script is often referred to as Lanna script (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: อักษรธรรมล้านนา <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: Akson Tham Lan Na; <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1204105569">.mw-parser-output .script-myanmar{line-height:100%;font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar",Pyidaungsu,"Myanmar Text",Myanmar3,Myanmar2,Myanmar1,Padauk,mm3web,TharLon,"Masterpiece Uni Sans",Parabaik,Yunghkio,Thanlwin,"Win Uni Innwa","MyMyanmar Unicode","WinUni Innwa"}</style>လန်နာအက္ခရာ; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: Lanna Akhkara) in relation to the historical <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">kingdom of Lan Na</a> situating in the Northern region of modern day Thailand and <a href="/wiki/Kengtung" title="Kengtung">Kyaingtong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan state</a> in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-:03-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> Local people in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a> also call the script as Tua Mueang (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩥᩬᨦ, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Northern Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">[tǔa̯.mɯ̄a̯ŋ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/Nod-tuamueang.ogg\/Nod-tuamueang.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nod-tuamueang.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Nod-tuamueang.ogg/Nod-tuamueang.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:Nod-tuamueang.ogg" title="File:Nod-tuamueang.ogg">ⓘ</a>) in parallel to Kam Mueang, a local name for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan region</a> of Thailand, a variation of Tai Tham script, often dubbed Lao Tham, is also known by the locals as To Tham Lao (<a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Thai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Thai language">Northeastern Thai</a>: โตธรรมลาว /toː˩.tʰam˧˥.laːw˧/, cf. <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: ໂຕທຳ/ໂຕທັມ BGN/PCGN to tham) or Yuan script.<a href="#cite_note-Everson2007-6">[6]</a> Tai Tham script is traditionally written on a dried palm leaf as a <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language</a> is a close relative of <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">(standard) Thai</a>. It is spoken by nearly 6 million people in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a> and several thousand in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> of whom few are literate in Lanna script. The script is still read by older monks. Northern Thai has six <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">linguistic tones</a> and Thai only five, making transcription into the <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a> problematic. There is some resurgent interest in the script among younger people, but an added complication is that the modern spoken form, called Kam Muang, differs in pronunciation from the older form.<a href="#cite_note-Natnapang-7">[7]</a> There are 670,000 speakers of Tai Lü, some of those born before 1950 are literate in Tham, also known as Old Tai Lue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The script has also continued to be taught in the monasteries. The <a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue script</a> is derived from Tham. There are 120,000 speakers of Khün for which Lanna is the only script.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg/40px-Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg/60px-Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg/80px-Lanna_Tua_Mueang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="1586" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Lanna text</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Lanna" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai Tham script</a>.</div></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_cm2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lanna_cm2.jpg/250px-Lanna_cm2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lanna_cm2.jpg/330px-Lanna_cm2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Lanna_cm2.jpg/500px-Lanna_cm2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Nameboard of a Buddhist temple in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> written with Lanna: Wat Mokhamtuang (and street number 119 in Thai)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG/250px-Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG/330px-Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG/500px-Tai_Tham_script_on_stone_Chiangmai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a> inscription in Tai Tham script in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></figcaption></figure> The Tai Tham script shows a strong similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon script</a> used by the Mon kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Haripunjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Haripunjaya">Haripunjaya</a> around the 13th century CE, in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Lamphun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamphun Province">Lamphun Province</a> of Northern Thailand. The oldest known document containing the Tai Tham script is dated to 1376 CE and was found in <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_(city)" title="Sukhothai (city)">Sukhothai</a>. The document is a bilingual inscription on a gold folio, containing one line of <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a> written in the Tai Tham script, while the vernacular is written in the Siamese language, using the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a>. The Tai Tham script was adapted to write vernacular languages not later than the 15th century CE, most probably in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan Na Kingdom">Lan Na Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The script spread from Lan Na to surrounding areas such as modern day <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sipsong_Panna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipsong Panna">Sipsong Panna</a>. Numerous local variants developed, such as the Lue variant (Sipsong Panna), the Khuen variant (Shan State) and the Tham Lao variant (Laos and Isan). The variants differ only slightly in appearance, and the system of writing has remained the same.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As the name suggests, the use of the Tham (Dharma) script in Lao was restricted to religious literature, either used to transcribe Pali, or religious treatises written in Lao intended solely for the clergy. Religious instructional materials and prayer books dedicated to the laity were written in <a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a> instead. As a result, only a few people outside the temples were literate in the script. In <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>, evidence of the script includes two stone inscriptions, such as the one housed at Wat Tham <a href="/wiki/Suwannakhuha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwannakhuha District">Suwannakhuha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nong Bua Lamphu Province">Nong Bua Lamphu</a>, dated to 1564, and another from Wat Mahaphon in <a href="/wiki/Maha_Sarakham_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Sarakham Province">Maha Sarakham</a> from the same period.<a href="#cite_note-Dharma-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg/220px-%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg/330px-%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg/440px-%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscript</a> written in Tai Tham script. Collection of the Museum of Ethnology, <a href="/wiki/Minzu_University_of_China" title="Minzu University of China">Minzu University of China</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of the script is recorded on palm-leaf manuscripts, many of which were destroyed during the '<a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a>' purges of the 1930s; contemporaneously this period of Thai nationalisation also ended its use as the primary written language in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-11">[11]</a> Although no longer in use in Isan, the alphabet is enjoying a resurgence in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern Thailand</a>, and is still used as the primary written script for the <a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Tai Khün</a> languages spoken in the '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>' where Thailand, Laos, Burma and southern China meet. Its use is rather limited to the long-term monks in Laos and most materials published today are in the modern Lao script.<a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-11">[11]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_script" title="Kamarupi script">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li>Lik-Tai scripts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Although both the ancient forms of the Mon and Khmer script are different, they are both <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a> that descend from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> introduced via contacts with South Indian traders, soldiers, merchants and Brahmans. As a Mon-derived script, Tai Tham has many similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> writing systems and rounder letter forms compared to the angled letters of Khmer.<a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-11">[11]</a> Letters can be stacked, sometimes with special subscript forms, similar to 'ຼ' which was used in Tai Noi and also in modern Lao as the subscript version of 'ຣ' /r/ or 'ລ' /l/ as in <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: ຫຼວງພຼະບາງ/ຫລວງພຣະບາງ.<a href="#cite_note-:03-4">[4]</a> Letters also are more circular or rounded than the typically angled style of Khmer.<a href="#cite_note-Dharma-10">[10]</a> However, the Tai Tham script does not use the <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> similar to other Eastern Indic scripts like Thai and Khmer, unlike Burmese and Mon.<a href="#cite_note-:03-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> There are 43 Tai Tham consonants. They are divided into three groups: categorized consonants (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨶᩲᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼, payanjana nai wak), non-categorized consonants (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼, payanjana awak), and additional consonants (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨲᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᨾ, payanjana tueam). Categorized consonants and non-categorized consonants are those derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Old Mon script</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> languages. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>, categorized consonants are divided into 5 subgroups called wak (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼) i.e., wak ka (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ), wak ja (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨧ), wak rata (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨭ), wak ta (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ), and wak pa (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨷ). The additional consonants are the consonants invented to write <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> sounds that are originally not found in Pali. In a dictionary, letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩂ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩄ are often put in the consonant list following the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃ respectively. However, they are a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> (also a vowel) and not a consonant letter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_chart">Consonant chart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonant chart">edit</a>]</div> There are 25 categorized consonants, 10 non-categorized consonants, and 8 additional consonants. Similar to Khmer, Tai Tham also has a subjoined form called haang (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉᩣ᩠ᨦ), tua joeng (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨩᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ), or tua hoy (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᩉᩬ᩠ᨿ᩶). In the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_(Unicode_block)" title="Tai Tham (Unicode block)">Unicode input method</a>, sakot sign (U1A60) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠) is used to trigger the subjoined forms.<a href="#cite_note-Everson2007-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The additional consonants are shown in yellow. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao script</a>, consonants in Tai Tham can be classified into high, mid, and low classes regarding to the tone rules. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th rowspan="2">Subjoined form </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Initial</th> <th>Final </th> <th>Initial</th> <th>Final </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1221560606">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}}</style>1. Wak Ka</div> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/20px-Lanna-1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/40px-Lanna-1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨠ </td> <td>ka </td> <td>[kǎ] </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>[k] </td> <td>[k̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨡ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/20px-Lanna-2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/40px-Lanna-2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="48" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨡ </td> <td>xa, kha </td> <td>[xǎ], [kʰǎ] </td> <td>x, kh </td> <td>k </td> <td>[x], [kʰ] </td> <td>[k̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨢ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lanna-3.png/20px-Lanna-3.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lanna-3.png/40px-Lanna-3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="79" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc">— </td> <td style="background: #ffc">xa, kha </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[xǎ] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">x, kh </td> <td style="background: #ffc">— </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[x] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[k̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨣ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/20px-Lanna-4.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/30px-Lanna-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/40px-Lanna-4.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨣ </td> <td>ka </td> <td>[ka᷇] </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>[k] </td> <td>[k̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨤ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna-5.png/20px-Lanna-5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna-5.png/40px-Lanna-5.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc">— </td> <td style="background: #ffc">xa, kha </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[xa᷇] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">x, kh </td> <td style="background: #ffc">— </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[x] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[k̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨥ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/20px-Lanna-6.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/40px-Lanna-6.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨥ </td> <td>xa, kha </td> <td>[xa᷇], [kʰa᷇] </td> <td>x, kh </td> <td>k </td> <td>[x], [kʰ] </td> <td>[k̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨦ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/20px-Lanna-7.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/40px-Lanna-7.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨦ </td> <td>nga </td> <td>[ŋa᷇] </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>[ŋ] </td> <td>[ŋ] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />2. Wak Ja</div> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨧ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/20px-Lanna-8.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/40px-Lanna-8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Lanna-8.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨧ </td> <td>ja, ca </td> <td>[t͡ɕǎ] </td> <td>j, c </td> <td>t </td> <td>[t͡ɕ] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨨ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/20px-Lanna-9.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/30px-Lanna-9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lanna-9.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨨ </td> <td>sa, cha </td> <td>[sǎ], [t͡ɕʰǎ] </td> <td>s, ch </td> <td>— </td> <td>[s], [t͡ɕʰ] </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨩ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/20px-Lanna-10.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/40px-Lanna-10.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="46" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨩ </td> <td>ja, ca </td> <td>[t͡ɕa᷇] </td> <td>j, c </td> <td>t </td> <td>[t͡ɕ] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨪ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lanna-11.png/20px-Lanna-11.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lanna-11.png/40px-Lanna-11.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="77" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc">— </td> <td style="background: #ffc">sa </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[sa᷇] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">s </td> <td style="background: #ffc">t </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[s] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨫ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-jh-Lue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lanna-jh-Lue.png/20px-Lanna-jh-Lue.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lanna-jh-Lue.png/30px-Lanna-jh-Lue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lanna-jh-Lue.png/40px-Lanna-jh-Lue.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="228" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/20px-Lanna-12.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/40px-Lanna-12.png 1.5x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="46" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨫ </td> <td>sa, cha </td> <td>[sa᷇], [t͡ɕʰa᷄] </td> <td>s, ch </td> <td>t </td> <td>[s], [t͡ɕʰa᷄] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/20px-Lanna-13.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/31px-Lanna-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/41px-Lanna-13.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨬ </td> <td>nya </td> <td>[ɲa᷇] </td> <td>ny, y </td> <td>n </td> <td>[ɲ], [j]<a href="#cite_note-Lue-Sound-14">[b]</a> </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />3. Wak Rata</div> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨭ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/20px-Lanna-14.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/30px-Lanna-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/40px-Lanna-14.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨭ </td> <td>rata </td> <td>[lǎ.tǎ] </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>[t] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨮ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/20px-Lanna-15.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/40px-Lanna-15.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="59" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-ratha-Lue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lanna-ratha-Lue.png/20px-Lanna-ratha-Lue.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lanna-ratha-Lue.png/40px-Lanna-ratha-Lue.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="294" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨮ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩛ </td> <td>ratha </td> <td>[lǎ.tʰǎ] </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td>[tʰ] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨯ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/20px-Lanna-17.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/40px-Lanna-17.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="51" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨯ </td> <td>da </td> <td>[dǎ] </td> <td>d, th<a href="#cite_note-Thai-Influence-15">[c]</a> </td> <td>t </td> <td>[d], [tʰ]<a href="#cite_note-Thai-Influence-15">[c]</a> </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨰ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/20px-Lanna-15-5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/40px-Lanna-15-5.png 1.5x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨰ </td> <td>ratha </td> <td>[lǎ.tʰa᷇] </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td>[tʰ] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨱ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/20px-Lanna-16.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/30px-Lanna-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/40px-Lanna-16.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨱ </td> <td>rana </td> <td>[lǎ.na᷇] </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>[n] </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />4. Wak Ta</div> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/20px-Lanna-18.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/30px-Lanna-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/40px-Lanna-18.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨲ </td> <td>ta </td> <td>[tǎ] </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>[t] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨳ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/20px-Lanna-19.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/30px-Lanna-19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/40px-Lanna-19.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨳ </td> <td>tha </td> <td>[tʰǎ] </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td>[tʰ] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/20px-Lanna-20.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/30px-Lanna-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/40px-Lanna-20.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨴ </td> <td>ta </td> <td>[ta᷇] </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>[t] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨵ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/20px-Lanna-21.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/40px-Lanna-21.png 1.5x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨵ </td> <td>tha </td> <td>[tʰa᷇] </td> <td>th </td> <td>t </td> <td>[tʰ] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/20px-Lanna-22.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/40px-Lanna-22.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨶ </td> <td>na </td> <td>[na᷇] </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>[n] </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="9" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />5. Wak Pa</div> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨷ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/20px-Lanna-23.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/30px-Lanna-23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/40px-Lanna-23.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨷ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩝ </td> <td>ba </td> <td>[bǎ] </td> <td>b </td> <td>p </td> <td>[b]<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> </td> <td>[p̚] </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨷ </td> <td>pa<a href="#cite_note-pali-2-17">[e]</a> </td> <td>[pǎ] </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>[p]<a href="#cite_note-pali-2-17">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-mfl-19">[14]</a> </td> <td>[p̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high<a href="#cite_note-mfl-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨸ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[f]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-24.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lanna-24.png/20px-Lanna-24.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lanna-24.png/30px-Lanna-24.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lanna-24.png/40px-Lanna-24.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="58" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">pa </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[pǎ] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">p </td> <td style="background: #ffc">p </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[p] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[p̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨹ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/20px-Lanna-25.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/40px-Lanna-25.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨹ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰǎ] </td> <td>ph </td> <td> – </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨺ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-26.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna-26.png/20px-Lanna-26.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna-26.png/30px-Lanna-26.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna-26.png/39px-Lanna-26.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">fa </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[fǎ] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">f </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[f] </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/20px-Lanna-27.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/30px-Lanna-27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/40px-Lanna-27.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨻ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩛ </td> <td>pa </td> <td>[pa᷇] </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>[p] </td> <td>[p̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨼ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-28.png/20px-Lanna-28.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-28.png/40px-Lanna-28.png 1.5x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="61" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">fa </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[fa᷇] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">f </td> <td style="background: #ffc">p </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[f] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[p̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨽ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-29.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/20px-Lanna-29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/40px-Lanna-29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="39" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨽ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰa᷇] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>p </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td>[p̚] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/20px-Lanna-30.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/30px-Lanna-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/40px-Lanna-30.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="36" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨾ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩜ </td> <td>ma </td> <td>[ma᷇] </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>[m] </td> <td>[m] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="12" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-middle" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />6. Awak</div> </th> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨿ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-31.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/20px-Lanna-31.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/30px-Lanna-31.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/40px-Lanna-31.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨿ </td> <td>nya </td> <td>[ɲa᷇] </td> <td>ny, y </td> <td> – </td> <td>[ɲ], [j]<a href="#cite_note-Lue-Sound-14">[b]</a> </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩀ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-44.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-44.png/40px-Lanna-44.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-44.png/50px-Lanna-44.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="52" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">ya </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[jǎ] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">y </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[j] </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/20px-Lanna-32.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/40px-Lanna-32.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="32" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩁ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩕ </td> <td>ra, la </td> <td>[la᷇] </td> <td>r,<a href="#cite_note-21">[g]</a> l, h </td> <td>n </td> <td>[r],<a href="#cite_note-Thai-Influence-15">[c]</a> [l],<a href="#cite_note-Thai-Influence-15">[c]</a> [h] </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-33.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/20px-Lanna-33.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/30px-Lanna-33.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/40px-Lanna-33.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩃ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩖ </td> <td>la </td> <td>[la᷇] </td> <td>l </td> <td>n </td> <td>[l] </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩅ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-34.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/20px-Lanna-34.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/30px-Lanna-34.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lanna-34.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩅ </td> <td>wa </td> <td>[wa᷇] </td> <td>w </td> <td>– </td> <td>[w] </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩆ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-35.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lanna-35.png/20px-Lanna-35.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lanna-35.png/40px-Lanna-35.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="34" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩆ </td> <td>sa </td> <td>[sǎ] </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>[s] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩇ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-36.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lanna-36.png/20px-Lanna-36.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lanna-36.png/40px-Lanna-36.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="40" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩇ </td> <td>sa </td> <td>[sǎ] </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>[s] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩈ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-37.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/20px-Lanna-37.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/30px-Lanna-37.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/40px-Lanna-37.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩈ , <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩞ </td> <td>sa </td> <td>[sǎ] </td> <td>s </td> <td>t </td> <td>[s] </td> <td>[t̚] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-38.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/20px-Lanna-38.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/40px-Lanna-38.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩉ </td> <td>ha </td> <td>[hǎ] </td> <td>h </td> <td> – </td> <td>[h] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩊ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-39.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lanna-39.png/20px-Lanna-39.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lanna-39.png/40px-Lanna-39.png 1.5x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᩊ </td> <td>la </td> <td>[la᷇] </td> <td>l </td> <td>n </td> <td>[l] </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-40.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-40.png/20px-Lanna-40.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-40.png/30px-Lanna-40.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-40.png/40px-Lanna-40.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="39" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-a.png/20px-Lanna-a.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-a.png/30px-Lanna-a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-a.png/40px-Lanna-a.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="194" /></a> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩬ </td> <td>a </td> <td>[ʔǎ] </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td> <td>[ʔ] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩌ<a href="#cite_note-added-consonant-13">[a]</a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc; font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-41.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lanna-41.png/20px-Lanna-41.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lanna-41.png/40px-Lanna-41.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">ha </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[ha᷇] </td> <td style="background: #ffc">h </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ffc">[h] </td> <td style="background: #ffc"> – </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-added-consonant-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-added-consonant_13-7">h</a> Added consonant invented for Tai sound, as an extension to the original chategorized Pali 'vagga' consonants. These consonants have the characteristics of lacking the subjoined form. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lue-Sound-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lue-Sound_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lue-Sound_14-1">b</a> In Tai Lue language </li> <li id="cite_note-Thai-Influence-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thai-Influence_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thai-Influence_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thai-Influence_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thai-Influence_15-3">d</a> Influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> When used to write Tai words. </li> <li id="cite_note-pali-2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pali-2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pali-2_17-1">b</a> When used to write Pali-Sanskrit derived words. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Used only for Tai words, not for Pali. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_digraph_with_Ha">Consonant digraph with Ha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonant digraph with Ha">edit</a>]</div> Certain consonants in the low-class group lack their high-class counterpart. These consonants are sometimes called the single low-class consonants. Their high-class counterparts are created by the combination with letter high Ha (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ) as a digraph, called Ha Nam (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ ᨶᩣᩴ).<a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Final </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨦ </td> <td>nga </td> <td>[ŋǎ] </td> <td>ng </td> <td> – </td> <td>[ŋ] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨶ </td> <td>na </td> <td>[nǎ] </td> <td>n </td> <td> – </td> <td>[n] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨾ </td> <td>ma </td> <td>[mǎ] </td> <td>m </td> <td> – </td> <td>[m] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨿ </td> <td>nya </td> <td>[ɲǎ] </td> <td>ny </td> <td> – </td> <td>[ɲ], [j]<a href="#cite_note-Lue-Sound-23">[a]</a> </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉᩕ </td> <td>ra, la, ha </td> <td>[rǎ], [lǎ], [hǎ] </td> <td>r,<a href="#cite_note-24">[b]</a> l, h </td> <td> – </td> <td>[r],<a href="#cite_note-Thai-Influence-25">[c]</a> [l],<a href="#cite_note-Thai-Influence-25">[c]</a> [h] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉᩖ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>la </td> <td>[lǎ] </td> <td>l </td> <td> – </td> <td>[l] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>wa </td> <td>[wǎ] </td> <td>w </td> <td> – </td> <td>[w] </td> <td> – </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lue-Sound-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Lue-Sound_23-0">^</a> In Tai Lue language </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Often transliterated as 'r' to preserve the semantics for Thai and Pali-Sanskrit words, as well as the historical pronunciation (circa. 16th century or before). </li> <li id="cite_note-Thai-Influence-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thai-Influence_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thai-Influence_25-1">b</a> For contemporary texts, it represents the influence from Thai, Pali, and Sanskrit languages. For old manuscripts, it represents the historical pronunciation circa. 16th century or before. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_cluster">Consonant cluster</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonant cluster">edit</a>]</div> Tai Tham has three medial letters to form a consonant cluster: medial La (◌ᩖ a.k.a La Noi), medial Ra (ᩕ a.k.a Rawong), and medial Wa. Consonant cluster with medial Wa is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme. Consonant cluster with Medial La and Medial Ra are considered a false consonant cluster as they do not produce the same effect. They are the remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Proto-Southwestern Tai</a> initial consonant clusters that existed during the early development of Tai Tham before the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medial_La">Medial La</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medial La">edit</a>]</div> Medial La is a silent letter and not pronounced. For example, the word ᨸᩖᩦ and ᨸᩦ are both pronounced pi. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster. The use of Medial La is now preserved only for a semantic purpose. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Semantic </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨠᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨠ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>ka </td> <td>[kǎ] </td> <td>k </td> <td>kl </td> <td>[k] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨣᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨣ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>ka </td> <td>[ka᷇] </td> <td>k </td> <td>kl </td> <td>[k] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨸᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨸ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>pa </td> <td>[pǎ] </td> <td>p </td> <td>pl </td> <td>[p] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨹᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨹ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰǎ] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>phl </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨻᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨻ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>pa </td> <td>[pa᷇] </td> <td>p </td> <td>pl </td> <td>[p] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨽᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨽ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰa᷇] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>phl </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨾᩖ </td> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨾ᩠ᩃ </td> <td>ma </td> <td>[ma᷇] </td> <td>m </td> <td>ml </td> <td>[m] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medial_Ra_(Rawong)">Medial Ra (Rawong)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medial Ra (Rawong)">edit</a>]</div> Consonant cluster with medial Ra can be divided into two groups: one with an initial consonant sound change and one without the sound change. In some cases, an additional phoneme /l/ may be added with the initial consonant pronounced as a half-syllable. Noting that the /l/ phoneme also carries the tone of the initial consonant. Thus, it is considered a false consonant cluster. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="With_sound_change">With sound change</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: With sound change">edit</a>]</div> Consonant cluster with medial Ra changes the sound of the voiceless plosive consonants /k/, /t/, and /p/ to the aspirated plosive consonants /kʰ/, /tʰ/, and /pʰ/, respectively. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Semantic </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨠᩕ </td> <td>xa, kha </td> <td>[xǎ], [kʰǎ] </td> <td>kh, x </td> <td>kr </td> <td>[x] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨡᩕ </td> <td>xa, kha </td> <td>[xǎ], [kʰǎ] </td> <td>kh, x </td> <td>khr </td> <td>[x] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨣᩕ </td> <td>xa, kha </td> <td>[xa᷇], [kʰa᷇] </td> <td>kh, x </td> <td>khr </td> <td>[x] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ᨲᩕ </td> <td>thala </td> <td>[tʰa.lǎ] </td> <td>thl </td> <td rowspan="2">tr </td> <td>[tʰa.l] </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td>tha </td> <td>[tʰǎ] </td> <td>th </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ᨴᩕ </td> <td>thala </td> <td>[tʰa᷇.la᷇] </td> <td>thl </td> <td rowspan="2">thr </td> <td>[tʰa᷇.l] </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td>tha </td> <td>[tʰa᷇] </td> <td>th </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨷᩕ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰǎ] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>pr </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨹᩕ </td> <td>pha<a href="#cite_note-bailan32-27">[17]</a> </td> <td>[pʰǎ] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>phr </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨻᩕ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰa᷇] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>phr </td> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Without_sound_change">Without sound change</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Without sound change">edit</a>]</div> Consonant cluster with medial Ra does not change the sound of /t͡ɕ/ and /s/, but an additional phoneme /l/ is often added. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th colspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Phonetic </th> <th>Semantic </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%">ᨧᩕ </td> <td>jala<a href="#cite_note-28">[18]</a> </td> <td>[t͡ɕa.lǎ] </td> <td>chl, jl </td> <td rowspan="2">chr, jr </td> <td>[t͡ɕa.l] </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td>ja </td> <td>[t͡ɕʰǎ] </td> <td>ch, j </td> <td>[t͡ɕʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨩᩕ </td> <td>ja<a href="#cite_note-:bailan12-29">[19]</a> </td> <td>[t͡ɕa] </td> <td>ch, j </td> <td>chr, jr </td> <td>[t͡ɕʰ] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨪᩕ </td> <td>sala<a href="#cite_note-bailan22-30">[20]</a> </td> <td>[sa᷇.la᷇] </td> <td>sl </td> <td>sr </td> <td>[sa᷇.l] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩈᩕ </td> <td>sala </td> <td>[sa.lǎ] </td> <td>sl </td> <td>sr </td> <td>[sa.l] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩆᩕ </td> <td>sala </td> <td>[sa.lǎ] </td> <td>sl </td> <td>sr </td> <td>[sa.l] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medial_Wa">Medial Wa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medial Wa">edit</a>]</div> Consonant cluster with medial Wa is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Tone Class </th></tr> <tr> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨠ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>kwa </td> <td>[kwǎ] </td> <td>kw </td> <td>[kw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨣ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>kwa </td> <td>[kwa᷇] </td> <td>kw </td> <td>[kw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨡ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>xwa </td> <td>[xwǎ] </td> <td>khw, xw </td> <td>[xw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨢ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>xwa </td> <td>[xwǎ] </td> <td>khw, xw </td> <td>[xw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨤ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>xwa </td> <td>[xwa᷇] </td> <td>khw, xw </td> <td>[xw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩉ᩠ᨦ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>ngwa </td> <td>[ŋwǎ] </td> <td>ngw </td> <td>[ŋw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨦ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>ngwa </td> <td>[ŋwa᷇] </td> <td>ngw </td> <td>[ŋw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨧ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>jwa </td> <td>[t͡ɕwǎ] </td> <td>jw, chw </td> <td>[t͡ɕw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨩ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>jwa </td> <td>[t͡ɕwa᷇] </td> <td>jw, chw </td> <td>[t͡ɕw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨯ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>dwa </td> <td>[dwǎ] </td> <td>dw </td> <td>[dw] </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨲ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>twa </td> <td>[twǎ] </td> <td>tw </td> <td>[tw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨴ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>twa </td> <td>[twa᷇] </td> <td>thw </td> <td>[tw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨶ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>nwa </td> <td>[nwa᷇] </td> <td>nw </td> <td>[nw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩀ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>ywa </td> <td>[jwǎ] </td> <td>yw </td> <td>[jw] </td> <td style="background: #cfc">mid </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩉ᩠ᨿ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>nywa </td> <td>[ɲwǎ] </td> <td>nyw, yw, gnw </td> <td>[ɲw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨿ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>nywa </td> <td>[ɲwa᷇] </td> <td>nyw, yw, gnw </td> <td>[ɲw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩁ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>rwa, lwa </td> <td>[lwa᷇] </td> <td>rw, lw </td> <td>[lw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩉᩖ᩠ᩅ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>lwa </td> <td>[lwǎ] </td> <td>lw </td> <td>[lw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩃ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>lwa </td> <td>[lwa᷇] </td> <td>lw </td> <td>[lw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩈ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>swa </td> <td>[swǎ] </td> <td>sw </td> <td>[sw] </td> <td style="background: #fcc">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᨪ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>swa </td> <td>[swa᷇] </td> <td>sw </td> <td>[sw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%">ᩋ᩠ᩅ </td> <td>ʔwa </td> <td>[ʔwǎ] </td> <td>ʔw </td> <td>[ʔw] </td> <td style="background: #ccf">low </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_letters">Special letters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Special letters">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Letter </th> <th colspan="3">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Phonetic value (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width: 500px;">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tham </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩓ </td> <td><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg/22px-Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg/34px-Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg/45px-Southern_Lanna_LAE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="64" /></a>, <a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg/21px-Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg/32px-Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg/42px-Northern_Lanna_LAE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃᩯᩡ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃᩯ </td> <td>lae </td> <td>[lɛ̄ː] </td> <td>[lɛʔ], [lɛ̄ː] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ligature of letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃ (la) and superscript vowel sign <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩮ (e). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶᩣ </td> <td><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_NAA.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lanna_NAA.svg/20px-Lanna_NAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lanna_NAA.svg/27px-Lanna_NAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Lanna_NAA.svg/36px-Lanna_NAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶᩣ </td> <td>naa </td> <td>[nāː] </td> <td>[nāː] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ligature of letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶ (na) and vowel sign <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩣ (a). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ᩠ᨬ </td> <td><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg/20px-Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg/29px-Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg/38px-Lanna_geminate_NYA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬᨬ </td> <td>nya nya </td> <td>[ɲa᷇ʔ ɲa᷇ʔ] </td> <td>[n.ɲ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ligature of letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨱ (rana) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ (nya), used in lieu of double <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩔ </td> <td><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg/40px-Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg/48px-Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg/64px-Lanna_Double_SA_Conjunct.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩈ ᩈᩬᨦᩉᩬ᩶ᨦ </td> <td>sa song hong </td> <td>[sǎː sɔ̌ːŋ hɔ᷇ːŋ] </td> <td>[t̚.s], [s̚.s] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Ligature of double <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩈ (high sa). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩕ </td> <td><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lanna_medial_RA.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna_medial_RA.svg/24px-Lanna_medial_RA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna_medial_RA.svg/36px-Lanna_medial_RA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna_medial_RA.svg/49px-Lanna_medial_RA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁᩁᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ </td> <td>rarong, rahong </td> <td>[la᷇.hōːŋ] </td> <td>[r], [l], [ʰ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Subjoined form of letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁ (ra) for a consonant cluster such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨷᩕ (pra) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻᩕ (pra) as opposed to the subjoined form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />-᩠ᩁ used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter. </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Vowel characters come in two forms: as stand-alone letters for writing initial vowels or as diacritics that can be attached to all sides of the consonant letters. However, Lanna excels in terms of the number of diacritics used. Some vowel sounds can be written with a combination of as many as four diacritics: one on each side of the consonant.<a href="#cite_note-everson-31">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-burutphakdee-32">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_vowels">Independent vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Independent vowels">edit</a>]</div> Independent vowels are mainly reserved for writing <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> words, except for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩐᩣ /ʔau/ which is used as a special vowel sign and not for Pali words.<a href="#cite_note-:indyvowels0-33">[23]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tai Tham </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Letter_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lanna_Letter_a.svg/20px-Lanna_Letter_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lanna_Letter_a.svg/26px-Lanna_Letter_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lanna_Letter_a.svg/35px-Lanna_Letter_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="28" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/áʔ/ </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩣ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lanna_letter_aa.svg/40px-Lanna_letter_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lanna_letter_aa.svg/45px-Lanna_letter_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lanna_letter_aa.svg/60px-Lanna_letter_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/āː/ </td> <td>aa </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩍ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lanna_letter_i.svg/20px-Lanna_letter_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lanna_letter_i.svg/27px-Lanna_letter_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lanna_letter_i.svg/36px-Lanna_letter_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/íʔ/ </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩎ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_ii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lanna_letter_ii.svg/22px-Lanna_letter_ii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lanna_letter_ii.svg/33px-Lanna_letter_ii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lanna_letter_ii.svg/44px-Lanna_letter_ii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/īː/ </td> <td>ii </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lanna_letter_u.svg/19px-Lanna_letter_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lanna_letter_u.svg/29px-Lanna_letter_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lanna_letter_u.svg/38px-Lanna_letter_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/úʔ/ </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lanna_letter_uu.svg/19px-Lanna_letter_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lanna_letter_uu.svg/29px-Lanna_letter_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lanna_letter_uu.svg/38px-Lanna_letter_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/ūː/ </td> <td>uu </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩑ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna_letter_e.svg/20px-Lanna_letter_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna_letter_e.svg/29px-Lanna_letter_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna_letter_e.svg/38px-Lanna_letter_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/ēː/ </td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩒ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lanna_letter_o.svg/24px-Lanna_letter_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lanna_letter_o.svg/36px-Lanna_letter_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lanna_letter_o.svg/49px-Lanna_letter_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>/ōː/ </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩂ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_rue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lanna_letter_rue.svg/20px-Lanna_letter_rue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lanna_letter_rue.svg/23px-Lanna_letter_rue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lanna_letter_rue.svg/31px-Lanna_letter_rue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/li/, /lɯ̄ː/, /lɯ᷇ʔ/, /lɤː/<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[24]</a> </td> <td>rue, ruue, ri, roe<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩄ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_letter_lue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lanna_letter_lue.svg/20px-Lanna_letter_lue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lanna_letter_lue.svg/23px-Lanna_letter_lue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lanna_letter_lue.svg/31px-Lanna_letter_lue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>lue, luue, li, loe<a href="#cite_note-:02-34">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 150%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩐᩣ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_aau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lanna_aau.jpg/40px-Lanna_aau.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Lanna_aau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a> </td> <td>/aw/ </td> <td>aw, au, ao </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependent_vowels">Dependent vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dependent vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Short vowels<a href="#cite_note-35">[a]</a> (with consonant <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ) </th> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Long vowels (with consonant <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th style="width: 150px;">No final consonant </th> <th style="width: 150px;">With final consonant (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨦ)<a href="#cite_note-hypo-36">[b]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th style="width: 150px;">No final consonant </th> <th style="width: 150px;">With final consonant (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨦ)<a href="#cite_note-hypo-36">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Simple vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td>/a/</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩢ᩠ᨦ</big> </td> <td rowspan="9"> </td> <td>/aː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩣ</big><a href="#cite_note-long-a-37">[c]</a> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩣ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/i/</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩥ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩥ᩠ᨦ</big> </td> <td>/iː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩦ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩦ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɯ/</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩧ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩧ᩠ᨦ</big> </td> <td>/ɯː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩨ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩨ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/u/</td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩩ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩩᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩩᨦ᩼</big> </td> <td>/uː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩪ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩪᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩪᨦ᩼</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/e/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩡ</big>, <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td>/eː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩯᩡ</big>, <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩯᩬᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ,</big> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩯᩬᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩯ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩯ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/o/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩰᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩫ᩠ᨦ</big> </td> <td>/oː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩰ,</big> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩣ</big><a href="#cite_note-long-a-37">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-only-pali-38">[d]</a> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩰ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩰᩬᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩬᩢᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩬᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩬᩴ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩳ</big><a href="#cite_note-khuen-style-39">[e]</a> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩬᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩬᨦ᩼</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɤ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩥᩢ᩠ᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td>/ɤː/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Diphthongs </th></tr> <tr> <td>/iaʔ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td rowspan="4"> </td> <td>/ia/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ</big><a href="#cite_note-maikia-maikai-40">[f]</a> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᨿᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">/ɯaʔ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩢᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td rowspan="2">/ɯa/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥᩋ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩥᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩢᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩨᩋ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩬᩨᨦ</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uaʔ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫᩡ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᩅᩢᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦᩡ</big> </td> <td>/ua/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᩅᩫ</big> </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᩅᨦ᩼</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Phonetic diphthongs<a href="#cite_note-41">[g]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>/aw/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩢᩣ,</big><a href="#cite_note-long-a-37">[c]</a> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᩫᩢᩣ,</big> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩳ,</big><a href="#cite_note-42">[h]</a> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩪᩦ</big><a href="#cite_note-43">[i]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td rowspan="13"> </td> <td>/aːw/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩣ᩠ᩅ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/iw/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩥ᩠ᩅ</big> </td> <td>- </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ew/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩮ᩠ᩅᩡ, ᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᩅ</big> </td> <td>- </td> <td>/eːw/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩮ᩠ᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩴ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɛw/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩯ᩠ᩅᩡ, ᨠᩯᩢ᩠ᩅ</big> </td> <td>- </td> <td>/ɛːw/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩯ᩠ᩅ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td>/iaw/ </td> <td><big>ᨠ᩠ᨿᩅ, ᨠ᩠ᨿᩴ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/aj/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩱ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩲ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ<a href="#cite_note-maikia-maikai-40">[f]</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩱᨿ᩠ᨿ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩮᨿ᩠ᨿ,</big><a href="#cite_note-44">[25]</a> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩢ᩠ᨿ</big><a href="#cite_note-mfl-19">[14]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>/aːj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩣ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɯj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩧ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩨ᩠ᨿᩡ</big> </td> <td>- </td> <td>/ɯːj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩨ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩩ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td> <td>/uːj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩪ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td>/oːj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩰᩫ᩠ᨿ, ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɔj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿᩡ, ᨠᩬᩢ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td> <td>/ɔːj/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩭ,</big><a href="#cite_note-khuen-style-39">[e]</a> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩬ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3"> </td> <td>/ɤːj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/uaj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠ᩠ᩅ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɯaj/ </td> <td><big>ᨠᩮᩬᩥ᩠ᨿ, ᨠᩮᩬᩨ᩠ᨿ</big> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Extra vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td>/aŋ/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩴ,</big><a href="#cite_note-only-pali-38">[d]</a> <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩘ<a href="#cite_note-only-pali-38">[d]</a></big> </td> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/am/ </td> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩣᩴ</big><a href="#cite_note-long-a-37">[c]</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Short vowels are followed by a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> /ʔ/ if they are followed by another consonant. </li> <li id="cite_note-hypo-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hypo_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hypo_36-1">b</a> Hypothetical spelling for demonstrating the consonant and vowel positions. </li> <li id="cite_note-long-a-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-long-a_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long-a_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long-a_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long-a_37-3">d</a> Symbol <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌ᩤ may be used instead for narrow consonants such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨣ ᨧ ᨵ ᨰ ᨴ ᨷ ᩅ to increase legibility. </li> <li id="cite_note-only-pali-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-only-pali_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-only-pali_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-only-pali_38-2">c</a> Only used for Pali words. </li> <li id="cite_note-khuen-style-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khuen-style_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-khuen-style_39-1">b</a> Used in Khuen and Lue spelling conventions. </li> <li id="cite_note-maikia-maikai-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maikia-maikai_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maikia-maikai_40-1">b</a> According to the Unicode encoding order, subjoined ya <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨿ in the case of mai kia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ᩠ᨿᩮ is considered as a part of vowel cluster and classed as a medial ya which precedes vowels; therefore, the encoding order of mai kia is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ + ᩠ᨿ + ᩮ. However, in the case of mai kai in Pali-Sanskrit form like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ, the subjoined ya <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />◌᩠ᨿ is considered as a final consonant because it is derived from the Pali-Sanskrit phoneme kaya. Thus, the encoding order is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ + ᩱ + ᩠ᨿ </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Only shows the diphthongs with special diacritic symbols. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Used in Lanna spelling convention, called Mai Kao Ho Nueng (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᩉᩬᩴ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨶᩧ᩶ᨦ) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Called Mai Kao Ju Ji (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩢᩣᨧᩪ᩶ᨧᩦ᩶) </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tone_marks">Tone marks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tone marks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language#Tones" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language § Tones</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Tone marks</th> <th colspan="3">Name</th> <th rowspan="2">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tham </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><big>᩵</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-tone1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lanna-tone1.png/20px-Lanna-tone1.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lanna-tone1.png/40px-Lanna-tone1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="310" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩢ᩠ᨠ,<a href="#cite_note-mfl-19">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᩀᩰᩬᩡ<a href="#cite_note-mfl-19">[14]</a> </td> <td>mai yak, mai yo </td> <td>/máj.jǎk/, /máj.jɔ́ʔ/ </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><big>᩶</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-tone2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lanna-tone2.png/31px-Lanna-tone2.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lanna-tone2.png/46px-Lanna-tone2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lanna-tone2.png/61px-Lanna-tone2.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="408" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᨡᩬᩴᨩ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦ,<a href="#cite_note-mfl-19">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᨪᩢ᩠ᨯ<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> </td> <td>mai kho jang, mai sat </td> <td>/máj.xɔ̌ː.t͡ɕáːŋ/, /máj.sát/ </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><big>᩷</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg/20px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg/21px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg/28px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᨠᩳᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ<a href="#cite_note-:tone1-46">[27]</a></td> <td>mai ko nuea </td> <td>/máj.kɔ̌.nɯa̯/</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Invented for Khuen language, shape like vowel sign <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />-ᩳ (mai ko).<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><big>᩸</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Khuen_tone_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lanna_Khuen_tone_4.svg/20px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Lanna_Khuen_tone_4.svg/26px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩬᨦᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ<a href="#cite_note-:tone1-46">[27]</a></td> <td>mai song nuea </td> <td>/máj.sɔ̌ːŋ.nɯa̯/</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Invented for Khuen language, shape like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪂ (Hora digit 2).<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><big>᩹</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg/15px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg/23px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg/31px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾᩱ᩶ᩈᩣ᩠ᨾᩉ᩠ᨶᩮᩬᩥᩋ<a href="#cite_note-:tone1-46">[27]</a></td> <td>mai sam nuea </td> <td>/máj.sǎːm.nɯa̯/</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Invented for Khuen language, shape like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪃ (Hora digit 3).<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>๋</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Lao_tone_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lanna_Lao_tone_4.svg/20px-Lanna_Lao_tone_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lanna_Lao_tone_4.svg/26px-Lanna_Lao_tone_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>– </td> <td>-</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a> "Mai Chattawa" into Khuen language. Interchangeable with mai song nuea.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>้</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Khuen_tone_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna_Khuen_tone_2.svg/20px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna_Khuen_tone_2.svg/26px-Lanna_Khuen_tone_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="64" /></a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>– </td> <td>-</td> <td style="text-align:left;">Borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a> "Mai Tho" into Khuen language. Interchangeable with mai sam nuea.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_mark_conjugation">Tone mark conjugation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tone mark conjugation">edit</a>]</div> There are six phonemic <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai dialect</a> of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal stop, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. Tones in Chiang Mai dialect are very close to the standard Thai five tones systems and the equivalence can be drawn between the two. Lanna–Thai dictionaries often equate Chiang Mai tones with standard Thai tones, shown in a table below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Northern Thai–Standard Thai tone equivalence </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Chiang Mai Tone<a href="#cite_note-:tone2a-47">[28]</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Thai Tone Equivalence<a href="#cite_note-:tone2a-47">[28]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Tone letters </th> <th colspan="3">Name </th> <th>Tone letters </th></tr> <tr> <td>mid-level </td> <td>33 or ˧˧ </td> <td>สามัญ </td> <td>saman </td> <td>mid-level </td> <td>33 or ˧˧ </td></tr> <tr> <td>low-falling </td> <td>21 or ˨˩ </td> <td>เอก </td> <td>ek </td> <td>low-falling </td> <td>21 or ˨˩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>high-falling </td> <td>42 or ˦˨ </td> <td>โท </td> <td>tho </td> <td>high-falling </td> <td>41 or ˦˩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>high-level, glottalized </td> <td>44ʔ or ˦˦ʔ </td> <td>โทพิเศษ<a href="#cite_note-special-tho-48">[a]</a> </td> <td>special tho<a href="#cite_note-special-tho-48">[a]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>high-rising </td> <td>45 or ˦˥ </td> <td>ตรี </td> <td>tree </td> <td>high-rising </td> <td>45 or ˦˥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>low-rising </td> <td>24 or ˨˦ </td> <td>จัตวา </td> <td>chattawa </td> <td>low-rising </td> <td>24 or ˨˥ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-special-tho-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-special-tho_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-special-tho_48-1">b</a> Name frequently given by grammar books. </li> </ol></div></div> Tone mark conjugation system of Tai Tham highly correlates with the system used by Thai script. Despite the difference in tone quality between Northern Thai, Tai Khuen, Thai, and Lao; equivalent words in each language are, in large part, marked with the same (or equivalent) tone mark. For example, the word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨣ᩶ᩤ (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />Northern Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">[kaː˦˥]</a>; Khuen: [kaː˦˩]) which is equivalent to Thai ค้า (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />Thai pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[kʰaː˦˥]</a>), and Lao ຄ້າ (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" />Lao pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">[kʰaː˥˨]</a>) all has the same meaning "to trade" and is expressed with the same or equivalent tone mark mai tho/mai kho jang but is pronounced with different tones differed by the languages. Tone mark conjugation in Tai Tham follows the same model used for Thai script. Consonants are divided into 3 classes: high, mid, low; with some degree of variation form Thai script due to the phonological differences between Northern Thai and standard Thai. Consonants in each class are combined with these tone marks to give a different tonal pattern. Only two tone marks mai yo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />(᩵) and mai kho jang <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />(᩶) are mainly used. Low class and High class consonants only have one tone per one tone mark. Hence, to achieve the 6 tones while using only 2 tone marks (and one case of no tone mark), they are conjugated as a couple of the same sound.<a href="#cite_note-49">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>High class–Low class consonants couple for tone conjugation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>High class </th> <th>Low class </th></tr> <tr> <td>[k] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[x] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨡ, ᨢ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨤ, ᨥ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ŋ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨦ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨦ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t͡ɕ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨧ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[s] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨪ, ᨫ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ɲ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨿ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ, ᨿ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[t] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨭ, ᨲ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[tʰ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨮ, ᨳ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨰ, ᨵ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[n] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨶ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨱ, ᨶ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[p] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨷ<a href="#cite_note-50">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨸ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[pʰ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨹ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[f] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨺ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨼ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[m] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᨾ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[r] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉᩕ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[l] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[h] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ, ᩉᩕ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩌ, ᩁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>[w] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ᩠ᩅ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩅ </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Pali derived words. </li> </ol></div></div> Mid class consonants ([ʔ], [b], [d], and [j]) do not have a couple for tone conjugation. Hence, different tones can be expressed with the same tone mark. Readers have to rely on the context in order to know the correct tone pronunciation. Therefore, to solve this ambiguity, three new tone marks: mai ko nuea <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />(᩷), mai song nuea <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />(᩸), and mai sam nuea <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />(᩹) were invented for the mid class consonants in Khuen language. However, these three new tone marks aren't used in Lanna spelling convention and even in Khuen, they are rarely used. The use of these new three tone marks is also not standardized and may also differ between the dialects of Khuen language.<a href="#cite_note-Owen-45">[26]</a> Moreover, similar to standard Thai, the tonal pattern for each consonant class also differs by vowel length and final consonant sounds, which can be divided into the "checked" and "unchecked" syllables. Checked syllables are a group of syllables with the obstruent coda sounds [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and [ʔ] (short vowel with no final consonant actually ends with the glottal stop, but often omitted). The unchecked syllables are a group of syllables with the sonorant coda sound [m], [n], [ŋ], [j], and [w]. Hence, by combining the consonant classes and the system of checked–unchecked syllables, the full tone conjugation table can be constructed as shown below. Color codes are assigned in the table to each tone mark: cyan – no tone mark; yellow – mai yo (equi. Thai mai ek); pink – mai kho jang (equi. Thai mai tho). Low class and high class rows are paired together to show the system of the consonant couples. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="5">final consonant sound </th> <th rowspan="5">Vowel length </th> <th rowspan="5">Consonant class </th> <th colspan="6">Chiang Mai Tone </th></tr> <tr> <th>mid-level </th> <th>low-falling </th> <th>high-falling </th> <th>high-level, glottalized </th> <th>high-rising </th> <th>low-rising </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Thai Tone Equivalence </th></tr> <tr> <th>สามัญ (saman) </th> <th>เอก (ek) </th> <th>โท (tho) </th> <th>โทพิเศษ (special tho)<a href="#cite_note-51">[a]</a> </th> <th>ตรี (tree) </th> <th>จัตวา (chattawa) </th></tr> <tr> <th>mid </th> <th>low </th> <th>falling </th> <th>- </th> <th>high </th> <th>rising </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">m, n, ŋ, j, w coda (unchecked syllables) (<a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3">long & short </td> <td style="background: #ccf">Low </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴᩣ /taː˧˧/ "to smear" </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFE0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴ᩵ᩣ /taː˦˨/ "port" </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴ᩶ᩣ /taː˦˥/ "to challenge" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fcc">High </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#FFFFE0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ /taːŋ˨˩/ "to carry" </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶ /taːn˦˦ʔ/ "to oppose" </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲᩣ /taː˨˦/ "eye" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#CFC">Mid </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ /ʔuj˧˧/ "soft hair" </td> <td style="background:#FFFFE0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ /ʔuj˨˩/ "to scatter" </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿᩌᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-:tone2-53">[30]</a> /ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/ "greenish" </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ<a href="#cite_note-:tone2-53">[30]</a> /ʔuj˦˦ʔ/ "thigh" </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[31]</a> /ʔuj˦˥/ "grand parents" </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[32]</a> /ʔuj˨˦/ "breast" </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">ʔ, p̚, t̚, k̚ coda<a href="#cite_note-56">[c]</a> (checked syllables) (<a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a>) </td> <td rowspan="3">long </td> <td style="background: #ccf">Low </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴᩣ᩠ᨠ /taːk̚˦˨/ "slug" </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶᩰ᩠᩶ᨴ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[33]</a> /noːt̚˦˥/ "note" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fcc">High </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ /taːk̚˨˩/ "to dry" </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#CFC">Mid </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨯᩣ᩠ᨷ /daːp̚˨˩/ "sword" </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩪ᩶ᨯ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[34]</a> /ʔuːt̚˦˨/ "to swell" </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋ᩶ᩬᨷ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-60">[35]</a> /ʔɔːp̚˦˥/ "bottle neck" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">short </td> <td style="background: #ccf">Low </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴᩢ᩠ᨠ /tak̚˦˥/ "to greet" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fcc">High </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ /tap̚˨˦/ "liver" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#CFC">Mid </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fee7e6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋᩩ᩶ᨠ<a href="#cite_note-second-mid-52">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[36]</a> /ʔuk̚˦˥/ "to ferment" </td> <td style="background:#E0FFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨯᩢ᩠ᨷ /dap̚˨˦/ "to distinguish (fire)" </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Not exist in standard Thai, but often approximated as the special falling tone (โทพิเศษ) in many grammar books and the academic circle in Thailand. </li> <li id="cite_note-second-mid-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-second-mid_52-6">g</a> Secondary form for mid class consonants. This form is less frequently found, and not listed in some grammar book. However, there are dictionary records of words in this form, especially the word start with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋ /ʔ/. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Some linguists consider this class as separated tones group. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Mostly the borrow words from Thai and English. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> Lanna has two sets of numerals. The first set, Lek Nai Tham, is mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical</a> purposes. The other set, Lek Hora, is used in general. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> </th> <th width="40">0</th> <th width="40">1</th> <th width="40">2</th> <th width="40">3</th> <th width="40">4 </th> <th width="40">5</th> <th width="40">6</th> <th width="40">7</th> <th width="40">8</th> <th width="40">9 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hora digits </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪀</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪁</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪂</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪃</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪄</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪅</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪆</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪇</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪈</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪉ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tham digits </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪐</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪑</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪒</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪓</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪔</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪕</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪖</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪗</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪘</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪙ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="11"> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numerals</a> </th> <td>๐</td> <td>๑</td> <td>๒</td> <td>๓</td> <td>๔</td> <td>๕</td> <td>๖</td> <td>๗</td> <td>๘</td> <td>๙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lao_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao numerals">Lao numerals</a> </th> <td>໐</td> <td>໑</td> <td>໒</td> <td>໓</td> <td>໔</td> <td>໕</td> <td>໖</td> <td>໗</td> <td>໘</td> <td>໙ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese numerals</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />๐</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၁</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၂</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၃</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၄</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၅</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၆</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၇</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၈</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />၉ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer numerals</a> </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866755443">.mw-parser-output .script-khmer{font-family:"Khmer Busra","Khmer Mondulkiri","Khmer OS","Khmer OS Battambang","Khmer OS Boker","Khmer OS Content","Khmer OS Fasthand","Khmer OS Freehand","Khmer OS Metal Chrieng","Khmer OS Muol","Khmer OS Muol Pali","Khmer OS Siemreap","Khmer OS System","Khmer Oureang","Khmer Ratanakiri","KH Freehand","Kh Metal Chrieng","Kh Bokor",Hanuman,"Noto Sans Khmer","Noto Serif Khmer","Khmer UI","Leelawadee UI",DaunPenh}</style>០</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />១</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />២</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៣</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៤</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៥</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៦</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៧</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៨</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />៩ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_other_scripts">Relation with other scripts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Relation with other scripts">edit</a>]</div> Tai Tham is very similar in shape to Burmese script since both are derived from Old Mon script. New Tai Lue is a descendant of Tai Tham with its shape simplified and many consonants removed. Thai script looks distinctive from Tai Tham but covers all equivalent consonants including 8 additional consonants, as Thai is the closest sister language to the Northern Thai, Khuen, and Lue languages. A variation of Thai script (<a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a>) called <a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham script</a> was also used in <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> to write Northern Thai, Khuen, and Lue during the 14th century, influencing the development of the modern Tai Tham script.<a href="#cite_note-62">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Tai Tham </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Lanna style </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-mid" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />1. Wak Ka</div> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/20px-Lanna-1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/40px-Lanna-1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />က </td> <td>ᦂ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ក </td> <td>ก </td> <td>ກ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨡ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/20px-Lanna-2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/40px-Lanna-2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="48" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ခ </td> <td>ᦃ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ខ </td> <td>ข </td> <td>ຂ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨢ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lanna-3.png/20px-Lanna-3.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lanna-3.png/40px-Lanna-3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="79" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td> <td>ฃ </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨣ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/20px-Lanna-4.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/30px-Lanna-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/40px-Lanna-4.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဂ </td> <td>ᦅ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />គ </td> <td>ค </td> <td>ຄ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨤ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna-5.png/20px-Lanna-5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lanna-5.png/40px-Lanna-5.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td>ᦆ </td> <td> – </td> <td>ฅ </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨥ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/20px-Lanna-6.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/40px-Lanna-6.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဃ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឃ </td> <td>ฆ </td> <td>ຆ (modern: ຄ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨦ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/20px-Lanna-7.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/40px-Lanna-7.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="35" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />င </td> <td>ᦇ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ង </td> <td>ง </td> <td>ງ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-mid" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />2. Wak Ja</div> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨧ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/20px-Lanna-8.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/40px-Lanna-8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Lanna-8.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />စ </td> <td>ᦈ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ច </td> <td>จ </td> <td>ຈ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨨ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/20px-Lanna-9.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/30px-Lanna-9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lanna-9.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဆ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឆ </td> <td>ฉ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-ch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lao-Pali-ch.png/20px-Lao-Pali-ch.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="755" /></a> (modern: ສ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨩ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/20px-Lanna-10.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/40px-Lanna-10.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="46" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဇ </td> <td>ᦋ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ជ </td> <td>ช </td> <td>ຊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨪ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lanna-11.png/20px-Lanna-11.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Lanna-11.png/40px-Lanna-11.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="77" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td>ᦌ </td> <td> – </td> <td>ซ </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨫ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/20px-Lanna-12.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/40px-Lanna-12.png 1.5x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="46" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဈ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឈ </td> <td>ฌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-jh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lao-Pali-jh.png/10px-Lao-Pali-jh.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lao-Pali-jh.png/15px-Lao-Pali-jh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lao-Pali-jh.png/20px-Lao-Pali-jh.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="959" /></a> (modern: ຊ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/20px-Lanna-13.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/31px-Lanna-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/41px-Lanna-13.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ည </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ញ </td> <td>ญ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-ny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lao-Pali-ny.png/20px-Lao-Pali-ny.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="753" /></a> (modern: ຍ) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-mid" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />3. Wak Rata</div> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨭ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/20px-Lanna-14.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/30px-Lanna-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/40px-Lanna-14.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဋ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ដ </td> <td>ฏ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-T.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lao-Pali-T.png/20px-Lao-Pali-T.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="755" /></a> (modern: ຕ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨮ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/20px-Lanna-15.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/40px-Lanna-15.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဌ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឋ </td> <td>ฐ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-Th.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lao-Pali-Th.png/20px-Lao-Pali-Th.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="955" /></a> (modern: ຖ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨯ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/20px-Lanna-17.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/40px-Lanna-17.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="51" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဍ </td> <td>ᦡ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឌ </td> <td>ฑ, ฎ, ด </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lao-Pali-D.png/20px-Lao-Pali-D.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="756" /></a> (modern: ທ, ດ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨰ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/20px-Lanna-15-5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/40px-Lanna-15-5.png 1.5x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဎ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឍ </td> <td>ฒ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-Dh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lao-Pali-Dh.png/20px-Lao-Pali-Dh.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="754" /></a> (modern: ທ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨱ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/20px-Lanna-16.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/30px-Lanna-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/40px-Lanna-16.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဏ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ណ </td> <td>ณ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-N.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lao-Pali-N.png/20px-Lao-Pali-N.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="755" /></a> (modern: ນ) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-mid" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />4. Wak Ta</div> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/20px-Lanna-18.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/30px-Lanna-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/40px-Lanna-18.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />တ </td> <td>ᦎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ត </td> <td>ต </td> <td>ຕ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨳ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/20px-Lanna-19.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/30px-Lanna-19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/40px-Lanna-19.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ထ </td> <td>ᦏ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ថ </td> <td>ถ </td> <td>ຖ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/20px-Lanna-20.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/30px-Lanna-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/40px-Lanna-20.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဒ </td> <td>ᦑ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ទ </td> <td>ท </td> <td>ທ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨵ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/20px-Lanna-21.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/40px-Lanna-21.png 1.5x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဓ </td> <td>ᦒ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ធ </td> <td>ธ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-dh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lao-Pali-dh.png/20px-Lao-Pali-dh.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="784" /></a> (modern: ທ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/20px-Lanna-22.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/40px-Lanna-22.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />န </td> <td>ᦓ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ន </td> <td>น </td> <td>ນ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-mid" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />5. Wak Pa</div> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨷ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/20px-Lanna-23.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/30px-Lanna-23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/40px-Lanna-23.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ပ </td> <td>ᦢ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ប </td> <td>บ </td> <td>ບ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨸ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-24.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lanna-24.png/20px-Lanna-24.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lanna-24.png/30px-Lanna-24.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lanna-24.png/40px-Lanna-24.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="58" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td>ᦔ </td> <td> – </td> <td>ป </td> <td>ປ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨹ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/20px-Lanna-25.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/40px-Lanna-25.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဖ </td> <td>ᦕ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ផ </td> <td>ผ </td> <td>ຜ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨺ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-26.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna-26.png/20px-Lanna-26.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna-26.png/30px-Lanna-26.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lanna-26.png/39px-Lanna-26.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td>ᦚ </td> <td> – </td> <td>ฝ </td> <td>ຝ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/20px-Lanna-27.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/30px-Lanna-27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/40px-Lanna-27.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဗ </td> <td>ᦗ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ព </td> <td>พ </td> <td>ພ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨼ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-28.png/20px-Lanna-28.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lanna-28.png/40px-Lanna-28.png 1.5x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="61" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td>ᦝ </td> <td> – </td> <td>ฟ </td> <td>ຟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨽ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-29.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/20px-Lanna-29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/40px-Lanna-29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="39" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဘ </td> <td>ᦘ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ភ </td> <td>ภ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-bh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lao-Pali-bh.png/10px-Lao-Pali-bh.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lao-Pali-bh.png/14px-Lao-Pali-bh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lao-Pali-bh.png/19px-Lao-Pali-bh.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="749" /></a> (modern: ພ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/20px-Lanna-30.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/30px-Lanna-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/40px-Lanna-30.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="36" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />မ </td> <td>ᦙ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ម </td> <td>ม </td> <td>ມ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="12" class="nowrap ts-vertical-header is-valign-mid" style=""><div style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1221560606" />6. Awak</div> </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨿ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-31.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/20px-Lanna-31.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/30px-Lanna-31.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/40px-Lanna-31.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ယ </td> <td>ᦍ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />យ </td> <td>ย </td> <td>ຍ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩀ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-44.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-44.png/40px-Lanna-44.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-44.png/50px-Lanna-44.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="52" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td>ᦊ </td> <td> – </td> <td>อย </td> <td>ຢ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/20px-Lanna-32.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/40px-Lanna-32.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="32" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ရ </td> <td>ᦣ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />រ </td> <td>ร </td> <td>ຣ (modern: ລ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-33.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/20px-Lanna-33.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/30px-Lanna-33.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/40px-Lanna-33.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />လ </td> <td>ᦟ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ល </td> <td>ล </td> <td>ລ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩅ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-34.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/20px-Lanna-34.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/30px-Lanna-34.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lanna-34.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဝ </td> <td>ᦞ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />វ </td> <td>ว </td> <td>ວ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩆ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-35.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lanna-35.png/20px-Lanna-35.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lanna-35.png/40px-Lanna-35.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="34" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ၐ (modern: သ) </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឝ (modern: ស) </td> <td>ศ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png/10px-Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png/15px-Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png/20px-Lao-Sanskrit-sh.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="797" /></a> (modern: ສ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩇ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-36.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lanna-36.png/20px-Lanna-36.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lanna-36.png/40px-Lanna-36.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="40" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ၑ (modern: သ) </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឞ (modern: ស) </td> <td>ษ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Sanskrit-S.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lao-Sanskrit-S.png/20px-Lao-Sanskrit-S.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="806" /></a> (modern: ສ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩈ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-37.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/20px-Lanna-37.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/30px-Lanna-37.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/40px-Lanna-37.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />သ </td> <td>ᦉ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ស </td> <td>ส </td> <td>ສ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-38.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/20px-Lanna-38.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/40px-Lanna-38.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဟ </td> <td>ᦠ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ហ </td> <td>ห </td> <td>ຫ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩊ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-39.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lanna-39.png/20px-Lanna-39.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lanna-39.png/40px-Lanna-39.png 1.5x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ဠ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឡ </td> <td>ฬ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lao-Pali-L.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lao-Pali-L.png/20px-Lao-Pali-L.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="800" /></a> (modern: ລ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-40.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-40.png/20px-Lanna-40.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-40.png/30px-Lanna-40.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-40.png/40px-Lanna-40.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="39" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />အ </td> <td>ᦀ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />អ </td> <td>อ </td> <td>ອ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩌ</big> </td> <td style="font-size: 150%"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-41.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lanna-41.png/20px-Lanna-41.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lanna-41.png/40px-Lanna-41.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="59" /></a> </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td> <td> – </td> <td>ฮ </td> <td>ຮ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">7. Special </th> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩂ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-42.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-42.png/20px-Lanna-42.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-42.png/40px-Lanna-42.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="61" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ၒ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឫ </td> <td>ฤ </td> <td> – </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩄ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-43.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lanna-43.png/20px-Lanna-43.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lanna-43.png/40px-Lanna-43.png 1.5x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="58" /></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569" />ၔ </td> <td> – </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866755443" />ឭ </td> <td>ฦ </td> <td> – </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanskrit_and_Pali">Sanskrit and Pali</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sanskrit and Pali">edit</a>]</div> The Tai Tham script (like all <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>) uses a number of modifications to write <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a> and related languages (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>). When writing Pali, only 33 consonants and 12 vowels are used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pali_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script">Pali consonants in Tai Tham script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pali consonants in Tai Tham script">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4">Plosive </th> <th rowspan="3">Nasal </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Approximant </th> <th rowspan="3">Fricative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">voiceless </th> <th colspan="2">voiced </th></tr> <tr> <th>unaspirated</th> <th>aspirated </th> <th>unaspirated</th> <th>aspirated </th> <th>central</th> <th>lateral </th></tr> <tr> <th>Velar </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/20px-Lanna-1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/40px-Lanna-1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ka] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/20px-Lanna-2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/40px-Lanna-2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="48" /></a> [kha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/20px-Lanna-4.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/30px-Lanna-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/40px-Lanna-4.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ga] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/20px-Lanna-6.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/40px-Lanna-6.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="31" /></a> [gha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/20px-Lanna-7.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/40px-Lanna-7.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="35" /></a> [ṅa] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Palatal </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/20px-Lanna-8.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/40px-Lanna-8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Lanna-8.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ca] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/20px-Lanna-9.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/30px-Lanna-9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lanna-9.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a> [cha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/20px-Lanna-10.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/40px-Lanna-10.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="46" /></a> [ja] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/20px-Lanna-12.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/40px-Lanna-12.png 1.5x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="46" /></a> [jha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/20px-Lanna-13.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/30px-Lanna-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/40px-Lanna-13.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="59" /></a> [ña] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-31.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/20px-Lanna-31.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/30px-Lanna-31.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/40px-Lanna-31.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ya] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflex </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/20px-Lanna-14.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/30px-Lanna-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/40px-Lanna-14.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ṭa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/20px-Lanna-15.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/40px-Lanna-15.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="59" /></a> [ṭha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/20px-Lanna-17.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/40px-Lanna-17.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="51" /></a> [ḍa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/20px-Lanna-15-5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/40px-Lanna-15-5.png 1.5x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ḍha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/20px-Lanna-16.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/30px-Lanna-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/40px-Lanna-16.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ṇa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/20px-Lanna-32.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/40px-Lanna-32.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="32" /></a> [ra] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-39.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lanna-39.png/20px-Lanna-39.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lanna-39.png/40px-Lanna-39.png 1.5x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="59" /></a> [ḷa] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dental </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/20px-Lanna-18.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/30px-Lanna-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/40px-Lanna-18.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ta] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/20px-Lanna-19.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/30px-Lanna-19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/40px-Lanna-19.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> [tha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/20px-Lanna-20.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/30px-Lanna-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/40px-Lanna-20.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> [da] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/20px-Lanna-21.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/40px-Lanna-21.png 1.5x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> [dha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/20px-Lanna-22.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/40px-Lanna-22.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="53" /></a> [na] </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-33.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/20px-Lanna-33.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/30px-Lanna-33.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/40px-Lanna-33.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="31" /></a> [la] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-37.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/20px-Lanna-37.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/30px-Lanna-37.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/40px-Lanna-37.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> [sa] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Labial </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/20px-Lanna-23.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/30px-Lanna-23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/40px-Lanna-23.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="31" /></a> [pa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/20px-Lanna-25.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/40px-Lanna-25.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> [pha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/20px-Lanna-27.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/30px-Lanna-27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/40px-Lanna-27.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ba] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-29.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/20px-Lanna-29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/40px-Lanna-29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="39" /></a> [bha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/20px-Lanna-30.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/30px-Lanna-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/40px-Lanna-30.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="36" /></a> [ma] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-34.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/20px-Lanna-34.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/30px-Lanna-34.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lanna-34.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="31" /></a> [va] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Glottal </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-38.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/20px-Lanna-38.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/40px-Lanna-38.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ha] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit_consonants_in_Tai_Tham_script">Sanskrit consonants in Tai Tham script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sanskrit consonants in Tai Tham script">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4">Plosive </th> <th>Nasal </th> <th>Approximant </th> <th>Frictive </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">voiceless</th> <th colspan="2">voiced </th> <th>voiced </th> <th>voiced </th> <th>voiceless </th></tr> <tr> <th>unaspirated</th> <th>aspirated </th> <th>unaspirated</th> <th>aspirated </th> <th>unaspirated </th> <th>unaspirated </th> <th>aspirated </th></tr> <tr> <th>Guttural </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/20px-Lanna-1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lanna-1.png/40px-Lanna-1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ka] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/20px-Lanna-2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lanna-2.png/40px-Lanna-2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="48" /></a> [kha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/20px-Lanna-4.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/30px-Lanna-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lanna-4.png/40px-Lanna-4.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ga] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/20px-Lanna-6.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lanna-6.png/40px-Lanna-6.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="31" /></a> [gha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/20px-Lanna-7.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Lanna-7.png/40px-Lanna-7.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="35" /></a> [ṅa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-38.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/20px-Lanna-38.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-38.png/40px-Lanna-38.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ha] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Palatal </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/20px-Lanna-8.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-8.png/40px-Lanna-8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Lanna-8.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ca] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/20px-Lanna-9.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lanna-9.png/30px-Lanna-9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Lanna-9.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a> [cha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/20px-Lanna-10.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lanna-10.png/40px-Lanna-10.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="46" /></a> [ja] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/20px-Lanna-12.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lanna-12.png/40px-Lanna-12.png 1.5x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="46" /></a> [jha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/20px-Lanna-13.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/30px-Lanna-13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lanna-13.png/40px-Lanna-13.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="59" /></a> [ña] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-31.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/20px-Lanna-31.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/30px-Lanna-31.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lanna-31.png/40px-Lanna-31.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ya] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-35.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lanna-35.png/20px-Lanna-35.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lanna-35.png/40px-Lanna-35.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="34" /></a> [śa] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflex </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/20px-Lanna-14.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/30px-Lanna-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lanna-14.png/40px-Lanna-14.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ṭa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/20px-Lanna-15.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lanna-15.png/40px-Lanna-15.png 1.5x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="59" /></a> [ṭha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/20px-Lanna-17.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lanna-17.png/40px-Lanna-17.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="51" /></a> [ḍa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-15-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/20px-Lanna-15-5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lanna-15-5.png/40px-Lanna-15-5.png 1.5x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ḍha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/20px-Lanna-16.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/30px-Lanna-16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lanna-16.png/40px-Lanna-16.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ṇa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-32.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/20px-Lanna-32.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lanna-32.png/40px-Lanna-32.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="32" /></a> [ra] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-36.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lanna-36.png/20px-Lanna-36.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lanna-36.png/40px-Lanna-36.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="40" /></a> [ṣa] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dental </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-18.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/20px-Lanna-18.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/30px-Lanna-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Lanna-18.png/40px-Lanna-18.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="30" /></a> [ta] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/20px-Lanna-19.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/30px-Lanna-19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lanna-19.png/40px-Lanna-19.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> [tha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/20px-Lanna-20.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/30px-Lanna-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lanna-20.png/40px-Lanna-20.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> [da] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/20px-Lanna-21.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lanna-21.png/40px-Lanna-21.png 1.5x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="30" /></a> [dha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/20px-Lanna-22.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lanna-22.png/40px-Lanna-22.png 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="53" /></a> [na] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-33.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/20px-Lanna-33.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/30px-Lanna-33.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lanna-33.png/40px-Lanna-33.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="31" /></a> [la] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-37.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/20px-Lanna-37.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/30px-Lanna-37.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanna-37.png/40px-Lanna-37.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="30" /></a> [sa] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Labial </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/20px-Lanna-23.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/30px-Lanna-23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lanna-23.png/40px-Lanna-23.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="31" /></a> [pa] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/20px-Lanna-25.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lanna-25.png/40px-Lanna-25.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a> [pha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/20px-Lanna-27.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/30px-Lanna-27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lanna-27.png/40px-Lanna-27.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="31" /></a> [ba] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-29.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/20px-Lanna-29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lanna-29.png/40px-Lanna-29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="39" /></a> [bha] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/20px-Lanna-30.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/30px-Lanna-30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lanna-30.png/40px-Lanna-30.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="36" /></a> [ma] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna-34.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/20px-Lanna-34.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lanna-34.png/30px-Lanna-34.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lanna-34.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="31" /></a> [va] </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_block">Unicode block</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Unicode block">edit</a>]</div> Tai Tham script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_(Unicode_block)" title="Tai Tham (Unicode block)">Tai Tham (Unicode block)</a></div> The Unicode block for Tai Tham is U+1A20–U+1AAF: <table class="wikitable nounderlines skin-invert" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center; color:black"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_(Unicode_block)" title="Tai Tham (Unicode block)">Tai Tham</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_U1A20_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#endnote_U1A20_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1A20.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A2x </td> <td title="U+1A20: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨠ </td> <td title="U+1A21: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨡ </td> <td title="U+1A22: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH KXA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨢ </td> <td title="U+1A23: TAI THAM LETTER LOW KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨣ </td> <td title="U+1A24: TAI THAM LETTER LOW KXA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨤ </td> <td title="U+1A25: TAI THAM LETTER LOW KHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨥ </td> <td title="U+1A26: TAI THAM LETTER NGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨦ </td> <td title="U+1A27: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨧ </td> <td title="U+1A28: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨨ </td> <td title="U+1A29: TAI THAM LETTER LOW CA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨩ </td> <td title="U+1A2A: TAI THAM LETTER LOW SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨪ </td> <td title="U+1A2B: TAI THAM LETTER LOW CHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨫ </td> <td title="U+1A2C: TAI THAM LETTER NYA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨬ </td> <td title="U+1A2D: TAI THAM LETTER RATA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨭ </td> <td title="U+1A2E: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH RATHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨮ </td> <td title="U+1A2F: TAI THAM LETTER DA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A3x </td> <td title="U+1A30: TAI THAM LETTER LOW RATHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨰ </td> <td title="U+1A31: TAI THAM LETTER RANA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨱ </td> <td title="U+1A32: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH TA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨲ </td> <td title="U+1A33: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH THA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨳ </td> <td title="U+1A34: TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨴ </td> <td title="U+1A35: TAI THAM LETTER LOW THA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨵ </td> <td title="U+1A36: TAI THAM LETTER NA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨶ </td> <td title="U+1A37: TAI THAM LETTER BA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨷ </td> <td title="U+1A38: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨸ </td> <td title="U+1A39: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH PHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨹ </td> <td title="U+1A3A: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH FA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨺ </td> <td title="U+1A3B: TAI THAM LETTER LOW PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨻ </td> <td title="U+1A3C: TAI THAM LETTER LOW FA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨼ </td> <td title="U+1A3D: TAI THAM LETTER LOW PHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨽ </td> <td title="U+1A3E: TAI THAM LETTER MA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨾ </td> <td title="U+1A3F: TAI THAM LETTER LOW YA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᨿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A4x </td> <td title="U+1A40: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH YA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩀ </td> <td title="U+1A41: TAI THAM LETTER RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩁ </td> <td title="U+1A42: TAI THAM LETTER RUE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩂ </td> <td title="U+1A43: TAI THAM LETTER LA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩃ </td> <td title="U+1A44: TAI THAM LETTER LUE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩄ </td> <td title="U+1A45: TAI THAM LETTER WA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩅ </td> <td title="U+1A46: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩆ </td> <td title="U+1A47: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SSA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩇ </td> <td title="U+1A48: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩈ </td> <td title="U+1A49: TAI THAM LETTER HIGH HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩉ </td> <td title="U+1A4A: TAI THAM LETTER LLA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩊ </td> <td title="U+1A4B: TAI THAM LETTER A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩋ </td> <td title="U+1A4C: TAI THAM LETTER LOW HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩌ </td> <td title="U+1A4D: TAI THAM LETTER I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩍ </td> <td title="U+1A4E: TAI THAM LETTER II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩎ </td> <td title="U+1A4F: TAI THAM LETTER U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩏ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A5x </td> <td title="U+1A50: TAI THAM LETTER UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩐ </td> <td title="U+1A51: TAI THAM LETTER EE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩑ </td> <td title="U+1A52: TAI THAM LETTER OO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩒ </td> <td title="U+1A53: TAI THAM LETTER LAE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩓ </td> <td title="U+1A54: TAI THAM LETTER GREAT SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩔ </td> <td title="U+1A55: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩕ </td> <td title="U+1A56: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩖ </td> <td title="U+1A57: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LA TANG LAI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩗ </td> <td title="U+1A58: TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩘ </td> <td title="U+1A59: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩙ </td> <td title="U+1A5A: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN LOW PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩚ </td> <td title="U+1A5B: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩛ </td> <td title="U+1A5C: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩜ </td> <td title="U+1A5D: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN BA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩝ </td> <td title="U+1A5E: TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩞ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A6x </td> <td title="U+1A60: TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />  ᩠  </td> <td title="U+1A61: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩡ </td> <td title="U+1A62: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN MAI SAT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩢ </td> <td title="U+1A63: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩣ </td> <td title="U+1A64: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩤ </td> <td title="U+1A65: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩥ </td> <td title="U+1A66: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩦ </td> <td title="U+1A67: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩧ </td> <td title="U+1A68: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UUE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩨ </td> <td title="U+1A69: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩩ </td> <td title="U+1A6A: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩪ </td> <td title="U+1A6B: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN O"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩫ </td> <td title="U+1A6C: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA BELOW"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩬ </td> <td title="U+1A6D: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OY"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩭ </td> <td title="U+1A6E: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩮ </td> <td title="U+1A6F: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A7x </td> <td title="U+1A70: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩰ </td> <td title="U+1A71: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩱ </td> <td title="U+1A72: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN THAM AI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᩲ </td> <td title="U+1A73: TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OA ABOVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩳ </td> <td title="U+1A74: TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩴ </td> <td title="U+1A75: TAI THAM SIGN TONE-1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩵ </td> <td title="U+1A76: TAI THAM SIGN TONE-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩶ </td> <td title="U+1A77: TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩷ </td> <td title="U+1A78: TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩸ </td> <td title="U+1A79: TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩹ </td> <td title="U+1A7A: TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩺ </td> <td title="U+1A7B: TAI THAM SIGN MAI SAM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩻ </td> <td title="U+1A7C: TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN-LUE KARAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩼ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1A7F: TAI THAM COMBINING CRYPTOGRAMMIC DOT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" /> ᩿ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A8x </td> <td title="U+1A80: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT ZERO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪀ </td> <td title="U+1A81: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪁ </td> <td title="U+1A82: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪂ </td> <td title="U+1A83: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪃ </td> <td title="U+1A84: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪄ </td> <td title="U+1A85: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪅ </td> <td title="U+1A86: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT SIX"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪆ </td> <td title="U+1A87: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT SEVEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪇ </td> <td title="U+1A88: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT EIGHT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪈ </td> <td title="U+1A89: TAI THAM HORA DIGIT NINE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪉ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1A9x </td> <td title="U+1A90: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT ZERO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪐ </td> <td title="U+1A91: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪑ </td> <td title="U+1A92: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪒ </td> <td title="U+1A93: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪓ </td> <td title="U+1A94: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT FOUR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪔ </td> <td title="U+1A95: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT FIVE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪕ </td> <td title="U+1A96: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT SIX"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪖ </td> <td title="U+1A97: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT SEVEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪗ </td> <td title="U+1A98: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT EIGHT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪘ </td> <td title="U+1A99: TAI THAM THAM DIGIT NINE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪙ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;">U+1AAx </td> <td title="U+1AA0: TAI THAM SIGN WIANG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪠ </td> <td title="U+1AA1: TAI THAM SIGN WIANGWAAK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪡ </td> <td title="U+1AA2: TAI THAM SIGN SAWAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪢ </td> <td title="U+1AA3: TAI THAM SIGN KEOW"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪣ </td> <td title="U+1AA4: TAI THAM SIGN HOY"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪤ </td> <td title="U+1AA5: TAI THAM SIGN DOKMAI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪥ </td> <td title="U+1AA6: TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪦ </td> <td title="U+1AA7: TAI THAM SIGN MAI YAMOK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />ᪧ </td> <td title="U+1AA8: TAI THAM SIGN KAAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪨ </td> <td title="U+1AA9: TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪩ </td> <td title="U+1AAA: TAI THAM SIGN SATKAAN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪪ </td> <td title="U+1AAB: TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪫ </td> <td title="U+1AAC: TAI THAM SIGN HANG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪬ </td> <td title="U+1AAD: TAI THAM SIGN CAANG"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1279614930" />᪭ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_U1A20_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_U1A20_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonts">Fonts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fonts">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanna_Alif_vs_Lanna_Unicode_UI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lanna_Alif_vs_Lanna_Unicode_UI.png/147px-Lanna_Alif_vs_Lanna_Unicode_UI.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Lanna_Alif_vs_Lanna_Unicode_UI.png 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Lanna Alif vs Lanna Unicode UI</figcaption></figure> Supports for Tai Tham Unicode font in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft office</a> are still limited<a href="#cite_note-63">[38]</a> causing the widespread use of non-Unicode fonts. Fonts published by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand" title="Royal Society of Thailand">Royal Society of Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a> are also non-Unicode due to this problem and to maximize the ability to transcribe and display the ancient Tai Tham text, which frequently contains various special ligatures and symbols not supported by Unicode.<a href="#cite_note-64">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[40]</a> Non-Unicode fonts often use a combination of <a href="/wiki/Thai_(Unicode_block)" title="Thai (Unicode block)">Thai script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a> Unicode ranges to resolves the incompatibility problem of Unicode Tai Tham in Microsoft office. However, these fonts may encounter a display problem when used on web browsers as the text can be encoded as an unintelligible Thai text instead. In recent years, many Tai Tham Unicode fonts have been developed for web display and communications via smart phones. Google's Noto Sans Tai Tham becomes the default font for Tai Tham on <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[41]</a> However, the current version of this font still fails to display Tai Tham text correctly. The table below gives a list of publicly available Tai Tham fonts. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Font name </th> <th colspan="2">Supports </th> <th rowspan="2">Script style </th> <th rowspan="2">Font family </th> <th rowspan="2">Publisher (with page link) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unicode<a href="#cite_note-67">[a]</a> </th> <th>Non-Unicode<a href="#cite_note-68">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>A Tai Tham KH New V3 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Khün </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kengtung.org/download-font/">Arloka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A Tai Tham LN </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kengtung.org/download-font/">Arloka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chiangsaen Alif </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201205/http://www.geocities.jp/simsheart_alif/taithamunicode.html">Alif Silapachai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CR Insom Lanna </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.f0nt.com/release/cr_insom_lanna/">Worawut Thanawatanawanich</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hariphunchai </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/hariphunchai/" class="extiw" title="sourceforge:projects/hariphunchai/">TragerStudio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrdingham.co.uk/lanna/renderer_test.htm#lamphun_availability">Richard Wordingham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kotthabun </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lao Tham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/thep/fonts-khottabun">Theppitak Karoonboonyanan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lanna Alif </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201205/http://www.geocities.jp/simsheart_alif/taithamunicode.html">Alif Silapachai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lamphun </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrdingham.co.uk/lanna/renderer_test.htm#lamphun_availability">Richard Wordingham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LN Mon Saen </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Khün </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art-culture.cmu.ac.th/Lanna/font">page link</a>), Pichai Saengboon </td></tr> <tr> <td>LN Tilok </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art-culture.cmu.ac.th/Lanna/font">page link</a>), Pichai Saengboon </td></tr> <tr> <td>LN Wat Inda </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Khün </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_University" title="Chiang Mai University">Chiang Mai University</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art-culture.cmu.ac.th/Lanna/font">page link</a>), Pichai Saengboon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noto Sans Tai Tham </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Khün </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Tai+Tham">Google Fonts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pali-Kotthabun </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> only </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lao Tham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.f0nt.com/release/sov-tham/">Worawut Thanawatanawanich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/thep/fonts-khottabun">Theppitak Karoonboonyanan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pali-Tilok </td> <td style="background: #FF8; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-maybe"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> only </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.f0nt.com/release/sov-tham/">Worawut Thanawatanawanich</a>, Pichai Saengboon </td></tr> <tr> <td>Payap Lanna </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/payaplanna/download/">SIL International</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RST-ISAN </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lao Tham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand" title="Royal Society of Thailand">Royal Society of Thailand</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orst.go.th/iwfm_table.asp?a=36&i=0040002104011001%2F65CRO0017088">page link</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>RST-LANNA </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Thailand" title="Royal Society of Thailand">Royal Society of Thailand</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orst.go.th/iwfm_table.asp?a=36&i=0040002104011001%2F65CRO0017088">page link</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham BXL </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham Kammattana </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Khün </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham Kasem </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham Kruba Promma </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham Nang Kham </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Khün </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham Sripanyawut </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lanna </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tai Tham Thatdaokham </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Lue </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taithamunicode.com/fonts/">Tai Tham Unicode group</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VS Tham Lanxang </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Lao Tham </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.f0nt.com/release/vs_tham_lanxang/">Worawut Thanawatanawanich</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Note</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Not supported by Microsoft Office. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Using Thai Unicode block, suitable for Microsoft Office. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-diringer-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diringer_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1948" class="citation book cs1">Diringer, David (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287">Alphabet a key to the history of mankind</a>. p. 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+a+key+to+the+history+of+mankind&rft.pages=411&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.1287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, John F. (1986). "The spread of South Indic scripts in Southeast Asia". Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 3 (1): 6–20. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40860228">40860228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crossroads%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+spread+of+South+Indic+scripts+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40860228%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPenth1986" class="citation news cs1">Penth, Hans (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fontpad.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/On-the-History-of-Thai-scripts.pdf">"On the History of Thai scripts"</a> (PDF). Siam Society Newsletter. Vol. 2, no. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Siam+Society+Newsletter&rft.atitle=On+the+History+of+Thai+scripts&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Penth&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fontpad.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FOn-the-History-of-Thai-scripts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenny2021" class="citation cs2">Jenny, Mathias (2021-08-23), Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142-036/html">"Writing systems of MSEA"</a>, The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 879–906, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110558142-036">10.1515/9783110558142-036</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-055814-2"><bdi>978-3-11-055814-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-12-06</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Mainland+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+comprehensive+guide&rft.atitle=Writing+systems+of+MSEA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E879-%3C%2Fspan%3E906&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110558142-036&rft.isbn=978-3-11-055814-2&rft.aulast=Jenny&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110558142-036%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProngthura1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prongthura, Naiyana (1982). Dhamma script of Northern Thailand (อักษรธรรมลานนา) (Thesis) (in Thai). Bangkok: Silapakorn University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhamma+script+of+Northern+Thailand+%28%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%29&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Silapakorn+University&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Prongthura&rft.aufirst=Naiyana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Everson2007-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Everson2007_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Everson2007_6-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>, Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07007r-n3207r-lanna.pdf">Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Natnapang-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Natnapang_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatnapang_Burutphakdee2004" class="citation book cs1">Natnapang Burutphakdee (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf">Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang</a> [Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script] (PDF) (M.A. Thesis). Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 10–11, 2004. Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser. Chiang Mai: Payap University. P. 7, digital image 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-05-05. Retrieved June 8, 2013. <q>The reason why they called this language 'Kammuang' is because they used this language in the towns where they lived together, which were surrounded by mountainous areas where there were many hill tribe people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khon+Muang+Neu+Kap+Phasa+Muang&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.series=Presented+at+4th+National+Symposium+on+Graduate+Research%2C+Chiang+Mai%2C+Thailand%2C+August+10%E2%80%9311%2C+2004&rft.pages=P.+7%2C+digital+image+30&rft.pub=Payap+University&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Natnapang+Burutphakdee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.payap.ac.th%2Fgraduate%2Flinguistics%2Ftheses%2FNatnapang_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHundiusWharton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hundius, Harald; Wharton, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40578612">"The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts"</a>. Journal of Lao Studies. 2 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lao+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Library+of+Lao+Manuscripts&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hundius&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Wharton%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40578612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIijima2009" class="citation journal cs1">Iijima, Akiko (2009-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15021/00002574">"Preliminary Notes on "the Cultural Region of Tham Script Manuscripts""</a>. Senri Ethnological Studies. 74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15021%2F00002574">10.15021/00002574</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160928923">160928923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senri+Ethnological+Studies&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Notes+on+%22the+Cultural+Region+of+Tham+Script+Manuscripts%22&rft.volume=74&rft.date=2009-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15021%2F00002574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160928923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Iijima&rft.aufirst=Akiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15021%2F00002574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dharma-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dharma_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dharma_10-1">b</a> ธวัช ปุณโณทก (Punnothek, T.) อักษรโบราณอีสาน: อักขรวิทยาอักษรตัวธรรมและไทยน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: สยามเพรส แมเนจเม้นท์, ๒๕๔๐, ๕๔ </li> <li id="cite_note-McDaniel-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_11-2">c</a> McDaniel, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laomanuscripts.net/downloads/literaryheritageoflaos29_mcdaniel_en.pdf">Notes on the lao influence on northern thai buddhist literature</a>. The literary heritage of Laos: Preservation, dissemination, and research perspectives. Vientiane, Laos: Lao National Archives. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Chew, P., Saengboon, P., & Wordingham, R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicodeconference.org/39/presentations/S3-T3-Chew.pdf">"Tai Tham: A Hybrid Script that Challenges Current Encoding Models"</a>. Presented at the Internationalization and Unicode Conference (IUC 39). </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">The Lanna Dictionary (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. pp. 305–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanna+Dictionary&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Rajabhat+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfl-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mfl_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfl_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfl_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfl_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfl_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mfl_19-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRungruangsri2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rungruangsri, Udom (2004). พจนานุกรมล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับแม่ฟ้าหลวง (in Thai) (Revised ed.). Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789746851756" title="Special:BookSources/9789746851756"><bdi>9789746851756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789746851756&rft.aulast=Rungruangsri&rft.aufirst=Udom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunkhit_Watcharasāt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bunkhit Watcharasāt (2005). Phāsā Mư̄ang Lānnā (in Thai). Chīang Mai: Thārāthō̜ng Kānphim. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-85472-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-85472-0-6"><bdi>978-974-85472-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ph%C4%81s%C4%81+M%C6%B0%CC%84ang+L%C4%81nn%C4%81&rft.place=Ch%C4%ABang+Mai&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Th%C4%81r%C4%81th%C5%8D%CC%9Cng+K%C4%81nphim&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-974-85472-0-6&rft.au=Bunkhit+Watcharas%C4%81t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTangsiriwattanakul2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tangsiriwattanakul, Shinnakrit (4 Oct 2024) [27 Feb 2024]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/articles/from-proto-southwestern-tai-to-modern-lanna-tai-implications-from-the-16th-century-phonology/">"From Proto-Southwestern Tai to Modern Lanna Tai: Implications From the 16th-Century Phonology"</a>. Manusya: Journal of Humanities. 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26659077-26010011">10.1163/26659077-26010011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manusya%3A+Journal+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=From+Proto-Southwestern+Tai+to+Modern+Lanna+Tai%3A+Implications+From+the+16th-Century+Phonology&rft.volume=26&rft.date=2024-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F26659077-26010011&rft.aulast=Tangsiriwattanakul&rft.aufirst=Shinnakrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th%2Farticles%2Ffrom-proto-southwestern-tai-to-modern-lanna-tai-implications-from-the-16th-century-phonology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-bailan32-27"><a href="#cite_ref-bailan32_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFวิเชียรเขียว1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">วิเชียรเขียว, อรุณรัตน์ (1996). พจนานุกรมศัพท์ล้านนาเฉพาะคำที่ปรากฏในใบลาน (in Thai). เชียงใหม่: สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์. p. 440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747047772" title="Special:BookSources/9747047772"><bdi>9747047772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99&rft.place=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9747047772&rft.aulast=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา ᨻᨧᨶᩣᨶᩩᨠᩕᩫ᩠ᨾᨽᩣᩇᩣᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ (2nd ed.). เชียงใหม่: สถาบันภาษา ศิลปะและวัฒนธรรม มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏเชียงใหม่. 2007. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2+%E1%A8%BB%E1%A8%A7%E1%A8%B6%E1%A9%A3%E1%A8%B6%E1%A9%A9%E1%A8%A0%E1%A9%95%E1%A9%AB%E1%A9%A0%E1%A8%BE%E1%A8%BD%E1%A9%A3%E1%A9%87%E1%A9%A3%E1%A9%83%E1%A9%B6%E1%A9%A3%E1%A9%A0%E1%A8%B6%E1%A8%B6%E1%A9%A3&rft.place=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:bailan12-29"><a href="#cite_ref-:bailan12_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFวิเชียรเขียว1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">วิเชียรเขียว, อรุณรัตน์ (1996). พจนานุกรมศัพท์ล้านนาเฉพาะคำที่ปรากฏในใบลาน (in Thai). เชียงใหม่: สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747047772" title="Special:BookSources/9747047772"><bdi>9747047772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99&rft.place=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9747047772&rft.aulast=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bailan22-30"><a href="#cite_ref-bailan22_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFวิเชียรเขียว1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">วิเชียรเขียว, อรุณรัตน์ (1996). พจนานุกรมศัพท์ล้านนาเฉพาะคำที่ปรากฏในใบลาน (in Thai). เชียงใหม่: สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747047772" title="Special:BookSources/9747047772"><bdi>9747047772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99&rft.place=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9747047772&rft.aulast=%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-everson-31"><a href="#cite_ref-everson_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEversonHoskenConstable2007" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin; Constable, Peter (March 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3207.pdf">"Lanna Unicode: A Proposal"</a> (PDF). Retrieved May 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lanna+Unicode%3A+A+Proposal&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hosken%2C+Martin&rft.au=Constable%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burutphakdee-32"><a href="#cite_ref-burutphakdee_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurutphakdee2004" class="citation web cs1">Burutphakdee, Natnapang (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf">"Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang: Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script"</a> (PDF). SIL International. pp. 32–61. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khon+Muang+Neu+Kap+Phasa+Muang%3A+Attitudes+of+Northern+Thai+Youth+towards+Kammuang+and+the+Lanna+Script&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Burutphakdee&rft.aufirst=Natnapang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.payap.ac.th%2Fgraduate%2Flinguistics%2Ftheses%2FNatnapang_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:indyvowels0-33"><a href="#cite_ref-:indyvowels0_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatcharasastr2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Watcharasastr, Boonkid (2005). แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา ᨷᩯ᩠ᨷᩁ᩠ᨿᩁᨽᩣᩇᩣᨾᩮᩬᩨᨦᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Thara Thong Publishing. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9748547205" title="Special:BookSources/9748547205"><bdi>9748547205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2+%E1%A8%B7%E1%A9%AF%E1%A9%A0%E1%A8%B7%E1%A9%81%E1%A9%A0%E1%A8%BF%E1%A9%81%E1%A8%BD%E1%A9%A3%E1%A9%87%E1%A9%A3%E1%A8%BE%E1%A9%AE%E1%A9%AC%E1%A9%A8%E1%A8%A6%E1%A9%83%E1%A9%B6%E1%A9%A3%E1%A9%A0%E1%A8%B6%E1%A8%B6%E1%A9%A3&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Thara+Thong+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9748547205&rft.aulast=Watcharasastr&rft.aufirst=Boonkid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_34-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFนาคสุข2020" class="citation journal cs1">นาคสุข, ยุทธพร (4 August 2020). "อักษรธรรมล้านนาที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้นเพิ่มเติมเพื่อใช้เขียนภาษาสันสกฤต" [The Inventive Dhamma Lanna Script for Writing in Sanskrit]. Humanities & Social Sciences. 37: 297–344.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities+%26+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft.aulast=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82&rft.aufirst=%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatcharasastr2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Watcharasastr, Boonkid (2005). แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Thara Thong Publishing. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9748547205" title="Special:BookSources/9748547205"><bdi>9748547205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Thara+Thong+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9748547205&rft.aulast=Watcharasastr&rft.aufirst=Boonkid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_45-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Owen, R. Wyn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52403">"A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system"</a>. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 10 (1): 140–164. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F52403">10524/52403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=A+description+and+linguistic+analysis+of+the+Tai+Khuen+writing+system&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10524%2F52403&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=R.+Wyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10524%2F52403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:tone1-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:tone1_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:tone1_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:tone1_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kengtung.org/e-books/">Buddhism Summer Curriculum Level 1 Book 2</a>. Vol. 2. Bangkok: Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Press. 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+Summer+Curriculum+Level+1+Book+2&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kengtung.org%2Fe-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:tone2a-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:tone2a_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:tone2a_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="dict-tone" class="citation book cs1">The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. pp. ต. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanna+Dictionary&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=%E0%B8%95&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Rajabhat+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatcharasastr2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Watcharasastr, Boonkid (2005). แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา (in Thai). Chiang Mai: Thara Thong Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9748547205" title="Special:BookSources/9748547205"><bdi>9748547205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pub=Thara+Thong+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9748547205&rft.aulast=Watcharasastr&rft.aufirst=Boonkid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:tone2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:tone2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:tone2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunthornsing" class="citation web cs1">Sunthornsing, Charee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moradoklanna.com/dict/?s=อุ้ย">"พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา"</a>. มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.aulast=Sunthornsing&rft.aufirst=Charee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoradoklanna.com%2Fdict%2F%3Fs%3D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanna+Dictionary&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=625&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Rajabhat+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunthornsing" class="citation web cs1">Sunthornsing, Charee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moradoklanna.com/dict/?s=อุ๋ย">"พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา"</a>. มรดกล้านนา. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.aulast=Sunthornsing&rft.aufirst=Charee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoradoklanna.com%2Fdict%2F%3Fs%3D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art-culture.cmu.ac.th/public/download/lanna-font-technique.pdf">"รายงานสัมมนา แนวทางการเขียนศัพท์วิชาการด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา"</a> [Seminar report: guidelines for writing technical terms using Lanna script.] (PDF). The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. 17 January 2004. p. 44. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+the+Promotion+of+Arts+and+Culture%2C+Chiang+Mai+University&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2004-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart-culture.cmu.ac.th%2Fpublic%2Fdownload%2Flanna-font-technique.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanna+Dictionary&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=628&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Rajabhat+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 612. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanna+Dictionary&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=612&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Rajabhat+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789747793567" title="Special:BookSources/9789747793567"><bdi>9789747793567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lanna+Dictionary&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Chiang+Mai+Rajabhat+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789747793567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVimonkasam1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vimonkasam, Kannika (1981). Fakkham script found in Northern Thai inscriptions (อักษรฝักขามที่พบในศิลาจารึกภาคเหนือ) (Thesis) (in Thai). Bangkok: Silapakorn University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fakkham+script+found+in+Northern+Thai+inscriptions+%28%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%29&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Silapakorn+University&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Vimonkasam&rft.aufirst=Kannika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/script-development/use">"Creating and supporting OpenType fonts for the Universal Shaping Engine"</a>. Microsoft technical documentation. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+technical+documentation&rft.atitle=Creating+and+supporting+OpenType+fonts+for+the+Universal+Shaping+Engine&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Ftypography%2Fscript-development%2Fuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art-culture.cmu.ac.th/Lanna/font">"Lanna Fonts (ฟอนต์ล้านนา)"</a>. The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+the+Promotion+of+Arts+and+Culture%2C+Chiang+Mai+University&rft.atitle=Lanna+Fonts+%28%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart-culture.cmu.ac.th%2FLanna%2Ffont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orst.go.th/iwfm_table.asp?a=36&i=0040002104011001%2F65CRO0017088">"Six fonts for ancient scripts (ชุดแบบอักษรหรือฟอนต์อักษรโบราณ ๖ ชุด)"</a>. The Royal Society of Thailand. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society+of+Thailand&rft.atitle=Six+fonts+for+ancient+scripts+%28%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93+%E0%B9%96+%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orst.go.th%2Fiwfm_table.asp%3Fa%3D36%26i%3D0040002104011001%252F65CRO0017088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/fonts/system-fonts/#document">"System Fonts"</a>. Apple Developer. Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer&rft.atitle=System+Fonts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Ffonts%2Fsystem-fonts%2F%23document&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Khamjan, Mala(มาลา คำจันทร์). Kham Mueang Dictionary(พจนานุกรมคำเมือง). Chiang Mai: bookworm, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8418-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-8418-55-1">978-974-8418-55-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyknowledge.com/lanna.htm">"Lanna script"</a>. Complete information from traditional sources. Sky Knowledge. Retrieved 2018-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complete+information+from+traditional+sources&rft.atitle=Lanna+script&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyknowledge.com%2Flanna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATai+Tham+script" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Owen, R. Wyn. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/52403">A description and linguistic analysis of the Tai Khuen writing system</a>. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 10.1, 140–164.</li> <li>Trager, Ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unifont.org/hariphunchai/documentation/HariphunchaiTaiThamFontProject.pdf">Hariphunchai Tai Tham Font Project</a>.</li> <li>Wordingham, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrdingham.co.uk/lanna/Lamphun_glyphs.htm">Lamphun glyphs</a> (A page with specimen of the font Lamphun). Retrieved 15 May 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/tai-tham.html">Alan Wood's Tai Tham test page</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tai_Tham_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tai Tham script">Tai Tham script</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c046577_ISO_IEC_10646_2003_Amd_5_2008(E).zip">ISO/IEC 10646:2003/Amd.5:2008</a> Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) – Amendment 5: AMENDMENT 5: Tai Tham, Tai Viet, Avestan, Egyptian Hieroglyphs, CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C, and other characters</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writing_systems" title="Template:Writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writing_systems" title="Template talk:Writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_systems125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_I_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox I script">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li>Danish</li> <li>Finnish</li> <li>Greenlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1314503#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2017004359">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007407545905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&oldid=1282127513">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&oldid=1282127513</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brahmic_scripts" title="Category:Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Thailand" title="Category:Culture of Thailand">Culture of Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_without_word_boundaries" title="Category:Writing systems without word boundaries">Writing systems without word boundaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lan_Na" title="Category:Lan Na">Lan Na</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Thai-language text">Articles containing Thai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Burmese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Burmese-language text">Articles containing Burmese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Northern_Thai_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Northern Thai IPA">Pages with Northern Thai IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Northeastern_Thai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Northeastern Thai-language text">Articles containing Northeastern Thai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lao-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lao-language text">Articles containing Lao-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Thai_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Thai IPA">Pages with Thai IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Lao_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Lao IPA">Pages with Lao IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 March 2025, at 14:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tai_Tham_script&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Tai Tham script</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 15 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-545c4fcd97-h2grm","wgBackendResponseTime":398,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.060","walltime":"2.417","ppvisitednodes":{"value":79567,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":715946,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":62132,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":429297,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1835.885 1 -total"," 24.61% 451.883 654 Template:Script"," 14.87% 272.917 9 Template:Reflist"," 12.47% 229.001 280 Template:IPA"," 10.00% 183.634 560 Template:Script/Tai_Tham"," 7.20% 132.267 657 Template:Ifsubst"," 7.13% 130.955 1 Template:Infobox_Writing_system"," 6.77% 124.253 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.75% 123.958 16 Template:Cite_book"," 5.71% 104.909 1 Template:Brahmic"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.764","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18179752,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-6n486","timestamp":"20250401191718","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tai Tham script","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tai_Tham_script","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1314503","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1314503","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-04-23T20:08:08Z","dateModified":"2025-03-24T14:27:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ab\/Tua_Tham.png","headline":"abugida script"}</script> </body> </html>