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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magahi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Magahi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magahi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tirhuti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tirhuti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tirhuti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tirhuti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vowel diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Signs and Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaithi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="कैथी लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैथी लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="কৈথী লিপি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৈথী লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="कैथी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैथी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi-Schrift" title="Kaithi-Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaithi-Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%AFthi" title="Kaïthi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kaïthi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="कैथी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैथी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Kaithi" title="Aksara Kaithi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="कैथी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कैथी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ქაითი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქაითი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="कैथी लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कैथी लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="カイティー文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カイティー文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਥੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਥੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="کیتھی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیتھی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_caiti" title="Escrita caiti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escrita caiti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Кайтхи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кайтхи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaith%C4%AB" title="Kaithī – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaithī" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கைதி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைதி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5" title="อักษรไกถี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรไกถี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E6%8F%90%E6%96%87" title="凱提文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凱提文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huruf_Kaithi" title="Huruf Kaithi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Huruf Kaithi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1253814#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical script used in Awadh and Bihar regions of India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaithi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaithi (disambiguation)">Kaithi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Kaithī<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">Kayathi, Kayasthi, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r953630815">.mw-parser-output .script-kaithi{font-family:"Noto Sans Kaithi"}</style><span class="script-kaithi">𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaithi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kaithi.png/250px-Kaithi.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kaithi.png/330px-Kaithi.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Kaithī script (vowels top three rows, consonants below)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 16th–mid 20th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253814?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Kaithī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti Nagari">Sylheti Nagari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Kthi</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">(317)</span>, Kaithi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Kaithi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11080.pdf">U+11080–U+110CF</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. 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For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_script" title="Kamarupi script">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaithi</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲</span>), also called <b>Kayathi</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂍𑂨𑂟𑂲</span>), <b>Kayasthi</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂍𑂰𑂨𑂮𑂹𑂟𑂲</span>), or <b>Kayastani</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Brahmic script</a> historically used across parts of Northern and Eastern India. It was prevalent in regions corresponding to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>. The script was primarily utilized for legal, administrative, and private records and was adapted for a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, including <a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaithi_handwritten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kaithi_handwritten.svg/250px-Kaithi_handwritten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kaithi_handwritten.svg/330px-Kaithi_handwritten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kaithi_handwritten.svg/500px-Kaithi_handwritten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>This table sets out the handwritten form of the vowels and consonants of the Kaithi script, as of the middle of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaithi2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaithi2.png/250px-Kaithi2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaithi2.png/330px-Kaithi2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kaithi2.png/500px-Kaithi2.png 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="4155" /></a><figcaption>Bhojpuri story written in Kaithi script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Kaithi script is derived from the term <a href="/wiki/Chitraguptavanshi_Kayastha" title="Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha">Kayastha</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">socio-professional group</a> historically linked to writing, record-keeping and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This community served in royal courts and later in British colonial administration, maintaining revenue records, legal documents, title deeds, and general correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script they utilized was thus named Kaithi, reflecting their association with written documentation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaithi_printed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kaithi_printed.jpg/250px-Kaithi_printed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kaithi_printed.jpg/330px-Kaithi_printed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kaithi_printed.jpg/500px-Kaithi_printed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>A printed form of the Kaithi script, as of the mid-19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg/250px-Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg/330px-Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg/500px-Sher_shah%27s_rupee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Kaithi script (left side bottom-most line) on the coins of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Documents in Kaithi are traceable to at least the 16th century. The script was widely used during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> period. In the 1880s, during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, the script was recognised as the official script of the <a href="/wiki/Law_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Law court">law courts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. Kaithi was the most widely used script of North India west of Bengal. In 1854, 77,368 school primers were in Kaithi script, as compared to 25,151 in Devanagari and 24,302 in <a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the three scripts widely used in the '<a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a>', Kaithi was widely perceived to be neutral, as it was used by both Hindus and Muslims alike <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for day-to-day correspondence, financial and administrative activities, while Devanagari was used by Hindus and Persian script by Muslims for religious literature and education. This made Kaithi increasingly unfavorable to the more conservative and religiously inclined members of society who insisted on Devanagari-based and Persian-based transcription of Hindi dialects. As a result of their influence and due to the wide availability of Devanagari type as opposed to the incredibly large variability of Kaithi, Devanagari was promoted, particularly in the Northwest Provinces, which covers present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Nesfield" title="John Nesfield">John Nesfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_of_Inverneill" title="George Campbell of Inverneill">George Campbell of Inverneill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and a committee in Bengal all advocated for the use of Kaithi script in education.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many legal documents were written in Kaithi, and from 1950 to 1954 it was the official legal script of Bihar district courts. However, it was opposed by Brahmin elites<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and phased out. Present day Bihar courts struggle to read old Kaithi documents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classes">Classes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the basis of local variants Kaithi can be divided into three classes viz. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Trihuti.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhojpuri">Bhojpuri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bhojpuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaithi_signboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kaithi_signboard.jpg/220px-Kaithi_signboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kaithi_signboard.jpg/330px-Kaithi_signboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kaithi_signboard.jpg/440px-Kaithi_signboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Signboard at Purbi Gumti, <a href="/wiki/Arrah" title="Arrah">Arrah</a>, with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (top), Bhojpuri Kaithi (bottom-left), and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (bottom-right)</figcaption></figure> <p>This was used in Bhojpuri speaking regions and was considered as the most legible style of Kaithi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magahi">Magahi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magahi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native to Magah or Magadh it lies between Bhojpuri and Trihuti.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tirhuti">Tirhuti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tirhuti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was used in Maithili speaking regions and was considered as the most elegant style.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Kaithi consonants have an inherent <i>a</i> vowel: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusives</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"></th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">VOICELESS</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PLOSIVES</span></span></th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">VOICED</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PLOSIVES</span></span></th> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NASALS</span></span></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><i>Unaspirated</i></th> <th colspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></i></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Unaspirated</i></th> <th colspan="2"><i>Aspirated</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Letter</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Trans.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍</span></span></span></span></td> <td>k</td> <td>/k/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂎</span></span></span></span></td> <td>kh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂏</span></span></span></span></td> <td>g</td> <td>/ɡ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂐</span></span></span></span></td> <td>gh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂑</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṅ</td> <td>/ŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂒</span></span></span></span></td> <td>c</td> <td>/c/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂓</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ch</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂔</span></span></span></span></td> <td>j</td> <td>/ɟ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂕</span></span></span></span></td> <td>jh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂖</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ñ</td> <td>/ɲ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂗</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>/ʈ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂘</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṭh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂙</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ḍ</td> <td>/ɖ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂛</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ḍh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂝</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṇ</td> <td>/ɳ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂚</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṛ</td> <td>/ɽ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂜</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṛh</td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂞</span></span></span></span></td> <td>t</td> <td>/t/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂟</span></span></span></span></td> <td>th</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂠</span></span></span></span></td> <td>d</td> <td>/d/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂡</span></span></span></span></td> <td>dh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂢</span></span></span></span></td> <td>n</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂣</span></span></span></span></td> <td>p</td> <td>/p/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂤</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ph</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂥</span></span></span></span></td> <td>b</td> <td>/b/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂦</span></span></span></span></td> <td>bh</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂧</span></span></span></span></td> <td>m</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Sonorants and fricatives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Palatal</i></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Retroflex</i></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Dental</i></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Labial</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Letter</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Trans.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorants</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂨</span></span></span></span></td> <td>y</td> <td>/j/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂩</span></span></span></span></td> <td>r</td> <td>/r/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂪</span></span></span></span></td> <td>l</td> <td>/l/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂫</span></span></span></span></td> <td>v</td> <td>/ʋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilants</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂬</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ś</td> <td>/ɕ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂭</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>/ʂ/</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂮</span></span></span></span></td> <td>s</td> <td>/s/</td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3"><i>Other</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂯</span></span></span></span></td> <td>h</td> <td>/h/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaithi vowels have independent (initial) and dependent (diacritic) forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Trans.</a></th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Diacritic</th> <th>Shown with k</th> <th>Trans.</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Diacritic</th> <th>Shown with k </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">Guttural</a></b></td> <td>a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂃</span></span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ā</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂄</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂰</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂰</span></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">Palatal</a></b></td> <td>i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂅</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"> 𑂱</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂱</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ī</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂆</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂲</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂲</span></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a></b></td> <td>u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂇</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂳</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂳</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ū</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂈</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂴</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂴</span></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Palatoguttural</b></td> <td>e</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂉</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂵</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂵</span></span></span></span></td> <td>ai</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂊</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂶</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂶</span></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Labioguttural</b></td> <td>o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂋</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂷</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂷</span></span></span></span></td> <td>au</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂌</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂸</span></span></span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𑂍𑂸</span></span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diacritics_of_kaithi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Diacritics_of_kaithi_script.jpg/500px-Diacritics_of_kaithi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Diacritics_of_kaithi_script.jpg/960px-Diacritics_of_kaithi_script.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Kaithi diacritics with kha (𑂎) </figcaption></figure> <p>Several diacritics are employed to change the meaning of letters: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diacritic</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂀</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Candrabindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Candrabindu">chandrabindu</a></td> <td>A chandrabindu denotes <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasalisation">nasalisation</a> although it is not normally used with Kaithi.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂁</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></td> <td>An anusvara in Kaithi represents true vowel nasalisation.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂍𑂁</span></span>, <i>kaṃ</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂂</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></td> <td>Visarga is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> holdover originally representing /h/. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂍𑂂</span></span> <i>kaḥ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂹</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Halanta">halanta</a></td> <td>A virama removes a consonant's inherent <i>a</i> and in some cases forms consonant clusters. Compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂧𑂥</span></span> <i>maba</i> with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂧𑂹𑂥</span></span> <i>mba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂺</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></td> <td>A nuqta is used to extend letters to represent non-native sounds. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂔</span></span> <i>ja</i> + nuqta = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂔𑂺</span></span>, which represents Arabic <a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowel_diacritics">Vowel diacritics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowel diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants. The vowel diacritics on consonants are called <i>kakahārā</i> (𑂍𑂍𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰). </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="font-size:15pt"> <tbody><tr> <th>्</th> <th>𑂃</th> <th>𑂄</th> <th>𑂅</th> <th>𑂆</th> <th>𑂇</th> <th>𑂈</th> <th>𑂉</th> <th>𑂊</th> <th>𑂋</th> <th>𑂌</th> <th>𑂃𑂁</th> <th>𑂃𑂂 </th></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂍 </th> <td>𑂍</td> <td>𑂍𑂰</td> <td>𑂍𑂱</td> <td>𑂍𑂲</td> <td>𑂍𑂳</td> <td>𑂍𑂴</td> <td>𑂍𑂵</td> <td>𑂍𑂶</td> <td>𑂍𑂷</td> <td>𑂍𑂸</td> <td>𑂍𑂁</td> <td>𑂍𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂎 </th> <td>𑂎</td> <td>𑂎𑂰</td> <td>𑂎𑂱</td> <td>𑂎𑂲</td> <td>𑂎𑂳</td> <td>𑂎𑂴</td> <td>𑂎𑂵</td> <td>𑂎𑂶</td> <td>𑂎𑂷</td> <td>𑂎𑂸</td> <td>𑂎𑂁</td> <td>𑂎𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂏 </th> <td>𑂏</td> <td>𑂏𑂰</td> <td>𑂏𑂱</td> <td>𑂏𑂲</td> <td>𑂏𑂳</td> <td>𑂏𑂴</td> <td>𑂏𑂵</td> <td>𑂏𑂶</td> <td>𑂏𑂷</td> <td>𑂏𑂸</td> <td>𑂏𑂁</td> <td>𑂏𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂐 </th> <td>𑂐</td> <td>𑂐𑂰</td> <td>𑂐𑂱</td> <td>𑂐𑂲</td> <td>𑂐𑂳</td> <td>𑂐𑂴</td> <td>𑂐𑂵</td> <td>𑂐𑂶</td> <td>𑂐𑂷</td> <td>𑂐𑂸</td> <td>𑂐𑂁</td> <td>𑂐𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂑𑂹 </th> <td>𑂑</td> <td>𑂑𑂰</td> <td>𑂑𑂱</td> <td>𑂑𑂲</td> <td>𑂑𑂳</td> <td>𑂑𑂴</td> <td>𑂑𑂵</td> <td>𑂑𑂶</td> <td>𑂑𑂷</td> <td>𑂑𑂸</td> <td>𑂑𑂁</td> <td>𑂑𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂒 </th> <td>𑂒</td> <td>𑂒𑂰</td> <td>𑂒𑂱</td> <td>𑂒𑂲</td> <td>𑂒𑂳</td> <td>𑂒𑂴</td> <td>𑂒𑂵</td> <td>𑂒𑂶</td> <td>𑂒𑂷</td> <td>𑂒𑂸</td> <td>𑂒𑂁</td> <td>𑂒𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂓𑂹 </th> <td>𑂓</td> <td>𑂓𑂰</td> <td>𑂓𑂱</td> <td>𑂓𑂲</td> <td>𑂓𑂳</td> <td>𑂓𑂴</td> <td>𑂓𑂵</td> <td>𑂓𑂶</td> <td>𑂓𑂷</td> <td>𑂓𑂸</td> <td>𑂓𑂁</td> <td>𑂓𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂔 </th> <td>𑂔</td> <td>𑂔𑂰</td> <td>𑂔𑂱</td> <td>𑂔𑂲</td> <td>𑂔𑂳</td> <td>𑂔𑂴</td> <td>𑂔𑂵</td> <td>𑂔𑂶</td> <td>𑂔𑂷</td> <td>𑂔𑂸</td> <td>𑂔𑂁</td> <td>𑂔𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂕𑂹 </th> <td>𑂕</td> <td>𑂕𑂰</td> <td>𑂕𑂱</td> <td>𑂕𑂲</td> <td>𑂕𑂳</td> <td>𑂕𑂴</td> <td>𑂕𑂵</td> <td>𑂕𑂶</td> <td>𑂕𑂷</td> <td>𑂕𑂸</td> <td>𑂕𑂁</td> <td>𑂕𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂖 </th> <td>𑂖</td> <td>𑂖𑂰</td> <td>𑂖𑂱</td> <td>𑂖𑂲</td> <td>𑂖𑂳</td> <td>𑂖𑂴</td> <td>𑂖𑂵</td> <td>𑂖𑂶</td> <td>𑂖𑂷</td> <td>𑂖𑂸</td> <td>𑂖𑂁</td> <td>𑂖𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂗𑂹 </th> <td>𑂗</td> <td>𑂗𑂰</td> <td>𑂗𑂱</td> <td>𑂗𑂲</td> <td>𑂗𑂳</td> <td>𑂗𑂴</td> <td>𑂗𑂵</td> <td>𑂗𑂶</td> <td>𑂗𑂷</td> <td>𑂗𑂸</td> <td>𑂗𑂁</td> <td>𑂗𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂘𑂹 </th> <td>𑂘</td> <td>𑂘𑂰</td> <td>𑂘𑂱</td> <td>𑂘𑂲</td> <td>𑂘𑂳</td> <td>𑂘𑂴</td> <td>𑂘𑂵</td> <td>𑂘𑂶</td> <td>𑂘𑂷</td> <td>𑂘𑂸</td> <td>𑂘𑂁</td> <td>𑂘𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂙𑂹 </th> <td>𑂙</td> <td>𑂙𑂰</td> <td>𑂙𑂱</td> <td>𑂙𑂲</td> <td>𑂙𑂳</td> <td>𑂙𑂴</td> <td>𑂙𑂵</td> <td>𑂙𑂶</td> <td>𑂙𑂷</td> <td>𑂙𑂸</td> <td>𑂙𑂁</td> <td>𑂙𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂛𑂹 </th> <td>𑂛</td> <td>𑂛𑂰</td> <td>𑂛𑂱</td> <td>𑂛𑂲</td> <td>𑂛𑂳</td> <td>𑂛𑂴</td> <td>𑂛𑂵</td> <td>𑂛𑂶</td> <td>𑂛𑂷</td> <td>𑂛𑂸</td> <td>𑂛𑂁</td> <td>𑂛𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂝 </th> <td>𑂝</td> <td>𑂝𑂰</td> <td>𑂝𑂱</td> <td>𑂝𑂲</td> <td>𑂝𑂳</td> <td>𑂝𑂴</td> <td>𑂝𑂵</td> <td>𑂝𑂶</td> <td>𑂝𑂷</td> <td>𑂝𑂸</td> <td>𑂝𑂁</td> <td>𑂝𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂞 </th> <td>𑂞</td> <td>𑂞𑂰</td> <td>𑂞𑂱</td> <td>𑂞𑂲</td> <td>𑂞𑂳</td> <td>𑂞𑂴</td> <td>𑂞𑂵</td> <td>𑂞𑂶</td> <td>𑂞𑂷</td> <td>𑂞𑂸</td> <td>𑂞𑂁</td> <td>𑂞𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂟 </th> <td>𑂟</td> <td>𑂟𑂰</td> <td>𑂟𑂱</td> <td>𑂟𑂲</td> <td>𑂟𑂳</td> <td>𑂟𑂴</td> <td>𑂟𑂵</td> <td>𑂟𑂶</td> <td>𑂟𑂷</td> <td>𑂟𑂸</td> <td>𑂟𑂁</td> <td>𑂟𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂠 </th> <td>𑂠</td> <td>𑂠𑂰</td> <td>𑂠𑂱</td> <td>𑂠𑂲</td> <td>𑂠𑂳</td> <td>𑂠𑂴</td> <td>𑂠𑂵</td> <td>𑂠𑂶</td> <td>𑂠𑂷</td> <td>𑂠𑂸</td> <td>𑂠𑂁</td> <td>𑂠𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂡 </th> <td>𑂡</td> <td>𑂡𑂰</td> <td>𑂡𑂱</td> <td>𑂡𑂲</td> <td>𑂡𑂳</td> <td>𑂡𑂴</td> <td>𑂡𑂵</td> <td>𑂡𑂶</td> <td>𑂡𑂷</td> <td>𑂡𑂸</td> <td>𑂡𑂁</td> <td>𑂡𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂢 </th> <td>𑂢</td> <td>𑂢𑂰</td> <td>𑂢𑂱</td> <td>𑂢𑂲</td> <td>𑂢𑂳</td> <td>𑂢𑂴</td> <td>𑂢𑂵</td> <td>𑂢𑂶</td> <td>𑂢𑂷</td> <td>𑂢𑂸</td> <td>𑂢𑂁</td> <td>𑂢𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂣 </th> <td>𑂣</td> <td>𑂣𑂰</td> <td>𑂣𑂱</td> <td>𑂣𑂲</td> <td>𑂣𑂳</td> <td>𑂣𑂴</td> <td>𑂣𑂵</td> <td>𑂣𑂶</td> <td>𑂣𑂷</td> <td>𑂣𑂸</td> <td>𑂣𑂁</td> <td>𑂣𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂤 </th> <td>𑂤</td> <td>𑂤𑂰</td> <td>𑂤𑂱</td> <td>𑂤𑂲</td> <td>𑂤𑂳</td> <td>𑂤𑂴</td> <td>𑂤𑂵</td> <td>𑂤𑂶</td> <td>𑂤𑂷</td> <td>𑂤𑂸</td> <td>𑂤𑂁</td> <td>𑂤𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂥 </th> <td>𑂥</td> <td>𑂥𑂰</td> <td>𑂥𑂱</td> <td>𑂥𑂲</td> <td>𑂥𑂳</td> <td>𑂥𑂴</td> <td>𑂥𑂵</td> <td>𑂥𑂶</td> <td>𑂥𑂷</td> <td>𑂥𑂸</td> <td>𑂥𑂁</td> <td>𑂥𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂦 </th> <td>𑂦</td> <td>𑂦𑂰</td> <td>𑂦𑂱</td> <td>𑂦𑂲</td> <td>𑂦𑂳</td> <td>𑂦𑂴</td> <td>𑂦𑂵</td> <td>𑂦𑂶</td> <td>𑂦𑂷</td> <td>𑂦𑂸</td> <td>𑂦𑂁</td> <td>𑂦𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂧 </th> <td>𑂧</td> <td>𑂧𑂰</td> <td>𑂧𑂱</td> <td>𑂧𑂲</td> <td>𑂧𑂳</td> <td>𑂧𑂴</td> <td>𑂧𑂵</td> <td>𑂧𑂶</td> <td>𑂧𑂷</td> <td>𑂧𑂸</td> <td>𑂧𑂁</td> <td>𑂧𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂨 </th> <td>𑂨</td> <td>𑂨𑂰</td> <td>𑂨𑂱</td> <td>𑂨𑂲</td> <td>𑂨𑂳</td> <td>𑂨𑂴</td> <td>𑂨𑂵</td> <td>𑂨𑂶</td> <td>𑂨𑂷</td> <td>𑂨𑂸</td> <td>𑂨𑂁</td> <td>𑂨𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂩 </th> <td>𑂩</td> <td>𑂩𑂰</td> <td>𑂩𑂱</td> <td>𑂩𑂲</td> <td>𑂩𑂳</td> <td>𑂩𑂴</td> <td>𑂩𑂵</td> <td>𑂩𑂶</td> <td>𑂩𑂷</td> <td>𑂩𑂸</td> <td>𑂩𑂁</td> <td>𑂩𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂪 </th> <td>𑂪</td> <td>𑂪𑂰</td> <td>𑂪𑂱</td> <td>𑂪𑂲</td> <td>𑂪𑂳</td> <td>𑂪𑂴</td> <td>𑂪𑂵</td> <td>𑂪𑂶</td> <td>𑂪𑂷</td> <td>𑂪𑂸</td> <td>𑂪𑂁</td> <td>𑂪𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂫 </th> <td>𑂫</td> <td>𑂫𑂰</td> <td>𑂫𑂱</td> <td>𑂫𑂲</td> <td>𑂫𑂳</td> <td>𑂫𑂴</td> <td>𑂫𑂵</td> <td>𑂫𑂶</td> <td>𑂫𑂷</td> <td>𑂫𑂸</td> <td>𑂫𑂁</td> <td>𑂫𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂬 </th> <td>𑂬</td> <td>𑂬𑂰</td> <td>𑂬𑂱</td> <td>𑂬𑂲</td> <td>𑂬𑂳</td> <td>𑂬𑂴</td> <td>𑂬𑂵</td> <td>𑂬𑂶</td> <td>𑂬𑂷</td> <td>𑂬𑂸</td> <td>𑂬𑂁</td> <td>𑂬𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂭 </th> <td>𑂭</td> <td>𑂭𑂰</td> <td>𑂭𑂱</td> <td>𑂭𑂲</td> <td>𑂭𑂳</td> <td>𑂭𑂴</td> <td>𑂭𑂵</td> <td>𑂭𑂶</td> <td>𑂭𑂷</td> <td>𑂭𑂸</td> <td>𑂭𑂁</td> <td>𑂭𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂮 </th> <td>𑂮</td> <td>𑂮𑂰</td> <td>𑂮𑂱</td> <td>𑂮𑂲</td> <td>𑂮𑂳</td> <td>𑂮𑂴</td> <td>𑂮𑂵</td> <td>𑂮𑂶</td> <td>𑂮𑂷</td> <td>𑂮𑂸</td> <td>𑂮𑂁</td> <td>𑂮𑂂 </td></tr> <tr> <th>𑂹𑂯 </th> <td>𑂯</td> <td>𑂯𑂰</td> <td>𑂯𑂱</td> <td>𑂯𑂲</td> <td>𑂯𑂳</td> <td>𑂯𑂴</td> <td>𑂯𑂵</td> <td>𑂯𑂶</td> <td>𑂯𑂷</td> <td>𑂯𑂸</td> <td>𑂯𑂁</td> <td>𑂯𑂂 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_Punctuation">Signs and Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Signs and Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaithi has several script-specific punctuation marks: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sign</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂻</span></span></td> <td>The <i>abbreviation sign</i> is one method of representing abbreviations in Kaithi.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂪𑂱𑂎𑂱𑂞𑂧</span></span> can be abbreviated as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂪𑂲𑂻</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂽</span></span></td> <td>The <i>number sign</i> is used with digits for enumerated lists and numerical sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can appear above, below, or before a digit or sequence of digits.<sup id="cite_ref-L208194_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂽१२३</span></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂼</span></span></td> <td>The <i>enumeration sign</i> is a spacing version of the <i>number sign</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It always appears before a digit or sequence of digits (never above or below). </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂾</span></span></td> <td>The <i>section sign</i> indicates the end of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑂿</span></span></td> <td>The <i>double section sign</i> indicates the end of a larger section of text, such as a paragraph.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑃀</span></span></td> <td><i>Danda</i> is a Kaithi-specific <a href="/wiki/Danda" title="Danda">danda</a>, which can mark the end of a sentence or line. </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">𑃁</span></span></td> <td><i>Double danda</i> is a Kaithi-specific double danda. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>General punctuation is also used with Kaithi: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">+</span></span> <i>plus sign</i> can be used to mark phrase boundaries</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">‐</span></span> <i>hyphen</i> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">-</span></span> <i>hyphen-minus</i> can be used for hyphenation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi"><span style="font-size:120%">⸱</span></span> <i>word separator middle dot</i> can be used as a word boundary (as can a hyphen)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaithi uses stylistic variants of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Numerals" title="Devanagari">Devanagari numeral</a>. It also uses <a href="/wiki/Common_Indic_Number_Forms" title="Common Indic Number Forms">common Indic number signs</a> for fractions and unit marks.<sup id="cite_ref-TUS_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaithi_Numbers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kaithi_Numbers.png/220px-Kaithi_Numbers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kaithi_Numbers.png/330px-Kaithi_Numbers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kaithi_Numbers.png/440px-Kaithi_Numbers.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="119" /></a><figcaption>Kaithi Numbers (0 to 9)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaithi_(Unicode_block)" title="Kaithi (Unicode block)">Kaithi (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Kaithi script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. </p><p>The Unicode block for Kaithi is U+11080–U+110CF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Kaithi_(Unicode_block)" title="Kaithi (Unicode block)">Kaithi</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11080_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U11080_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U11080_grey"><a href="#endnote_U11080_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11080.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1108x </td> <td title="U+11080: KAITHI SIGN CANDRABINDU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂀</span> </td> <td title="U+11081: KAITHI SIGN ANUSVARA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂁</span> </td> <td title="U+11082: KAITHI SIGN VISARGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂂</span> </td> <td title="U+11083: KAITHI LETTER A"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂃</span> </td> <td title="U+11084: KAITHI LETTER AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂄</span> </td> <td title="U+11085: KAITHI LETTER I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂅</span> </td> <td title="U+11086: KAITHI LETTER II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂆</span> </td> <td title="U+11087: KAITHI LETTER U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂇</span> </td> <td title="U+11088: KAITHI LETTER UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂈</span> </td> <td title="U+11089: KAITHI LETTER E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂉</span> </td> <td title="U+1108A: KAITHI LETTER AI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂊</span> </td> <td title="U+1108B: KAITHI LETTER O"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂋</span> </td> <td title="U+1108C: KAITHI LETTER AU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂌</span> </td> <td title="U+1108D: KAITHI LETTER KA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂍</span> </td> <td title="U+1108E: KAITHI LETTER KHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂎</span> </td> <td title="U+1108F: KAITHI LETTER GA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂏</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1109x </td> <td title="U+11090: KAITHI LETTER GHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂐</span> </td> <td title="U+11091: KAITHI LETTER NGA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂑</span> </td> <td title="U+11092: KAITHI LETTER CA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂒</span> </td> <td title="U+11093: KAITHI LETTER CHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂓</span> </td> <td title="U+11094: KAITHI LETTER JA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂔</span> </td> <td title="U+11095: KAITHI LETTER JHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂕</span> </td> <td title="U+11096: KAITHI LETTER NYA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂖</span> </td> <td title="U+11097: KAITHI LETTER TTA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂗</span> </td> <td title="U+11098: KAITHI LETTER TTHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂘</span> </td> <td title="U+11099: KAITHI LETTER DDA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂙</span> </td> <td title="U+1109A: KAITHI LETTER DDDHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂚</span> </td> <td title="U+1109B: KAITHI LETTER DDHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂛</span> </td> <td title="U+1109C: KAITHI LETTER RHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂜</span> </td> <td title="U+1109D: KAITHI LETTER NNA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂝</span> </td> <td title="U+1109E: KAITHI LETTER TA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂞</span> </td> <td title="U+1109F: KAITHI LETTER THA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+110Ax </td> <td title="U+110A0: KAITHI LETTER DA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂠</span> </td> <td title="U+110A1: KAITHI LETTER DHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂡</span> </td> <td title="U+110A2: KAITHI LETTER NA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂢</span> </td> <td title="U+110A3: KAITHI LETTER PA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂣</span> </td> <td title="U+110A4: KAITHI LETTER PHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂤</span> </td> <td title="U+110A5: KAITHI LETTER BA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂥</span> </td> <td title="U+110A6: KAITHI LETTER BHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂦</span> </td> <td title="U+110A7: KAITHI LETTER MA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂧</span> </td> <td title="U+110A8: KAITHI LETTER YA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂨</span> </td> <td title="U+110A9: KAITHI LETTER RA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂩</span> </td> <td title="U+110AA: KAITHI LETTER LA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂪</span> </td> <td title="U+110AB: KAITHI LETTER VA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂫</span> </td> <td title="U+110AC: KAITHI LETTER SHA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂬</span> </td> <td title="U+110AD: KAITHI LETTER SSA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂭</span> </td> <td title="U+110AE: KAITHI LETTER SA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂮</span> </td> <td title="U+110AF: KAITHI LETTER HA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂯</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+110Bx </td> <td title="U+110B0: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂰</span> </td> <td title="U+110B1: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN I"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂱</span> </td> <td title="U+110B2: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN II"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂲</span> </td> <td title="U+110B3: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN U"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂳</span> </td> <td title="U+110B4: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN UU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂴</span> </td> <td title="U+110B5: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN E"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂵</span> </td> <td title="U+110B6: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂶</span> </td> <td title="U+110B7: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN O"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂷</span> </td> <td title="U+110B8: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN AU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂸</span> </td> <td title="U+110B9: KAITHI SIGN VIRAMA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂹</span> </td> <td title="U+110BA: KAITHI SIGN NUKTA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂺</span> </td> <td title="U+110BB: KAITHI ABBREVIATION SIGN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂻</span> </td> <td title="U+110BC: KAITHI ENUMERATION SIGN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂼</span> </td> <td title="U+110BD: KAITHI NUMBER SIGN"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂽</span> </span> </td> <td title="U+110BE: KAITHI SECTION MARK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂾</span> </td> <td title="U+110BF: KAITHI DOUBLE SECTION MARK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑂿</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+110Cx </td> <td title="U+110C0: KAITHI DANDA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑃀</span> </td> <td title="U+110C1: KAITHI DOUBLE DANDA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑃁</span> </td> <td title="U+110C2: KAITHI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑃂</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+110CD: KAITHI NUMBER SIGN ABOVE"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px dashed black;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r953630815" /><span class="script-kaithi">𑃍</span> </span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11080_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U11080_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U11080_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U11080_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Bhojpuri quarterly Bagsar Samāchar was published in this script in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Christopher R. 1995. <i>One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India.</i>New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grierson, George A. 1899. <i>A Handbook to the Kaithi Character.</i> Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L208194-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L208194_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPandey2008" class="citation web cs1">Pandey, Anshuman (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08194-n3389-kaithi.pdf">"L2/08-194: Proposal to Encode the Kaithi Script in ISO/IEC 10646"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615004236/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08194-n3389-kaithi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F08-194%3A+Proposal+to+Encode+the+Kaithi+Script+in+ISO%2FIEC+10646&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Anshuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2008%2F08194-n3389-kaithi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rai, Alok. "Hindi Nationalism", p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Report on Public Instruction in the Bengal Presidency, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRai2007" class="citation book cs1">Rai, Alok (2007). <i>Hindi Nationalism</i> (Reprint ed.). London: Sangam Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1979-4"><bdi>978-81-250-1979-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindi+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Sangam+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1979-4&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Alok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inextlive.com/jharkhand/ranchi/kaithi-albhabet-is-in-danger-201203140011">"कहीं पन्नों में दफन न हो जाए कैथी"</a>. <i>inextlive</i> (in Hindi). 19 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407173403/https://www.inextlive.com/jharkhand/ranchi/kaithi-albhabet-is-in-danger-201203140011">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=inextlive&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inextlive.com%2Fjharkhand%2Franchi%2Fkaithi-albhabet-is-in-danger-201203140011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1881" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, G.A. (1881). <i>A Handbook to the Kayathi Character</i>. Calcutta: Thacar Spink and Co. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+to+the+Kayathi+Character&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Thacar+Spink+and+Co&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1902" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, G.A. (1902). <i>Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. V, Part II</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India%2C+Vol.+V%2C+Part+II&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUS_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUS_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUS_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUS_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUS_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch15.pdf#G69704">"The Unicode Standard, Chapter 15.2: Kaithi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode Consortium. March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311192837/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch15.pdf#G69704">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Chapter+15.2%3A+Kaithi&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode13.0.0%2Fch15.pdf%23G69704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZQAQAAMAAJ&q=bagsar+samachar+bhojpuri"><i>Journal of Historical Research</i></a>. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Historical+Research&rft.pub=Department+of+History%2C+Ranchi+University.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qZQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbagsar%2Bsamachar%2Bbhojpuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaithi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Fox_I" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span 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title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York 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