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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{EngvarB|date=January 2024}} {{Short description|Large ornament with a pin fastening}} [[File:Wing Brooch MET DT108.jpg|thumb|''Wing Brooch'', 2nd century AD, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]] A '''brooch''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|oʊ|tʃ}}, also {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|b|r|uː|tʃ}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190623040833/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/brooch lexico.com]</ref>) is a decorative [[jewellery]] item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It is usually made of [[metal]], often [[silver]] or [[gold]] or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with [[vitreous enamel|enamel]] or with [[gemstone]]s and may be solely for [[jewellery|ornament]] or serve a practical function as a clothes fastener. The earliest known brooches are from the [[Bronze Age]]. As fashions in brooches changed rather quickly, they are important chronological indicators. In archaeology, ancient European brooches are usually referred to by the Latin term [[Fibula (brooch)|fibula]]. One example is the Tara Brooch ==Ancient brooches== {{main|Fibula (brooch)}} Brooches from antiquity and before the [[Middle Ages]] are often called [[Fibula (brooch)|fibula (plural fibulae)]], especially in Continental contexts. British archaeologists tend to distinguish between bowed ''fibulae'' and flatter brooches, even in antiquity. They were necessary as clothes fasteners, but also often highly decorative, and important markers of social status for both men and women, from the [[Bronze Age]] onwards. In Europe, during the [[Iron Age]], metalworking technology had advanced dramatically. The newer techniques of [[casting]], metal bar-twisting and wire making were the basis for many new objects, including the fibula.{{sfn|Tait|1986|p=48}} In Europe, [[Celtic art|Celtic]] craftsmen were creating fibulae decorated in red enamel and coral inlay, as early as 400 BC.{{sfn|Tait|1986|pp=15-16}} The earliest manufacture of brooches in [[Great Britain]] was during the period from 600 to 150 BC. The most common brooch forms during this period were the bow, the plate and in smaller quantities, the [[penannular brooch]]. Iron Age brooches found in Britain are typically cast in one piece, with the majority made in copper alloy or iron. Prior to the late Iron Age, gold and silver were rarely used to make jewellery.<ref name="Adams">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Adams |first=Sophia Anne|date=2013|title= The First Brooches in Britain:from Manufacture to Deposition in the Early and Middle Iron Age|publisher= University of Leicester}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Bronze_fibula,_Sicilian_late_Bronze_Age,_AM_Syracuse,_121370.jpg|Bronze Age brooch Iron_Age_brooch_(FindID_755500).jpg|Bow brooch, Iron Age Roman trumpet brooch (FindID 623650).jpg|Trumpet brooch, Iron Age [[File:Wing Brooch MET DT108.jpg|thumb|''Wing Brooch'', {{circa|2nd}} century AD, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wing_Brooch_MET_DT108.jpg Metropolitan Museum of Art]]] </gallery> ==Medieval brooches== ===Migration period=== The distinctive metalwork that was created by the [[Germanic peoples]] from the fourth through the eighth centuries belong to the art movement known as [[Migration period art]]. During the 5th and 6th centuries, five [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] migrated to and occupied four different areas of [[Europe]] and [[England]] after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|collapse of the Roman Empire]]. The tribes were the Visigoths who settled in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Eastern Germany and Austria, the Franks in West Germany, the Lombards in Northern Italy and the Anglo-Saxons in England. Because the tribes were closely linked by their origins, and their jewellery techniques were strikingly similar, the work of these people was first referred to as [[Barbarian]] art. This art style is now called [[Migration period art]].{{sfn|Black|1988|p=107}} Brooches dating from this period were developed from a combination of [[Late antiquity|Late Roman]] and new [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] art forms, designs and technology.{{sfn|Black|1988|p=107}} Metalworkers throughout western Europe created some of the most colourful, lively and technically superior jewellery ever seen.{{sfn|Tait|1986|p=101}} The brooches of this era display techniques from Roman art: [[repoussé]], [[filigree]], [[Granulation (jewellery)|granulation]], [[enamelling]], [[openwork]] and [[inlay]], but it is inlay that the [[Migration Period|Migration period]] artists are famous for. Their passion for colour makes their jewellery stand out. Colour is the primary feature of Migration period jewellery. The precious stone most often used in brooches was the [[almandine]], a burgundy variety of garnet, found in Europe and India.{{sfn|Gregorietti|1969|p=146}} According to J. Anderson Black, "designers would cover the entire surface of an object with the tiny geometric shapes of precious stones or enamel which were then polished flat until they were flush with the [[cloisonné]] settings, giving the appearance of a tiny stained glass window."{{sfn|Black|1988|p=109}} Brooch designs were many and varied: geometric decoration, intricate patterns, abstract designs from nature, bird motifs and running scrolls.{{sfn|Black|1988|p=109}} [[Zoomorphic]] ornamentation was a common element during this period, in Anglo-Saxon England as well as in Europe. Intertwined beasts were a signature feature of these lively, intricately decorated brooches.{{sfn|Tait|1986|p=107}} Bow shaped, S-shaped, radiate-headed and decorated disc brooches were the most common brooch styles during the [[Migration Period|Migration period]], which spanned the 5th through the 7th centuries.{{sfn|Gregorietti|1969|p=139}} <gallery mode=packed heights=160px> Paar Prunkfibeln.jpg|East Germanic bow brooches Disk Brooch MET dp30475.jpg|Frankish disc brooch Bird-Shaped_Brooch_MET_DP30134.jpg|Frankish Bird brooch Silver-gilt radiate-headed brooch.jpg|Lombardic brooch </gallery> ===Anglo-Saxon=== {{main|Anglo-Saxon brooches}} The majority of brooches found in early [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[England]] were [[Europe|Continental]] styles that had migrated from [[Europe]] and [[Scandinavia]]. The long brooch style was most commonly found in 5th- and 6th-century England. Circular brooches first appeared in [[England]] in the middle of the 5th century.{{sfn|Stoodley|1999|pp=17—19}} During the 6th century, craftsmen from [[Kent]] began manufacturing brooches using their own distinctive styles and techniques.{{sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007|p=121}} The circular form was the preferred brooch type by the end of the 6th century.{{sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004|p=42}} During the 7th century, all brooches in England were in decline.{{sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004|p=138}} They reappeared in the 8th century and continued to be fashionable through the end of the Anglo-Saxon era.{{sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007|p=113}} Brooch styles were predominantly circular by the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. During this time period, the preferred styles were the annular and jewelled (Kentish) disc brooch styles. The circular forms can be divided generally into enamelled and non-enamelled styles.{{sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007|p=113}} A few non-circular style were fashionable during the 8th to 11th centuries. The ansate, the safety-pin, the strip and a few other styles can be included in this group. Ansate brooches were traditional brooches from Europe migrated to England and became fashionable in the late Anglo-Saxon period. Safety- pin brooches, more abundant in the early Anglo-Saxon period became more uncommon by the 7th century and by the 8th century, evolve into the strip brooch. Miscellaneous brooches during this time period include the bird, the ottonian, the rectangle and the cross motif.<ref name="Weetch">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Weetch |first=Rosie |date=2014|title= Brooches in Late Anglo-Saxon England with a North West European Context|publisher=University of Reading}}</ref><ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches">{{cite web |title=Portable Antiquities brooches |url=https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches |website=Portable Antiquities Scheme |access-date=16 April 2019|date=2018-09-07 }}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=160px> Small_Square-headed_Brooch_(FindID_1016).jpg|Square-headed brooch Strickland_Brooch.JPG|[[Strickland Brooch]] Cruciform brooch 6th century British museum.jpg|Cruciform brooch Jewelled plated disc brooch.jpg|Plated disc brooch </gallery> ===Celtic=== {{main|Celtic brooch}} [[Penannular brooches|Celtic brooches]] represent a distinct tradition of elaborately decorated penannular and pseudo-penannular brooch types developed in Early Medieval Ireland and Scotland. Techniques, styles and materials used by the [[Celts]] were different from Anglo-Saxon craftsmen. Certain attributes of Celtic jewellery, such as inlaid [[millefiori]] glass and curvilinear styles have more in common with ancient brooches than contemporary Anglo-Saxon jewellery.{{sfn|Tait|1986|pp=112-114}} The jewellery of Celtic artisans is renowned for its inventiveness, complexity of design and craftsmanship. The [[Tara Brooch]] is a well-known example of a Celtic brooch.{{sfn|Black|1988|pp=101-103}} <gallery mode=packed heights=150px> Silver-gilt_Pennanular_Brooch_(7816199762).jpg|The penannular [[Rogart Brooch]] Brit Mus 13sept10 brooches etc 016.jpg|Pseudo-penannular brooch Britishmuseumpenrithhoardbrooches.jpg|[[Penrith Hoard]] Roscrea Brooch.jpg|[[Roscrea Brooch]], 9th century </gallery> ===Scandinavian=== {{main|Viking art}} [[Animal style#Germanic animal style|Germanic Animal Style decoration]] was the foundation of [[Viking art|Scandinavian art]] that was produced during the [[Middle Ages]]. The lively decorative style originated in Denmark in the late fifth century as an insular response to [[Late antiquity|Late Roman]] style metalwork. During the early medieval period, [[Vikings|Scandinavian]] craftsmen created intricately carved brooches with their signature animal style ornamentation. The brooches were generally made of copper alloy or silver.{{sfn|Graham-Campbell|2013|p=25}} Beginning in the eighth century and lasting until the eleventh century, Scandinavian seafarers were exploring, raiding and colonising Europe, Great Britain and new lands to the west. This era of Scandinavian expansion is known as the [[Viking Age]], and the art created during this time period is known as [[Viking art]]. Metalwork, including brooches, produced during this period were decorated in one or more of the Viking art styles. These five sequential styles are: [[Viking art#Styles|Oseberg]], Borre, Jellinge, Mammen, Ringerike and Urnes.{{sfn|Graham-Campbell|2013|p=21}} A variety of Scandinavian brooch forms were common during this period: circular, bird-shaped, oval, equal-armed, trefoil, lozenge-shaped, and domed disc. The most common Scandinavian art styles of the period are the [[Viking art#Styles|Jellinge]] and [[Viking art#Styles|Borre]] art styles. Some of the characteristics of these related art styles are: interlaced gripping beasts, single animal motifs, ribbon-shaped animals, knot and ring-chain patterns, tendrils, and leaf, beast and bird motifs.{{sfn|Graham-Campbell|2013|p=66,88,117}} <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Scandinavian_bird_brooch.jpg|[[Animal style#Germanic animal style|Style II]] bird brooch Borre-style_silver_disc_brooch.jpg|[[Borre style]] brooch Pitney_brooch.jpg|[[Urnes style]] brooch Early_medieval_brooch_with_Jellinge_style_decoration_(FindID_214395).jpg|[[Jellinge style]] brooch Terslev-style brooch.jpg|Trefoil brooch </gallery> ===Late medieval=== Brooches found during the late medieval era, (1300 to 1500 AD), were worn by both men and women. Brooch shapes were generally: star-shaped, pentagonal, lobed, wheel, heart-shaped, and ring. Rings were smaller than other brooches, and often used to fasten clothing at the neck.{{sfn|Gregorietti|1969|p=162}} Brooch decoration usually consisted of a simple inscription or gems applied to a gold or silver base. Inscriptions of love, friendship and faith were a typical feature of ring brooches of this period. The heart-shaped brooch was a very popular gift between lovers or friends.{{sfn|Tait|1986|pp=138, 140}} [[Amulet]] brooches were very common prior to medieval times. In [[late antiquity]], they were embellished with symbols of pagan deities or gems that held special powers to protect the wearer from harm. These [[Paganism|pagan]] inspired brooches continued to be worn after the spread of [[Christianity]]. Pagan and Christian symbols were often combined to decorate brooches during the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Tait|1986|pp=205}} Beginning in the fourteenth century, three-dimensional brooches appeared for the first time. The [[Dunstable Swan Jewel|Dunstable Swan Brooch]] is a well-known example of a three-dimensional brooch.{{sfn|Tait|1986|pp=138}} <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> English - Amuletic Brooch - Walters 571987 - View A.jpg|Amuletic Brooch 13th_century_gold_annular_brooch.jpg|Annular brooch 13th century Ring Brooch MET DP317609.jpg|French ring brooch 13th century British_Museum_-Dunstable_Swan_Jewel_-side_cropped_close.jpg|[[Dunstable Swan Jewel]] 14th century </gallery> ==Early modern brooches== The [[early modern period]] of jewellery extended from 1500 to 1800. Global exploration and colonisation brought new prosperity to [[Europe]] and [[Great Britain]] along with new sources of diamonds, gems, pearls, and precious metals. The rapid changes in clothing fashion during this era generated similar changes in jewellery styles. The demand for new jewellery resulted in the deconstruction and melting down of many old jewellery pieces to create new jewellery. Because of this, there are very few surviving jewellery pieces from this era. The primary jewellery styles during this time period are: Renaissance, Georgian and Neoclassical.{{sfn|Gregorietti|1969|p=240}} ===Renaissance=== The [[Renaissance]] period in jewellery (1300–1600) was a time of wealth and opulence. Elaborate brooches covered in gemstones or pearls were in fashion, especially with the upper classes. Gemstones commonly used for brooches were emeralds, diamonds, rubies, amethyst and topaz. Brooches with religious motifs and enamelled miniature portraits were popular during this time period. Gems were often selected for their protective properties as well as their vibrant colours.<ref name="VA Museum">{{cite web |title=A History of Jewellery |url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/a-history-of-jewellery |website=Victoria and Albert Museum |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> During the fifteenth century, new cutting techniques inspired new gemstone shapes.<ref name="Jewellery Editor">{{cite web |last1=Bernstein |first1=Beth |title=Jewellery through the Ages |url=http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/vintage/article/jewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries/ |website=The Jewellery Editor |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619221117/http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/vintage/article/jewellery-through-the-ages-how-styles-have-changed-through-the-centuries/ |url-status=dead }} The abundance of jewellery is well documented in paintings during the time period.</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Rose_brooch,_17th_century_AD,_gold_filigree_and_baroque_pearls_-_Museo_Nacional_de_Artes_Decorativas_-_Madrid,_Spain_-_DSC08021.JPG|Seventeenth century Brooch_MET_1975.329.6.jpg|Eighteenth century Brooch_MET_29563.jpg|Eighteenth century </gallery> ===Georgian=== The [[Georgian era|Georgian]] jewellery era (1710–1830) was named after the four King Georges of England. In the early 1700s, ornate brooches with complex designs were fashionable. By the mid- to late 1700s, simpler forms and designs were more common, with simpler themes of nature, bows, miniature portraits and animals.{{sfn|Gregorietti|1969|p=240}} Georgian jewellery was typically handmade in gold or silver. Diamonds and pearls continued to be fashionable during this period.<ref name="Mack Gallery">{{cite web |title=Georgian: 1710 to 1830s |url=http://www.macklowegallery.com/education.asp/art+nouveau/Art+%26amp%3B+Jewelry+Terms/antiques/Jewelry+Periods/education/Georgian/id/40 |website=Mackleowe Gallery |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617203039/http://www.macklowegallery.com/education.asp/art%2Bnouveau/Art%2B%26amp;%2BJewelry%2BTerms/antiques/Jewelry%2BPeriods/education/Georgian/id/40 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Brooch_MET_SF91_1_1143.jpg|late 18th century brooch Brooch_(England),_18th_century_(CH_18800413).jpg|18th century diamond brooch Unknown_English_-_Brooch_with_Portrait_of_King_George_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|George III portrait brooch </gallery> ===Neoclassical=== The Neoclassical era (1760–1830) in jewellery design was inspired by classical themes of ancient [[Greece]] and [[Rome]]. The main difference between Renaissance jewellery and neoclassical jewellery was that Renaissance jewellery was created primarily for the upper class and neoclassical jewellery was made for the general public.<ref name="antique jewelry univ">{{cite web |title=Neoclasical jewelry |url=https://www.langantiques.com/university/neoclassical-jewelry/ |website=Antique Jewelry University |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> An important innovation in jewellery making during this era was the technique of producing cameos with hard pastes called black basalt and jasper. English pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood is responsible for this important contribution to jewellery making. Cameos and brooches with classical scenes were fashionable during this period. Pearls and gemstones continued to be used in brooches, but were less popular than before. The beginning of the [[French Revolution]] halted the manufacture and demand for opulent jewellery.{{sfn|Gregorietti|1969|p=245}} <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Italian - Neoclassical Brooch - Walters 41270.jpg|Italian Neoclassical Brooch Wedgwood_-_Apollo_with_a_Zodiac_Border_-_Walters_481971.jpg|Wedgwood medallion </gallery> ==Late modern brooches== The [[Late modern period|late modern era]] of jewellery covers the period from 1830 to 1945. The major jewellery styles of this period are: Victorian (1835–1900), Art Nouveau (1895–1914), Edwardian (1901–1910) and Art deco (1920–1939). ===Victorian=== This period was named for [[Queen Victoria]] of the United Kingdom, who reigned from 1837 to 1901. Cameos, locket brooches, flowers, nature, animal and hearts were popular jewellery styles in the early Victorian era. When Victoria's husband, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], died in 1861, jewellery fashion changed to reflect the queen in mourning. Styles turned heavier and more sombre, using materials like black enamel, jet, and black onyx. Mourning brooches were commonly worn until the end of the Victorian period.<ref name="Longs Jewelers">{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Andrew |title=A History of Classic Jewelry Periods |url=https://www.longsjewelers.com/blogs/news/10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods |website=Longs Jewelers |access-date=22 June 2019 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619215403/https://www.longsjewelers.com/blogs/news/10757025-a-history-of-classic-jewelry-periods |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was fashionable during this period to incorporate hair and portraiture into a brooch. The practice began as an expression of mourning, then expanded to keepsakes of loved ones who were living. Human hair was encased within the brooch or braided and woven into a band to which clasps were affixed.<ref name=tanenbaum>{{cite book |title= Fabulous Fakes: A Passion for Vintage Costume Jewelry|last= Tanenbaum|first= Carole|last2=Silvan|first2=Rita|year= 2006|publisher= Madison Press|location= Toronto |pages= 12, 18–19}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Italian_-_Brooch_with_a_Landscape_Scene_-_Walters_4346.jpg|[[Micromosaic]] brooch Victorian_camelia_brooch.jpg|Camelia brooch Firm of Fortunato Pio Castellani - Brooch with Cameo Bust of Ellen Walters - Walters 572001.jpg|Cameo brooch The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Hair_brooch_(cropped).jpg|Victorian hair brooch </gallery> ===Art Nouveau=== The [[Art Nouveau]] period of jewellery spanned a short period from 1895 to 1905. The style began in France as a reaction to the heavy, sombre jewellery of the Victorian era. Innovative, flowing designs were now in fashion along with nature, flowers, insects and sensuous women with flowing hair. The jewellery style was fashionable for fifteen years, and ended with the beginning of World War I.<ref name="National Jeweler">{{cite web |last1=Graff |first1=Michelle |title=The history behind Art Nouveau Jewelry |url=https://www.nationaljeweler.com/fashion/antique-estate-jewelry/1369-the-history-behind-art-nouveau-jewelry |website=National Jeweler |access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Brooch_in_the_form_of_a_woman_with_dragonfly_wings,_Marie_Alexandre_Lucien_Coudray,_c._1901,_gold,_platinum,_enamel,_diamonds,_rubies,_etc_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt,_Germany_-_DSC01115.jpg|German brooch Brooch_MET_DP704349_(cropped).jpg|American brooch Gold Pendant brooch, Art Nouvea ustyle, c.1902.jpg|French brooch Philippe_Wolfers,_Nik%C3%A9_(1902),_KMKG-MRAH.jpg|Belgian brooch </gallery> ===Edwardian=== The Edwardian era of jewellery (1901–1910) began after the death of [[Queen Victoria]]. This period marked the first time [[platinum]] was used in jewellery. Because of platinum's strength, new jewellery pieces were created with delicate [[filigree]] to look like lace and silk. The main gemstones used in brooches were diamonds, typically with platinum or white gold, and coloured gemstones or pearls.<ref name="Longs Jewelers" /> Platinum and diamond brooches were a common brooch style. Small brooches continued to be fashionable. Popular brooch forms were bows, ribbons, swags, and garlands, all in the delicate new style.<ref name="Antique University Edwardian">{{cite web |title=Edwardian Jewelry: 1901-1915 |url=https://www.langantiques.com/university/edwardian-jewelry-1901-1915/ |website=Antique University |access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> America,_late_19th-early_20th_century_-_Pendant_Brooch_-_2009.359_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif|Pendant brooch Brooch_or_pendant_MET_67212.jpg|Platinum brooch America, New Jersey, Newark, late 19th-early 20th century - Brooch - 2009.361 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|American brooch </gallery> ===Art Deco=== The [[Art Deco]] period lasted from 1920 to 1939. [[Cubism]] and [[Fauvism]], early 20th century [[art movement]]s, were inspirations for this new art style, along with [[Oriental|Eastern]], [[African art|African]] and [[Latin American art]]. [[Art Deco]] was named after the [[International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts]], a decorative and industrial arts exhibition held in Paris in 1925.<ref name="Antique University Art Deco">{{cite web |title=Art Deco era Jewellery |url=https://www.langantiques.com/university/art-deco-jewelry/ |website=Antique University |access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> Common brooch decoration of this period are: geometric shapes, abstract designs, designs from Cubism, Fauvism, and art motifs from Egypt and India. Black [[onyx]], coral, [[quartz]], [[Lapis lazuli|lapis]] and [[carnelian]] were used with classic stones such as [[diamonds]], [[Ruby|rubies]], [[emerald]]s, and [[sapphire]]s.<ref name="History of Jewelry website">{{cite web |title=Jewelry Timeline |url=http://www.historyofjewelry.net/jewelry-facts/jewelry-timeline/ |website=History of Jewelry |access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Art_Deco_buckle_(1925).jpg|Art deco style France_Jabot_pin_with_rhinestones.jpg|Art deco brooch </gallery> ==See also== *[[Medieval art]] *[[Anglo-Saxon art]] *[[Migration period art]] *[[Jewellery]] * [[Lapel pin]] * [[Badge]] * [[Pin-back button]] == Notes == {{Reflist}} ==References== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060727010638/http://www.culture.gr/2/22/225/22501/225011/e01100.html Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Katie Demakopoulou, "Bronze Age Jewellery in Greece"] *{{cite book |last1=Graham-Campbell |first1=James |title=Viking Art |date=2013 |publisher=Thames & Hudson Publishing |isbn=978-0500204191}} *{{cite book|last1=Owen-Crocker|first1=Gale R. |author-link=Gale Owen-Crocker |title=Dress in Anglo-Saxon England|year=2004|isbn=9781843830818 |location=Woodbridge |publisher=Boydell Press |edition=rev. |orig-year=1986 }} *{{cite book |last=Owen Crocker |first=Gale |author-link=Gale Owen-Crocker |editor-last1=Hamerow |editor-first1=Helena |editor-last2=Hinton |editor-first2=David A. |editor-last3=Crawford |editor-first3=Sally |title=The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/91 91–116] |chapter=Chapter 7: Dress and Identity |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/guidetolcshinfor00doej/page/91 }} *{{cite book |last1=Stoodley |first1=Nick |title=The Spindle and the Spear: A Critical Enquiry into the Construction and Meaning of Gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Rite |date=1999 |publisher=British Archaeological Reports, British Series 288 |isbn=978-1841711171}} *{{cite book|last1=Walton-Rogers|first1=Penelope |title=Cloth and Clothing in Early Anglo-saxon England AD 450-700|year=2007|isbn= 978-1902771540|publisher=Council for British Archaeology}} *{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=J. Anderson |title=A History of Jewellery: Five Thousand Years |date=1988 |publisher=Random House Publishing |isbn=978-0517344378 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjewelry00blac }} *{{cite book |last1=Gregorietti |first1=Guido |title=Jewelry Through the Ages |date=1969 |publisher=American Heritage |isbn=978-0828100076 |url=https://archive.org/details/jewelrythroughag00greg }} *{{cite book |last1=Tait |first1=Hugh |title=7000 Years of Jewellery |date=1986 |publisher=British Museum |isbn=978-1554073955}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Brooches|lcfirst=yes}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Fasteners]] [[Category:Types of jewellery]] [[Category:Brooches| ]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a 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