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<span>Derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Parameters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parameters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parameters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pearson_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearson_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pearson scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearson_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rating_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rating_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rating classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rating_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decommissioning in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fujita scale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita-ci%C3%A4kk%C3%A1d%C3%A2h" title="Fujita-ciäkkádâh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Fujita-ciäkkádâh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="مقياس فوجيتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقياس فوجيتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шкала Фуджыты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шкала Фуджыты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitina_skala" title="Fujitina skala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fujitina skala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Fujita-Pearson" title="Escala Fujita-Pearson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escala Fujita-Pearson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitova_stupnice" title="Fujitova stupnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fujitova stupnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitas_tornadoskala" title="Fujitas tornadoskala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fujitas tornadoskala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita-Skala" title="Fujita-Skala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fujita-Skala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita-Pearsoni_skaala" title="Fujita-Pearsoni skaala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fujita-Pearsoni skaala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κλίμακα Φουτζίτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλίμακα Φουτζίτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Fujita-Pearson" title="Escala Fujita-Pearson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escala Fujita-Pearson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_eskala" title="Fujita eskala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fujita eskala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="مقیاس فوجیتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس فوجیتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelle_de_Fujita" title="Échelle de Fujita – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelle de Fujita" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Fujita-Pearson" title="Escala Fujita-Pearson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escala Fujita-Pearson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%A7%80%ED%83%80_%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" title="후지타 등급 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후지타 등급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ֆուջիտի սանդղակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆուջիտի սանդղակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुजिता पैमाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फुजिता पैमाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitina_ljestvica" title="Fujitina ljestvica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fujitina ljestvica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Fujita" title="Skala Fujita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala Fujita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_Fujita" title="Scala Fujita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala Fujita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95" title="ಫ್ಯುಜಿಟಾ ಮಾಪಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ಯುಜಿಟಾ ಮಾಪಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fud%C5%BEitas%E2%80%94P%C4%ABrsona_torn%C4%81do_skala" title="Fudžitas—Pīrsona tornādo skala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fudžitas—Pīrsona tornādo skala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaal_van_Fujita" title="Schaal van Fujita – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schaal van Fujita" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E7%94%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="藤田スケール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="藤田スケール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitaskalaen" title="Fujitaskalaen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fujitaskalaen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_Fujity" title="Skala Fujity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skala Fujity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escala_Fujita" title="Escala Fujita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escala Fujita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шкала Фудзиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шкала Фудзиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="Fujita scale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fujita scale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitova_stupnica" title="Fujitova stupnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fujitova stupnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitova_lestvica" title="Fujitova lestvica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fujitova lestvica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitina_skala" title="Fujitina skala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fujitina skala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitan_asteikko" title="Fujitan asteikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fujitan asteikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitas_skala" title="Fujitas skala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fujitas skala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0" title="มาตราฟูจิตะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาตราฟูจิตะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Шкала Фудзіти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкала Фудзіти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thang_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_Fujita" title="Thang độ Fujita – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thang độ Fujita" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%A7%E6%95%B0" title="藤田级数 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藤田级数" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q380770#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fujita_scale" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fujita_scale" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scale for rating tornado intensity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"F2 tornado" and "F3 tornado" redirect here. For the F2 and F3 air defence variants of the Panavia Tornado military aircraft, see <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Panavia Tornado ADV</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0.1em; border-spacing: 0.3em 0;"> <caption><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fujita scale</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Scale </th> <th scope="col">Speed </th> <th scope="col">Damage </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #4DFFFF; font-weight: inherit;">F0 </th> <td style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right;">< 73 mph </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;">Light </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FFFFD9; font-weight: inherit;">F1 </th> <td style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right;">73–112 mph </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;">Moderate </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FFD98C; font-weight: inherit;">F2 </th> <td style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right;">113–157 mph </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;">Considerable </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FF9E59; font-weight: inherit;">F3 </th> <td style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right;">158–206 mph </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;">Severe </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #FF738A; font-weight: inherit;">F4 </th> <td style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right;">207–260 mph </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;">Devastating </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #A188FC; font-weight: inherit;">F5 </th> <td style="font-size: 85%; text-align: right;">261–318 mph </td> <td style="font-size: 85%;">Incredible </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Fujita scale</b> (<b>F-Scale</b>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>), or <b>Fujita–Pearson scale</b> (<b>FPP scale</b>), is a scale for rating <a href="/wiki/Tornado_intensity" title="Tornado intensity">tornado intensity</a>, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by <a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">meteorologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">engineers</a> after a ground or <a href="/wiki/Aerial_survey" title="Aerial survey">aerial damage survey</a>, or both; and depending on the circumstances, ground-swirl patterns (<a href="/wiki/Cycloid" title="Cycloid">cycloidal</a> marks), <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Videogrammetry" title="Videogrammetry">videogrammetry</a> if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">Enhanced Fujita scale</a> (EF-Scale) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in February 2007. In April 2013, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> (EC) in their ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FJFK:_Fujita_Scale_-_Tornado_Damage_Scale_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJFK:_Fujita_Scale_-_Tornado_Damage_Scale-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scale was introduced in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Fujita" title="Ted Fujita">Ted Fujita</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Allen_Pearson" title="Allen Pearson">Allen Pearson</a>, head of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center/NSSFC (currently the <a href="/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center" title="Storm Prediction Center">Storm Prediction Center</a>/SPC). The scale was updated in 1973, taking into account path length and width. In the United States, starting in the late 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tornadoes were rated soon after occurrence. The Fujita scale was applied retroactively to tornadoes reported between 1950 and the adoption of the scale in the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a> National Tornado Database. Fujita rated tornadoes from 1916 to 1992<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Grazulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Grazulis">Tom Grazulis</a> of The Tornado Project retroactively rated all known significant tornadoes (F2–F5 or causing a fatality) in the U.S. back to 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-significant_tornadoes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-significant_tornadoes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fujita scale was adopted in most areas outside of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale was decommissioned, and the <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">Enhanced Fujita Scale</a> was introduced in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-SPC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new scale more accurately matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by the tornado.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Though each damage level is associated with a wind speed, the Fujita scale is effectively a damage scale, and the wind speeds associated with the damage listed are not rigorously verified. The Enhanced Fujita Scale was formulated due to research that suggested that the wind speeds required to inflict damage by intense tornadoes on the Fujita scale are greatly overestimated. A process of <a href="/wiki/Expert_elicitation" title="Expert elicitation">expert elicitation</a> with top engineers and meteorologists resulted in the EF scale wind speeds, but these are biased to United States construction practices. The EF scale also improved damage parameter descriptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivation">Derivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fujita_scale_technical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fujita_scale_technical.svg/200px-Fujita_scale_technical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fujita_scale_technical.svg/300px-Fujita_scale_technical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Fujita_scale_technical.svg/400px-Fujita_scale_technical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>A diagram illustrating the relationship between the Beaufort, Fujita, and Mach number scales.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original scale as derived by Fujita was a theoretical 13-level scale (F0–F12) designed to smoothly connect the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">Beaufort scale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach number</a> scale. F1 corresponds to the twelfth level of the Beaufort scale, and F12 corresponds to Mach number 1.0. F0 was placed at a position specifying no damage (approximately the eighth level of the Beaufort scale), in analogy to how Beaufort's zeroth level specifies little to no wind. From these wind speed numbers, <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative data">qualitative</a> descriptions of damage were made for each category of the Fujita scale, and then these descriptions were used to classify tornadoes.<sup id="cite_ref-enhancedIntro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enhancedIntro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time Fujita derived the scale, little information was available on damage caused by wind, so the original scale presented little more than educated guesses at <a href="/wiki/Wind_speed" title="Wind speed">wind speed</a> ranges for specific tiers of damage. Fujita intended that only F0–F5 be used in practice, as this covered all possible levels of damage to frame homes as well as the expected estimated bounds of wind speeds. He did, however, add a description for F6, which he called an "inconceivable tornado", to allow for wind speeds exceeding F5 and possible advancements in damage analysis that might show it.<sup id="cite_ref-SPC_FAQ_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC_FAQ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, two tornadoes received the rating of F6, but both were later downgraded to F5.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on aerial photographs of the damage it caused, Fujita assigned the <a href="/wiki/1974_Xenia_tornado" title="1974 Xenia tornado">strongest tornado</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Super_Outbreak" title="1974 Super Outbreak">1974 Super Outbreak</a>, which affected Xenia, Ohio, a preliminary rating of F6 intensity ± 1 scale.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1977 <a href="/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_1977#Birmingham–Smithfield,_Alabama" title="Tornado outbreak of April 1977">Birmingham–Smithfield</a> F5 tornado's damage was surveyed by Ted Fujita and he "toyed with the idea of rating the Smithfield tornado an F6".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, tornado expert <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Grazulis" title="Thomas P. Grazulis">Thomas P. Grazulis</a> stated in his book <i>F5–F6 Tornadoes</i>; "In my opinion, if there ever was an F6 tornado caught on video, it was the <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes_of_1995#June_8" title="Tornadoes of 1995">Pampa, Texas tornado of 1995</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, it was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center" title="Storm Prediction Center">Storm Prediction Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service_Norman,_Oklahoma" title="National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma">National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Lubbock_tornado" title="Lubbock tornado">1970 Lubbock tornado</a> was originally rated F6, which was later downgraded to its official rating of F5.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the original wind speed numbers have since been found to be higher than the actual speeds required to incur the damage described at each category. The error manifests itself to an increasing degree as the category increases, especially in the range of F3 through F5. NOAA notes that "precise wind speed numbers are actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified. Different wind speeds may cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building. Without a thorough engineering analysis of tornado damage in any event, the actual wind speeds needed to cause that damage are unknown."<sup id="cite_ref-SPC_FAQ_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC_FAQ-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Enhanced Fujita Scale has been created using better wind estimates by engineers and meteorologists. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameters">Parameters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The six categories are listed here, in order of increasing intensity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The rating of any given tornado is of the most severe damage to any well-built frame home or comparable level of damage from engineering analysis of other damage.</li> <li>Since the Fujita scale is based on the severity of damage resulting from high winds, a tornado exceeding F5 is an immeasurable theoretical construct. Frame-home structural damage cannot exceed total destruction and debris dispersal, which constitutes F5 damage. A tornado with wind speeds greater than 319 miles per hour (513 km/h) is possible, as the <a href="/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek%E2%80%93Moore_tornado" title="1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado">1999 Bridge Creek-Moore Tornado</a> did have 321 mph (517 km/h) winds, but that measurement was not near ground level.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:gainsboro;"> <td rowspan="2"><b>Scale</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="nowrap"><b>Wind speed estimate</b><sup id="cite_ref-SPC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Frequency</b><sup id="cite_ref-SPC_WCM_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC_WCM-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>Potential damage</b><sup id="cite_ref-SPC_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:gainsboro;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Km/h" class="mw-redirect" title="Km/h">km/h</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#4DFFFF"><big><b>F0</b></big> <span class="anchor" id="F0"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40–72</td> <td style="text-align:center;">64–116</td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.14% </td> <td>Light damage.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Well-built structures are typically unscathed, though sometimes sustaining broken windows, with minor damage to roofs and chimneys. Billboards and large signs can be knocked down. Trees may have large branches broken off and can be uprooted if they have shallow roots. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Well-built structures are typically unscathed, though sometimes sustaining broken windows, with minor damage to roofs and chimneys. Billboards and large signs can be knocked down. Trees may have large branches broken off and can be uprooted if they have shallow roots."><img alt="Well-built structures are typically unscathed, though sometimes sustaining broken windows, with minor damage to roofs and chimneys. Billboards and large signs can be knocked down. Trees may have large branches broken off and can be uprooted if they have shallow roots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg/400px-FEMA_-_40806_-_Workers_cleaning_a_damagaed_roof_in_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1455" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFD9"><big><b>F1</b></big> <span class="anchor" id="F1"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">73–112</td> <td style="text-align:center;">117–180</td> <td style="text-align:center;">34.24% </td> <td>Moderate damage.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Damage to mobile homes and other temporary structures becomes significant, and cars and other vehicles can be pushed off the road or flipped. Permanent structures can suffer major damage to their roofs. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="There is damage to mobile homes and other temporary structures becomes significant, and cars and other vehicles can be pushed off the road or flipped. Permanent structures can suffer major damage to their roofs."><img alt="There is damage to mobile homes and other temporary structures becomes significant, and cars and other vehicles can be pushed off the road or flipped. Permanent structures can suffer major damage to their roofs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg/400px-FEMA_-_28916_-_Photograph_by_Mark_Wolfe_taken_on_03-08-2007_in_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FFD98C"><big><b>F2</b></big> <span class="anchor" id="F2"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">113–157</td> <td style="text-align:center;">181–253</td> <td style="text-align:center;">16.17% </td> <td>Significant damage.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Well-built structures can suffer serious damage, including roof loss, and the collapse of some exterior walls may occur in poorly built structures. Mobile homes, however, are destroyed. Vehicles can be lifted off the ground, and lighter objects can become small missiles, causing damage outside of the tornado's main path. Wooded areas have a large percentage of their trees snapped or uprooted. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Well-built structures can suffer serious damage, including roof loss, and the collapse of some exterior walls may occur in poorly built structures. Mobile homes, however, are destroyed. Vehicles can be lifted off the ground, and lighter objects can become small missiles, causing damage outside of the tornado's main path. Wooded areas have a large percentage of their trees snapped or uprooted."><img alt="Well-built structures can suffer serious damage, including roof loss, and the collapse of some exterior walls may occur in poorly built structures. Mobile homes, however, are destroyed. Vehicles can be lifted off the ground, and lighter objects can become small missiles, causing damage outside of the tornado's main path. Wooded areas have a large percentage of their trees snapped or uprooted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg/400px-FEMA_-_40846_-_Homeowner_and_volunteers_assess_the_damage_to_his_home_in_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FF9E59"><big><b>F3</b></big> <span class="anchor" id="F3"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">158–206</td> <td style="text-align:center;">254–332</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.35% </td> <td>Severe damage.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>A few parts of affected buildings are left standing. Well-built structures lose all outer and some inner walls. Unanchored homes are swept away, and homes with poor anchoring may collapse entirely. Trains and train cars are all overturned. Small vehicles and similarly sized objects are lifted off the ground and tossed as projectiles. Wooded areas suffer an almost total loss of vegetation and some tree debarking may occur. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A few parts of affected buildings are left standing. Well-built structures lose all outer and some inner walls. Unanchored homes are swept away, and homes with poor anchoring may collapse entirely. Trains and train cars are all overturned. Small vehicles and similarly sized objects are lifted off the ground and tossed as projectiles. Wooded areas suffer an almost total loss of vegetation and some tree debarking may occur."><img alt="A few parts of affected buildings are left standing. Well-built structures lose all outer and some inner walls. Unanchored homes are swept away, and homes with poor anchoring may collapse entirely. Trains and train cars are all overturned. Small vehicles and similarly sized objects are lifted off the ground and tossed as projectiles. Wooded areas suffer an almost total loss of vegetation and some tree debarking may occur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg/400px-FEMA_-_9697_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#FF738A"><big><b>F4</b></big> <span class="anchor" id="F4"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">207–260</td> <td style="text-align:center;">333–418</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.00% </td> <td>Devastating damage.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Well-built homes are reduced to a short pile of medium-sized debris on the foundation. Homes with poor or no anchoring are swept completely away. Large, heavy vehicles, including airplanes, trains, and large trucks, can be pushed over, flipped repeatedly, or picked up and thrown. Large, healthy trees are entirely debarked and snapped off close to the ground or uprooted altogether and turned into flying projectiles. Passenger cars and similarly sized objects can be picked up and flung for considerable distances. </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Well-built homes are reduced to a short pile of medium-sized debris on the foundation. Homes with poor or no anchoring are swept completely away. Large, heavy vehicles, including airplanes, trains, and large trucks, can be pushed over, flipped repeatedly, or picked up and thrown. Large, healthy trees are entirely debarked and snapped off close to the ground or uprooted altogether and turned into flying projectiles. Passenger cars and similarly sized objects can be picked up and flung for considerable distances."><img alt="Well-built homes are reduced to a short pile of medium-sized debris on the foundation. Homes with poor or no anchoring are swept completely away. Large, heavy vehicles, including airplanes, trains, and large trucks, can be pushed over, flipped repeatedly, or picked up and thrown. Large, healthy trees are entirely debarked and snapped off close to the ground or uprooted altogether and turned into flying projectiles. Passenger cars and similarly sized objects can be picked up and flung for considerable distances." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg/400px-FEMA_-_9698_-_Photograph_by_Bob_McMillan_taken_on_05-27-2004_in_Nebraska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#A188FC"><big><b>F5</b></big> <span class="anchor" id="F5"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">261–318</td> <td style="text-align:center;">419–512</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.10% </td> <td>Incredible damage.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Well-built and well-anchored homes are taken off their foundations and they go into the air before obliteration. The wreckage of those homes is flung for miles and those foundations are swept completely clean. Large, steel-reinforced structures such as schools are completely leveled. Low-lying grass and vegetation are shredded from the ground. Trees are completely debarked and snapped. Very little recognizable structural debris is generated with most materials reduced to a coarse mix of small, granular particles and dispersed. Large, multiple-ton steel frame vehicles and farm equipment are often mangled beyond recognition and tossed miles away or reduced entirely to unrecognizable parts. Tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations. The official description of this damage highlights the extreme nature of the destruction, noting that "incredible phenomena can and will occur". </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Well-built and well-anchored homes are taken off their foundations and they go into the air before obliteration. The wreckage of those homes is flung for miles and those foundations are swept completely clean. Large, steel-reinforced structures such as schools are completely leveled. Low-lying grass and vegetation are shredded from the ground. Trees are completely debarked and snapped. Very little recognizable structural debris is generated with most materials reduced to a coarse mix of small, granular particles and dispersed. Large, multiple-ton steel frame vehicles and farm equipment are often mangled beyond recognition and tossed miles away or reduced entirely to unrecognizable parts. Tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations. The official description of this damage highlights the extreme nature of the destruction, noting that "incredible phenomena can and will occur"."><img alt="Well-built and well-anchored homes are taken off their foundations and they go into the air before obliteration. The wreckage of those homes is flung for miles and those foundations are swept completely clean. Large, steel-reinforced structures such as schools are completely leveled. Low-lying grass and vegetation are shredded from the ground. Trees are completely debarked and snapped. Very little recognizable structural debris is generated with most materials reduced to a coarse mix of small, granular particles and dispersed. Large, multiple-ton steel frame vehicles and farm equipment are often mangled beyond recognition and tossed miles away or reduced entirely to unrecognizable parts. Tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations. The official description of this damage highlights the extreme nature of the destruction, noting that "incredible phenomena can and will occur"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg/300px-FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg/400px-FEMA_-_35405_-_Tornado_damage_in_Iowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1613" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearson_scales">Pearson scales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pearson scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, Allen Pearson added additional path length and path width parameters to the Fujita scale. Under this version, each tornado would be assigned one Fujita scale rating and two Pearson scale ratings. For example, a tornado rated F4 based on damage with a path length of 63 miles (101 km) and a path width of 800 yards (730 m) would be rated F,P,P 4,4,4. Use of the Pearson scales was not widespread, however, and it remained more common to simply list a tornado's path length and path width directly.<sup id="cite_ref-significant_tornadoes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-significant_tornadoes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0"> <caption>Pearson scales </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Scale </th> <th scope="col">Path length </th> <th scope="col">Path width </th></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><0.3 mi (0.48 km) </td> <td><6 yd (5.5 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="4DFFFF"><b>P0</b> </td> <td>0.3–0.9 mi (0.48–1.45 km) </td> <td>6–17 yd (5.5–15.5 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="FFFFD9"><b>P1</b> </td> <td>1.0–3.1 mi (1.6–5.0 km) </td> <td>18–55 yd (16–50 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="FFD98C"><b>P2</b> </td> <td>3.2–9.9 mi (5.1–15.9 km) </td> <td>56–175 yd (51–160 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="FF9E59"><b>P3</b> </td> <td>10–31 mi (16–50 km) </td> <td>176–566 yd (161–518 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="FF738A"><b>P4</b> </td> <td>32–99 mi (51–159 km) </td> <td>0.3–0.9 mi (0.48–1.45 km) </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="A188FC"><b>P5</b> </td> <td>100–315 mi (161–507 km) </td> <td>1.0–3.1 mi (1.6–5.0 km) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rating_classifications">Rating classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rating classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:20em; text-align:center; float:right; margin:0.5em 0 1.3em 1.4em;"> <caption>Tornado rating classifications </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>F0 </th> <th>F1 </th> <th>F2 </th> <th>F3 </th> <th>F4 </th> <th>F5 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fd0;">Weak </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f3943f;">Strong </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #ea5297;">Violent </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background: #ffce44;">Significant </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #e84e0f;">Intense </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Tornado_climatology" title="Tornado climatology">tornado climatology</a> studies, Fujita scale ratings may be grouped into classes.<sup id="cite_ref-significant_tornadoes_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-significant_tornadoes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decommissioning_in_the_U.S.">Decommissioning in the U.S.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decommissioning in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">Enhanced Fujita scale</a></div> <p>The Fujita scale, introduced in 1971 as a means to differentiate tornado intensity and path area, assigned wind speeds to damage that were, at best, educated guesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujita_scale_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujita_scale-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fujita and others recognized this immediately and intensive engineering analysis was conducted through the rest of the 1970s. This research, as well as subsequent research, showed that tornado wind speeds required to inflict the described damage were actually much lower than the F-scale indicated, particularly for the upper categories. Also, although the scale gave general descriptions of damage a tornado could cause, it gave little leeway for strength of construction and other factors that might cause a building to sustain more damage at lower wind speeds. Fujita tried to address these problems somewhat in 1992 with the Modified Fujita Scale,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by then he was semi-retired and the National Weather Service was not in a position to update to an entirely new scale, so it went largely unenacted.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujita_Memoirs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujita_Memoirs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, on February 1, 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Fujita scale was decommissioned in favor of what scientists believe is a more accurate Enhanced Fujita Scale. The meteorologists and engineers who designed the EF Scale believe it improves on the F-scale on many counts. It accounts for different degrees of damage that occur with different types of structures, both manmade and natural. The expanded and refined damage indicators and degrees of damage standardize what was somewhat ambiguous. It also is thought to provide much better estimates of wind speeds and sets no upper limit on the wind speeds for the highest level, EF5. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> began using the Enhanced Fujita scale in Canada on April 1, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. and Canada are the only countries to officially adopt the Enhanced Fujita scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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Emergency Scale</a> for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale">Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">Severe weather terminology (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_intensity_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornado intensity and damage">Tornado intensity and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_records" title="Tornado records">Tornado records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TORRO_scale" title="TORRO scale">TORRO scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_engineering" title="Wind engineering">Wind engineering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA:_Fujita_Tornado_Damage_Scale_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html">"Fujita Tornado Damage Scale"</a>. <i>spc.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Storm+Prediction+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.noaa.gov%2Fefscale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPC_FAQ-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPC_FAQ_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPC_FAQ_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/">Tornado FAQ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov">Storm Prediction Center</a>. Site accessed June 27, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna2023" class="citation web cs1">Anna, Carly (October 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eaok5-sg3Vw">"Explaining the 'Inconceivable F6' Tornado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a>)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. @CarlyAnnaWx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026155205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eaok5-sg3Vw">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+%27Inconceivable+F6%27+Tornado&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Anna&rft.aufirst=Carly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEaok5-sg3Vw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujita1974" class="citation web cs1">Fujita, T. Theodore (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/ohx/PDF/fujita_april31974.pdf">"Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumbo+Tornado+Outbreak+of+3+April+1974&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Fujita&rft.aufirst=T.+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fohx%2FPDF%2Ffujita_april31974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_04041977">"April 4, 1977, Smithfield F5 Tornado"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=April+4%2C+1977%2C+Smithfield+F5+Tornado&rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fbmx%2Fevent_04041977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_P._Grazulis2021" class="citation book cs1">Thomas P. Grazulis (2021). <i>F5-F6 Tornadoes</i>. The Tornado Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F5-F6+Tornadoes&rft.pub=The+Tornado+Project&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Thomas+P.+Grazulis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Edwards_(SPC)Matthew_S._Elliott_(SPC)Patrick_T._Marsh_(SPCDouglas_A._Speheger_(NWS)" class="citation journal cs1">Roger Edwards (SPC); Matthew S. Elliott (SPC); Patrick T. Marsh (SPC; Douglas A. Speheger (NWS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/oddities.pdf">"Errors, Oddities and Artifacts in U.S. Tornado Data, 1995–2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Storm Prediction Center Publications</i>: 1–10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Storm+Prediction+Center+Publications&rft.atitle=Errors%2C+Oddities+and+Artifacts+in+U.S.+Tornado+Data%2C+1995%E2%80%932021&rft.pages=1-10&rft.au=Roger+Edwards+%28SPC%29&rft.au=Matthew+S.+Elliott+%28SPC%29&rft.au=Patrick+T.+Marsh+%28SPC&rft.au=Douglas+A.+Speheger+%28NWS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.noaa.gov%2Fpublications%2Fedwards%2Foddities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPC_WCM-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPC_WCM_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/data/">"Storm Prediction Center WCM Data"</a>. Storm Prediction Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storm+Prediction+Center+WCM+Data&rft.pub=Storm+Prediction+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.noaa.gov%2Fwcm%2Fdata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tornadoproject.com/fscale/fscale.htm">The Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity</a>, Archived at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230005516/http://www.tornadoproject.com/fscale/fscale.htm">Archived</a> December 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks" class="citation web cs1">Brooks, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004084424/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/">"index"</a>. <i>nssl.noaa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/hazard/">the original</a> on October 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssl.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=index&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nssl.noaa.gov%2Fhazard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fujita_scale-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fujita_scale_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujita1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T.T._Fujita" class="mw-redirect" title="T.T. Fujita">Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore</a> (1971). <i>Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proposed+characterization+of+tornadoes+and+hurricanes+by+area+and+intensity&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Fujita&rft.aufirst=Tetsuya+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenter" class="citation web cs1">Center, Storm Prediction. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/">"NOAA's NWS Storm Prediction Center"</a>. <i>www.spc.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=NOAA%27s+NWS+Storm+Prediction+Center&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Storm+Prediction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.noaa.gov%2Fefscale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fujita_Memoirs-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fujita_Memoirs_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujita1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Fujita" title="Ted Fujita">Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore</a> (1992). <i>Memoirs of an Effort to Unlock the Mystery of Severe Storms</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+an+Effort+to+Unlock+the+Mystery+of+Severe+Storms&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Fujita&rft.aufirst=Tetsuya+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=Assessing_tornado_damage__EF-scale_vs._F-scale_19_04_2013?ref=ccbox_homepage_topstories">Assessing tornado damage: EF-scale vs. F-scale</a> . Toronto has seen several tornados since the 1900s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427003723/http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3%26stormfile%3DAssessing_tornado_damage__EF-scale_vs._F-scale_19_04_2013?ref=ccbox_homepage_topstories">Archived</a> April 27, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_P._Marshall" title="Timothy P. Marshall">Marshall, Timothy P.</a> (2001). "Birth of the Fujita Scale". <i><a href="/wiki/Storm_Track_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm Track (magazine)">Storm Track</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3): 6–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Storm+Track&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+Fujita+Scale&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6-10&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsJ._G._LaDueJ._T._FerreeK._Scharfenberg2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Edwards_(meteorologist)" title="Roger Edwards (meteorologist)">Edwards, Roger</a>; J. G. LaDue; J. T. Ferree; K. Scharfenberg; C. Maier; W. L. Coulbourne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-11-00006.1">"Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future"</a>. <i>Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc</i>. <b>94</b> (5): 641–653. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BAMS...94..641E">2013BAMS...94..641E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-D-11-00006.1">10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7842905">7842905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Meteor.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Tornado+Intensity+Estimation%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=641-653&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7842905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FBAMS-D-11-00006.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013BAMS...94..641E&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=J.+G.+LaDue&rft.au=J.+T.+Ferree&rft.au=K.+Scharfenberg&rft.au=C.+Maier&rft.au=W.+L.+Coulbourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252FBAMS-D-11-00006.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFujita+scale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fujita_scale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html">Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center" title="Storm Prediction Center">SPC</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/">The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/7317">A Guide for Conducting Convective Windstorm Surveys</a> (NWS SR146)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/7227">The Tornado: An Engineering-Oriented Perspective</a> (NWS SR147)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/ttusw/00271/tsw-00271.html">Fujita archival records</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a>)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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