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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Celtic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Scandinavian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Late medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_brooches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_brooches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early modern brooches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_brooches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern brooches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_brooches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Georgian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Neoclassical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_brooches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_brooches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late modern brooches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_modern_brooches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late modern brooches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_brooches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victorian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Victorian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_Nouveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Nouveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Art Nouveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Nouveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edwardian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edwardian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Edwardian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edwardian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_Deco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Deco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Art Deco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Deco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brooch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="دبوس الزينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبوس الزينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF" title="রূপককাঠি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রূপককাঠি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermall" title="Fermall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fermall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Брошь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Брошь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C5%BE" title="Brož – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brož" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilla" title="Spilla – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Spilla" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche" title="Broche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Broche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosche" title="Brosche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brosche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pross" title="Pross – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pross" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche" title="Broche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Broche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C4%89o" title="Broĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Broĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparreko" title="Paparreko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paparreko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="سنجاق سینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنجاق سینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche_(bijou)" title="Broche (bijou) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Broche (bijou)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A0iste" title="Bràiste – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bràiste" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%B9%98" title="브로치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브로치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%AE%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Կրծքազարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրծքազարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C5%A1" title="Broš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Broš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocho" title="Brocho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brocho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bros" title="Bros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilla" title="Spilla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spilla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%93" title="סיכת בגד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיכת בגד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bros" title="Bros – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bros" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98" title="საკინძი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საკინძი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizimu" title="Bizimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bizimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C4%97" title="Segė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Segė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Брош – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брош" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche" title="Broche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Broche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81_(%E8%A3%85%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%B7)" title="ブローチ (装身具) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブローチ (装身具)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosje" title="Brosje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brosje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosza" title="Brosza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brosza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broche" title="Broche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Broche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27ipana" title="T'ipana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'ipana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Брошь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брошь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brooch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C5%A1ka" title="Broška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Broška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Брош – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брош" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C5%A1" title="Broš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Broš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rintaneula" title="Rintaneula – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rintaneula" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brosch" title="Brosch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brosch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="เข็มกลัดประดับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เข็มกลัดประดับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large ornament with a pin fastening</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg/220px-Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg/330px-Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg/440px-Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><i>Wing Brooch</i>, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>brooch</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, also <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a decorative <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It is usually made of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> or with <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> and may be solely for <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">ornament</a> or serve a practical function as a clothes fastener. The earliest known brooches are from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. As fashions in brooches changed rather quickly, they are important chronological indicators. In archaeology, ancient European brooches are usually referred to by the Latin term <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a>. One example is the Tara Brooch </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_brooches">Ancient brooches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient brooches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">Fibula (brooch)</a></div> <p>Brooches from antiquity and before the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> are often called <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula (plural fibulae)</a>, especially in Continental contexts. British archaeologists tend to distinguish between bowed <i>fibulae</i> and flatter brooches, even in antiquity. They were necessary as clothes fasteners, but also often highly decorative, and important markers of social status for both men and women, from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> onwards. In Europe, during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, metalworking technology had advanced dramatically. The newer techniques of <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>, metal bar-twisting and wire making were the basis for many new objects, including the fibula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait198648_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait198648-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a> craftsmen were creating fibulae decorated in red enamel and coral inlay, as early as 400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait198615–16_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait198615–16-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest manufacture of brooches in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> was during the period from 600 to 150 BC. The most common brooch forms during this period were the bow, the plate and in smaller quantities, the <a href="/wiki/Penannular_brooch" class="mw-redirect" title="Penannular brooch">penannular brooch</a>. Iron Age brooches found in Britain are typically cast in one piece, with the majority made in copper alloy or iron. Prior to the late Iron Age, gold and silver were rarely used to make jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_fibula,_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age,_AM_Syracuse,_121370.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Age brooch"><img alt="Bronze Age brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bronze_fibula%2C_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age%2C_AM_Syracuse%2C_121370.jpg/280px-Bronze_fibula%2C_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age%2C_AM_Syracuse%2C_121370.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bronze_fibula%2C_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age%2C_AM_Syracuse%2C_121370.jpg/420px-Bronze_fibula%2C_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age%2C_AM_Syracuse%2C_121370.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bronze_fibula%2C_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age%2C_AM_Syracuse%2C_121370.jpg/560px-Bronze_fibula%2C_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age%2C_AM_Syracuse%2C_121370.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="2117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze Age brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_brooch_(FindID_755500).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bow brooch, Iron Age"><img alt="Bow brooch, Iron Age" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Iron_Age_brooch_%28FindID_755500%29.jpg/338px-Iron_Age_brooch_%28FindID_755500%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Iron_Age_brooch_%28FindID_755500%29.jpg/507px-Iron_Age_brooch_%28FindID_755500%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Iron_Age_brooch_%28FindID_755500%29.jpg/676px-Iron_Age_brooch_%28FindID_755500%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8137" data-file-height="5055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bow brooch, Iron Age</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_trumpet_brooch_(FindID_623650).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trumpet brooch, Iron Age"><img alt="Trumpet brooch, Iron Age" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_trumpet_brooch_%28FindID_623650%29.jpg/234px-Roman_trumpet_brooch_%28FindID_623650%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_trumpet_brooch_%28FindID_623650%29.jpg/351px-Roman_trumpet_brooch_%28FindID_623650%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_trumpet_brooch_%28FindID_623650%29.jpg/468px-Roman_trumpet_brooch_%28FindID_623650%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4343" data-file-height="3900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trumpet brooch, Iron Age</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_brooches">Medieval brooches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval brooches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_period">Migration period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Migration period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinctive metalwork that was created by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> from the fourth through the eighth centuries belong to the art movement known as <a href="/wiki/Migration_period_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period art">Migration period art</a>. During the 5th and 6th centuries, five <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> migrated to and occupied four different areas of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">collapse of the Roman Empire</a>. The tribes were the Visigoths who settled in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Eastern Germany and Austria, the Franks in West Germany, the Lombards in Northern Italy and the Anglo-Saxons in England. Because the tribes were closely linked by their origins, and their jewellery techniques were strikingly similar, the work of these people was first referred to as <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a> art. This art style is now called <a href="/wiki/Migration_period_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period art">Migration period art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988107_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988107-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooches dating from this period were developed from a combination of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Roman</a> and new <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> art forms, designs and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988107_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988107-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metalworkers throughout western Europe created some of the most colourful, lively and technically superior jewellery ever seen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986101_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986101-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brooches of this era display techniques from Roman art: <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Repoussé">repoussé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulation_(jewellery)" title="Granulation (jewellery)">granulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enamelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Enamelling">enamelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Openwork" title="Openwork">openwork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlay</a>, but it is inlay that the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration period</a> artists are famous for. Their passion for colour makes their jewellery stand out. Colour is the primary feature of Migration period jewellery. The precious stone most often used in brooches was the <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">almandine</a>, a burgundy variety of garnet, found in Europe and India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969146_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969146-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to J. Anderson Black, "designers would cover the entire surface of an object with the tiny geometric shapes of precious stones or enamel which were then polished flat until they were flush with the <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> settings, giving the appearance of a tiny stained glass window."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooch designs were many and varied: geometric decoration, intricate patterns, abstract designs from nature, bird motifs and running scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988109_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomorphic">Zoomorphic</a> ornamentation was a common element during this period, in Anglo-Saxon England as well as in Europe. Intertwined beasts were a signature feature of these lively, intricately decorated brooches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986107_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986107-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bow shaped, S-shaped, radiate-headed and decorated disc brooches were the most common brooch styles during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration period</a>, which spanned the 5th through the 7th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969139_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969139-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Germanic bow brooches"><img alt="East Germanic bow brooches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg/359px-Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg/539px-Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg/718px-Paar_Prunkfibeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="2315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East Germanic bow brooches</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish disc brooch"><img alt="Frankish disc brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg/240px-Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg/360px-Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg/480px-Disk_Brooch_MET_dp30475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish disc brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish Bird brooch"><img alt="Frankish Bird brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg/272px-Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg/408px-Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg/544px-Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish Bird brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombardic brooch"><img alt="Lombardic brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg/151px-Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg/226px-Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg/302px-Silver-gilt_radiate-headed_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lombardic brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches" title="Anglo-Saxon brooches">Anglo-Saxon brooches</a></div> <p>The majority of brooches found in early <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> were <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Continental</a> styles that had migrated from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. The long brooch style was most commonly found in 5th- and 6th-century England. Circular brooches first appeared in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the middle of the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoodley199917–19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoodley199917–19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 6th century, craftsmen from <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> began manufacturing brooches using their own distinctive styles and techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007121_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007121-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circular form was the preferred brooch type by the end of the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker200442_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker200442-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 7th century, all brooches in England were in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker2004138_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Crocker2004138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reappeared in the 8th century and continued to be fashionable through the end of the Anglo-Saxon era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007113_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007113-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brooch styles were predominantly circular by the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. During this time period, the preferred styles were the annular and jewelled (Kentish) disc brooch styles. The circular forms can be divided generally into enamelled and non-enamelled styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007113_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalton-Rogers2007113-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few non-circular style were fashionable during the 8th to 11th centuries. The ansate, the safety-pin, the strip and a few other styles can be included in this group. Ansate brooches were traditional brooches from Europe migrated to England and became fashionable in the late Anglo-Saxon period. Safety- pin brooches, more abundant in the early Anglo-Saxon period became more uncommon by the 7th century and by the 8th century, evolve into the strip brooch. Miscellaneous brooches during this time period include the bird, the ottonian, the rectangle and the cross motif.<sup id="cite_ref-Weetch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weetch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Portable_Antiquities_Brooches_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portable_Antiquities_Brooches-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_Square-headed_Brooch_(FindID_1016).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Square-headed brooch"><img alt="Square-headed brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Small_Square-headed_Brooch_%28FindID_1016%29.jpg/151px-Small_Square-headed_Brooch_%28FindID_1016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Small_Square-headed_Brooch_%28FindID_1016%29.jpg/227px-Small_Square-headed_Brooch_%28FindID_1016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Small_Square-headed_Brooch_%28FindID_1016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Square-headed brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strickland_Brooch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Strickland Brooch"><img alt="Strickland Brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Strickland_Brooch.JPG/238px-Strickland_Brooch.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Strickland_Brooch.JPG/357px-Strickland_Brooch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Strickland_Brooch.JPG/476px-Strickland_Brooch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Strickland_Brooch" title="Strickland Brooch">Strickland Brooch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cruciform brooch"><img alt="Cruciform brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg/141px-Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg/212px-Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg/283px-Cruciform_brooch_6th_century_British_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="1081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cruciform brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plated disc brooch"><img alt="Plated disc brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg/251px-Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg/377px-Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg/503px-Jewelled_plated_disc_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plated disc brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic">Celtic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celtic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Celtic brooch</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penannular_brooches" class="mw-redirect" title="Penannular brooches">Celtic brooches</a> represent a distinct tradition of elaborately decorated penannular and pseudo-penannular brooch types developed in Early Medieval Ireland and Scotland. Techniques, styles and materials used by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> were different from Anglo-Saxon craftsmen. Certain attributes of Celtic jewellery, such as inlaid <a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">millefiori</a> glass and curvilinear styles have more in common with ancient brooches than contemporary Anglo-Saxon jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986112–114_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986112–114-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jewellery of Celtic artisans is renowned for its inventiveness, complexity of design and craftsmanship. The <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> is a well-known example of a Celtic brooch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988101–103_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988101–103-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_(7816199762).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The penannular Rogart Brooch"><img alt="The penannular Rogart Brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_%287816199762%29.jpg/338px-Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_%287816199762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_%287816199762%29.jpg/508px-Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_%287816199762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_%287816199762%29.jpg/676px-Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_%287816199762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The penannular <a href="/wiki/Rogart_Brooch" title="Rogart Brooch">Rogart Brooch</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-penannular brooch"><img alt="Pseudo-penannular brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg/241px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg/363px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg/483px-Brit_Mus_13sept10_brooches_etc_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-penannular brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penrith Hoard"><img alt="Penrith Hoard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg/181px-Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg/271px-Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg/361px-Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penrith_Hoard" title="Penrith Hoard">Penrith Hoard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscrea_Brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roscrea Brooch, 9th century"><img alt="Roscrea Brooch, 9th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Roscrea_Brooch.jpg/262px-Roscrea_Brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Roscrea_Brooch.jpg/393px-Roscrea_Brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Roscrea_Brooch.jpg/523px-Roscrea_Brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3793" data-file-height="3262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roscrea_Brooch" title="Roscrea Brooch">Roscrea Brooch</a>, 9th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian">Scandinavian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scandinavian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Animal_style#Germanic_animal_style" title="Animal style">Germanic Animal Style decoration</a> was the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Scandinavian art</a> that was produced during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The lively decorative style originated in Denmark in the late fifth century as an insular response to <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late Roman</a> style metalwork. During the early medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Scandinavian</a> craftsmen created intricately carved brooches with their signature animal style ornamentation. The brooches were generally made of copper alloy or silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201325_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the eighth century and lasting until the eleventh century, Scandinavian seafarers were exploring, raiding and colonising Europe, Great Britain and new lands to the west. This era of Scandinavian expansion is known as the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, and the art created during this time period is known as <a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a>. Metalwork, including brooches, produced during this period were decorated in one or more of the Viking art styles. These five sequential styles are: <a href="/wiki/Viking_art#Styles" title="Viking art">Oseberg</a>, Borre, Jellinge, Mammen, Ringerike and Urnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201321_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201321-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of Scandinavian brooch forms were common during this period: circular, bird-shaped, oval, equal-armed, trefoil, lozenge-shaped, and domed disc. The most common Scandinavian art styles of the period are the <a href="/wiki/Viking_art#Styles" title="Viking art">Jellinge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_art#Styles" title="Viking art">Borre</a> art styles. Some of the characteristics of these related art styles are: interlaced gripping beasts, single animal motifs, ribbon-shaped animals, knot and ring-chain patterns, tendrils, and leaf, beast and bird motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201366,88,117_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201366,88,117-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Style II bird brooch"><img alt="Style II bird brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg/272px-Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg/408px-Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg/544px-Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Animal_style#Germanic_animal_style" title="Animal style">Style II</a> bird brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borre style brooch"><img alt="Borre style brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg/230px-Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg/345px-Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg/460px-Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Borre_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Borre style">Borre style</a> brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitney_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urnes style brooch"><img alt="Urnes style brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pitney_brooch.jpg/203px-Pitney_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pitney_brooch.jpg/305px-Pitney_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pitney_brooch.jpg/406px-Pitney_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Urnes_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnes style">Urnes style</a> brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_(FindID_214395).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jellinge style brooch"><img alt="Jellinge style brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_%28FindID_214395%29.jpg/210px-Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_%28FindID_214395%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_%28FindID_214395%29.jpg/315px-Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_%28FindID_214395%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_%28FindID_214395%29.jpg/420px-Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_%28FindID_214395%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jellinge_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Jellinge style">Jellinge style</a> brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terslev-style_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trefoil brooch"><img alt="Trefoil brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terslev-style_brooch.jpg/226px-Terslev-style_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terslev-style_brooch.jpg/339px-Terslev-style_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Terslev-style_brooch.jpg/452px-Terslev-style_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trefoil brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_medieval">Late medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brooches found during the late medieval era, (1300 to 1500 AD), were worn by both men and women. Brooch shapes were generally: star-shaped, pentagonal, lobed, wheel, heart-shaped, and ring. Rings were smaller than other brooches, and often used to fasten clothing at the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brooch decoration usually consisted of a simple inscription or gems applied to a gold or silver base. Inscriptions of love, friendship and faith were a typical feature of ring brooches of this period. The heart-shaped brooch was a very popular gift between lovers or friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986138,_140_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986138,_140-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a> brooches were very common prior to medieval times. In <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, they were embellished with symbols of pagan deities or gems that held special powers to protect the wearer from harm. These <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> inspired brooches continued to be worn after the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Pagan and Christian symbols were often combined to decorate brooches during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986205_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986205-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the fourteenth century, three-dimensional brooches appeared for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel" title="Dunstable Swan Jewel">Dunstable Swan Brooch</a> is a well-known example of a three-dimensional brooch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986138_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986138-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amuletic Brooch"><img alt="Amuletic Brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg/206px-English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg/309px-English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg/412px-English_-_Amuletic_Brooch_-_Walters_571987_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amuletic Brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annular brooch 13th century"><img alt="Annular brooch 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg/197px-13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg/296px-13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg/394px-13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Annular brooch 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French ring brooch 13th century"><img alt="French ring brooch 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg/230px-Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg/345px-Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg/460px-Ring_Brooch_MET_DP317609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French ring brooch 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunstable Swan Jewel 14th century"><img alt="Dunstable Swan Jewel 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg/288px-British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg/432px-British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg/576px-British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dunstable_Swan_Jewel" title="Dunstable Swan Jewel">Dunstable Swan Jewel</a> 14th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_brooches">Early modern brooches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early modern brooches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> of jewellery extended from 1500 to 1800. Global exploration and colonisation brought new prosperity to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> along with new sources of diamonds, gems, pearls, and precious metals. The rapid changes in clothing fashion during this era generated similar changes in jewellery styles. The demand for new jewellery resulted in the deconstruction and melting down of many old jewellery pieces to create new jewellery. Because of this, there are very few surviving jewellery pieces from this era. The primary jewellery styles during this time period are: Renaissance, Georgian and Neoclassical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period in jewellery (1300–1600) was a time of wealth and opulence. Elaborate brooches covered in gemstones or pearls were in fashion, especially with the upper classes. Gemstones commonly used for brooches were emeralds, diamonds, rubies, amethyst and topaz. Brooches with religious motifs and enamelled miniature portraits were popular during this time period. Gems were often selected for their protective properties as well as their vibrant colours.<sup id="cite_ref-VA_Museum_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VA_Museum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the fifteenth century, new cutting techniques inspired new gemstone shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewellery_Editor_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewellery_Editor-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_brooch,_17th_century_AD,_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid,_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Seventeenth century"><img alt="Seventeenth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rose_brooch%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG/169px-Rose_brooch%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rose_brooch%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG/253px-Rose_brooch%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rose_brooch%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG/338px-Rose_brooch%2C_17th_century_AD%2C_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="3937" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seventeenth century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eighteenth century"><img alt="Eighteenth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg/209px-Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg/313px-Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg/418px-Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eighteenth century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_MET_29563.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eighteenth century"><img alt="Eighteenth century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooch_MET_29563.jpg/179px-Brooch_MET_29563.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooch_MET_29563.jpg/268px-Brooch_MET_29563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooch_MET_29563.jpg/357px-Brooch_MET_29563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eighteenth century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian">Georgian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Georgian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> jewellery era (1710–1830) was named after the four King Georges of England. In the early 1700s, ornate brooches with complex designs were fashionable. By the mid- to late 1700s, simpler forms and designs were more common, with simpler themes of nature, bows, miniature portraits and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian jewellery was typically handmade in gold or silver. Diamonds and pearls continued to be fashionable during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_Gallery_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_Gallery-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="late 18th century brooch"><img alt="late 18th century brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg/145px-Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg/218px-Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg/290px-Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">late 18th century brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_(England),_18th_century_(CH_18800413).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th century diamond brooch"><img alt="18th century diamond brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooch_%28England%29%2C_18th_century_%28CH_18800413%29.jpg/387px-Brooch_%28England%29%2C_18th_century_%28CH_18800413%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooch_%28England%29%2C_18th_century_%28CH_18800413%29.jpg/581px-Brooch_%28England%29%2C_18th_century_%28CH_18800413%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brooch_%28England%29%2C_18th_century_%28CH_18800413%29.jpg/774px-Brooch_%28England%29%2C_18th_century_%28CH_18800413%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th century diamond brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George III portrait brooch"><img alt="George III portrait brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/129px-Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/194px-Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/259px-Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">George III portrait brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassical">Neoclassical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neoclassical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Neoclassical era (1760–1830) in jewellery design was inspired by classical themes of ancient <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The main difference between Renaissance jewellery and neoclassical jewellery was that Renaissance jewellery was created primarily for the upper class and neoclassical jewellery was made for the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-antique_jewelry_univ_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antique_jewelry_univ-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important innovation in jewellery making during this era was the technique of producing cameos with hard pastes called black basalt and jasper. English pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood is responsible for this important contribution to jewellery making. Cameos and brooches with classical scenes were fashionable during this period. Pearls and gemstones continued to be used in brooches, but were less popular than before. The beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> halted the manufacture and demand for opulent jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969245_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969245-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian Neoclassical Brooch"><img alt="Italian Neoclassical Brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg/227px-Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg/341px-Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg/454px-Italian_-_Neoclassical_Brooch_-_Walters_41270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Italian Neoclassical Brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedgwood medallion"><img alt="Wedgwood medallion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg/216px-Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg/323px-Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg/431px-Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wedgwood medallion</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_modern_brooches">Late modern brooches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Late modern brooches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Late_modern_period" title="Late modern period">late modern era</a> of jewellery covers the period from 1830 to 1945. The major jewellery styles of this period are: Victorian (1835–1900), Art Nouveau (1895–1914), Edwardian (1901–1910) and Art deco (1920–1939). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian">Victorian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Victorian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This period was named for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom, who reigned from 1837 to 1901. Cameos, locket brooches, flowers, nature, animal and hearts were popular jewellery styles in the early Victorian era. When Victoria's husband, <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, died in 1861, jewellery fashion changed to reflect the queen in mourning. Styles turned heavier and more sombre, using materials like black enamel, jet, and black onyx. Mourning brooches were commonly worn until the end of the Victorian period.<sup id="cite_ref-Longs_Jewelers_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longs_Jewelers-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was fashionable during this period to incorporate hair and portraiture into a brooch. The practice began as an expression of mourning, then expanded to keepsakes of loved ones who were living. Human hair was encased within the brooch or braided and woven into a band to which clasps were affixed.<sup id="cite_ref-tanenbaum_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanenbaum-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Micromosaic brooch"><img alt="Micromosaic brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg/211px-Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg/317px-Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg/423px-Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a> brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camelia brooch"><img alt="Camelia brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg/149px-Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg/223px-Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg/298px-Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camelia brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cameo brooch"><img alt="Cameo brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg/184px-Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg/275px-Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg/367px-Firm_of_Fortunato_Pio_Castellani_-_Brooch_with_Cameo_Bust_of_Ellen_Walters_-_Walters_572001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cameo brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victorian hair brooch"><img alt="Victorian hair brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_%28cropped%29.jpg/266px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_%28cropped%29.jpg/399px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victorian hair brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Nouveau">Art Nouveau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art Nouveau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> period of jewellery spanned a short period from 1895 to 1905. The style began in France as a reaction to the heavy, sombre jewellery of the Victorian era. Innovative, flowing designs were now in fashion along with nature, flowers, insects and sensuous women with flowing hair. The jewellery style was fashionable for fifteen years, and ended with the beginning of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Jeweler_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Jeweler-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_in_the_form_of_a_woman_with_dragonfly_wings,_Marie_Alexandre_Lucien_Coudray,_c._1901,_gold,_platinum,_enamel,_diamonds,_rubies,_etc_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt,_Germany_-_DSC01115.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German brooch"><img alt="German brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brooch_in_the_form_of_a_woman_with_dragonfly_wings%2C_Marie_Alexandre_Lucien_Coudray%2C_c._1901%2C_gold%2C_platinum%2C_enamel%2C_diamonds%2C_rubies%2C_etc_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-_DSC01115.jpg/272px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brooch_in_the_form_of_a_woman_with_dragonfly_wings%2C_Marie_Alexandre_Lucien_Coudray%2C_c._1901%2C_gold%2C_platinum%2C_enamel%2C_diamonds%2C_rubies%2C_etc_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-_DSC01115.jpg/408px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Brooch_in_the_form_of_a_woman_with_dragonfly_wings%2C_Marie_Alexandre_Lucien_Coudray%2C_c._1901%2C_gold%2C_platinum%2C_enamel%2C_diamonds%2C_rubies%2C_etc_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-_DSC01115.jpg/544px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="2213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_MET_DP704349_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American brooch"><img alt="American brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brooch_MET_DP704349_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Brooch_MET_DP704349_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brooch_MET_DP704349_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Brooch_MET_DP704349_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brooch_MET_DP704349_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Brooch_MET_DP704349_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="2734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Pendant_brooch,_Art_Nouvea_ustyle,_c.1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French brooch"><img alt="French brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gold_Pendant_brooch%2C_Art_Nouvea_ustyle%2C_c.1902.jpg/205px-Gold_Pendant_brooch%2C_Art_Nouvea_ustyle%2C_c.1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gold_Pendant_brooch%2C_Art_Nouvea_ustyle%2C_c.1902.jpg/307px-Gold_Pendant_brooch%2C_Art_Nouvea_ustyle%2C_c.1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gold_Pendant_brooch%2C_Art_Nouvea_ustyle%2C_c.1902.jpg/409px-Gold_Pendant_brooch%2C_Art_Nouvea_ustyle%2C_c.1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Wolfers,_Nik%C3%A9_(1902),_KMKG-MRAH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belgian brooch"><img alt="Belgian brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Philippe_Wolfers%2C_Nik%C3%A9_%281902%29%2C_KMKG-MRAH.jpg/297px-Philippe_Wolfers%2C_Nik%C3%A9_%281902%29%2C_KMKG-MRAH.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Philippe_Wolfers%2C_Nik%C3%A9_%281902%29%2C_KMKG-MRAH.jpg/446px-Philippe_Wolfers%2C_Nik%C3%A9_%281902%29%2C_KMKG-MRAH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Philippe_Wolfers%2C_Nik%C3%A9_%281902%29%2C_KMKG-MRAH.jpg/594px-Philippe_Wolfers%2C_Nik%C3%A9_%281902%29%2C_KMKG-MRAH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belgian brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edwardian">Edwardian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Edwardian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Edwardian era of jewellery (1901–1910) began after the death of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. This period marked the first time <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> was used in jewellery. Because of platinum's strength, new jewellery pieces were created with delicate <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> to look like lace and silk. The main gemstones used in brooches were diamonds, typically with platinum or white gold, and coloured gemstones or pearls.<sup id="cite_ref-Longs_Jewelers_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longs_Jewelers-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Platinum and diamond brooches were a common brooch style. Small brooches continued to be fashionable. Popular brooch forms were bows, ribbons, swags, and garlands, all in the delicate new style.<sup id="cite_ref-Antique_University_Edwardian_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antique_University_Edwardian-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:America,_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendant brooch"><img alt="Pendant brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/America%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-155px-America%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/America%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-233px-America%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/America%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-310px-America%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2577" data-file-height="3486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pendant brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platinum brooch"><img alt="Platinum brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg/153px-Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg/229px-Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg/305px-Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Platinum brooch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:America,_New_Jersey,_Newark,_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="American brooch"><img alt="American brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/America%2C_New_Jersey%2C_Newark%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-188px-America%2C_New_Jersey%2C_Newark%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/America%2C_New_Jersey%2C_Newark%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-282px-America%2C_New_Jersey%2C_Newark%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/America%2C_New_Jersey%2C_Newark%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-376px-America%2C_New_Jersey%2C_Newark%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Brooch_-_2009.361_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="3101" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Deco">Art Deco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Art Deco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> period lasted from 1920 to 1939. <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>, early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movements</a>, were inspirations for this new art style, along with <a href="/wiki/Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> was named after the <a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Modern_Decorative_and_Industrial_Arts" title="International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts">International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts</a>, a decorative and industrial arts exhibition held in Paris in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Antique_University_Art_Deco_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antique_University_Art_Deco-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common brooch decoration of this period are: geometric shapes, abstract designs, designs from Cubism, Fauvism, and art motifs from Egypt and India. Black <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>, coral, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> were used with classic stones such as <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Jewelry_website_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Jewelry_website-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Deco_buckle_(1925).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art deco style"><img alt="Art deco style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Art_Deco_buckle_%281925%29.jpg/294px-Art_Deco_buckle_%281925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Art_Deco_buckle_%281925%29.jpg/441px-Art_Deco_buckle_%281925%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Art_Deco_buckle_%281925%29.jpg/588px-Art_Deco_buckle_%281925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art deco style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 342px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 340px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art deco brooch"><img alt="Art deco brooch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg/510px-France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg/765px-France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg/1019px-France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art deco brooch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period art">Migration period art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin-back_button" title="Pin-back button">Pin-back button</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623040833/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/brooch">lexico.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait198648-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait198648_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1986">Tait 1986</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait198615–16-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait198615–16_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1986">Tait 1986</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdams2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Adams, Sophia Anne (2013). <i>The First Brooches in Britain:from Manufacture to Deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age</i> (PhD). 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University of Reading.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Brooches+in+Late+Anglo-Saxon+England+with+a+North+West+European+Context&rft.inst=University+of+Reading&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Weetch&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portable_Antiquities_Brooches-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Portable_Antiquities_Brooches_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches">"Portable Antiquities brooches"</a>. <i>Portable Antiquities Scheme</i>. 2018-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portable+Antiquities+Scheme&rft.atitle=Portable+Antiquities+brooches&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinds.org.uk%2Fcounties%2Ffindsrecordingguides%2Fbrooches-2%2F%23Jewelled_disc_brooches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986112–114-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986112–114_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1986">Tait 1986</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1988101–103-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1988101–103_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1988">Black 1988</a>, pp. 101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201325-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201325_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013">Graham-Campbell 2013</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201321-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201321_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013">Graham-Campbell 2013</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201366,88,117-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-Campbell201366,88,117_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013">Graham-Campbell 2013</a>, p. 66,88,117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969162-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969162_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorietti1969">Gregorietti 1969</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986138,_140-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986138,_140_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1986">Tait 1986</a>, pp. 138, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986205-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986205_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1986">Tait 1986</a>, pp. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait1986138-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait1986138_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1986">Tait 1986</a>, pp. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969240_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorietti1969">Gregorietti 1969</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VA_Museum-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VA_Museum_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/a-history-of-jewellery">"A History of Jewellery"</a>. <i>Victoria and Albert Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Jewellery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Farticles%2Fa-history-of-jewellery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewellery_Editor-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jewellery_Editor_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein" class="citation web cs1">Bernstein, Beth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619221117/http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/vintage/article/jewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries/">"Jewellery through the Ages"</a>. <i>The Jewellery Editor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/vintage/article/jewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries/">the original</a> on 19 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewellery+Editor&rft.atitle=Jewellery+through+the+Ages&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewelleryeditor.com%2Fjewellery%2Fvintage%2Farticle%2Fjewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span> The abundance of jewellery is well documented in paintings during the time period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack_Gallery-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mack_Gallery_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617203039/http://www.macklowegallery.com/education.asp/art%2Bnouveau/Art%2B%26amp;%2BJewelry%2BTerms/antiques/Jewelry%2BPeriods/education/Georgian/id/40">"Georgian: 1710 to 1830s"</a>. <i>Mackleowe Gallery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macklowegallery.com/education.asp/art+nouveau/Art+%26amp%3B+Jewelry+Terms/antiques/Jewelry+Periods/education/Georgian/id/40">the original</a> on 17 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mackleowe+Gallery&rft.atitle=Georgian%3A+1710+to+1830s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macklowegallery.com%2Feducation.asp%2Fart%2Bnouveau%2FArt%2B%2526amp%253B%2BJewelry%2BTerms%2Fantiques%2FJewelry%2BPeriods%2Feducation%2FGeorgian%2Fid%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antique_jewelry_univ-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antique_jewelry_univ_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.langantiques.com/university/neoclassical-jewelry/">"Neoclasical jewelry"</a>. <i>Antique Jewelry University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antique+Jewelry+University&rft.atitle=Neoclasical+jewelry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.langantiques.com%2Funiversity%2Fneoclassical-jewelry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969245-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregorietti1969245_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGregorietti1969">Gregorietti 1969</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longs_Jewelers-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longs_Jewelers_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longs_Jewelers_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190619215403/https://www.longsjewelers.com/blogs/news/10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods">"A History of Classic Jewelry Periods"</a>. <i>Longs Jewelers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longsjewelers.com/blogs/news/10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods">the original</a> on 19 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longs+Jewelers&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Classic+Jewelry+Periods&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longsjewelers.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanenbaum-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tanenbaum_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenbaumSilvan2006" class="citation book cs1">Tanenbaum, Carole; Silvan, Rita (2006). <i>Fabulous Fakes: A Passion for Vintage Costume Jewelry</i>. Toronto: Madison Press. pp. 12, 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabulous+Fakes%3A+A+Passion+for+Vintage+Costume+Jewelry&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=12%2C+18-19&rft.pub=Madison+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tanenbaum&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft.au=Silvan%2C+Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Jeweler-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Jeweler_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff" class="citation web cs1">Graff, Michelle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaljeweler.com/fashion/antique-estate-jewelry/1369-the-history-behind-art-nouveau-jewelry">"The history behind Art Nouveau Jewelry"</a>. <i>National Jeweler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Jeweler&rft.atitle=The+history+behind+Art+Nouveau+Jewelry&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaljeweler.com%2Ffashion%2Fantique-estate-jewelry%2F1369-the-history-behind-art-nouveau-jewelry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antique_University_Edwardian-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antique_University_Edwardian_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.langantiques.com/university/edwardian-jewelry-1901-1915/">"Edwardian Jewelry: 1901-1915"</a>. <i>Antique University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antique+University&rft.atitle=Edwardian+Jewelry%3A+1901-1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.langantiques.com%2Funiversity%2Fedwardian-jewelry-1901-1915%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antique_University_Art_Deco-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antique_University_Art_Deco_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.langantiques.com/university/art-deco-jewelry/">"Art Deco era Jewellery"</a>. <i>Antique University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antique+University&rft.atitle=Art+Deco+era+Jewellery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.langantiques.com%2Funiversity%2Fart-deco-jewelry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Jewelry_website-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Jewelry_website_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofjewelry.net/jewelry-facts/jewelry-timeline/">"Jewelry Timeline"</a>. <i>History of Jewelry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Jewelry&rft.atitle=Jewelry+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofjewelry.net%2Fjewelry-facts%2Fjewelry-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060727010638/http://www.culture.gr/2/22/225/22501/225011/e01100.html">Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Katie Demakopoulou, "Bronze Age Jewellery in Greece"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Campbell2013" class="citation book cs1">Graham-Campbell, James (2013). <i>Viking Art</i>. Thames & Hudson Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500204191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500204191"><bdi>978-0500204191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0500204191&rft.aulast=Graham-Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen-Crocker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Owen-Crocker" title="Gale Owen-Crocker">Owen-Crocker, Gale R.</a> (2004) [1986]. <i>Dress in Anglo-Saxon England</i> (rev. ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843830818" title="Special:BookSources/9781843830818"><bdi>9781843830818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dress+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781843830818&rft.aulast=Owen-Crocker&rft.aufirst=Gale+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Crocker2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Owen-Crocker" title="Gale Owen-Crocker">Owen Crocker, Gale</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/91">"Chapter 7: Dress and Identity"</a>. In Hamerow, Helena; Hinton, David A.; Crawford, Sally (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/91">91–116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Dress+and+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Anglo-Saxon+Archaeology&rft.pages=91-116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Owen+Crocker&rft.aufirst=Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetolcshinfor00doej%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoodley1999" class="citation book cs1">Stoodley, Nick (1999). <i>The Spindle and the Spear: A Critical Enquiry into the Construction and Meaning of Gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Rite</i>. British Archaeological Reports, British Series 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841711171" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841711171"><bdi>978-1841711171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spindle+and+the+Spear%3A+A+Critical+Enquiry+into+the+Construction+and+Meaning+of+Gender+in+the+Early+Anglo-Saxon+Burial+Rite&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports%2C+British+Series+288&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1841711171&rft.aulast=Stoodley&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton-Rogers2007" class="citation book cs1">Walton-Rogers, Penelope (2007). <i>Cloth and Clothing in Early Anglo-saxon England AD 450-700</i>. Council for British Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902771540" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902771540"><bdi>978-1902771540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloth+and+Clothing+in+Early+Anglo-saxon+England+AD+450-700&rft.pub=Council+for+British+Archaeology&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1902771540&rft.aulast=Walton-Rogers&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1988" class="citation book cs1">Black, J. Anderson (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjewelry00blac"><i>A History of Jewellery: Five Thousand Years</i></a>. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517344378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517344378"><bdi>978-0517344378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Jewellery%3A+Five+Thousand+Years&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0517344378&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=J.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjewelry00blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorietti1969" class="citation book cs1">Gregorietti, Guido (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewelrythroughag00greg"><i>Jewelry Through the Ages</i></a>. American Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0828100076" title="Special:BookSources/978-0828100076"><bdi>978-0828100076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewelry+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=American+Heritage&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0828100076&rft.aulast=Gregorietti&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewelrythroughag00greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait1986" class="citation book cs1">Tait, Hugh (1986). <i>7000 Years of Jewellery</i>. British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1554073955" title="Special:BookSources/978-1554073955"><bdi>978-1554073955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7000+Years+of+Jewellery&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1554073955&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119777405">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Broches (bijoux)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119777405">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="brože"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph538783&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292556105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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