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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerial survey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AD_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="مسح جوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسح جوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аерофотоснимка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аерофотоснимка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofotogrametria" title="Aerofotogrametria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aerofotogrametria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftbildmessung" title="Luftbildmessung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftbildmessung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofotom%C3%B5%C3%B5distamine" title="Aerofotomõõdistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aerofotomõõdistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofotogrametr%C3%ADa" title="Aerofotogrametría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aerofotogrametría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofotogrammetria" title="Aerofotogrammetria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aerofotogrammetria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF(%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಅಂತರಿಕ್ಷ ಮೋಜಣಿ(ಏರಿಯಲ್ ಸರ್ವೇಯಿಂಗ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರಿಕ್ಷ ಮೋಜಣಿ(ಏರಿಯಲ್ ಸರ್ವೇಯಿಂಗ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэросъёмка – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аэросъёмка" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="航空測量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空測量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofotogrametria" title="Aerofotogrametria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aerofotogrametria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerofotogrametria" title="Aerofotogrametria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aerofotogrametria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аэросъёмка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аэросъёмка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_m%C3%A1y_bay" title="Địa vật lý máy bay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa vật lý máy bay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E4%B8%AD%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="空中測量 – 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method of collecting geophysical data from high altitude aircraft</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_Camera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aerial_Camera.png/400px-Aerial_Camera.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Aerial_Camera.png/600px-Aerial_Camera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Aerial_Camera.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Aerial Camera used during WWII for military purposes by the US Army against enemy's submarines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inview_UAV_medium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Inview_UAV_medium.jpg/220px-Inview_UAV_medium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Inview_UAV_medium.jpg/330px-Inview_UAV_medium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Inview_UAV_medium.jpg/440px-Inview_UAV_medium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>The InView <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAV</a> for use in aerial survey applications</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg/220px-Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg/330px-Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg/440px-Pteryx_UAV_-_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pteryx_UAV" title="Pteryx UAV">Pteryx UAV</a>, a civilian for <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> and photomapping with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyro-stabilized_camera_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyro-stabilized camera systems (page does not exist)">roll-stabilized</a> camera head</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aerial survey</b> is a method of collecting <a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">geomatics</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">imagery</a> data using <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloons</a>, or other aerial methods. Typical data collected includes <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Lidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> (using various visible and invisible bands of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>) and geophysical data (such as <a href="/wiki/Aeromagnetic_survey" title="Aeromagnetic survey">aeromagnetic surveys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> measurements). It can also refer to a chart or map made by analyzing a region from the air. Aerial survey should be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a> technologies because of its better resolution, quality, and resistance to <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmospheric</a> conditions that can negatively impact and obscure <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite observation</a>. Today, aerial survey is often recognized as a synonym for aerophotogrammetry, a part of <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> is airborne. Measurements on aerial images are provided by <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetric</a> technologies and methods.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerial surveys can provide information on many things not visible from the ground. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_used_in_aerial_survey">Terms used in aerial survey</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_survey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terms used in aerial survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>exposure station or air station</dt> <dd>the position of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_point_(optics)#Principal_planes_and_points" title="Cardinal point (optics)">optical center</a> of the camera at the moment of exposure.</dd> <dt>flying height</dt> <dd>the elevation of the exposure station above the datum (usually mean <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>).</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a></dt> <dd>the vertical distance of the aircraft above the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface.</dd> <dt>tilt the angle between the aerial camera and the horizontal axis perpendicular to the <a href="/wiki/Steady_flight" title="Steady flight">line of flight</a>.</dt> <dt>tip</dt> <dd>the angle between the aerial camera and the line of flight.</dd> <dt>principal point</dt> <dd>the point of intersection of the optical axis of the aerial camera with the <a href="/wiki/Picture_plane" title="Picture plane">photographical plane</a>.</dd> <dt>isocentre</dt> <dd>the point on the aerial photograph in which the bisector of the angle of tilt meets the photograph.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> point</dt> <dd>the image of the nadir, i.e. the point on the aerial photograph where a <a href="/wiki/Plumb_bob" title="Plumb bob">plumbline</a> dropped from the front nodal point pierces the photograph.</dd> <dt>scale</dt> <dd>ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the camera objective and the distance of the exposure station from the ground.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a></dt> <dd>the clockwise horizontal angle measured about the ground <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> point from the ground survey <a href="/wiki/North" title="North">North</a> meridian in the plane of photograph.</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthomosaic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthomosaic (page does not exist)">orthomosaic</a></dt> <dd>A high-resolution map created by orthophotos, usually via drones is termed as an orthomosaic. Ortho meaning a <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> image and mosaic meaning a collection of images.</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temporal_Resolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temporal Resolution (page does not exist)">Temporal Resolution</a></dt> <dd>Time between observations.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_survey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aerial surveys are used for: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg/220px-Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg/330px-Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg/440px-Wings_for_Science_Fly_Over_Paranal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4464" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Paranal_Observatory" title="Paranal Observatory">Paranal Observatory</a>, created by the non-profit initiative <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wingsforscience.com/">Wings for Science</a>, which offers aerial support to public research organisations<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Fishery</a> surveys</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey" title="Geophysical survey">geophysical surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Hydrocarbon exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Land survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering#Pre-mining" title="Mining engineering">mineral exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_observation#Monitoring_programs" title="Wildlife observation">Monitoring wildlife</a> and insect populations (called aerial <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systematic_reconnaissance_flight" title="Systematic reconnaissance flight">sampling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">ground cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport#Infrastructure" title="Transport">Transportation projects</a> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">ground surveys</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carriageway" title="Carriageway">roadway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">highway</a>)</li></ul> <p>Aerial surveys use a measuring camera where the elements of its interior orientation are known, but with much larger <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a> and specialized <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">lenses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerial_survey_sensors">Aerial survey sensors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_survey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aerial survey sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to carry out an aerial survey, a sensor needs to be fixed to the interior or exterior of the airborne platform with line-of-sight to the target; it is <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remotely sensing</a>. With manned <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, this is accomplished either through an aperture in the <a href="/wiki/Skin_(aeronautics)" title="Skin (aeronautics)">skin</a> of the aircraft or mounted externally on a wing <a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">strut</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs), sensors are often mounted under or inside the vehicle, allowing for rapid data collection over challenging terrains, though sometimes with less precision than traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerial survey systems typically include the following components: </p> <ul><li>Flight navigation software to guide the pilot in flying the desired survey pattern.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">GNSS</a>, combining <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Inertial_measurement_unit" title="Inertial measurement unit">inertial measurement unit</a> (IMU) to provide accurate position and orientation data.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyro-stabilized_camera_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyro-stabilized camera systems (page does not exist)">Gyro-stabilized</a> mounts to counteract the effects of aircraft roll, pitch, and yaw.</li> <li>Data storage units to securely save the recorded data.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_aerial_survey_sensors">Examples of aerial survey sensors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_survey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of aerial survey sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vexcel UltraCam (Eagle,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falcon, Osprey,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condor) and their calibrations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Geosystems" title="Leica Geosystems">Leica</a> ADS100<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>WaldoAir XCAM<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>RIEGL LMS-Q780<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimble_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimble (company)">Trimble</a> AX80<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gpixel GMAX32152<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / GMAX32103<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_survey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_photogrammetric_survey" title="Unmanned aerial photogrammetric survey">Unmanned aerial photogrammetric survey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerial_survey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vexcel-imaging.com&rft.atitle=UltraCam+Eagle+Prime+Aerial+Sensor+Calibration+and+Validation&rft.au=Michael+Gruber&rft.au=Marc+Muick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vexcel-imaging.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2F2016_04_ASPRS2016-UltraCamEagle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leica-geosystems.com/products/airborne-systems/imaging-sensors/leica-ads100-airborne-digital-sensor">"Leica ADS100 Airborne Digital Sensor"</a>. Leica Geosystems AG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leica+ADS100+Airborne+Digital+Sensor&rft.pub=Leica+Geosystems+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleica-geosystems.com%2Fproducts%2Fairborne-systems%2Fimaging-sensors%2Fleica-ads100-airborne-digital-sensor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldoair.com/xcam-ultra.html">"XCAM Ultra specifications"</a>. WaldoAir<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=datasheet+%3A+LMS-Q780&rft.pub=RIEGL+Laser+Measurement+Systems+GmbH&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riegl.com%2Fuploads%2Ftx_pxpriegldownloads%2FDataSheet_LMS-Q780_2015-03-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAerial+survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trimble-italia.com/sites/default/files/upload/TrimbleAX80%20brochure.pdf">"Trimble AX80 Airborne LIDAR Solution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134082-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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