CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Peru - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"740cb225-0dd4-4104-8a83-c1b8d6293604","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Peru","wgTitle":"Peru","wgCurRevisionId":1259446805,"wgRevisionId":1259446805,"wgArticleId":170691,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Aymara-language text","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Pages with Spanish IPA","Pages with Quechua IPA","Pages with undetermined IPA","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template other archives", "CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Articles containing Quechua-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference", "Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","Peru","Andean Community","Countries in South America","Former Spanish colonies","Member states of the United Nations","Republics","Spanish-speaking countries and territories","States and territories established in 1821","Cradle of civilization"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Peru","wgRelevantArticleId":170691,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-10,"lon":-76},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q419","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/800px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/640px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Peru - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Peru rootpage-Peru skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Peru" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Peru" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Peru" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Peru" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_Pre-Columbian_Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_Pre-Columbian_Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_Pre-Columbian_Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_and_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_and_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Conquest and colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_and_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_corruption_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_corruption_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Allegations of corruption in politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_corruption_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Toponyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Pre-Columbian art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Colonial art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Peru</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 260 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-260" aria-hidden="true" > 260 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ru" title="Pèru – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pèru" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%88%A9" title="ፔሩ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔሩ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="पेरु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पेरु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بيرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8rou" title="Pèrou – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pèrou" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="পেৰু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%A9" title="Perũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Perũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piruw" title="Piruw – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Piruw" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پرو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پرو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ru" title="Péru – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Péru" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="পেরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83" title="Пэру – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэру" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="པེ་རུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པེ་རུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perou" title="Perou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Perou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periw" title="Periw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Periw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پيرو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پيرو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%AB" title="ޕެރޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕެރޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dib%C3%A9n%C3%A9%C3%A9z_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dibénééz Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dibénééz Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Περού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruo" title="Peruo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peruo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pérou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BB" title="Perû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Perû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiri%C3%BA" title="Peiriú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peiriú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pheroo" title="Yn Pheroo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pheroo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear%C3%B9" title="Pearù – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pearù" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81_(%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6)" title="પેરુ (દેશ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પેરુ (દેશ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A3%A8" title="페루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelu" title="Pelu – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pelu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Պերու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="পেরু – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পেরু" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95" title="פרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಪೆರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೆರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3" title="პერუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perou" title="Perou – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Perou" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perua" title="Perua – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Perua" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewou" title="Pewou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pewou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pérou" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BB" title="Perû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Perû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B9" title="ປະເທດເປຣູ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເປຣູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvia" title="Peruvia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Peruvia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/perus" title="perus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="perus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B2" title="Però – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Però" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81" title="പെറു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെറു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%AB" title="Perū – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Perū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3" title="პერუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პერუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بيرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پرو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯄꯦꯔꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯦꯔꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83" title="Пэру – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пэру" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပီရူးနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီရူးနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="पेरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="पेरु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पेरु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ペルー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pérou" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3" title="Peró – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Peró" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeruu" title="Peeruu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Peeruu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82" title="ਪੇਰੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੇਰੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="पेरु – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पेरु" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پیرو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیرو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပဲရူးခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပဲရူးခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پيرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پيرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC" title="ប៉េរូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប៉េរូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pérou" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piruw" title="Piruw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Piruw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="पेरु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पेरु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱯᱮᱨᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱮᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruja" title="Peruja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peruja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96" title="පෙරූ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෙරූ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پيرو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPheru" title="IPheru – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPheru" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88" title="پێروو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێروو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ru" title="Péru – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Péru" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="பெரு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piru" title="Piru – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Piru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%82%89" title="မိူင်းပေႇရူႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပေႇရူႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82" title="పెరూ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెరూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="ประเทศเปรู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเปรู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C5%AB" title="Pelū – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pelū" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Перу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="پیرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%87" title="پېرۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پېرۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biluj" title="Biluj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Biluj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B9" title="Perù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Perù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruv%C3%A4n" title="Peruvän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Peruvän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perou" title="Perou – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Perou" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruu" title="Peruu – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Peruu" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95%E9%AD%AF" title="祕魯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="祕魯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81" title="秘鲁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="秘鲁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95" title="פערו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פערו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%BA" title="Perú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Perú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" title="秘魯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="秘魯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%AB" title="Perū – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Perū" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81" title="秘鲁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="秘鲁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ru" title="Péru – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Péru" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Peru" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q419#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Peru" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Peru">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Peru">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Peru" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Peru" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&oldid=1259446805" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Peru&id=1259446805&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPeru">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPeru">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Peru&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peru&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Peru" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Peru" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Peru" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Peru" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q419" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru&params=10_S_76_W_region:PE">10°S 76°W / 10°S 76°W / -10; -76</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in South America. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peru_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peru (disambiguation)">Peru (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Peru</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>República del Perú (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) <div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Co-official names<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[a]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Piruw Ripuwlika</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Piruwxa Ripuwlika</td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Peru"><img alt="Flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/125px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/188px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/250px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Peru" title="Flag of Peru">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Peru"><img alt="Coat of arms of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/85px-Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/128px-Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/170px-Escudo_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Peru" title="Coat of arms of Peru"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style>"<a href="/wiki/Firm_and_Happy_for_the_Union" title="Firm and Happy for the Union">Firme y feliz por la unión</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">" (Spanish) "Firm and Happy for the Union"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Peru" title="National Anthem of Peru">Himno Nacional del Perú</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">" (Spanish) "National Anthem of Peru" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="190" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Perú.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=qu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="qu" label="Runa Simi ‪(qu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Marcha_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div><div class="ib-country-anthem">March:  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">"<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Peru#The_Marcha_de_Banderas" title="Flag of Peru">Marcha de Banderas</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">" (Spanish) "March of Flags" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="Marcha_de_banderas_(José_Sabas_Libornio_Ibarra,_1895).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Marcha_de_banderas_%28Jos%C3%A9_Sabas_Libornio_Ibarra%2C_1895%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Marcha_de_banderas_%28Jos%C3%A9_Sabas_Libornio_Ibarra%2C_1895%29.ogg/Marcha_de_banderas_%28Jos%C3%A9_Sabas_Libornio_Ibarra%2C_1895%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_de_banderas_%28Jos%C3%A9_Sabas_Libornio_Ibarra%2C_1895%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_de_banderas_%28Jos%C3%A9_Sabas_Libornio_Ibarra%2C_1895%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">National seal</a> <div style="padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/100px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/150px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg/200px-Gran_Sello_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Peru#Variants" title="Coat of arms of Peru">Gran Sello del Estado</a> (Spanish) Great Seal of the State</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:PER_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Peru (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Peru (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PER_orthographic.svg/250px-PER_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PER_orthographic.svg/375px-PER_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PER_orthographic.svg/500px-PER_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Peru (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru&params=12_2.6_S_77_1.7_W_region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)">12°2.6′S 77°1.7′W / 12.0433°S 77.0283°W / -12.0433; -77.0283</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-official languages<a href="#cite_note-b-2">[b]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Other Indigenous languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-c-3">[c]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>60.20% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Mixed</a></li><li>25.75% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Native</a></li><li>5.89% <a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">White</a></li><li>3.57% <a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Black</a></li><li>0.16% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Peruvians" title="Asian Peruvians">East Asian</a></li><li>1.10% Other</li><li>3.32% No answer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2017<a href="#cite_note-d-4">[d]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>94.5% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru#Christianity" title="Religion in Peru">Christianity</a> <ul><li>76.0% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Peru" title="Catholic Church in Peru">Catholicism</a></li> <li>18.5% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>5.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li>0.4% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-Draft-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dual-7">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru" title="Vice President of Peru">First Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Council of Ministers of Peru">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adrianz%C3%A9n" title="Gustavo Adrianzén">Gustavo Adrianzén</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru">President of Congress</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Salhuana" title="Eduardo Salhuana">Eduardo Salhuana</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1814-1873)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1814-1873)">Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Consolidated</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 December 1824</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1879</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,285,216<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-IfKRF-9">[5]</a> km2 (496,225 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.41</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,352,720<a href="#cite_note-IfKRF-9">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">43rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23/km2 (59.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">197th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $566.582 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PE-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">45th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $16,631<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PE-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">97th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $282.458 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PE-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,291<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PE-10">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">86th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 40.2<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.762<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">87th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Peruvian sol</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PEN</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−5 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Peru" title="Time in Peru">PET</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Peru" title="Telephone numbers in Peru">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Peru" title="Telephone numbers in Peru">+51</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PE" title="ISO 3166-2:PE">PE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.pe" title=".pe">.pe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Peru,<a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a> officially the Republic of Peru,<a href="#cite_note-15">[f]</a> is a country in western <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is bordered in the north by <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, in the east by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, in the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, in the south by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse country</a>, with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> rainforest in the east with the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a> Peru has a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">population</a> of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. At 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi), Peru is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">19th largest country in the world</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_area" title="List of South American countries by area">third largest in South America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Pre-Columbian Peru">Peruvian territory</a> was home to <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">several cultures</a> during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 10th millennium BCE. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the <a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe civilization</a> (the earliest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a> empires, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, the largest known state in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> Americas. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> conquered the region in the 16th century and <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">established a viceroyalty</a> with the official name of the Kingdom of Peru that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a> Higher education started in the Americas with the official establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a> in Lima in 1551. Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, and following the military campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, as well as the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">battle of Ayacucho</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">completed its independence in 1824</a>. In the ensuing years, the country first suffered from political instability until a period of relative <a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">economic and political stability</a> began due to the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> that ended with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1884). Throughout the 20th century, Peru grappled with political and social instability, including the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict</a> between the state and guerrilla groups, interspersed with periods of economic growth. Implementation of <a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> shifted Peru towards <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal economics">neoliberal economics</a> under the authoritarian rule of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a> in the 1990s, with the former's political ideology of <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a> leaving a lasting imprint on the country's governance that continues to present day.<a href="#cite_note-Villalba-2022-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> The 2000s marked economic expansion and poverty reduction, but the subsequent decade revealed long-existing <a href="/wiki/Centralismo_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralismo (Peru)">sociopolitical vulnerabilities</a>, exacerbated by a <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2017%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)">political crisis</a> instigated by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, precipitating the period of <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_protests_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Peruvian protests (2022–2023)">unrest beginning in 2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banda-2023-22">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> of Peru is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic divided into <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">25 regions</a>. Its main economic activities include <a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Peru" title="Mineral industry of Peru">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Peru">manufacturing</a>, agriculture and fishing, along with other growing sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> The country forms part of <a href="/wiki/The_Pacific_Pumas" title="The Pacific Pumas">The Pacific Pumas</a>, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">social freedom</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> it is an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>; and is considered as a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> Peru's population includes <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Amerindians</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Africans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Latin_Americans" title="Asian Latin Americans">Asians</a>. The main spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Spanish</a>, although a significant number of Peruvians speak <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Indigenous languages</a>. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">music</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_San_Miguel" title="Bay of San Miguel">Bay of San Miguel</a>, Panama City, in the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>, who arrived in 1522, believed this was the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> invaded the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú.<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer <a href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</a>, son of an Inca princess and a conquistador. He said the name Birú was that of a common Amerindian who was happened upon by the crew of a ship on an exploratory mission for governor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias Dávila</a> and went on to relate more instances of misunderstandings due to the lack of a common language.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish crown</a> gave the name legal status with the 1529 <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#Capitulación_de_Toledo" title="Francisco Pizarro">Capitulación de Toledo</a>, which designated the newly encountered <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> as the province of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> In 1561, the rebel <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Aguirre" title="Lope de Aguirre">Lope de Aguirre</a> declared himself the "Prince" of an independent Peru, which was cut short by his arrest and execution. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, which became the Peruvian Republic from its <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">independence</a> until <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru#1979_Constitution" title="Constitution of Peru">1979</a>, when it adopted its current name of Republic of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of Peru</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agricultural history of Peru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic history of Peru</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_Pre-Columbian_Peru">Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peru</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Pre-Columbian Peru">Pre-Columbian Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caral-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Caral-25.jpg/220px-Caral-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Caral-25.jpg/330px-Caral-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Caral-25.jpg/440px-Caral-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Caral/Norte Chico</a> pyramid in the arid Supe Valley</figcaption></figure> The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Huaca_Prieta" title="Huaca Prieta">Huaca Prieta</a> settlement.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">terracing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camelid</a> husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">reciprocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">redistribution</a> because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Caral/Norte Chico civilization</a>, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The <a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a> culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> along what is now Peru's <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a> was an example of early pre-<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca culture</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_earrings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Moche_earrings.jpg/220px-Moche_earrings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Moche_earrings.jpg/330px-Moche_earrings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Moche_earrings.jpg/440px-Moche_earrings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> earrings depicting warriors, made of turquoise and gold (1–800 CE)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín culture</a> that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavín de Huantar">Chavín de Huantar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a>, and the more outstanding <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú culture">Chimu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a>. The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as a loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450.<a href="#cite_note-Keatinge22-36">[30]</a> Their capital was at <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> outside of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keatinge22-36">[30]</a> In the highlands, both the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiahuanaco</a> culture, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> in both Peru and Bolivia,<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>, developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg/220px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg/330px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg/440px-Machu_Picchu%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The citadel of <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru</figcaption></figure> In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a> emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">largest empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian Americas</a> with their capital in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a>. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> Under his rule and that of his son, <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a>, the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule. Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be translated as "The Four Regions" or "The Four United Provinces." Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred <a href="/wiki/Huaca" title="Huaca">Huacas</a>, but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of <a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a>, the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of <a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> The Incas considered their King, the <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>, to be the "<a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">child of the sun</a>."<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_and_colonial_period">Conquest and colonial period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">Spanish conquest of Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/405px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/540px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>Los funerales de Atahualpa (1867) by Luis Montero. <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> was the last <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>, executed by the Spaniards on 29 August 1533</figcaption></figure> Atahualpa (or Atahuallpa), the last <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>, became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a> in a civil war sparked by the death of their father,<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> (supported by the <a href="/wiki/Chanka" title="Chanka">Chankas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huanca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanca people">Huancas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoyas</a> as <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a>) led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Battle of Cajamarca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, which was then known as "La Ciudad de los Reyes" (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Peru" title="Vilcabamba, Peru">Vilcabamba</a> in 1572. The Indigenous population dramatically collapsed overwhelmingly due to epidemic diseases introduced by the Spanish as well as exploitation and socio-economic change.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a> reorganized the country in the 1570s with gold and silver mining as its main economic activity and Amerindian <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">forced labor</a> as its primary workforce. With the discovery of the great silver and gold lodes at <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> (present-day Bolivia) and <a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>, the viceroyalty flourished as an important provider of mineral resources. Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> provided revenue for the Spanish Crown and fueled a complex trade network that extended as far as Europe and the Philippines. The commercial and population exchanges between Latin America and Asia undergone via the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleons</a> transiting through Acapulco, had <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> at Peru as the furthest endpoint of the trade route in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> In relation to this, Don <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Hurtado_de_Corcuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera">Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera</a>, governor of Panama was also responsible for settling <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> in the Philippines by employing Peruvian soldiers and colonists.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery#Americas" title="History of slavery">African slaves</a> were added to the labor population to expand the workforce. The expansion of a colonial administrative apparatus and bureaucracy paralleled the economic reorganization. With the conquest started the spread of Christianity in South America; most people were forcefully converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, with Spanish clerics believing like Puritan divines of English colonies later that the Native Peoples "had been corrupted by the Devil, who was working "through them to frustrate" their foundations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> It only took a generation to convert the population. They built churches in every city and replaced some of the Inca temples with churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coricancha" title="Coricancha">Coricancha</a> in the city of Cusco. The church employed the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, making use of torture to ensure that newly converted Catholics did not stray to other religions or beliefs, and monastery schools, educating girls, especially of the Inca nobility and upper class, "until they were old enough either to profess [to become a nun] or to leave the monastery and assume the role ('estado') in the Christian society that their fathers planned to erect" in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> Peruvian Catholicism follows the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> found in many Latin American countries, in which religious native rituals have been integrated with Christian celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-discover-peru.org2-51">[45]</a> In this endeavor, the church came to play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> of the Natives, drawing them into the cultural orbit of the Spanish settlers. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TupacAmaruII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/TupacAmaruII.jpg/125px-TupacAmaruII.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/TupacAmaruII.jpg/187px-TupacAmaruII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/TupacAmaruII.jpg/249px-TupacAmaruII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></figcaption></figure> By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edicts</a> that increased taxes and partitioned the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a>. The new laws provoked <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II's rebellion</a> and other revolts, all of which were suppressed. As a result of these and other changes, the Spaniards and their <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">creole</a> successors came to monopolize control over the land, seizing many of the best lands abandoned by the massive native depopulation. However, the Spanish did not resist the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese expansion of Brazil</a> across the meridian. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Spain controlled Portugal</a>. The need to ease communication and trade with Spain led to the split of the viceroyalty and the creation of new viceroyalties of <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a> at the expense of the territories that formed the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>; this reduced the power, prominence and importance of Lima as the viceroyal capital and shifted the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> trade to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the majority of modern-day countries of South America in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> The conquest and colony brought a mix of cultures and ethnicities that did not exist before the Spanish conquered the Peruvian territory. Even though many of the Inca traditions were lost or diluted, new customs, traditions and knowledge were added, creating a rich mixed Peruvian culture.<a href="#cite_note-discover-peru.org2-51">[45]</a> Two of the most important Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish were that of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Santos_Atahualpa" title="Juan Santos Atahualpa">Juan Santos Atahualpa</a> in 1742, and Rebellion of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a> in 1780 around the highlands near Cuzco.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_(1827_-_1902).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Ayacucho_by_Mart%C3%ADn_Tovar_y_Tovar_%281827_-_1902%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a> was decisive in ensuring Peruvian independence.</figcaption></figure> In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">wars of independence</a>, Peru remained a <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">royalist</a> stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish monarchy, <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Peru">independence</a> was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>. The economic crises, the loss of power of Spain in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">war of independence in North America</a>, and Native uprisings all contributed to a favorable climate to the development of emancipation ideas among the <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> population in South America. However, the Criollo oligarchy in Peru enjoyed privileges and remained loyal to the Spanish Crown. The liberation movement started in Argentina where autonomous juntas were created as a result of the loss of authority of the Spanish government over its colonies. After fighting for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Andes" title="Army of the Andes">Army of the Andes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Andes" title="Crossing of the Andes">crossed the Andes</a> in 21 days. Once in Chile, he joined forces with Chilean army General <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a> and liberated the country in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maip%C3%BA" title="Battle of Maipú">Maipú</a> in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> On 7 September 1820, a fleet of eight warships arrived in the port of <a href="/wiki/Paracas_(municipality)" title="Paracas (municipality)">Paracas</a> under the command of General José de San Martín and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a>, who was serving in the Chilean Navy. Immediately on 26 October, they took control of the town of <a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a>. San Martín settled in <a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a> on 12 November, where he established his headquarters while Cochrane sailed north and blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> in Lima. At the same time in the north, <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> was occupied by rebel forces under the command of Gregorio Escobedo. Because Peru was the stronghold of the Spanish government in South America, San Martín's strategy to liberate Peru was to use diplomacy. He sent representatives to Lima urging the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> that Peru be granted independence, however, all negotiations proved unsuccessful. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg/220px-La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg/330px-La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg/440px-La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>San Martín proclaiming the independence of Peru. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lepiani" title="Juan Lepiani">Juan Lepiani</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Viceroy of Peru, <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquess_of_Viluma" title="Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma">Joaquín de la Pazuela</a> named <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes" title="José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes">José de la Serna</a> commander-in-chief of the loyalist army to protect Lima from the threatened invasion by San Martín. On 29 January, de la Serna organized a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> against de la Pazuela, which was recognized by Spain and he was named Viceroy of Peru. This internal power struggle contributed to the success of the liberating army. To avoid a military confrontation, San Martín met the newly appointed viceroy, José de la Serna, and proposed to create a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, a proposal that was turned down. De la Serna abandoned the city, and on 12 July 1821, San Martín occupied Lima and declared Peruvian independence on 28 July 1821. He created the first Peruvian flag. <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a> (present-day Bolivia) remained as a Spanish stronghold until the army of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> liberated it three years later. José de San Martín was declared Protector of Peru. Peruvian national identity was forged during this period, as Bolivarian projects for a <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Panama" title="Congress of Panama">Latin American Confederation</a> floundered and a <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">union with Bolivia</a> proved ephemeral.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> Simón Bolívar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> in the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a> in 1821 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a> a year later. In July 1822, Bolívar and San Martín gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil_Conference" title="Guayaquil Conference">Guayaquil Conference</a>. Bolívar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martín retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peruvian Congress</a> named Bolívar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, they defeated the larger Spanish army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Junín">Battle of Junín</a> on 6 August 1824 and the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a> on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Upper Peru. Upper Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> Once independence was proclaimed, San Martín assumed military-political command of the free departments of Peru, under the title of Protector, according to a decree given on August 3, 1821. 74 The works of the Protectorate contributed to the creation of the National Library ( in favor of knowledge), the approval of the National Anthem, and the abolition of the mita (in favor of the indigenous people). On December 27, 1821, San Martín created three ministries: Ministry of State and Foreign Affairs, committing Juan García del Río; <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Ministry of War and Navy</a>, to Bernardo de Monteagudo; and Ministry of Finance, to Hipólito Unanue. From the 1840s to the 1860s Peru enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">a period of stability</a> under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla" title="Ramón Castilla">Ramón Castilla</a>, through increased state revenues from <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> exports.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> In 1864, a Spanish expedition occupied the Chincha Islands (guano producers) and unleashed an international incident with great consequences in Peruvian internal politics, which led to a coup d'état against President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Pezet" title="Juan Antonio Pezet">Juan Antonio Pezet</a>, Mariano's government. Peru, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, sent a declaration of war on Spain. After the battle of Callao on May 2, 1866, the Spanish Navy withdrew from Peru. The government of José Balta was lavish in infrastructure works (construction of the Central Railway ) although the first signs of excess government spending were already perceived. By the 1870s the guano resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angamos2.jpg/220px-Angamos2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angamos2.jpg/330px-Angamos2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angamos2.jpg/440px-Angamos2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos" title="Battle of Angamos">Battle of Angamos</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></figcaption></figure> By 1859, some 41,000 Peruvians had died in the constant civil wars that shook the country since 1829. Thanks to the money from the sale of guano, Peru began to modernize with different public works such as railways; the civil and military bureaucracy grew; The indigenous people stopped paying tribute and the slaves achieved their freedom; The migration policy of Germans, Austrians, Irish and Italians began. On April 5, 1879, Chile declared war on Peru, unleashing the Pacific War. The casus belli was the confrontation between Bolivia and Chile over a tax problem in which Peru was compromised by the Treaty of Defensive Alliance signed with Bolivia in 1873. However, Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of This war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru.92 In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor Huáscar, the main ship of the Peruvian navy commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero. In 1879 Peru entered the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, which lasted until 1884. <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Peruvian Government</a> tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable. Peruvian historiography is unanimous in maintaining that the deep cause of this war was Chile's ambition to take over the nitrate and guano territories of southern Peru and Bolivia. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Arica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Batalla_de_Arica.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Arica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Batalla_de_Arica.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Arica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Batalla_de_Arica.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Arica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arica" title="Battle of Arica">Battle of Arica</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Lepiani" title="Juan Lepiani">Juan Lepiani</a></figcaption></figure> In the first stage of the war, the naval campaign, the Peruvian navy repelled the Chilean attack until October 8, 1879, the day in which the naval combat of Angamos was fought, where the Chilean navy with its ships Cochrane, Blanco Encalada, Loa and Covadonga cornered the monitor <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ironclad)" title="Huáscar (ironclad)">Huáscar</a>, the main ship of the Peruvian navy, commanded by Admiral AP Miguel Grau, who died in the fray and since then became Peru's greatest hero. Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Tarapac%C3%A1_Department_(Peru)" title="Tarapacá Department (Peru)">department of Tarapacá</a> and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Tacna_Province" title="Tacna Province">Tacna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arica_Province_(Peru)" title="Arica Province (Peru)">Arica</a>, in the Atacama region. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bolognesi" title="Francisco Bolognesi">Francisco Bolognesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Grau_Seminario" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Grau Seminario">Miguel Grau</a> are both renowned heros of the war. Originally Chile committed to a referendum for the cities of Arica and Tacna to be held years later, to self determine their national affiliation. However, Chile refused to apply the Treaty, and neither of the countries could determine the statutory framework. The War of the Pacific was the bloodiest war Peru has fought in. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg/170px-Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg/255px-Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg/340px-Protocolo_de_R%C3%ADo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Protocol" title="Rio Protocol">Rio Protocol</a> in January 1942</figcaption></figure> Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the <a href="/wiki/Civilista_Party" title="Civilista Party">Civilista Party</a>, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa" title="Augusto B. Leguía">Augusto B. Leguía</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> caused the downfall of Leguía, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance" title="American Popular Revolutionary Alliance">American Popular Revolutionary Alliance</a> (APRA).<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> The rivalry between this organization and a coalition of the elite and the military defined Peruvian politics for the following three decades. A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lima_(1929)" title="Treaty of Lima (1929)">Treaty of Lima</a>, returned <a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a> to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a <a href="/wiki/Leticia_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Leticia Incident">year-long war with Colombia</a> over a territorial dispute involving the <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas Department</a> and its capital <a href="/wiki/Leticia,_Amazonas" title="Leticia, Amazonas">Leticia</a>. In 1941 Peru and Ecuador fought the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a>, after which the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Protocol" title="Rio Protocol">Rio Protocol</a> sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. In a military coup on 29 October 1948, General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Manuel A. Odría</a> became president. Odría's presidency was known as the Ochenio. He came down hard on APRA, momentarily pleasing the oligarchy and all others on the right, but followed a <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> course that won him great favor with the poor and lower classes. A thriving economy allowed him to indulge in expensive but crowd-pleasing social policies. At the same time, however, <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> were severely restricted and corruption was rampant throughout his regime. Odría was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Prado_Ugarteche" title="Manuel Prado Ugarteche">Manuel Prado Ugarteche</a>. However, widespread allegations of fraud prompted the Peruvian military to depose Prado and install a military junta, via a <a href="/wiki/1962_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Peruvian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_P%C3%A9rez_Godoy" title="Ricardo Pérez Godoy">Ricardo Pérez Godoy</a>. Godoy ran a short transitional government and held new elections in 1963, which were won by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bela%C3%BAnde_Terry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Belaúnde Terry">Fernando Belaúnde Terry</a> who assumed presidency until 1968. Belaúnde was recognized for his commitment to the democratic process. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg/220px-Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg/330px-Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg/440px-Junta_Militar_de_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Military Junta of 1968</figcaption></figure> On 3 October 1968 another <a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by a group of officers led by General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a> brought the army to power with the aim of applying a doctrine of "social progress and integral development", nationalist and reformist, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/CEPAL" class="mw-redirect" title="CEPAL">CEPAL</a> theses on dependence and underdevelopment. Six days after the golpe, Velasco proceeded to nationalize the International Petroleum Corporation (IPC), the North American company that exploited Peruvian oil, and then launched a reform of the state apparatus, an agrarian reform. It was the biggest agrarian reform ever undertaken in Latin America: it abolished the <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifunda</a> system and modernized agriculture through a more equitable redistribution of land (90% of the peasants formed cooperatives or agricultural societies of social interest). Land was to be owned by those who cultivated it, and large landowners were expropriated. The only large properties allowed were cooperatives. Between 1969 and 1976, 325,000 families received land from the state with an average size of 73.6 acres (29.8 hectares). The "revolutionary government" also planned massive investments in education, elevated the <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> language – spoken by nearly half the population but hitherto despised by the authorities – to a status equivalent to that of Spanish and established equal rights for natural children. Peru wished to free itself from any dependence and carried out a third-world foreign policy. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> responded with commercial, economic and diplomatic pressure. In 1973 Peru seemed to triumph over the financial blockade imposed by Washington by negotiating a loan from the International Development Bank to finance its agricultural and mining development policy. The relations with Chile became very tense after the coup d'état of the <a href="/wiki/General_Pinochet" class="mw-redirect" title="General Pinochet">general Pinochet</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Mercado_Jarr%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgardo Mercado Jarrín">Edgardo Mercado Jarrin</a> (Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Army) and Admiral Guillermo Faura Gaig (Minister of the Navy) both escaped assassination attempts within weeks of each other. In 1975 General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Morales_Berm%C3%BAdez_Cerruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti">Francisco Morales Bermúdez Cerruti</a> seized power and broke with the policies of his predecessor. His regime occasionally participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> in collaboration with other American military dictatorships.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>'s economic policies distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> After the country experienced <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflation" title="Chronic inflation">chronic inflation</a>, the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol_(1863%E2%80%931985)" title="Peruvian sol (1863–1985)">sol</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_inti" title="Peruvian inti">inti</a> in mid-1985, which itself was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">nuevo sol</a> in July 1991 (the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion old soles). At the end of the 1980s, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of 1960) and Peru's GDP dropped 20%, with national reserves running a $900 million deficit. The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Sendero Luminoso</a> (Shining Path) and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">MRTA</a>, which caused <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">great havoc</a> throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2013-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECLAC-1992-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg/190px-Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg/285px-Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg/380px-Alberto_Fujimori_en_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> during his first term</figcaption></figure> The Peruvian armed forces, frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises, drafted the <a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a>, which involved the genocide of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or censorship of the <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Peru">media in Peru</a>, and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economy controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> assumed the presidency in 1990 and, according to the head of the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)" title="National Intelligence Service (Peru)">National Intelligence Service (SIN)</a> Rospigliosi, an understanding was established between Fujimori, <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>, and some of the military officers involved in Plan Verde to abide by the military's demands prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-Alfredo3-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996b-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-2009-71">[65]</a> Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde, which led to a precitious drop in infliation from 7,650% at the start of 1990 to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard-2013-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECLAC-1992-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo3-69">[63]</a> When Fujimori faced opposition to his reform efforts, he dissolved Congress, suspending the judiciary, arresting several opposition leaders and assuming full powers in the <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">auto-golpe</a> ("self-coup") of 5 April 1992.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo3-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> He then revised the constitution, called new congressional elections, and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Nonetheless, these policies did not benefit the poorest much, and inequality persisted despite Fujimori's economic achievements.<a href="#cite_note-Avilés-2009-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mitrovic-2021-74">[68]</a> Fujimori's administration was dogged by <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgent</a> groups, most notably Shining Path, which carried out attacks across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the <a href="/wiki/Barrios_Altos_massacre" title="Barrios Altos massacre">Barrios Altos massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Cantuta_massacre" title="La Cantuta massacre">La Cantuta massacre</a> by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of <a href="/wiki/Tarata_bombing" title="Tarata bombing">Tarata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frecuencia_Latina_bombing" title="Frecuencia Latina bombing">Frecuencia Latina</a> by Sendero Luminoso. Fujimori would also broaden the definition of terrorism in an effort to criminalize as many actions possible to persecute left-wing political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Villalba-2022-20">[14]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Terruqueo" title="Terruqueo">terruqueo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">fearmongering</a> tactic that was used to accuse opponents of terrorism, Fujimori established a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> by portraying himself as a hero and made left-wing ideologies an eternal enemy in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Villalba-2022-20">[14]</a> Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">human rights</a> violations committed in the last years of violence.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Programa_Nacional_de_Poblaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Programa Nacional de Población">Programa Nacional de Población</a> also resulted with the <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a> of at least 300,000 poor and indigenous women.<a href="#cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996b-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> In early 1995, once again Peru and Ecuador clashed in the <a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a>, but in 1998 the governments of both nations signed a peace treaty that clearly demarcated the international boundary between them. In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, initially avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2007-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_protests_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Peruvian protests (2022–2023)">Peruvian protests (2022–2023)</a></div> Peru tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth at the start of the 21st century,<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist-2007-78">[72]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a> held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation.<a href="#cite_note-Villalba-2022-20">[14]</a> In spite of human rights progress since the time of insurgency, many problems are still visible and show the continued marginalization of those who suffered through the violence of the Peruvian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> A caretaker government presided over by <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua" title="Valentín Paniagua">Valentín Paniagua</a> took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Toledo" title="Alejandro Toledo">Alejandro Toledo</a> became president in 2001 to 2006. On 28 July 2006, former president <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> became President of Peru after winning the <a href="/wiki/2006_Peruvian_general_election" title="2006 Peruvian general election">2006 elections</a>. In 2006, Alberto Fujimori's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a>, entered Peru's political arena to continue her father's legacy and espouse Fujimorism.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> In May 2008, Peru became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>. In April 2009, former president <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> was convicted of human rights violations and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori%27s_arrest_and_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial">sentenced</a> to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Colina" title="Grupo Colina">Grupo Colina</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squad</a> during his government's battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> During the presidencies of <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a>, the right-wing Congress led by Keiko Fujimori obstructed much of the actions performed by the presidents.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> On 5 June 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> was elected president, with his cabinet being <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">successfully censured</a> by the Fujimorist Congress.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a>, Congress used <a href="/wiki/Vacancy_due_to_moral_incapacity_(Peru)" title="Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru)">broadly interpreted</a> <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that allowed impeachment of the president without cause<a href="#cite_note-PROFE92-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj-2021-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2021-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tegel-2021-90">[84]</a> to place pressure on the president, forcing him to <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski#Resignation" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">resign</a> in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration. Vice president <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a> then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings as he led the anti-corruption <a href="/wiki/2018_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum" title="2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Peru">COVID-19 pandemic</a> resulted with Peru experiencing the highest death rate from COVID-19 in the world, exposing much of the inequality that persisted since the Fujimori administration<a href="#cite_note-Mitrovic-2021-74">[68]</a> and triggering an economic crisis that led to <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Removal of Martín Vizcarra">Vizcara's removal from the presidency by Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Widely seen as a coup by Congress, its head, the newly seated President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Merino" title="Manuel Merino">Manuel Merino</a>, faced <a href="/wiki/2020_Peruvian_protests" title="2020 Peruvian protests">protests</a> across the country, and after five days, Merino resigned from the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Merino was replaced by President <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sagasti" title="Francisco Sagasti">Francisco Sagasti</a>, who led a provisional, centrist government, and enforced many of Vizcarra's former policies.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">Elections</a> were held on 11 April 2021, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Peru" title="Free Peru">Free Peru</a> party won the first round, followed closely by Keiko Fujimori, with right-wing parties allied with Fujimori maintaining positions in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_%283%29.jpg/220px-Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_%283%29.jpg/330px-Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_%283%29.jpg/440px-Protestas_Lima_Diciembre_2022_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrations in Lima during the <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Peruvian_political_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Peruvian political protests">2022–2023 Peruvian political protests</a></figcaption></figure> On 28 July 2021, Pedro Castillo was sworn in as the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">president of Peru</a> after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off election.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> That same year, Peru celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru" title="Bicentennial of the Independence of Peru">bicentenary of independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> Castillo <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo#Removal_attempts" title="Pedro Castillo">faced multiple impeachment votes</a> during his presidency from the right-wing controlled Congress and on 7 December 2022, just hours before Congress was set to begin a <a href="/wiki/Third_impeachment_and_removal_of_Pedro_Castillo" title="Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo">third impeachment effort</a>, Castillo tried to prevent this by attempting to <a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup d'état attempt">dissolve</a> the opposition-controlled legislature and create an "exceptional emergency government." In response, Congress quickly held an emergency session on the same day, during which it voted 101–6 (with 10 abstentions) to remove Castillo from office and replace him with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a>. She became the country's first female president.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Castillo was arrested after trying to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> embassy and was charged with the crime of rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> The Boluarte government proved unpopular as she allied herself with the right-wing Congress and the military, betraying her constituents.<a href="#cite_note-Banda-2023-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patriau-2023-102">[96]</a> This resentment led to the <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_Peruvian_political_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–2023 Peruvian political protests">2022–2023 Peruvian political protests</a>, which sought the removal of Boluarte and Congress, immediate general elections and the writing of a new constitution. Authorities responded to the protests violently, with the <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_massacre" title="Ayacucho massacre">Ayacucho massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliaca_massacre" title="Juliaca massacre">Juliaca massacre</a> occurring at this time, resulting with the most violence experienced in the nation in over two decades.<a href="#cite_note-Banda-2023-22">[16]</a> The strong response by the political elite in Lima raised concerns that they sought to establish an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">civilian-military government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Banda-2023-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patriau-2023-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography of Peru</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Manu_riverbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Manu_riverbank.jpg/170px-Manu_riverbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Manu_riverbank.jpg/255px-Manu_riverbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Manu_riverbank.jpg/340px-Manu_riverbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpamayo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alpamayo.jpg/170px-Alpamayo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alpamayo.jpg/255px-Alpamayo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alpamayo.jpg/340px-Alpamayo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica%2C_Peru.jpg/170px-Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica%2C_Peru.jpg/255px-Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica%2C_Peru.jpg/340px-Paracas_National_Reserve._Ica%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9027" data-file-height="5313" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chachani,_Peru_ESA413331.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chachani%2C_Peru_ESA413331.png/170px-Chachani%2C_Peru_ESA413331.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chachani%2C_Peru_ESA413331.png/255px-Chachani%2C_Peru_ESA413331.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Chachani%2C_Peru_ESA413331.png/340px-Chachani%2C_Peru_ESA413331.png 2x" data-file-width="4335" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Manu_National_Park" title="Manu National Park">Manu National Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpamayo" title="Alpamayo">Alpamayo</a> mountain peak, <a href="/wiki/Paracas_National_Reserve" title="Paracas National Reserve">Paracas National Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chachani" title="Chachani">Chachani</a> volcanic complex.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg/220px-Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg/330px-Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg/440px-Rainbow_Mountain_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vinicunca" title="Vinicunca">Vinicunca</a>, also known as the Rainbow Mountain in <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cuzco" title="Department of Cuzco">Cuzco</a></figcaption></figure> Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, its northernmost extreme reaching to 1.8 minutes of latitude or about 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, covers 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi) of western South America. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow, largely arid plain except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) <a href="/wiki/Huascar%C3%A1n" title="Huascarán">Huascarán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> The country has fifty-four hydrographic basins, fifty-two of which are small coastal basins that discharge their waters into the Pacific Ocean. The final two are the <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic</a> basin of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, and the Amazon basin, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Both are delimited by the Andes mountain range. The Amazon basin is particularly noteworthy as it is the source of the Amazon River, which at 6872 km, is the longest river in the world, and covers 75% of Peruvian territory. Peru contains 4% of the planet's freshwater. Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basins</a>. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> Peru's longest rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Ucayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucayali">Ucayali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marañón River (Peru)">Marañón</a>, the <a href="/wiki/I%C3%A7%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Içá">Putumayo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yavar%C3%AD_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavarí River">Yavarí</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Huallaga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Urubamba_River" title="Urubamba River">Urubamba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mantaro_River" title="Mantaro River">Mantaro</a>, and the Amazon.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Peru" title="List of lakes of Peru">lake in Peru</a>, Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">reservoirs</a>, all in the coastal region of Peru, are the <a href="/wiki/Poechos_Reservoir" title="Poechos Reservoir">Poechos</a>, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PER_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen–Geiger climate classification</a> map for Peru</figcaption></figure> Although Peru is located entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, the combination of tropical latitude, mountain ranges, topography variations, and two ocean currents (<a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a>) gives Peru a large diversity of climates. Elevations above sea level in the country range from −37 to 6,778 m (−121 to 22,238 ft) and precipitation ranges from less than 20 mm (0.79 in) annually in desert areas to more than 8,000 mm (310 in) in tropical rainforest areas. Due to its geography, Peru can be divide into three main climates. The unbroken and relatively slim coastal region has moderate temperatures, low precipitation, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> In the mountain region, which covers almost a third of the country, rain is frequent in summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Amazon">Peruvian Amazon</a>, covering more than half of the total area of Peru, is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_(male)_(13995875991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_%28male%29_%2813995875991%29.jpg/150px-Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_%28male%29_%2813995875991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_%28male%29_%2813995875991%29.jpg/225px-Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_%28male%29_%2813995875991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_%28male%29_%2813995875991%29.jpg/300px-Rupicola_peruvianus_Gallito_de_roca_andino_Andean-Cock-of-the-Rock_%28male%29_%2813995875991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andean_cock-of-the-rock" title="Andean cock-of-the-rock">Andean cock-of-the-rock</a>, Peru's national bird</figcaption></figure> Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003, 5,855 of them <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Megadiverse">megadiverse</a> countries. Peru has over 1,800 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of birds (120 <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>), over 500 species of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, over 300 species of reptiles, and over 1,000 species of freshwater <a href="/wiki/Fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishes">fishes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> The hundreds of mammals include rare species like the <a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">puma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">spectacled bear</a>. The Birds of Peru produce large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, an economically important export. The Pacific holds large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, and is home to many sharks, <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, and whales.<a href="#cite_note-selectlatam-117">[111]</a> The invertebrate fauna is far less inventoried; at least beetles (Coleoptera) have been surveyed in the "Beetles of Peru" project, led by Caroline S. Chaboo, University of Nebraska, USA and this revealved more 12,000 documented and many new species for Peru.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> Peru also has an equally diverse <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Peru">flora</a>. The coastal deserts produce little more than <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a>, apart from hilly <a href="/wiki/Lomas" title="Lomas">fog oases</a> and river valleys that contain unique plant life.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> The Highlands above the tree-line known as <a href="/wiki/Puna_grassland" title="Puna grassland">puna</a> is home to bushes, <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cactus</a>, drought-resistant plants such as <a href="/wiki/Jarava_ichu" title="Jarava ichu">ichu</a>, and the largest species of <a href="/wiki/Bromeliad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromeliad">bromeliad</a> – the spectacular <a href="/wiki/Puya_raimondii" title="Puya raimondii">Puya raimondii</a>. The cloud-forest slopes of the Andes sustain <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, and bromeliads, and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> is known for its variety of trees and canopy plants.<a href="#cite_note-selectlatam-117">[111]</a> Peru had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.86/10, ranking it 14th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government of Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg/220px-PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg/330px-PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg/440px-PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Palace_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Palace (Peru)">Palacio de Gobierno</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></figcaption></figure> Peru is a unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a multi-party system.<a href="#cite_note-Draft-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dual-7">[3]</a> The country has maintained a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> system under its <a href="/wiki/1993_Peruvian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum">1993 Constitution</a>, which replaced a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">constitution</a> that leaned the government to a federation to authorize more power to the president.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> It is also a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary republic</a>, in which the central government holds the most power and can create <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a>. The Peruvian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the United States (a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">written constitution</a>, an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">Supreme court</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">People's Republic of China</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> congress, a <a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">premier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministry system</a>).<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> The Peruvian government is <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separated</a> into three branches: <ul><li>Legislature: the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of Peru</a>, consisting of 130 members of Congress (on a basis of population), the president of Congress, and the Permanent Commission;<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a></li> <li>Executive: the president, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Peru" title="Cabinet of Peru">Council of Ministers</a>, which in practice controls <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">domestic legislation</a> and serve as a Cabinet to the president, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Council of Ministers of Peru">prime minister</a> and 18 ministers of the state;</li> <li>Judiciary: the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru" title="Supreme Court of Peru">Supreme Court of Peru</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Royal Audencia of Lima</a>, composed of 18 <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">justices</a> including a supreme justice, along with 28 <a href="/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru" title="Superior Courts of Justice of Peru">superior courts</a>, 195 <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial courts</a>, and 1,838 <a href="/wiki/District_court" title="District court">district courts</a>.</li></ul> Under its constitution, the president of Peru is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a> and is elected to a five-year term without immediate reelection.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> The president appoints <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Peru">ministers</a> who oversee the 18 ministries of the state, including the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Peru" title="Prime Minister of Peru">prime minister</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Peru" title="Cabinet of Peru">Cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> The constitution designates minimal authority to the prime minister, who presides over <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet meetings</a> in which ministers advise the president and acts as a spokesperson on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> The president is also able to pose <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of confidence">questions of confidence</a> to the Congress of Peru, and consequently order the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of congress</a>, done in <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis">1992</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Peruvian_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Peruvian constitutional crisis">2019</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> In the Congress of Peru there are 130 members, from 25 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative divisions</a>, determined by respective population and elected to five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Bills are proposed by the executive and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> powers and become law through a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> vote in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> The judiciary is nominally independent,<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> though political intervention into judicial matters has been common throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> The Congress of Peru can also pass a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> ministers, as well as initiate impeachments and <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convict</a> executives.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Due to broadly interpreted <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> wording in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">1993 Constitution of Peru</a>, the legislative branch can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-PROFE92-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taj-2021-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2021-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tegel-2021-90">[84]</a> In recent history, the legislative body has passed semi-successful impeachment and two successful impeachments; <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> resigned prior to removal in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">resigned</a> in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a> was <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Removal of Martín Vizcarra">removed from office</a> in 2020 and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a> was removed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Following a ruling in February 2023 by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Peru" title="Constitutional Court of Peru">Constitutional Court of Peru</a>, whose members are elected by Congress, judicial oversight of the legislative body was also removed by the court, essentially giving Congress absolute control of Peru's government.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg/220px-Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg/330px-Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg/440px-Lima_Peru_-_City_of_kings_-_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of Peru</a>, in Lima</figcaption></figure> Peru's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a> for citizens from the age of 18 to 70, including <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual-citizens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvians</a> abroad.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> Members of Congress are <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected">directly elected</a> by constituents in respective districts through <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional voting</a>. The president is elected in a general election, along with the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Peru" title="Vice President of Peru">vice president</a>, through a majority in a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> Elections are observed and organized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Jury_of_Elections" title="National Jury of Elections">National Jury of Elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Office_of_Electoral_Processes" title="National Office of Electoral Processes">National Office of Electoral Processes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Registry_of_Identification_and_Civil_Status" title="National Registry of Identification and Civil Status">National Registry of Identification and Civil Status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Peru uses a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">congressional</a> and general elections. Major groups that have formed governments, both on a federal and legislative level, are parties that have historically adopted <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">most recent general election</a> was held on 11 April 2021 and resulted in <a href="/wiki/Free_Peru" title="Free Peru">Free Peru</a> winning the most seats in Congress, although it fell well short of a majority.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> A presidential runoff between <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a> took place on 5 June 2021 and resulted in the victory of Castillo.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_corruption_in_politics">Allegations of corruption in politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Peru" title="Corruption in Peru">Corruption in Peru</a></div> Many Peruvian presidents have been removed from office or imprisoned on allegations of corruption from the 1990s into the 2020s. Alberto Fujimori was serving a 25-year prison sentence for commanding <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a> that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990–2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president Alan García (1985–1990 and 2006–2011) killed himself in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in the <a href="/wiki/Odebrecht_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Odebrecht Case">Odebrecht bribery</a> scheme. Former president Alejandro Toledo is accused of allegedly receiving bribes from Brazilian construction firm <a href="/wiki/Odebrecht" title="Odebrecht">Odebrecht</a> during his government (2001–2006). Former president Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribes from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) was controversially ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Corruption is also widespread throughout Congress as legislators use their office for <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a> and other benefits, despite a large majority of Peruvians disapproving of Congress and its behavior.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Administrative divisions of Peru</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_(labeled).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_%28labeled%29.svg/284px-Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_%28labeled%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_%28labeled%29.svg/425px-Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_%28labeled%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_%28labeled%29.svg/567px-Peru_-_Regions_and_departments_%28labeled%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A map of Peru's region and departments</figcaption></figure> Peru is divided into 26 units: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru#History" title="Regions of Peru">24 departments</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Province_of_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Province of Callao">Constitutional Province of Callao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Province" title="Lima Province">Province of Lima</a> (LIM) – which is independent of any region and serves as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">country's capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> Under the constitution, the 24 departments plus Callao Province have an elected "regional"<a href="#cite_note-e-149">[g]</a> government composed of the regional governor and the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">regional council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> The governor constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive body</a>, proposes <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budgets</a>, and creates decrees, resolutions, and regional programs.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> The Regional Council, the region's <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative body</a>, debates and votes on budgets, supervises regional officials, and can vote to remove the governor, deputy governor, or any member of the council from office. The regional governor and the Regional Council serve a term of four years, without immediate reelection. These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> Provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> are administered by a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">municipal council</a>, headed by a mayor.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> process and still influence local politics.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> Some areas of Peru are defined as <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" title="List of metropolitan areas of Peru">metropolitan areas</a> which overlap district areas. The largest of them, the <a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima metropolitan area</a>, is the seventh-<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">largest metropolis in the Americas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg/220px-Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg/330px-Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg/440px-Per%C3%BA_asume_Presidencia_Pro_T%C3%A9mpore_de_la_Comunidad_Andina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a> is located in Lima.</figcaption></figure> Over recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Peru's foreign relations</a> has historically been dominated by close ties with the United States and Asia,<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> particularly through the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC), the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS).<a href="#cite_note-John-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> Peru is an active member of several <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">regional trade blocs</a> and is one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a>. It is also a member of international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a>, a celebrated Peruvian diplomat, served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary General</a> from 1981 to 1991. Peru planned to be fully integrated into the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) by 2021, attributing its economic success and efforts to strengthen institutions as meeting factors to be a part of the OECD.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> Peru is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, and has pursued multiple major free trade agreements, most recently the <a href="/wiki/United_States_-_Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States - Peru Trade Promotion Agreement">Peru–United States Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Peru Free Trade Agreement">China–Peru Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">European Union Free Trade Agreement</a>, free trade agreements with Japan, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Peru maintains an integrated relationship with other South American nations, and is a member of various South American intergovernmental agreements, more recently the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean Community</a> of Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>. Peru has historically experienced <a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Chile–Peru relations">stressed relations with Chile</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Peru_v_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru v Chile">Peru v Chile</a> international court resolution and the <a href="/wiki/Chilean%E2%80%93Peruvian_maritime_dispute" title="Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute">Chilean-Peruvian maritime dispute</a>, but the two countries have agreed to work in improving relations.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> Peru has participated in taking a leading role in addressing the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">crisis in Venezuela</a> through the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> Peru is the 99th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_law_enforcement">Military and law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peruvian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg/220px-Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg/330px-Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg/440px-Peruvian_Marines_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Naval_Infantry" title="Peruvian Naval Infantry">Peruvian marines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_de_los_R%C3%ADos_Apur%C3%ADmac,_Ene_y_Mantaro" title="Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro">VRAEM</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> Peru has the fourth largest military in Latin America. Peru's armed forces – the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Armed Forces of Peru</a> – comprise the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a> (MGP), the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a> (EP), and the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a> (FAP), in total numbering 392,660 personnel (including 120,660 regulars and 272,000 reservists) as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> Their primary mission is to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1972_43–60-170">[163]</a> Their functions are separated by branch: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Army" title="Peruvian Army">Peruvian Army</a> is made up of the Chief of Staff, two Control Bodies, two Support Bodies, five Military Regions and six Command Rooms.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Air_Force" title="Peruvian Air Force">Peruvian Air Force</a> was officially created on 20 May 1929, with the name of Peruvian Aviation Corps. Its main function is to serve as the country's <a href="/wiki/Air_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defense">air defense</a>. It also participates in <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">social support campaigns</a> for hard-to-reach populations, organizes air bridges during disasters, and participates in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">international peace missions</a>. Its four major <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">air bases</a> are located in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a> is in charge of the country's maritime, river, and lake defense. It is made up of 26,000 sailors. Personnel are divided into three levels: superior personnel, junior personnel and seafarers.</li></ul> The military is governed by both the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">commander in chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Peru)">Ministry of Defense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint_Command_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru">Joint Command of the Armed Forces</a> (CCFFAA). The CCFFAA has subordinates to the Operational Commands and Special Commands, with which it carries out the military operations that are required for the defense and the fulfillment of the tasks that the executive power provides.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> was abolished in 1999 and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary military service">voluntary military service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">National Police of Peru</a> is often classified as a part of the armed forces. However, it has a distinct organizational structure and a purely civilian mandate. Its training and operations, particularly over the past two decades as an anti-terrorist unit, have imbued it with distinctly military traits, leading to its portrayal as a de facto fourth military branch with substantial land, sea, and air capabilities, and a work force of around 140,000 individuals.The Peruvian armed forces report through the Ministry of Defense, while the National Police of Peru reports through the Ministry of Interior.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_1972_43–60-170">[163]</a> Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">crisis in Peru</a> in 2000, the federal government has significantly reduced annual spending in defense.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> In the 2016–2017 budget, defense spending has constituted 1.1% of GDP ($2.3 billion), the second lowest spending relative to GDP in South America following Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> More recently, the Armed Forces of Peru have been used in <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a>. In 2020, Peru used its military personnel and even reservists to enforce the strict <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> measures placed during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/220px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/330px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/440px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, the financial centre of Peru</figcaption></figure> The economy of Peru is the 48th largest in the world (ranked by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>),<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> and the income level is classified as upper middle by the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> Peru is, as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=edit">[update]</a>, one of the world's fastest-growing economies owing to an economic boom experienced during the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> It has an above-average <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> of 0.77 which has seen steady improvement over the last 25 years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> Historically, the country's economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> to finance imports and external debt payments.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution of income">distribution of income</a> have proven elusive.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> Inflation in 2012 was the lowest in Latin America at only 1.8%, but increased in 2013 as oil and commodity prices rose; as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=edit">[update]</a> it stands at 2.5%.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> and 8,6 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> The unemployment rate was 3.6% in 2012. Peruvian economic policy has varied widely over the past decades.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] The 1968–1975 government of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a> introduced radical reforms, which included <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Agrarian_Reform" title="Peruvian Agrarian Reform">agrarian reform</a>, the expropriation of foreign companies, the introduction of an <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic planning system</a>, and the creation of a large state-owned sector. These measures failed to achieve their objectives of <a href="/wiki/Income_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Income redistribution">income redistribution</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">economic dependence on developed nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> Despite these results, most reforms were not reversed until the 1990s, when the <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalizing</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> ended <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, and most state ownership of companies.<a href="#cite_note-Sheahan-187">[180]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector of industry">Services</a> account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%).<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> Recent economic growth had been fueled by <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomic</a> stability, improved <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_trade" title="Terms of trade">terms of trade</a>, and rising investment and consumption.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> Trade was expected to increase further after the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/United_States-Peru_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement">free trade agreement with the United States</a> signed on 12 April 2006.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> Peru's main exports were copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners were the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> Peru was ranked 76th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> Informal workers represent, in 2019, 70% of the labour market according to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI). In 2016, almost three million children and adolescents worked in the informal sector.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OperacionesYanacocha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/OperacionesYanacocha.jpg/220px-OperacionesYanacocha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/OperacionesYanacocha.jpg/330px-OperacionesYanacocha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/OperacionesYanacocha.jpg/440px-OperacionesYanacocha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Yanacocha Mine</figcaption></figure> The country is heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> for the export of raw materials, which represented 61.3% of exports in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-pemining-194">[187]</a> In 2019, the country was the second world producer of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> eighth world producer of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> third world producer of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> the world's fourth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> the fifth world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> and the world's fourth largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> – not to mention gas and of oil. The country has an expectant competitive position in global mining, maintaining mining leadership in Latin America and a solid mining history and trajectory little industrialized, Peru suffers from the international variation of commodity prices.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> The Yanacocha mine in <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> is the main source of gold extraction in Peru. It is considered the largest gold mine in South America and the second largest in the world. In 2005, 3,333,088 ounces of gold were produced. An indicator of mining growth can be seen in mining exports, having grown from US$1,447 million in 1990<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> to US$39,639 million in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-pemining-194">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol,_Lake_Titicaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol%2C_Lake_Titicaca.jpg/220px-Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol%2C_Lake_Titicaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol%2C_Lake_Titicaca.jpg/330px-Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol%2C_Lake_Titicaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol%2C_Lake_Titicaca.jpg/440px-Quinoa_growing_on_Isla_del_Sol%2C_Lake_Titicaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></figcaption></figure> Peru is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maca" class="mw-redirect" title="Maca">maca</a> one of the 5 largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>, one of the 10 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, also having a considerable production of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>; its agriculture is considerably diversified. In livestock, Peru is one of the 20 largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> According to a report by the UN <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) published in August 2022, half of Peru's population is moderately <a href="/wiki/Food_insecure" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecure">food insecure</a> (16.6 million people), and more than 20% (6.8 million people), are severely food insecure: they go without food for a whole day, or even several days.<a href="#cite_note-Atalayar-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaparro-2023-207">[200]</a> The director of FAO Peru stresses that "this is the great paradox of a country that has enough food for its population. Peru is a net producer of food and one of the major agro-exporting powers in the region. Food insecurity is due to high <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> and low wages, with Peru's minimum wage being one of the lowest in South America and a large informal sector. According to the FAO, the small farmers themselves suffer from hunger. Poorly paid, they also suffer from the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and face the problem of <a href="/wiki/Drug_Trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug Trafficking">drug trafficking</a> on their land and mining activity that exhausts the soil."<a href="#cite_note-Atalayar-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaparro-2023-207">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas,_Peru_(7195471302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas%2C_Peru_%287195471302%29.jpg/220px-Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas%2C_Peru_%287195471302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas%2C_Peru_%287195471302%29.jpg/330px-Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas%2C_Peru_%287195471302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas%2C_Peru_%287195471302%29.jpg/440px-Sacred_Valley_of_the_Incas%2C_Peru_%287195471302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Valley" title="Sacred Valley">Sacred Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism constitutes the third largest industry in Peru, behind fishing and mining. Tourism is mainly directed towards archaeological monuments, as it has more than one hundred thousand archaeological sites. According to a study by the Peruvian government, the satisfaction rate of tourists after visiting Peru is 94%. It is the fastest growing industry in the country, growing annually at a rate of 25% over the last five years, the highest growth rate of any other country in South America. Tourism has an impact of 7% of Peru's GDP, it is regulated and stimulated by the Commission for the Promotion of Peru for Exports and Tourism of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism. For this reason, in 2011 Marca Perú was created, which is an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in association with Peruvian companies and startups to promote the purchase and consumption of products created in the country. The pillars of this initiative are: exports, tourism and investments. Tourism employs 11% of the country's economically active population (484 000 direct jobs and 340,000 indirect jobs), most of them in hospitality and transportation. Peru is known to be prefect for cultural, eco, adventure, gastronomic, beach, and luxury travel. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG/220px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG/330px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG/440px-Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Hu%C3%A1ntar" title="Chavín de Huántar">Chavín de Huántar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancash" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancash">Ancash</a></figcaption></figure> The places most visited by tourists are the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> and its historic center, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, which is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> and colonial architecture but its main attractions are the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Valley" title="Sacred Valley">Sacred Valley of the Incas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> is also a large tourist destination, for the historic center, also for the <a href="/wiki/Colca_Canyon" title="Colca Canyon">Colca Canyon</a> and finally <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. The main tourist circuit of the country is the southern circuit, which includes cities such as; <a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazca" title="Nazca">Nazca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a>, Paracas, <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Maldonado" title="Puerto Maldonado">Puerto Maldonado</a> and others with architectural, cultural and natural attractions. The second most important route is the <a href="/wiki/Callej%C3%B3n_de_Huaylas" title="Callejón de Huaylas">Callejón de Huaylas</a>, in the department of Áncash, headquarters of adventure tourism and the main point of reference for New Andean gastronomy. Peru has 14 <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> and 11 national parks. Peru has many other tourist routes. Among these are those of the <a href="/wiki/Mantaro_River" title="Mantaro River">Mantaro River valley</a> with the city of <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a> as one of its axis, and the <a href="/wiki/Tarma" title="Tarma">Tarma</a> Valley as another axis, which in turn is the entrance to the central jungle and the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a> where <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> is located, the largest adobe citadel in the world, the traditional spa of <a href="/wiki/Huanchaco" title="Huanchaco">Huanchaco</a> and the Huacas del Sol and de la Luna belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú culture">Chimú culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> and the rainforest city <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> are also very popular destinations. According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, the visit of foreign tourists increased by 7% during 2015 and would have generated US$3.5 billion in foreign currency for the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> lists the top producing countries each year, based on the total value of production. By the 2019 list, Peru has the 50th most valuable industry in the world ($28.7 billion).<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> In 2011 and 2016 Peru was the world's largest supplier of <a href="/wiki/Fishmeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishmeal">fishmeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> It is also the world's leading producer of alpaca wool, and the most important exporter of cotton textile garments in Latin America, and due to its natural wealth, it is an excellent place for the development of the polymer industry worldwide. The country is in a stage of economic growth and it is expected, in light of the agreements and treaties signed in free trade areas, to become one of the most attractive South American nations for developing business. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_de_Callao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Puerto_de_Callao.jpg/220px-Puerto_de_Callao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Puerto_de_Callao.jpg/330px-Puerto_de_Callao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Puerto_de_Callao.jpg/440px-Puerto_de_Callao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Callao" title="Port of Callao">Port of Callao</a></figcaption></figure> Peru's road network in 2021 consisted of 175,589 km (109,106 mi) of highways, with 29,579 km (18,380 mi) paved.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> Some highways in the country that stand out are the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American Highway">Pan American Highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interoceanic_Highway" title="Interoceanic Highway">Interoceanic Highway</a>. In 2016, the country had 827 km (514 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">duplicated highways</a>, and was investing in more duplications: the plan was to have 2,634 km (1,637 mi) in 2026.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> The country's rail network is small: in 2018, the country only had 1,939 km (1,205 mi) of railways.<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> Peru has important international airports such as <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport" title="Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport">Cuzco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ball%C3%B3n_International_Airport" title="Rodríguez Ballón International Airport">Arequipa</a>. The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina) and Minas Gerais (Brazil).<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> Multiple airport expansions are currently under construction across Peru, the two main ones being the <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinchero_International_Airport" title="Chinchero International Airport">Chinchero International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a>, the largest in Peru, is undergoing an expansion which includes the construction of a new runway, control tower and a new terminal, along with new hotels, logistical buildings and cargo sector. Altogether, they make up the Ciudad Aeropuerto, Airport City. It will allow transit of 40 million passengers every year and will be completed in December 2024. Another ambitious airport project is the <a href="/wiki/Chinchero_International_Airport" title="Chinchero International Airport">Chinchero International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cuzco" title="Department of Cuzco">Cusco</a>. The new airport is set to replace the old, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Velasco_Astete_International_Airport" title="Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport">Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport</a> and help passengers bypass a stop in Lima by introducing international routes. Peru has important ports in <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilo,_Peru" title="Ilo, Peru">Ilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matarani" title="Matarani">Matarani</a>. The 15 most active ports in South America in 2018 were: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Callao" title="Port of Callao">Port of Callao</a> is currently the largest port in Peru, but will soon be overtaken by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chancay_Port_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chancay Port Terminal (page does not exist)">Chancay Port Terminal</a>, a joint project between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and Peru in <a href="/wiki/Chancay" title="Chancay">Chancay</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. When completed, the port will become the largest in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> The first stage of construction is expected to be complete in late 2024.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg/220px-Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg/330px-Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg/440px-Dam_on_urubamba_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dam on the <a href="/wiki/Urubamba_River" title="Urubamba River">Urubamba River</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> The electricity sector has experienced notable improvements in recent years. The number of homes with electric lighting grew from 82% in 2007 to 94.2% in 2016. while the quality and effectiveness of service provision improved. Current electricity generation capacity is evenly divided between thermal energy and hydroelectric energy sources. The National Interconnected Electrical System supplies 85% of the connected population, with several isolated systems that cover the rest of the country. Peruvian electricity production totalled 5.1 TWh in the month of October 2022. Of these, 52% came from hydroelectric plants, 38.3% from thermoelectric plants (which use oil, gas and coal) and 9.7% of renewable energy plants like: wind, solar, and others.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> In 2021, Peru had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 5,490 MW in hydropower (34th largest in the world), 409 MW in wind power (49th largest in the world), 336 MW in solar power (62nd largest in the world), and 185 MW in biomass.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health in Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare system">Healthcare system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg/220px-Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg/330px-Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg/440px-Hospital_de_Tarapoto_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Hospital of Tarapoto</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Health_Organization" title="Pan American Health Organization">Pan American Health Organization</a>, life expectancy for men is 72.6 years, while for women it is 77.9 years. Infant mortality is eighteen per thousand births, having been reduced 76% from 1990 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> The main causes of death of Peruvians are <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, bacterial diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the 2017 Population and Housing Censuses, 75.5% of the population has some type of health insurance, that is, 22,173,663 people, despite this, 24.5% of the population does not have any type of insurance.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics of Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian people">Peruvian people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_Population_Density,_2000_(6171916181).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Peru_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171916181%29.jpg/220px-Peru_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171916181%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Peru_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171916181%29.jpg/330px-Peru_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171916181%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Peru_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171916181%29.jpg/440px-Peru_Population_Density%2C_2000_%286171916181%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption>Population density, 2000</figcaption></figure>With a population of 33,396,698 inhabitants according to estimates and projections of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics until the year 2022, Peru is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_population" title="List of South American countries by population">fourth most populous country in South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> Its population density is 25.79 inhabitants per square kilometer and its annual growth rate is 1.1%. 58.8% of the Peruvian population lives on the coast, 27% in the mountains, and 14.2% in the jungle. In 2020, 27 million Peruvians lived in urban areas, which represents 80% of the population. Peru had a population of seven million residents in 1940; between 1950 and 2000, the demographic growth rate of Peru declined from 2.6% to 1.6%, with the population being expected to reach approximately 42 million in 2050.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&action=edit">[update]</a>, 79.3% lived in urban areas and 20.7% in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> Major cities include the <a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima metropolitan area</a> (home to over 9.8 million people), <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a>; all reported more than 250,000 inhabitants in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Peru_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Peru Census">2007 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> Arequipa is Peru's second largest city, with an estimated population of 1,177,000, while Trujillo is the third largest city with 1,048,000. There are 15 known <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted</a> Amerindian tribes in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> Peru has a <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> of 75.0 years (72.4 for males and 77.7 for females) according to the latest data for the year 2016 from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> The economically active population is equivalent to 53.78% of the total population, or about 17,830,500 inhabitants. The largest cities are located on the coast, such as Sullana, Piura, Chiclayo, Trujillo, Chimbote, Lima and Ica. In the mountains, the cities of Arequipa, Cusco, Huancayo, Cajamarca and Juliaca stand out. Finally, in the jungle, <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> is the most important, followed by <a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moyobamba" title="Moyobamba">Moyobamba</a> and Tingo María. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Peru <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_e_Inform%C3%A1tica" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática">National Institute of Statistics and Informatics</a> - INEI (Estimated 2024) <a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" title="List of metropolitan areas of Peru">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" title="List of metropolitan areas of Peru"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" title="List of metropolitan areas of Peru">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Peru" title="List of metropolitan areas of Peru"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraflores_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lima"><img alt="Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miraflores_2023.jpg/120px-Miraflores_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miraflores_2023.jpg/180px-Miraflores_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miraflores_2023.jpg/240px-Miraflores_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arequipa"><img alt="Arequipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg/120px-Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg/180px-Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg/240px-Cathedral_of_Arequipa_Misti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lima_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Region">Lima</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,213,900 (<a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Metro pop.</a>)</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica Region">Ica</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">362,400 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_Monument,_Trujillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trujillo"><img alt="Trujillo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Freedom_Monument%2C_Trujillo.jpg/120px-Freedom_Monument%2C_Trujillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Freedom_Monument%2C_Trujillo.jpg/180px-Freedom_Monument%2C_Trujillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Freedom_Monument%2C_Trujillo.jpg/240px-Freedom_Monument%2C_Trujillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4835" data-file-height="3223" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiclayo"><img alt="Chiclayo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Chiclayo_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arequipa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Arequipa Region">Arequipa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,177,200 (<a href="/wiki/Arequipa_metropolitan_area" title="Arequipa metropolitan area">Metro pop.</a>)</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Puno Region">Puno</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">341,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="La Libertad Region">La Libertad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,048,800 (<a href="/wiki/Trujillo_metropolitan_area_(Peru)" title="Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)">Metro pop.</a>)</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tacna_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacna Region">Tacna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">327,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambayeque Region">Lambayeque</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">615,700 (<a href="/wiki/Chiclayo_metropolitan_area" title="Chiclayo metropolitan area">Metro pop.</a>)</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayacucho Region">Ayacucho</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">261,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Piura_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Piura Region">Piura</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">586,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajamarca Region">Cajamarca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">254,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADn_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Junín Region">Junín</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">563,400</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Huánuco Region">Huánuco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">242,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Region">Cusco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">490,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Alta" title="Chincha Alta">Chincha Alta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica Region">Ica</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">222,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">458,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sullana" title="Sullana">Sullana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Piura_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Piura Region">Piura</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">209,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ucayali_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucayali Region">Ucayali</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">428,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lima_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Region">Lima</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ancash_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancash Region">Ancash</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">410,300</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Martin_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="San Martin Region">San Martín</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">178,800 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 349.93978819177px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 337.07579144761px; border-left-color:#2ca02c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#2ca02c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#2ca02c"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 177.64535734287px; border-left-color:#1f77b4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1f77b4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1f77b4"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.199401340735px; border-left-color:#d62728"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d62728"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#d62728"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:59.790498305752px 80.156698487088px 0 0; border-top-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Ethnicity in Peru (2017)<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Mixed</a> (60.20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Native</a> (25.75%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">White</a> (5.89%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Black</a> (3.57%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Asian_Peruvians" title="Asian Peruvians">East Asian</a> (0.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (4.42%)</div> </div> </div></div>Peru is a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic society">multiethnic nation</a> formed by successive waves of different peoples over five centuries. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Peoples in Peru">Amerindians</a> inhabited Peruvian territory for several millennia before the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">Spanish conquest</a> in the 16th century; according to historian Noble David Cook, their population decreased from nearly 5–9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> The 2017 census for the first time included a question on ethnic self-identification. According to the results, 60.2% of the people identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>, 22.3% identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a>, 5.9% identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/White_Peruvians" class="mw-redirect" title="White Peruvians">white</a>, 3.6% identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Peruvians">black</a>, 2.4% identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>, 2.3% identified themselves as other ethnic groups, and 3.3% did not declare their ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> In the different stages of Peru's history, ethnic composition has varied, with a continuous decline in the Amerindian proportion, due to multiple socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, birth controls, high mortality rates, exclusion, among others. The country tends towards a slow generalized miscegenation of all ethnic segments that began from the beginning of the colonial period to the present day. Because the majority of the Peruvian population has become mestizo, some feel a superiority complex towards the natives of the mountains and the jungle, either because they do not pronounce a word properly, or simply because they do not know how to read a text well, leading to a kind of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> towards them. During the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, Spaniards and Africans arrived in large numbers, mixing widely with each other and with the native population, mainly on the coast (the mountains and the jungle maintained a very little mixed indigenous majority). After independence there was European immigration from Spain, Italy, England, France, and Germany, along with the Middle East. <a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> Peru freed its black slaves in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> Chinese and Japanese arrived in the 1850s as laborers following the end of slavery, and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> The first Croatian immigrants came to Peru in 1573 from Dubrovnik.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg/220px-Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg/330px-Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg/440px-Local-truck-transit-market-chinchaypujio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Quechua travelers in the Andes</figcaption></figure> In recent decades, Peruvian emigration figures have shown a marked growth and currently more than 10% of Peruvians are residing outside the country. This migratory movement has been accentuated since the year 2000, the official figure of Peruvian emigrants is 2,444,634 from 1990 to 2011. This without considering the descendant population, and the illegal floating population that is essentially found in neighboring countries. It is estimated that in the last 82 years, more than 3.5 million Peruvians emigrated from the country. With respect to the main countries of destination for Peruvian emigrants between 1990 and 2011, these were: the United States (31.5%), Spain (16%), Argentina (14.3%), Italy (10.1%), Chile (8.8%), Japan (4.1%) and Venezuela (3.8%).75% of Peruvian emigrants are between 19 and 49 years old, with a slight majority of women. For the most part, Peruvian emigration is a labor migration. Throughout its history, Peru has received migrations from Europe (mainly Spain and Italy; and to a lesser extent from France, United Kingdom, and from other Central European countries and Southern), sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (China and Japan). It currently receives a large number of Venezuelan immigrants, who are escaping the economic crisis that their country is suffering. From 2016, the flow of Venezuelans to Peru increased, going from 6615 residents in that year to around 820,000 until mid-June 2019, being the most important migratory wave of the 21st century in the country. Peru is home to the second largest number of Venezuelan immigrants after Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_look_arounjd_Lima_(8444763943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Last_look_arounjd_Lima_%288444763943%29.jpg/220px-Last_look_arounjd_Lima_%288444763943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Last_look_arounjd_Lima_%288444763943%29.jpg/330px-Last_look_arounjd_Lima_%288444763943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Last_look_arounjd_Lima_%288444763943%29.jpg/440px-Last_look_arounjd_Lima_%288444763943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Osambela" title="Casa de Osambela">Casa de Osambela</a>, headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Peruana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Peruana de la Lengua">Academia Peruana de la Lengua</a> (APL) in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></figcaption></figure> According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and, in areas where they predominate, <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> and other Indigenous languages. Spanish is spoken natively by 82.6% of the population, and coexists with several native languages, of which the most important is the <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a>, spoken by 16.92% of the population, 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> and 0.8% speaking another native language. In the urban areas of the country, especially in the coastal region, monolingualism of Spanish predominates; while in many rural areas of the country, particularly in the Amazon, multilingual populations dominate. <a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> Spanish language is used by the government and is the mainstream language of the country, which is used by the media and in educational systems and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse Indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Loaiza-2016-238">[231]</a> Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a language divide between the coast where Spanish is more predominant over the Amerindian languages, and the more diverse traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The Indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional Indigenous languages, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Spanish language. There has been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where Quechua is spoken. In the Peruvian Amazon, numerous Indigenous languages are spoken, including <a href="/wiki/Ash%C3%A1ninka_language" title="Asháninka language">Asháninka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aguaruna_language" title="Aguaruna language">Aguaruna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Loaiza-2016-238">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion in Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg/220px-Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg/330px-Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg/440px-Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Lima Metropolitan Cathedral">Lima Metropolitan Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Roman Catholicism has been the predominant faith in Peru for centuries, albeit religious practices have a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with Indigenous traditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two of its universities, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Peru">Pontifical Catholic University of Peru</a> and Universidad Católica San Pablo, are among the country's five top universities.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> As of the 2017 census, 76% of the population over 12 years old described themselves as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>; 14.1% as <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical</a>; 4.8% as Protestant, Jewish, <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>; and 5.1% as nonreligious.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> Amerindian religious traditions continue to play a major role in the beliefs of Peruvians. Catholic festivities like <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> and Christmas sometimes blend with Amerindian traditions. Pre-Columbian Amerindian festivities remain widespread; <a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a>, an ancient Inca festival, is still celebrated, especially in rural communities. The majority of towns, cities, and villages have their own official church or cathedral and <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>. The two saints of Peru are <a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a>, the first Saint of the Americas, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres" title="Martin de Porres">Martin de Porres</a>. The largest cathedral in Peru is the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Lima Metropolitan Cathedral">Lima Metropolitan Cathedral</a>. Other notable churches and cathedrals are the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Cathedral" title="Cusco Cathedral">Cusco Cathedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Cathedral_of_Arequipa" title="Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa">Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santo Domingo, Lima">Basilica of Santo Domingo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education in Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_Central_Universidad_Nacional_Mayor_de_San_Marcos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>'s main library, in Lima</figcaption></figure> In Peru, education is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Education (Peru)">Ministry of Education</a>, which is in charge of formulating, implementing and supervising the national education policy. According to the Political Constitution of Peru, education is mandatory and free in public schools for the initial, primary and secondary levels.. It is also free in public universities for students who have satisfactory academic performance and pass the admission exams. Most of the schools in Peru are <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">religious</a>. Education is divided into different levels: Initial education corresponds to the period between zero and five years of age, and is in charge of cribs whose purpose is to provide children with the stimulation required for their comprehensive development and the gardens that offer technical-pedagogical activities. Primary education begins with the first cycle, made up of the first and second grades. The entry age for children is six years old. This level begins in the first grade and ends in the sixth grade of primary school. Secondary education consists of five years, from first to fifth year. Then comes higher education that can be technical, productive, technological or university. To enter universities it is essential to take an admission exam, although the difficulty of this depends on the requirements of the university. Peru's literacy rate is estimated at 92.9% as of 2007; this rate is lower in rural areas (80.3%) than in urban areas (96.3%).<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> Primary and secondary education are <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> and free in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> Peru is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the New World. The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, founded on 12 May 1551, during the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The University of San Marcos is known to be the best in Peru and among the best in South America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h3></div> Many of the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a> have <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a> sources. In the Andes communities of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ncash_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Áncash Region">Ancash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Region">Cusco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Puno Region">Puno</a>, Quechua or Aymara names are overwhelmingly predominant. Their Spanish-based orthography, however, is in conflict with the normalized alphabets of these languages. According to Article 20 of Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC (Supreme Decree) which approves the Regulations to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on 22 July 2016, adequate spellings of the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a> in the normalized alphabets of the Indigenous languages must progressively be proposed with the aim of standardizing the naming used by the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN). The National Geographic Institute realizes the necessary changes in the official maps of Peru.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture of Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg/170px-Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg/255px-Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg/340px-Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>11th-century textile doll, <a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>. Dolls are frequently found in the tombs of ancient Peru.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a></figcaption></figure> Peruvian culture is primarily rooted in Iberian and Andean traditions,<a href="#cite_note-Belaunde-246">[239]</a> though it has also been influenced by various European, Asian, and African ethnic groups. <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian arts">Peruvian artistic traditions</a> date back to the elaborate pottery, textiles, jewelry, and sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Inca_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Inca cultures">Pre-Inca cultures</a>. The Incas maintained these crafts and made <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">architectural</a> achievements including the construction of <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> dominated colonial art, though modified by Native traditions.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> During this period, most art focused on religious subjects; the numerous churches of the era and the paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco School</a> are representative.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> Arts stagnated after independence until the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">Indigenismo</a> in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Lucie-249">[242]</a> Since the 1950s, Peruvian art has been <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">eclectic</a> and shaped by both foreign and local art currents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Peruvian art</a></div> Peruvian art has its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ancient_Cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Ancient Cultures">Andean civilizations</a>. These civilizations arose in the territory of modern Peru before the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">arrival of the Spanish</a>. Peruvian art incorporated European elements after the Spanish conquest and continued to evolve throughout the centuries up to the modern day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Columbian_art">Pre-Columbian art</h4></div> Peru's earliest artwork came from the <a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a> culture, which was concentrated on the Pacific coast, and the Chavín culture, which was largely north of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> between the Andean mountain ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Negra" title="Cordillera Negra">Cordillera Negra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Blanca" title="Cordillera Blanca">Cordillera Blanca</a>. Decorative work from this era, approximately the 9th century BCE, was symbolic and religious in nature. The artists worked with gold, silver, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a> to create a variety of sculptures and relief carvings. These civilizations were also known for their architecture and wood sculptures. The <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas</a> Cavernas and Paracas <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">Necropolis</a> cultures developed on the south coast of Peru between the 9th century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Paracas Cavernas produced complex polychrome and monochrome ceramics with religious representations. Burials from the Paracas Necropolis also yielded complex textiles, many produced with sophisticated geometric patterns. The 3rd century BCE saw the flowering of the urban culture, <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Lambayeque_(Department_of_Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambayeque (Department of Peru)">Lambayeque</a> region. The Moche culture produced architectural works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Huaca_del_Sol" title="Huaca del Sol">Huacas del Sol y de la Luna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huaca_Rajada" title="Huaca Rajada">Huaca Rajada</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sip%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipán">Sipán</a>. They were experts at <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">cultivation in terraces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a> and produced original ceramics, textiles, pictorial and sculptural works. Another urban culture, the <a href="/wiki/Huari_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huari Culture">Wari civilization</a>, flourished between the 8th and 12th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho_(Department_of_Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayacucho (Department of Peru)">Ayacucho</a>. Their centralized town planning was extended to other areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Pachacamac" title="Pachacamac">Pachacamac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajamarquilla" title="Cajamarquilla">Cajamarquilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wari_Willka" title="Wari Willka">Wari Willka</a>. Between the 9th and 13th centuries CE, the military urban <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> empire rose by the borders of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. Centered around a city of the same name in modern-day Bolivia, the Tiwanaku introduced stone architecture and sculpture of a monumental type. These works of architecture and art were made possible by the Tiwanaku's developing <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, which enabled them to make the necessary tools. Urban architecture reached a new height between the 14th and 15th centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú Culture">Chimú Culture</a>. The Chimú built the city of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Moche_River" title="Moche River">Moche River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_(Department_of_Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Libertad (Department of Peru)">La Libertad</a>. The Chimú were skilled <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a> and created remarkable works of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Civilization</a>, which united Peru under its hegemony in the centuries immediately preceding the Spanish conquest, incorporated into their own works a great part of the cultural legacy of the civilizations which preceded it. Important relics of their artwork and architecture can be seen in cities like <a href="/wiki/Cusco_(Department_of_Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco (Department of Peru)">Cusco</a>, architectural remains like <a href="/wiki/Sacsayhuam%C3%A1n" title="Sacsayhuamán">Sacsayhuamán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> and stone pavements that united Cusco with the rest of the Inca Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_art">Colonial art</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_colonial_architecture" title="Peruvian colonial architecture">Peruvian colonial architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco School</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Saint_Joseph_and_the_Christ_Child_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4129" data-file-height="5470" /></a><figcaption>Saint Joseph and the Christ Child, Anonymous, <a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Colonial Cusco Painting School</a>, 17th–18th century</figcaption></figure> Peruvian sculpture and painting began to define themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">ateliers</a> founded by monks, who were strongly influenced by the Sevillian Baroque School. In this context, the stalls of the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Cathedral">Cathedral</a> choir, the fountain of the Main Square of Lima both by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Noguera" title="Pedro de Noguera">Pedro de Noguera</a>, and a great part of the colonial production were registered. The first center of art established by the Spanish was the <a href="/wiki/Cuzco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco School">Cuzco School</a> that taught <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechua</a> artists European painting styles. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Quispe_Tito" title="Diego Quispe Tito">Diego Quispe Tito</a> (1611–1681) was one of the first members of the Cuzco school and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Zapata" title="Marcos Zapata">Marcos Zapata</a> (1710–1773) was one of the last.<a href="#cite_note-Bayon-250">[243]</a> Painting of this time reflected a synthesis of European and Indigenous influences, as is evident in the portrait of prisoner Atahualpa, by D. de Mora or in the canvases of the Italians <a href="/wiki/Mateo_P%C3%A9rez_de_Alesio" class="mw-redirect" title="Mateo Pérez de Alesio">Mateo Pérez de Alesio</a> and Angelino Medoro, the Spaniards Francisco Bejarano and J. de Illescas and the Creole J. Rodriguez. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> styles, with their heavy ornamentation and predominantly curved lines, also dominated the fields of architecture and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a>, as for example on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Monastery of San Francisco</a> in Lima. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian literature</a></div> Peruvian literature refers not only to literature produced in the modern Republic of Peru, but also literature produced in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> during the colonial period, and to <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral</a> traditions created by diverse ethnic groups living in what is now Peru during the <a href="/wiki/Prehispanic#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehispanic">pre-Columbian period</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chanka" title="Chanka">Chanka</a> people. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg/180px-Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Cesar_vallejo_1929_RestauradabyJohnManuel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Vallejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesar Vallejo">Cesar Vallejo</a>, Peru's most famous poet</figcaption></figure> Spaniards introduced writing in the 16th century; colonial literary expression included <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">religious literature</a>. Some of the first chroniclers were writers and soldiers who were responsible for producing official transcripts of military expeditions. There was also a small group of non-official chroniclers or personal diarists who provided unique personal insights on the effort to subdue and colonize the region. For the most part, these chroniclers all wrote from the perspective of Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a>, whose mission was to "civilize" and "reveal the true faith" to the native peoples of Peru. Among the official Spanish chroniclers were <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xerez" title="Francisco Xerez">Francisco Xerez</a>, personal secretary of Pizarro, who wrote the Verdadera relación de la conquista del Perú y provincia del Cuzco llamada la Nueva Castilla (The True Narrative of the Conquest of Peru and of Cuzco Province, Otherwise Known as New Castile), in 1534. Indigenous chroniclers were also known, such as <a href="/wiki/Titu_Cusi_Yupanqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Titu Cusi Yupanqui">Titu Cusi Yupanqui</a> who, after familiarizing himself with Spanish culture, wrote Relación de cómo los españoles entraron en Pirú y el subceso que tuvo Mango Inca en el tiempo en que entre ellos vivió (The Narrative of How the Spaniards Entered Piru and Mango Inca's Experiences while Living Among Them) in 1570. After independence, <a href="/wiki/Costumbrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumbrism">Costumbrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> became the most common literary genres, as exemplified in the works of <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Palma" title="Ricardo Palma">Ricardo Palma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> The early 20th century's Indigenismo movement was led by such writers as <a href="/wiki/Ciro_Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Ciro Alegría">Ciro Alegría</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arguedas" title="José María Arguedas">José María Arguedas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of magazines Colónida and Amauta, the latter founded in 1926 by the prominent socialist essayist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a>. The influential poet <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" title="César Vallejo">César Vallejo</a>, who was one of its collaborators, wrote modernist and often politically engaged verse in the 1920s and 1930s. Modern Peruvian literature is recognized thanks to authors such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg/220px-Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg/330px-Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg/440px-Ceviche_mixto_callao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a> is a popular lime-marinated seafood dish which originated in Peru.</figcaption></figure> Because of the Spanish expedition and discovery of America, explorers started the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> which included unknown food in the Old World, including potatoes, tomatoes, and maize. Modern Indigenous Peruvian food often includes corn, potatoes, and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilies</a>. There are now more than 3,000 kinds of potatoes grown on Peruvian terrain, according to Peru's Instituto Peruano de la Papa.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a> blends <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine#Native_American_cuisine_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Amerindian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish food">Spanish food</a> with strong influences from Chinese, African, Arab, Italian, and Japanese cooking.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> Common dishes include <a href="/wiki/Anticuchos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticuchos">anticuchos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pachamanca" title="Pachamanca">pachamanca</a>. Peru's varied climate allows the growth of diverse plants and animals good for cooking.<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> Peru is known to have one of the best cuisines in the world. The capital, Lima, is home to <a href="/wiki/Central_Restaurante" title="Central Restaurante">Central Restaurante</a>, which is one of the <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants" title="The World's 50 Best Restaurants">World's Best Restaurants</a> and serves various Peruvian dishes from each geographical part of the country, the Costa (coast, Sierra (mountains) and Selva (rainforest). Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients – including influences from the Indigenous population including the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Inca</a> and cuisines introduced by colonizers and immigrants. Without the familiar ingredients from their home countries, immigrants modified their traditional cuisines by using ingredients available in Peru. The four traditional staples of Peruvian cuisine are <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, potatoes and other <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceaes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%B1iwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kañiwa">kañiwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiwicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwicha">kiwicha</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lupins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupins">lupins</a>). Staples brought by the Spanish include rice, wheat, and meats (beef, pork, and chicken). Many traditional foods – such as <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwicha">kiwicha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, and several roots and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> have increased in popularity in recent decades, reflecting a revival of interest in Native Peruvian foods and culinary techniques. It is also common to see traditional cuisines being served with a modern flair in towns like <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, where tourists come to visit. Chef <a href="/wiki/Gast%C3%B3n_Acurio" title="Gastón Acurio">Gastón Acurio</a> has become well known for raising awareness of local ingredients. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian music">Peruvian music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg/220px-Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg/330px-Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Marinera_Norte%C3%B1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">Marinera</a> Norteña</figcaption></figure> Peruvian music has <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="African Music">African</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> In pre-Columbian times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the <a href="/wiki/Quena" title="Quena">quena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tinya" title="Tinya">tinya</a> were two common instruments.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen-259">[252]</a> Spaniards introduced new instruments, such as the guitar and the harp, which led to the development of crossbred instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Charango" title="Charango">charango</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turino-260">[253]</a> African contributions to Peruvian music include its rhythms and the <a href="/wiki/Cajon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajon">cajón</a>, a percussion instrument. <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_folk_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian folk dances">Peruvian folk dances</a> include <a href="/wiki/Marinera" title="Marinera">marinera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondero" title="Tondero">tondero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamacueca" title="Zamacueca">zamacueca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diablada" title="Diablada">diablada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huayno" title="Huayno">huayno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a> Peruvian music is dominated by the national <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instrument</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charango" title="Charango">charango</a>. The charango is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> family of instruments and was invented during <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">colonial times</a> by musicians imitating the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a>. In the Canas and <a href="/wiki/Titicaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Titicaca">Titicaca</a> regions, the charango is used in courtship rituals, symbolically invoking mermaids with the instrument to lure the woman to the male performers. Until the 1960s, the charango was denigrated as an instrument of the rural poor. After the revolution in 1959, which built the <a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">Indigenismo</a> movement (1910–1940), the charango was popularized among other performers. Variants include the <a href="/wiki/Walaycho" title="Walaycho">walaycho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chillador" title="Chillador">chillador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinlili" title="Chinlili">chinlili</a>, and the larger and lower-tuned <a href="/wiki/Charangon" title="Charangon">charangon</a>. While the Spanish guitar is widely played, so too is the Spanish-in-origin <a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">bandurria</a>. Unlike the guitar, it has been transformed by Peruvian players over the years, changing from a 12-string, 6-course instrument to one having 12 to 16 strings in a mere four courses. Violins and <a href="/wiki/Harps" class="mw-redirect" title="Harps">harps</a>, also of European origin, are also played. A very famous instrument from Peru is the <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, dating back to Incan times. It is made of hollow bamboo tubes and is widely played in the Peruvian Andes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia_Llosa_(113).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Claudia_Llosa_%28113%29.jpg/180px-Claudia_Llosa_%28113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Claudia_Llosa_%28113%29.jpg/270px-Claudia_Llosa_%28113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Claudia_Llosa_%28113%29.jpg/360px-Claudia_Llosa_%28113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Award-winner filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Llosa" title="Claudia Llosa">Claudia Llosa</a></figcaption></figure> While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries, some Peruvian movies produced enjoyed regional success. Historically, the cinema of Peru began in Iquitos in 1932 with Antonio Wong Rengifo (alongside a significant early film billboard from 1900) due to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_cycle" title="Amazon rubber cycle">rubber boom</a> and the influx of foreigners bringing technology to the city. This led to the development of an extensive and distinctive filmography, characterized by a style different fom the films produced in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>. Peru also produced the first animated 3-D film in Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Piratas_en_el_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Piratas en el Callao">Piratas en el Callao</a>. This film is set in the historical port city of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, which during colonial times had to defend itself against attacks by Dutch and British privateers seeking to undercut Spain's trade with its colonies. The film was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvian</a> company Alpamayo Entertainment, which made a second 3-D film one year later: Dragones: Destino de Fuego. In February 2006, the film <a href="/wiki/Madeinusa" title="Madeinusa">Madeinusa</a>, produced as a joint venture between Peru and Spain and directed by <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Llosa" title="Claudia Llosa">Claudia Llosa</a>, was set in an imaginary Andean village and describes the stagnating life of Madeinusa performed by <a href="/wiki/Magaly_Solier" title="Magaly Solier">Magaly Solier</a> and the traumas of post-civil war Peru. Llosa, who shared elements of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a>, won an award at the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Film Festival">Rotterdam Film Festival</a>. Llosa's second feature, <a href="/wiki/The_Milk_of_Sorrow" title="The Milk of Sorrow">The Milk of Sorrow</a> ("La Teta Asustada"), was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards" title="82nd Academy Awards">82nd Academy Awards</a> for Best Foreign Language Picture, the first Peruvian film in the academy's history to be nominated. The film won the Golden Bear award at the 2009 Berlinale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport in Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_(2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_%282021%29.jpg/220px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_%282021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_%282021%29.jpg/330px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_%282021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_%282021%29.jpg/440px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_estadio_nacional_del_Per%C3%BA_%282021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5163" data-file-height="3442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional del Perú">Estadio Nacional del Perú</a> in 2021</figcaption></figure> The idea of sport dates back to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, though many games and other native forms of entertainment predated the colonial era. More recently, the American ideology of physical education linked to commercialization has had widespread appeal. Sports in the country are divided into several sports federations (one for each sports practice) that are under the tutelage of the highest state entity to regulate their practice, the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). Most of the sports federations are based in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Deportiva_Nacional" title="Villa Deportiva Nacional">Villa Deportiva Nacional</a> in Lima. Peru's largest stadium is <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_%22U%22" title="Estadio Monumental "U"">Estadio Monumental "U"</a> which has a capacity of over 80,000, making it the second largest stadium in South America. The country's national stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional del Perú">Estadio Nacional</a>. Peru has hosted various sporting events, such as the <a href="/wiki/2004_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2004 Copa América">2004 Copa América</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship" title="2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship">2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Bolivarian_Games" title="2013 Bolivarian Games">2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivarian_Games" title="2024 Bolivarian Games">2024 Bolivarian Games</a>, and the largest sporting event held by the country, the <a href="/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games" title="2019 Pan American Games">2019 Pan American Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular and widely practiced in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Primera División">Peruvian Primera División</a> is the most important club tournament in the nation. The men's team has had some important performances on the world stage. They participated in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> five times. Likewise, they have been champions of the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Copa América">Copa América</a> on two occasions, in <a href="/wiki/1939_South_American_Championship" title="1939 South American Championship">1939</a> and <a href="/wiki/1975_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="1975 Copa América">1975</a>, and impressed at the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> before going home after withdrawing from a walkover given to Austria in the quarter-final. <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Cubillas" title="Teófilo Cubillas">Teófilo Cubillas</a> is considered Peru's greatest footballer. At the club level, <a href="/wiki/Universitario" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitario">Universitario</a> stands out with the runner-up in the <a href="/wiki/Copa_Libertadores" title="Copa Libertadores">Copa Libertadores</a> in 1972 and <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Cristal" title="Sporting Cristal">Sporting Cristal</a> also with the runner-up in 1997. The only Peruvian clubs with international titles are Cienciano, which won the <a href="/wiki/2003_Recopa_Sudamericana" title="2003 Recopa Sudamericana">2003 Recopa Sudamericana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2004_Recopa_Sudamericana" title="2004 Recopa Sudamericana">2004 Recopa Sudamericana</a>, and Universitario, champion of the <a href="/wiki/2011_U-20_Copa_Libertadores" title="2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores">2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores</a>. Other popular sports in Peru are <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>. Peru has won multiple gold, silver, and bronze medals at the <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peru_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Peru women's national volleyball team">Peru women's national volleyball team</a> was one of the dominant teams in the 1980s and 90s and won the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>, losing to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> 3–2 after having led by a wide margin. Peru has usually been very good at surfing and volleyball. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/48px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/64px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline of Peru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">^</a> In Peru, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">other languages</a> have been officially recognized as legitimate <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">autochthonous languages</a>, which are co-official alongside <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> in those areas where they predominate. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: Piruw Ripuwlika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>: Piruwxa Ripuwlika</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-2"><a href="#cite_ref-b_2-0">^</a> In those areas where they predominate. </li> <li id="cite_note-c-3"><a href="#cite_ref-c_3-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/2017_Peru_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Peru Census">2017 National Census</a> included, for the first time, a question of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic self-identification</a> that was addressed to people aged 12 and over considering elements such as their ancestry, their customs and their family origin to visualize and better understand the cultural reality of the country. </li> <li id="cite_note-d-4"><a href="#cite_ref-d_4-0">^</a> The question about religion included in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Peru_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Peru Census">2017 National Census</a> was addressed to people aged 12 and over. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pəˈruː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/En-us-Peru.ogg\/En-us-Peru.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Peru.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/En-us-Peru.ogg/En-us-Peru.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Peru.ogg" title="File:En-us-Peru.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">pə-ROO</a>; Spanish: Perú <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[peˈɾu]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: Piruw <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[pɪɾʊw]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>: Piruw <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[pɪɾʊw]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Rep\u00fablica del Per\u00fa.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg/ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">República del Perú</a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Per%C3%BA.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - República del Perú.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-149"><a href="#cite_ref-e_149-0">^</a> The government in each department is referred to as "regional" governments despite being departments. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"</a> (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 231. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Perfil+Sociodemogr%C3%A1fico&rft.pages=231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1539%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draft-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draft_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draft_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graduate+School+of+International+Relations+and+Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+and+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.ucsd.edu%2F~mshugart%2Fsemi-presidentialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dual-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dual_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dual_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a>. French Politics. 3 (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3427">1476-3427</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6895745903">6895745903</a>. <q>Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6895745903&rft.issn=1476-3427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography">"Peru"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2023 – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peru&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fperu%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IfKRF-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IfKRF_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IfKRF_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations" class="citation web cs1">United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&time=2023">"Population, including UN projections, 2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226040947/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&time=2023">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+including+UN+projections%2C+2023&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fun-population-projection-medium-variant%3Ftab%3Dtable%26time%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.PE-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.PE_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=293,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Peru)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029022041/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=293,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Peru%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D293%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE">"Gini Index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DPE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Quechua name used by government of Peru is Perú (see Quechua-language version of Peru Parliament <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm">website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730230845/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/index.htm">Archived</a> 30 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and Quechua-language version of Peru Constitution <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110205010758/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/_quechua/Constitucion.pdf">but common Quechua name is Piruw</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140622152015/http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf">"Perú: País megadiverso"</a> [Peru: Megadiverse country] (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/imagenes/vida/Peru-%20Pais%20Megadiverso.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Pa%C3%ADs+megadiverso&rft.pub=Servicio+Nacional+de+%C3%81reas+Naturales+Protegidas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sernanp.gob.pe%2Fsernanp%2Farchivos%2Fimagenes%2Fvida%2FPeru-%2520Pais%2520Megadiverso.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmer_Angel2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wilmer Angel, Aguilar Pereda (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content">"Establecimiento y organización del virreinato del Perú"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Trujillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Trujillo">Universidad Nacional de Trujillo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319041111/https://dspace.unitru.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/b4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d/content">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universidad+Nacional+de+Trujillo&rft.atitle=Establecimiento+y+organizaci%C3%B3n+del+virreinato+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wilmer+Angel&rft.aufirst=Aguilar+Pereda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.unitru.edu.pe%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fb4664398-8f69-4d88-b426-c04edaa8cc8d%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackZavala2018" class="citation book cs1">Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/">Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 286–291. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <q>At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racialization+and+Language%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives+From+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=286-291&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Back&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Zavala%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe%2Fbnp%2Frecursos%2F2%2Fhtml%2FRacismo-y-lenguaje%2F286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Schulte-Bockholt2006" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5</bdi></a>. <q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Elites%2C+Cocaine%2C+and+Power+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+organized+crime+and+the+organized+crime+of+politics%3A+a+study+in+criminal+power&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5&rft.au=Alfredo+Schulte-Bockholt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villalba-2022-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalba2022" class="citation journal cs1">Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022">"A Totalidade Neoliberal-Fujimorista: Estigmatização e Colonialidade No Peru Contemporâneo"</a>. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022">10.1590/3710906/2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0102-6909">0102-6909</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251877338">251877338</a>. <q>terruqueo, ou seja, a construção artificial, racista e conveniente de um inimigo sociopolítico para deslegitimar formas de protesto social</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Ci%C3%AAncias+Sociais&rft.atitle=A+Totalidade+Neoliberal-Fujimorista%3A+Estigmatiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Colonialidade+No+Peru+Contempor%C3%A2neo&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=e3710906&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251877338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0102-6909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022&rft.aulast=Villalba&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Vel%C3%A1squez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252F3710906%252F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación</a> (in Spanish) (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Peruvian Studies (page does not exist)">Institute of Peruvian Studies</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2"><bdi>978-612-326-084-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Profe%3A+C%C3%B3mo+Pedro+Castillo+se+convirti%C3%B3+en+presidente+del+Per%C3%BA+y+qu%C3%A9+pasar%C3%A1+a+continuaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peruvian+Studies&rft.date=2021-08&rft.isbn=978-612-326-084-2&rft.aulast=Asensio&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Grompone%2C+Romeo&rft.au=Pajuelo+Teves%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a+Jimenez%2C+Omayra&rft.au=Moscoso%2C+Macarena&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Yerel&rft.au=Sosa+Villagarcia%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffondoeditorial.iep.org.pe%2Fproducto%2Fel-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banda-2023-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banda-2023_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banda-2023_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banda-2023_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banda-2023_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanda2023" class="citation web cs1">Banda, Gonzalo (12 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/at-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal/">"At Peru Protests' Epicenter, Rage—And a Sense of Betrayal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Americas_Quarterly" title="Americas Quarterly">Americas Quarterly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112203739/https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/at-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Americas+Quarterly&rft.atitle=At+Peru+Protests%27+Epicenter%2C+Rage%E2%80%94And+a+Sense+of+Betrayal&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.aulast=Banda&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americasquarterly.org%2Farticle%2Fat-peru-protests-epicenter-rage-and-a-sense-of-betrayal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_E._Castro_Garro" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">David E. Castro Garro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf">"Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad"</a> [Training module on genetic resources and biosafety] (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Environment (Peru)">Ministerio de Ambiente de la República de Perú</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%B3dulo+de+capacitaci%C3%B3n+en+recursos+gen%C3%A9ticos+y+bioseguridad&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Ambiente+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Per%C3%BA&rft.au=David+E.+Castro+Garro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiocanperu.minam.gob.pe%2FciisbPeru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2F2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf">"Freedom in the World 2017 – Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727054703/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf">Archived</a> 27 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, 31 January 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKercher2012" class="citation book cs1">McKercher, B. J. C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136664366" title="Special:BookSources/9781136664366"><bdi>9781136664366</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020. <q>a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Diplomacy+and+Statecraft&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136664366&rft.aulast=McKercher&rft.aufirst=B.+J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtCoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. El nombre del Perú. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Vega, Garcilasco, Commentarios Reales de los Incas, Editorial Mantaro, Lima, ed. 1998. pp. 14–15. First published in Lisbon in 1609. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Raúl Porras Barrenechea, El nombre del Perú, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Article I of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution of Peru</a> (1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillehay2017" class="citation book cs1">Dillehay, Tom D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIIlDwAAQBAJ">Where the Land Meets the Sea</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477311493" title="Special:BookSources/9781477311493"><bdi>9781477311493</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317022348/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Where_the_Land_Meets_the_Sea/GIIlDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Land+Meets+the+Sea&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781477311493&rft.aulast=Dillehay&rft.aufirst=Tom+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIIlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordy-Collins1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cordy-Collins, Alana (1992). "Archaism or Tradition?: The Decapitation Theme in Cupisnique and Moche Iconography". Latin American Antiquity. 3 (3): 206–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971715">10.2307/971715</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971715">971715</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56406255">56406255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Archaism+or+Tradition%3F%3A+The+Decapitation+Theme+in+Cupisnique+and+Moche+Iconography&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=206-220&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56406255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971715&rft.aulast=Cordy-Collins&rft.aufirst=Alana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508102511/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330">"Chavin (Archaeological Site)"</a>. UNESCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/330">the original</a> on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chavin+%28Archaeological+Site%29&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck">World History: Patterns of Interaction</a>. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-87274-X"><bdi>0-395-87274-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Patterns+of+Interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-395-87274-X&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft.au=Black%2C+Linda&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Larry+S.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Phillip+C.&rft.au=Shabaka%2C+Dahia+Ibo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcdougallittellw00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keatinge22-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keatinge22_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keatinge22_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatingeConrad1983" class="citation journal cs1">Keatinge, Richard W.; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1983). "Imperialist expansion in Peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory". Journal of Field Archaeology. 10 (3): 255–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F009346983791504246">10.1179/009346983791504246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Imperialist+expansion+in+Peruvian+prehistory%3A+Chimu+administration+of+a+conquered+territory&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-283&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F009346983791504246&rft.aulast=Keatinge&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomJanusek2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blom, Deborah E.; Janusek, John W. (2004). "Making Place: Humans as Dedications in Tiwanaku". World Archaeology. 36: 123–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0043824042000192623">10.1080/0043824042000192623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154741300">154741300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Making+Place%3A+Humans+as+Dedications+in+Tiwanaku&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=123-141&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0043824042000192623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154741300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Deborah+E.&rft.au=Janusek%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm">Pre-Inca Cultures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012150/http://countrystudies.us/peru/2.htm">Archived</a> 3 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. countrystudies.us. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemarestConrad1984" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Arthur Andrew; Conrad, Geoffrey W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqecX148zLsC&pg=PA57">Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31896-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31896-3"><bdi>0-521-31896-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Empire%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Aztec+and+Inca+Expansionism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-31896-3&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Andrew&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqecX148zLsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Peru <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm">The Incas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012145/http://countrystudies.us/peru/3.htm">Archived</a> 3 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Torero Fernández de Córdoba, Alfredo. (1970) "Lingüística e historia de la Sociedad Andina", Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria, VIII, 3–4, págs. 249–251. Lima: UNALM. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120164828/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca">"The Inca – All Empires"</a>. www.allempires.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca">the original</a> on 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.allempires.com&rft.atitle=The+Inca+%E2%80%93+All+Empires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allempires.com%2Farticle%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dinca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091110041802/http://www.nflc.org/Reach/7ca/enCAInca.htm">"The Inca"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 10 November 2009) The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavallé2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lavallé, Bernard (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936">"7 El fin de Atahualpa"</a>, Francisco Pizarro : Biografía de una conquista, Travaux de l'IFEA (in Spanish), Lima: Institut français d’études andines, pp. 123–139, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8218-2650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8218-2650-2"><bdi>978-2-8218-2650-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319053716/https://books.openedition.org/ifea/936">archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024, retrieved 19 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Francisco+Pizarro+%3A+Biograf%C3%ADa+de+una+conquista&rft.atitle=7+El+fin+de+Atahualpa&rft.pages=123-139&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-8218-2650-2&rft.aulast=Lavall%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifea%2F936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532">"Battle of Cajamarca | Summary | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204140859/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Cajamarca+%7C+Summary+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Cajamarca-1532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lovell, W. George (1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 82 (3): 426–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2563354">2563354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=%27Heavy+Shadows+and+Black+Night%27%3A+Disease+and+Depopulation+in+Colonial+Spanish+America&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-443&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2563354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=W.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchottenhammer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schottenhammer, Angela (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44625493">"Connecting China with the Pacific World?"</a>. Orientierungen. Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens: 144. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0936-4099">0936-4099</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021. <q>The wreck excavation could prove that European style jewelry was being made in the Philippines. Some 56 intact storage jars were discovered. Investigations revealed that they had come from kilns in South China, Cochin China (Vietnam), and Siam (Thailand), and one was of Spanish design. The archaeology of the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, consequently, also provides us with intriguing new insights into the trans-Pacific trade connection and the commodities involved. Each time a galleon arrived at Acapulco, a market, la feria, was organized. This attracted all kinds of people such as Indian peddlers, Mexican and Peruvian merchants, soldiers, the king's officials, and friars, as well as a few Chinese and some Filipinos. From Acapulco, the goods were transported into the hinterlands, into Mexico City, and various other places, including Peru. The Peruvian port at that time was Callao and the Ciudad de los Reyes, that is Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Generally speaking, much of what was not sold (rezagos) directly in Acapulco was redirected towards Peru. Peruvian ships, mainly loaded with silver, mercury, cacao from Guayaquil, and Peruvian wines, sailed to ports along the Mexican and Guatemalan coasts, returning with Asian goods and leftover cargo from the galleon ships. Besides Callao and Guayaquil, Paita was also frequently a port of call.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientierungen.+Zeitschrift+zur+Kultur+Asiens&rft.atitle=Connecting+China+with+the+Pacific+World%3F&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0936-4099&rft.aulast=Schottenhammer&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44625493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm">"Second book of the second part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and chronicle of the religious of our Father, St. Augustine"</a>. Zamboanga City History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228083013/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. <q>He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reenforcement of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zamboanga+City+History&rft.atitle=Second+book+of+the+second+part+of+the+Conquests+of+the+Filipinas+Islands%2C+and+chronicle+of+the+religious+of+our+Father%2C+St.+Augustine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamboanga.com%2Fhtml%2Fhistory_1634_moro_attacks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Russell Bourne, Gods of War, Gods of Peace (New York: Harcourt Books, 2002), 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Kathryn Burns, Colonial Habits (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), 15–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-discover-peru.org2-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discover-peru.org2_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-discover-peru.org2_51-1">b</a> Conquest and Colony of Peru.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discover-peru.org/conquest-and-colony-of-peru/">"Conquest and Colony of Peru"</a>. discover-peru.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818164503/http://www.discover-peru.org/conquest-and-colony-of-peru/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discover-peru.org&rft.atitle=Conquest+and+Colony+of+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discover-peru.org%2Fconquest-and-colony-of-peru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103011538/http://countrystudies.us/peru/">"Peru"</a>. countrystudies.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/peru/">the original</a> on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fperu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II">"Túpac Amaru II"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603132731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tupac-Amaru-II">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C3%BApac+Amaru+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FTupac-Amaru-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Scheina, 2003, Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Gootenberg (1991) p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Discover Peru (Peru cultural society). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/">War of Independence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143330/http://www.discover-peru.org/peru-history-independence/">Archived</a> 21 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Gootenberg (1993) pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Gootenberg (1993) p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Klarén, Peter (2000). Peru: society and nationhood in the Andes. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 262–276, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195069285" title="Special:BookSources/0195069285">0195069285</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/">"Francisco Morales Bermudez, ex-Peruvian military ruler, dies at 100"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716221253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/07/16/morales-burmudez-peru-dies/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Francisco+Morales+Bermudez%2C+ex-Peruvian+military+ruler%2C+dies+at+100&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fobituaries%2F2022%2F07%2F16%2Fmorales-burmudez-peru-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brands, Hal (15 September 2010). "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 21 (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 471–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508418">10.1080/09592296.2010.508418</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154119414">154119414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Peruvian+Challenge%2C+1968%E2%80%931975&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-490&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154119414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/">"Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs" title="Council on Hemispheric Affairs">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a>. 2 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Hemispheric+Affairs&rft.atitle=Welcome%2C+Mr.+Peruvian+President%3A+Why+Alan+Garc%C3%ADa+is+no+hero+to+his+people&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coha.org%2Fwelcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-2013-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard-2013_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard-2013_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2013" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor and Francis. p. 685. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135205157" title="Special:BookSources/9781135205157"><bdi>9781135205157</bdi></a>. <q>The inflation rate in 1990 was 7,650%....President Fujimori immediately implemented a program of severe austerity and privatization programs. The economic shock therapy hit the poor the hardest, but brought inflation down to 139% in 1991 and 57% in 1992.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135205157&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECLAC-1992-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECLAC-1992_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECLAC-1992_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTMDEAAAQBAJ">Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1992</a>. ECLAC. 31 December 1992. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789210601191" title="Special:BookSources/9789210601191"><bdi>9789210601191</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210129/https://books.google.com/books?id=RTMDEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Survey+of+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean+1992&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=ECLAC&rft.date=1992-12-31&rft.isbn=9789210601191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTMDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Luis Rossell, Historias gráficas de la violencia en el Perú, 1980–1984, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaussens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gaussens, Pierre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="Canadian Journal of Bioethics">Canadian Journal of Bioethics</a>. 3 (3): 180+. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">10.7202/1073797ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234586692">234586692</a>. <q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=The+forced+serilization+of+indigenous+population+in+Mexico+in+the+1990s&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180%2B&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1073797ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234586692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gaussens&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1073797ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". <a href="/wiki/NACLA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACLA">NACLA Report on the Americas</a>. 32 (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657">10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657</a>. <q>the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NACLA+Report+on+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Unsettled+accounts%3A+militarization+and+memory+in+postwar+Peru&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Jo-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfredo3-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo3_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo3_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo3_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Schulte-Bockholt2006" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5</bdi></a>. <q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the 'Plan Verde,' and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the 'Plan Verde.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Elites%2C+Cocaine%2C+and+Power+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+organized+crime+and+the+organized+crime+of+politics%3A+a+study+in+criminal+power&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5&rft.au=Alfredo+Schulte-Bockholt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996b-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996b_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996b_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 28–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=28-40&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avilés-2009-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés-2009_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés-2009_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés2009" class="citation journal cs1">Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Politics_and_Society" title="Latin American Politics and Society">Latin American Politics and Society</a>. 51 (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 57–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x">10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154153310">154153310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Despite+Insurgency%3A+Reducing+Military+Prerogatives+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-85&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154153310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). "Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation". <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814433">10.1080/01436599814433</a>. <q>the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Plan Verde was shown to President Fujimorti after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Autogolpes%3A+Dangerous+Undertows+in+the+Third+Wave+of+Democratisation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599814433&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde">"El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición"</a>. Oiga. 647. 12 July 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233742/https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oiga&rft.atitle=El+%22Plan+Verde%22+Historia+de+una+traici%C3%B3n&rft.volume=647&rft.date=1993-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F310286817%2FEl-Plan-Verde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrovic-2021-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrovic-2021_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitrovic-2021_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitrovic2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mitrovic, Mijail (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716181">"At the fabric of history: Peru's political struggle under (and against) the pandemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_Anthropology" title="Dialectical Anthropology">Dialectical Anthropology</a>. 45 (4): 431–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-021-09634-5">10.1007/s10624-021-09634-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716181">8716181</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34980936">34980936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=At+the+fabric+of+history%3A+Peru%27s+political+struggle+under+%28and+against%29+the+pandemic&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=431-446&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8716181%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34980936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10624-021-09634-5&rft.aulast=Mitrovic&rft.aufirst=Mijail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8716181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2018" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT355">Latin America Its Problems and Its Promise: A Multidisciplinary Introduction</a>. Taylor and Francis. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429974694" title="Special:BookSources/9780429974694"><bdi>9780429974694</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427210130/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRdWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT355">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>In September 1992, a small, elite squad within Peru's antiterrorist police (established under Garcia) captured the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzman. Within the next few weeks, using information in Guzman's hideout, police arrested more than 1,000 suspected guerillas. During the next few years, the Shining Path was decimated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+Its+Problems+and+Its+Promise%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Introduction&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780429974694&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRdWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaussens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gaussens, Pierre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="Canadian Journal of Bioethics">Canadian Journal of Bioethics</a>. 3 (3): 180+. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">10.7202/1073797ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234586692">234586692</a>. <q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=The+forced+serilization+of+indigenous+population+in+Mexico+in+the+1990s&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180%2B&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1073797ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234586692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gaussens&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1073797ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackZavala2018" class="citation book cs1">Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/">Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 286–291. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021. <q>At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racialization+and+Language%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives+From+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=286-291&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Back&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Zavala%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe%2Fbnp%2Frecursos%2F2%2Fhtml%2FRacismo-y-lenguaje%2F286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Economist-2007-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist-2007_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Economist-2007_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410185845/http://www.economist.com/research/backgrounders/displaybackgrounder.cfm?bg=709221">"Peru"</a>. The Economist. 17 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/research/backgrounders/displaybackgrounder.cfm?bg=709221">the original</a> on 10 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Peru&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fresearch%2Fbackgrounders%2Fdisplaybackgrounder.cfm%3Fbg%3D709221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation journal cs1">White, Gavin David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015013756/http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html">"Displacement, decentralisation and reparation in post-conflict Peru"</a>. Forced Migration Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmreview.org/protracted/white.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forced+Migration+Review&rft.atitle=Displacement%2C+decentralisation+and+reparation+in+post-conflict+Peru&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Gavin+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmreview.org%2Fprotracted%2Fwhite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz_de_Zárate2016" class="citation web cs1">Ortiz de Zárate, Roberto (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi">"Keiko Fujimori Higuchi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Centre_for_International_Affairs" title="Barcelona Centre for International Affairs">Barcelona Centre for International Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209060543/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/keiko_fujimori_higuchi">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barcelona+Centre+for+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Keiko+Fujimori+Higuchi&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Ortiz+de+Z%C3%A1rate&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidob.org%2Fbiografias_lideres_politicos%2Famerica_del_sur%2Fperu%2Fkeiko_fujimori_higuchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm">"Fujimori 'to run for presidency'"</a>. BBC. 20 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303033526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fujimori+%27to+run+for+presidency%27&rft.date=2004-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F3673082.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForero2006" class="citation news cs1">Forero, Juan (9 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html">"Fujimori's Daughter Polishes Her Jailed Father's Image on the Road to Congress in Peru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004070946/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/world/americas/fujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fujimori%27s+Daughter+Polishes+Her+Jailed+Father%27s+Image+on+the+Road+to+Congress+in+Peru&rft.date=2006-04-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Forero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F09%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Ffujimoris-daughter-polishes-her-jailed-fathers-image-on-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407">"Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 7 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412001459/https://www.reuters.com/article/bondsNews/idUSN0746237820090407">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Fujimori+sentenced+to+25+years+prison&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FbondsNews%2FidUSN0746237820090407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery" class="citation web cs1">Flannery, Nathaniel Parish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/">"Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053245/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nathanielparishflannery/2017/03/30/political-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Political+Risk+Analysis%3A+How+Will+Peru%27s+Economy+Perform+In+2017%3F&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Parish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnathanielparishflannery%2F2017%2F03%2F30%2Fpolitical-risk-analysis-how-fast-will-perus-economy-grow-in-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america">"The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_Institute_for_Global_and_Area_Studies" title="German Institute for Global and Area Studies">German Institute for Global and Area Studies</a>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209053253/https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/political-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Institute+for+Global+and+Area+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Political+Limits+of+Presidential+Impeachment%3A+Lessons+from+Latin+America&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fgiga-focus%2Fpolitical-limits-presidential-impeachment-lessons-latin-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32129407">"Peru's Prime Minister Ana Jara deposed over spy row"</a>. BBC. BBC News. 31 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820050009/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-32129407">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Prime+Minister+Ana+Jara+deposed+over+spy+row&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-32129407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PROFE92-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PROFE92_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PROFE92_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación</a> (in Spanish) (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lima,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima, Peru">Lima, Peru</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Peruvian Studies (page does not exist)">Institute of Peruvian Studies</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-612-326-084-2"><bdi>978-612-326-084-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Profe%3A+C%C3%B3mo+Pedro+Castillo+se+convirti%C3%B3+en+presidente+del+Per%C3%BA+y+qu%C3%A9+pasar%C3%A1+a+continuaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peruvian+Studies&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-612-326-084-2&rft.aulast=Asensio&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Grompone%2C+Romeo&rft.au=Pajuelo+Teves%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a+Jimenez%2C+Omayra&rft.au=Moscoso%2C+Macarena&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Yerel&rft.au=Sosa+Villagarcia%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffondoeditorial.iep.org.pe%2Fproducto%2Fel-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taj-2021-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taj-2021_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taj-2021_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaj2021" class="citation news cs1">Taj, Mitra (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349">"'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=%27Too+many+mistakes%27%3A+Peru%27s+president+threatened+with+impeachment+after+shaky+start&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Taj&rft.aufirst=Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F685a5a7d-4531-4242-9074-badd59254349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-2021-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2021_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2021_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19/">"Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 19 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129191635/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Keiko+Fujimori+backs+long-shot+effort+to+impeach+President+Castillo&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperus-keiko-fujimori-backs-long-shot-effort-impeach-president-castillo-2021-11-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tegel-2021-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tegel-2021_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tegel-2021_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegel2021" class="citation web cs1">Tegel, Simeon (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/">"Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015221103/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/10/15/peru-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Can+Pedro+Castillo+Save+His+Presidency%3F&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F10%2F15%2Fperu-president-pedro-castillo-left-extremism-impeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegel2018" class="citation news cs1">Tegel, Simeon (12 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html">"Corruption scandals have ensnared 3 Peruvian presidents. Now the whole political system could change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/gdpr-consent/?next_url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/corruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change/2018/08/11/0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Corruption+scandals+have+ensnared+3+Peruvian+presidents.+Now+the+whole+political+system+could+change.&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fcorruption-scandals-have-ensnared-3-peruvian-presidents-now-the-whole-political-system-could-change%2F2018%2F08%2F11%2F0cd43ab0-9a82-11e8-a8d8-9b4c13286d6b_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating">"Peru's Vizcarra Begins Presidency With 57 Pct Approval Rating"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. 15 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073907/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-04-15/perus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Vizcarra+Begins+Presidency+With+57+Pct+Approval+Rating&rft.date=2018-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2018-04-15%2Fperus-vizcarra-begins-presidency-with-57-pct-approval-rating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826">"Peruvian Congress votes to impeach President Martín Vizcarra"</a>. BBC News. 10 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828224411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54872826">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Peruvian+Congress+votes+to+impeach+President+Mart%C3%ADn+Vizcarra&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-54872826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546">"Peru's President Merino resigns after deadly crackdown on protesters"</a>. BBC News. 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014756/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54953546">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+President+Merino+resigns+after+deadly+crackdown+on+protesters&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-54953546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831">"Francisco Sagasti sworn in as interim Peruvian leader"</a>. BBC News. 18 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223056/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54967831">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Francisco+Sagasti+sworn+in+as+interim+Peruvian+leader&rft.date=2020-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-54967831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402">"Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru"</a>. BBC News. 20 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813223041/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pedro+Castillo+declared+president-elect+of+Peru&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-57897402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989">"Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president"</a>. DW.com. 28 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813235157/https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.com&rft.atitle=Peru%3A+Pedro+Castillo+sworn+in+as+president&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fperu-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president%2Fa-58672989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html">"The bicentennial of Peru's independence: A historic opportunity"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120152550/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/07/27/the-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=The+bicentennial+of+Peru%27s+independence%3A+A+historic+opportunity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2021%2F07%2F27%2Fthe-bicentennial-of-perus-independence-a-historic-opportunity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote">"Peru's President Accused of Coup After Move to Dissolve Congress"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 7 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208084351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-07/peru-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+President+Accused+of+Coup+After+Move+to+Dissolve+Congress&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-12-07%2Fperu-president-dissolves-congress-hours-before-impeachment-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505">"Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment"</a>. BBC News. 7 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208191334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+President+Pedro+Castillo+replaced+by+Dina+Boluarte+after+impeachment&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-63895505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup">"Peru president removed from office and charged with 'rebellion' after alleged coup attempt"</a>. The Guardian. 8 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207211159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/07/peru-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Peru+president+removed+from+office+and+charged+with+%27rebellion%27+after+alleged+coup+attempt&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fdec%2F07%2Fperu-president-detained-pedro-castillo-coup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patriau-2023-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patriau-2023_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patriau-2023_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/02/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones/">"Daniel Encinas: "Dina Boluarte ha hecho una coalición con fuerzas que no ganaron la elección""</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La Republica</a> (in Spanish). 2 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172824/https://larepublica.pe/politica/actualidad/2023/01/02/pedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Republica&rft.atitle=Daniel+Encinas%3A+%22Dina+Boluarte+ha+hecho+una+coalici%C3%B3n+con+fuerzas+que+no+ganaron+la+elecci%C3%B3n%22&rft.date=2023-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2Factualidad%2F2023%2F01%2F02%2Fpedro-castillo-daniel-encinas-dina-boluarte-ha-hecho-una-coalicion-con-fuerzas-que-no-ganaron-la-eleccion-golpe-de-estado-fuerzas-armadas-adelanto-de-elecciones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/">"Perú Libre presentará moción de interpelación contra ministro del Interior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La Republica</a> (in Spanish). 4 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112005354/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2023/01/03/marcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Republica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA+Libre+presentar%C3%A1+moci%C3%B3n+de+interpelaci%C3%B3n+contra+ministro+del+Interior&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2F2023%2F01%2F03%2Fmarcha-por-la-paz-peru-libre-presentara-mocion-de-interpelacion-contra-ministro-del-interior-victor-rojas-pnp-atmp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Chaboo, C.S. & A. Catenazzi. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Biogeography. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):140–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Andes Handbook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp?codigo=54">Huascarán</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008051103/http://www.andeshandbook.cl/eng/default.asp?main=cerro.asp%3Fcodigo%3D54">Archived</a> 8 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2 June 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroveBakerCrossRigsby2003" class="citation journal cs1">Grove, Matthew J; Baker, Paul A; Cross, Scott L; Rigsby, Catherine A; Seltzer, Geoffrey O (2003). "Application of Strontium Isotopes to Understanding the Hydrology and Paleohydrology of the Altiplano, Bolivia-Peru". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 194 (1–3): 281–297. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PPP...194..281G">2003PPP...194..281G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2803%2900282-7">10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00282-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Application+of+Strontium+Isotopes+to+Understanding+the+Hydrology+and+Paleohydrology+of+the+Altiplano%2C+Bolivia-Peru&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=281-297&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2803%2900282-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PPP...194..281G&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J&rft.au=Baker%2C+Paul+A&rft.au=Cross%2C+Scott+L&rft.au=Rigsby%2C+Catherine+A&rft.au=Seltzer%2C+Geoffrey+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOficina_nacional_de_evaluación_de_recursos_naturales_(previous_INRENA)" class="citation web cs1">Oficina nacional de evaluación de recursos naturales (previous INRENA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625070846/http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf">"Inventario nacional de lagunas y represamientos"</a> (PDF). INRENA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrena.gob.pe/irh/inv_nac_lagunas_represas/inv_nac_lag_rep.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INRENA&rft.atitle=Inventario+nacional+de+lagunas+y+represamientos&rft.au=Oficina+nacional+de+evaluaci%C3%B3n+de+recursos+naturales+%28previous+INRENA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrena.gob.pe%2Firh%2Finv_nac_lagunas_represas%2Finv_nac_lag_rep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú, El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peruwildlife.info/">"Peru Wildlife: Portal for information about wildlife and ecotourism in Peru"</a>. www.peruwildlife.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123112/http://www.peruwildlife.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peruwildlife.info&rft.atitle=Peru+Wildlife%3A+Portal+for+information+about+wildlife+and+ecotourism+in+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peruwildlife.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Ortega, H., Hidalgo, M., Correa, E., Espino, J., Chocano, L., Trevejo, G., ... & Quispe, R. (2012). Lista anotada de los peces de aguas continentales del Peru. Estado actual del conocimiento, distribución, usos y aspectos de conservación. Lima, Perú: Ministerio del Ambiente </li> <li id="cite_note-selectlatam-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-selectlatam_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-selectlatam_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226200532/http://www.selectlatinamerica.co.uk/destinations/peru/wildlife">"Peru: Wildlife"</a>. Select Latin America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selectlatinamerica.co.uk/destinations/peru/wildlife">the original</a> on 26 February 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peru%3A+Wildlife&rft.pub=Select+Latin+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selectlatinamerica.co.uk%2Fdestinations%2Fperu%2Fwildlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Chaboo, C.S. 2015. Beetles (Coleoptera) of Peru: A survey of the Families. Part I. Overview. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 88(02):135–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon" class="citation web cs1">Dillon, Michael O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacha.org/solanaceae/lomas_solanaceae.pdf">"The solanaceae of the lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile"</a> (PDF). sacha.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713202506/http://www.sacha.org/Solanaceae/Lomas_Solanaceae.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacha.org&rft.atitle=The+solanaceae+of+the+lomas+formations+of+coastal+Peru+and+Chile&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacha.org%2Fsolanaceae%2Flomas_solanaceae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"</a>. Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government">"Peru: Government"</a>. globaledge.msu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053213/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/peru/government">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globaledge.msu.edu&rft.atitle=Peru%3A+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaledge.msu.edu%2Fcountries%2Fperu%2Fgovernment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Andrade, Guilherme Trivellato (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936">From Promise to Delivery: Organizing the Government of Peru to Improve Public Health Outcomes</a> (Thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717030051/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/38811936">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=From+Promise+to+Delivery%3A+Organizing+the+Government+of+Peru+to+Improve+Public+Health+Outcomes&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Guilherme+Trivellato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fhandle%2F1%2F38811936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandiniSousa2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandini, Patrick Wieland; Sousa, Ronnie Farfan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5">"Overview of the different levels of government"</a>. The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and Redd+ Across Levels and Sectors in Peru: 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726205333/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02240.5">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Distribution+of+Powers+and+Responsibilities+Affecting+Forests%2C+Land+Use%2C+and+Redd%2B+Across+Levels+and+Sectors+in+Peru&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+different+levels+of+government&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fernandini&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Wieland&rft.au=Sousa%2C+Ronnie+Farfan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep02240.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerra2019" class="citation book cs1">Serra, Diego (30 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml">"Defending bicameralism and equalising powers: The case of Peru"</a>. Constitutional Reform of National Legislatures. pp. 142–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781788978644.00016">10.4337/9781788978644.00016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788978644" title="Special:BookSources/9781788978644"><bdi>9781788978644</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203215051">203215051</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715053427/https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788978637/9781788978637.00016.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defending+bicameralism+and+equalising+powers%3A+The+case+of+Peru&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Reform+of+National+Legislatures&rft.pages=142-162&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203215051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781788978644.00016&rft.isbn=9781788978644&rft.aulast=Serra&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%2Fview%2Fedcoll%2F9781788978637%2F9781788978637.00016.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrancht2003" class="citation book cs1">Hildebrancht, Martha (2003). El Habla Culta (o lo que debiera serlo). Lima. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Habla+Culta+%28o+lo+que+debiera+serlo%29&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hildebrancht&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegel" class="citation news cs1">Tegel, Simeon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html">"Peru's president dissolved Congress. Then Congress suspended the president"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221011812/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/perus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president/2019/10/01/7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+president+dissolved+Congress.+Then+Congress+suspended+the+president.&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fperus-president-dissolved-congress-then-congress-suspended-the-president%2F2019%2F10%2F01%2F7b404cd6-e451-11e9-b0a6-3d03721b85ef_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Articles No. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Clark, Jeffrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232240/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/pubs/descriptions/perubuilding.htm">Building on quicksand</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument">"Reglamento del Congreso de la Republica"</a>. www2.congreso.gob.pe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715051433/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/RelatAgenda/reglamento.nsf/033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b/b362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.congreso.gob.pe&rft.atitle=Reglamento+del+Congreso+de+la+Republica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.congreso.gob.pe%2Fsicr%2FRelatAgenda%2Freglamento.nsf%2F033ee8fa0e1a44f40525729300229e8b%2Fb362ef2a104cc2780525672b007856e1%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeMagallanesPorter2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Sang Hoon; Magallanes, José Manuel; Porter, Mason A. (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061">"Time-dependent community structure in legislation cosponsorship networks in the Congress of the Republic of Peru"</a>. Journal of Complex Networks. 5 (1): 127–144. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.01002">1510.01002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcomnet%2Fcnw004">10.1093/comnet/cnw004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-1310">2051-1310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15837465">15837465</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155028/https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/5/1/127/2909061">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Complex+Networks&rft.atitle=Time-dependent+community+structure+in+legislation+cosponsorship+networks+in+the+Congress+of+the+Republic+of+Peru&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-144&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1510.01002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15837465%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2051-1310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcomnet%2Fcnw004&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sang+Hoon&rft.au=Magallanes%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rft.au=Porter%2C+Mason+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcomnet%2Farticle%2F5%2F1%2F127%2F2909061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421">"Under fire Peru president resigns"</a>. BBC News. 22 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304170729/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43492421">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Under+fire+Peru+president+resigns&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-43492421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romero, César (28 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472">"Tribunal Constitucional falla a favor del Congreso, que tendrá un poder absoluto y sin control judicial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316090853/https://larepublica.pe/politica/congreso/2023/02/24/tribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Tribunal+Constitucional+falla+a+favor+del+Congreso%2C+que+tendr%C3%A1+un+poder+absoluto+y+sin+control+judicial&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2Fcongreso%2F2023%2F02%2F24%2Ftribunal-constitucional-falla-a-favor-del-congreso-que-tendra-un-poder-absoluto-y-sin-control-judicial-poder-judicial-defensoria-del-pueblo-sunedu-1427472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romero, César (25 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875">"El Tribunal Constitucional está destruyendo el régimen democrático del país"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225202050/https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/02/25/el-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=El+Tribunal+Constitucional+est%C3%A1+destruyendo+el+r%C3%A9gimen+democr%C3%A1tico+del+pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2023-02-25&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2Fjudiciales%2F2023%2F02%2F25%2Fel-tribunal-constitucional-esta-destruyendo-el-regimen-democratico-del-pais-congreso-poder-ejecutivo-poder-judicial-1500875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanHill2014" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Jason; Hill, Lisa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">Compulsory Voting: For and Against</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04151-6"><bdi>978-1-107-04151-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202530/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRpvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compulsory+Voting%3A+For+and+Against&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04151-6&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Hill%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRpvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html">"Peru: Sistemas Electorales / Electoral Systems"</a>. pdba.georgetown.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109100950/http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ElecSys/Peru/peru.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdba.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=Peru%3A+Sistemas+Electorales+%2F+Electoral+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdba.georgetown.edu%2FElecSys%2FPeru%2Fperu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> (in Spanish) Congreso de la República del Perú, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp">Grupos Parlamentarios</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229061528/http://www.congreso.gob.pe/organizacion/grupos.asp">Archived</a> 29 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 27 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021">"Elections Show Fissures in Peru's Political Institutions"</a>. Finch Ratings. 14 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607090449/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/elections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finch+Ratings&rft.atitle=Elections+Show+Fissures+in+Peru%27s+Political+Institutions&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitchratings.com%2Fresearch%2Fsovereigns%2Felections-show-fissures-in-perus-political-institutions-14-04-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquino2021" class="citation news cs1">Aquino, Marco (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/">"Peru socialist Castillo confirmed president after lengthy battle over results"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720182728/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru+socialist+Castillo+confirmed+president+after+lengthy+battle+over+results&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.aulast=Aquino&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperus-fujimori-admits-defeat-presidential-election-lashes-out-socialist-rival-2021-07-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html">"The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics"</a>. The Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082750/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=The+curious+case+of+Peru%27s+persistent+president-to-prison+politics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2020%2F11%2F17%2Fthe-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1">"Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment"</a>. Reuters. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122082749/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+presidential+lineup%3A+graft+probes%2C+suicide+and+impeachment&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2017" class="citation web cs1">Dennis, Claire (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/">"Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215040557/https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/another-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InSight+Crime&rft.atitle=Another+Top+Peru+Politician+Embroiled+in+Odebrecht+Scandal&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Fnews%2Fanalysis%2Fanother-top-peru-politician-embroiled-odebrecht-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/">"El misterio del harakiri | IDL Reporteros"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IDL_Reporteros" class="mw-redirect" title="IDL Reporteros">IDL Reporteros</a>. 11 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100315/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/el-misterio-del-harakiri/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDL+Reporteros&rft.atitle=El+misterio+del+harakiri+%7C+IDL+Reporteros&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idl-reporteros.pe%2Fel-misterio-del-harakiri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozo_Díaz2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pozo Díaz, Hildebrando Castro (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf">"Existen regiones en nuestro pais"</a> (PDF). Congreso de la Republica de Peru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324180534/http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con_uibd.nsf/9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB/$FILE/EXISTENREGIONES.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congreso+de+la+Republica+de+Peru&rft.atitle=Existen+regiones+en+nuestro+pais&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Pozo+D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=Hildebrando+Castro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.congreso.gob.pe%2Fsicr%2Fcendocbib%2Fcon_uibd.nsf%2F9F70BD4F97DA0D27052574B800766BBB%2F%24FILE%2FEXISTENREGIONES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article No. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales">"Gobierno del Perú"</a>. www.gob.pe (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619102427/https://www.gob.pe/estado/gobiernos-regionales">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gob.pe&rft.atitle=Gobierno+del+Per%C3%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.pe%2Festado%2Fgobiernos-regionales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickovick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dickovick, J. Tyler (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139">"Municipalization as Central Government Strategy: Central-Regional–Local Politics in Peru, Brazil, and South Africa"</a>. Publius: The Journal of Federalism. 37 (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpublius%2Fpjl012">10.1093/publius/pjl012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-5950">0048-5950</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061905/https://academic.oup.com/publius/article/37/1/1/1940139">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publius%3A+The+Journal+of+Federalism&rft.atitle=Municipalization+as+Central+Government+Strategy%3A+Central-Regional%E2%80%93Local+Politics+in+Peru%2C+Brazil%2C+and+South+Africa&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpublius%2Fpjl012&rft.issn=0048-5950&rft.aulast=Dickovick&rft.aufirst=J.+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpublius%2Farticle%2F37%2F1%2F1%2F1940139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article No. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönwälder2002" class="citation book cs1">Schönwälder, Gerd (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&q=peru+government&pg=PP1">Linking Civil Society and the State: Urban Popular Movements, the Left, and Local Government in Peru, 1980–1992</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02379-3"><bdi>978-0-271-02379-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061233/https://books.google.com/books?id=40GaCgAAQBAJ&q=peru+government&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linking+Civil+Society+and+the+State%3A+Urban+Popular+Movements%2C+the+Left%2C+and+Local+Government+in+Peru%2C+1980%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02379-3&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nw%C3%A4lder&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40GaCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dperu%2Bgovernment%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article No. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonika_HuberWolfgang_Kaiser2013" class="citation web cs1">Monika Huber; Wolfgang Kaiser (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation">"Mixed Feelings"</a>. dandc.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042639/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+Feelings&rft.pub=dandc.eu&rft.date=2013-02&rft.au=Monika+Huber&rft.au=Wolfgang+Kaiser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fperus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPique2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pique, Ricardo (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300064">"Higher pay, worse outcomes? The impact of mayoral wages on local government quality in Peru"</a>. Journal of Public Economics. 173: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2019.01.005">10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2727">0047-2727</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14763370">14763370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716090526/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272719300064">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Economics&rft.atitle=Higher+pay%2C+worse+outcomes%3F+The+impact+of+mayoral+wages+on+local+government+quality+in+Peru&rft.volume=173&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14763370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-2727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2019.01.005&rft.aulast=Pique&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0047272719300064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta1987" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, Eduardo Ferrero (1987). "Peruvian Foreign Policy: Current Trends, Constraints and Opportunities". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 29 (2): 55–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F166073">10.2307/166073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1937">0022-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/166073">166073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interamerican+Studies+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Peruvian+Foreign+Policy%3A+Current+Trends%2C+Constraints+and+Opportunities&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-78&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0022-1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F166073%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F166073&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+Ferrero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-159"><a href="#cite_ref-John_159-0">^</a> St John, Ronald Bruce (1992). The foreign policy of Peru. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555873049" title="Special:BookSources/1555873049">1555873049</a>, pp. 223–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincolnFerris2019" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Jennie K.; Ferris, Elizabeth G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&pg=PT150">The Dynamics Of Latin American Foreign Policies: Challenges For The 1980s</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-31605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-31605-6"><bdi>978-1-000-31605-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417061236/https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiiDwAAQBAJ&q=peru++%22foreign+policy%22&pg=PT150">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+Of+Latin+American+Foreign+Policies%3A+Challenges+For+The+1980s&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-31605-6&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Jennie+K.&rft.au=Ferris%2C+Elizabeth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAiiDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dperu%2B%2B%2522foreign%2Bpolicy%2522%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco-Jiménez,_M.,_Parra-Irineo,_G.,_González-González,_N._and_Tavizon-Salazar,_A.2019" class="citation book cs1">Blanco-Jiménez, M., Parra-Irineo, G., González-González, N. and Tavizon-Salazar, A. (30 May 2019). "Pacific Alliance: Political, Economic, and Commercial Implications". Regional Integration in Latin America. Vol. 1. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F978-1-78973-159-020191001">10.1108/978-1-78973-159-020191001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78973-160-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78973-160-6"><bdi>978-1-78973-160-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181395804">181395804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pacific+Alliance%3A+Political%2C+Economic%2C+and+Commercial+Implications&rft.btitle=Regional+Integration+in+Latin+America&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A181395804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F978-1-78973-159-020191001&rft.isbn=978-1-78973-160-6&rft.au=Blanco-Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+M.%2C+Parra-Irineo%2C+G.%2C+Gonz%C3%A1lez-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+N.+and+Tavizon-Salazar%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso_Morán_de_Romaña2018" class="citation web cs1">Alonso Morán de Romaña (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/">"Productivity provides the key to Peru's bid for OECD membership"</a>. LSE Latin America and Caribbean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020937/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2018/01/25/productivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+Latin+America+and+Caribbean&rft.atitle=Productivity+provides+the+key+to+Peru%27s+bid+for+OECD+membership&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.au=Alonso+Mor%C3%A1n+de+Roma%C3%B1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Flatamcaribbean%2F2018%2F01%2F25%2Fproductivity-provides-the-key-to-perus-bid-for-oecd-membership%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx">"Peru's OECD member status bid likely to succeed"</a>. andina.pe (in Spanish). 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329020940/https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=andina.pe&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+OECD+member+status+bid+likely+to+succeed&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandina.pe%2Fingles%2Fnoticia-perus-oecd-member-status-bid-likely-to-succeed-512879.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&volume=7&issue=1and2&article=004">"The treaties of free trade (FTA) and exports of aggro-industrial products in Peru"</a>. Socrates. 7 (1 and 2). 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2347-2146">2347-2146</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218030837/https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:soct&volume=7&issue=1and2&article=004">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socrates&rft.atitle=The+treaties+of+free+trade+%28FTA%29+and+exports+of+aggro-industrial+products+in+Peru&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1+and+2&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=2347-2146&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianjournals.com%2Fijor.aspx%3Ftarget%3Dijor%3Asoct%26volume%3D7%26issue%3D1and2%26article%3D004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafferWinters2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Gregory; Winters, L. Alan (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474745616000550">"FTA Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: Peru–Additional Duty and the Fragmentation of Trade Law"</a>. World Trade Review. 16 (2): 303–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474745616000550">10.1017/S1474745616000550</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-7456">1474-7456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Trade+Review&rft.atitle=FTA+Law+in+WTO+Dispute+Settlement%3A+Peru%E2%80%93Additional+Duty+and+the+Fragmentation+of+Trade+Law&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-326&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1474745616000550&rft.issn=1474-7456&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Winters%2C+L.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1474745616000550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> BBC News (4 November 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm">Peru–Chile border row escalates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115142819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4405402.stm">Archived</a> 15 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Affairs_Canada-Affaires_Mondiales_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Global Affairs Canada-Affaires Mondiales Canada (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng">"Lima Group statement"</a>. GAC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060108/https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/latin_america-amerique_latine/2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GAC&rft.atitle=Lima+Group+statement&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.au=Global+Affairs+Canada-Affaires+Mondiales+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fworld-monde%2Finternational_relations-relations_internationales%2Flatin_america-amerique_latine%2F2020-01-05-lima_group-groupe_lima.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf">"2024 Global Peace Index"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2024+Global+Peace+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economicsandpeace.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2FGPI-2024-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135">"Ránking ubica al Perú como la cuarta Fuerza Armada más poderosa de Latinoamérica"</a>. RPP (in Spanish). 29 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717012037/https://rpp.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/ranking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RPP&rft.atitle=R%C3%A1nking+ubica+al+Per%C3%BA+como+la+cuarta+Fuerza+Armada+m%C3%A1s+poderosa+de+Latinoam%C3%A9rica&rft.date=2017-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpp.pe%2Fmundo%2Flatinoamerica%2Franking-ubica-al-peru-como-la-cuarta-fuerza-armada-mas-poderosa-de-latinoamerica-noticia-1061135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_1972_43–60-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1972_43–60_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_1972_43–60_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1972" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, James L. (1972). "Revolution from Within: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru". Naval War College Review. 25 (2): 43–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1484">0028-1484</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44639763">44639763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Revolution+from+Within%3A+Changing+Military+Perspectives+in+Peru&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=43-60&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44639763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0028-1484&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Ministerio de Defensa, Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional. Ministerio de Defensa, 2005, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar, Articles No. 29, 42 and 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVásquez1994" class="citation journal cs1">Vásquez, George L. (1994). "The Peruvian Army in War and Peace: 1980–1992". Journal of Third World Studies. 11 (2): 100–116. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-3449">8755-3449</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197485">45197485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Third+World+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Peruvian+Army+in+War+and+Peace%3A+1980%E2%80%931992&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100-116&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45197485%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=8755-3449&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1squez&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1990" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Cynthia (1990). "Representing Debt: Peruvian Presidents Belaunde's and Garcia's Reading/Writing of Peruvian Debt". International Studies Quarterly. 34 (3): 353–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2600575">10.2307/2600575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600575">2600575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Representing+Debt%3A+Peruvian+Presidents+Belaunde%27s+and+Garcia%27s+Reading%2FWriting+of+Peruvian+Debt&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-365&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2600575&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE">"Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Peru | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715175900/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?locations=PE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Military+expenditure+%28%25+of+GDP%29+%E2%80%93+Peru+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FMS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS%3Flocations%3DPE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A">"Peru calls up 10,000 army reserves to enforce quarantine"</a>. Reuters. 1 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406070507/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru+calls+up+10%2C000+army+reserves+to+enforce+quarantine&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-health-coronavirus-peru-army-idUSKBN21J69A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">Archived</a> 23 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . CIA, The World Factbook </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> The World Bank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru">Data by country: Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108042430/http://data.worldbank.org/country/peru">Archived</a> 8 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 1 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> BBC (31 July 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm">Peru country profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105050541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm">Archived</a> 5 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER">"Peru"</a>. Human Development Reports. United Nations. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228165331/http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PER">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Development+Reports&rft.atitle=Peru&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fprofiles%2FPER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Thorp, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Thorp, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview">"Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229034557/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fperu%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2">"Peru and the IMF"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703022454/http://www.imf.org/external/country/PER/index.htm?pn=2">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peru+and+the+IMF&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fcountry%2FPER%2Findex.htm%3Fpn%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montero, Juan Carlos Pérez (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/">"Perú registró una inflación de 0,43% en febrero de 2023"</a>. Finanzas Digital (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003635/https://finanzasdigital.com/2023/03/peru-registro-una-inflacion-de-043/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finanzas+Digital&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA+registr%C3%B3+una+inflaci%C3%B3n+de+0%2C43%25+en+febrero+de+2023&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=Juan+Carlos+P%C3%A9rez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinanzasdigital.com%2F2023%2F03%2Fperu-registro-una-inflacion-de-043%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Thorp, pp. 318–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheahan-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheahan_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheahan1999" class="citation book cs1">Sheahan, John (1999). Searching for a better society: the Peruvian economy from 1950. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271018720" title="Special:BookSources/0271018720"><bdi>0271018720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+a+better+society%3A+the+Peruvian+economy+from+1950&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0271018720&rft.aulast=Sheahan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> 2006 figures. (in Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html">Memoria 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 204. Retrieved 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> (in Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html">Memoria 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 15, 203. Retrieved 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501000640/http://ustraderep.gov/Document_Library/Press_Releases/2006/April/United_States_Peru_Sign_Trade_Promotion_Agreement.html">United States and Peru Sign Trade Promotion Agreement</a>, 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> 2006 figures. (in Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html">Memoria 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909090819/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/publicaciones/memoria-anual/memoria-2006.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 60–61. Retrieved 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024%3A+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf">"Capítulo 4 La Informalidad y la Fuerza de Trabajo"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324023357/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1764/cap04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cap%C3%ADtulo+4+La+Informalidad+y+la+Fuerza+de+Trabajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1764%2Fcap04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pemining-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pemining_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pemining_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comexperu.org.pe/articulo/produccion-cuprifera-aumento-un-127-en-2023-y-el-peru-se-mantiene-como-el-segundo-mayor-productor-de-cobre-del-mundo">"PRODUCCIÓN CUPRÍFERA AUMENTÓ UN 12.7% EN 2023 Y EL PERÚ SE MANTIENE COMO EL SEGUNDO MAYOR PRODUCTOR DE COBRE DEL MUNDO"</a>. Sociedad de Comercio Exterior del Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sociedad+de+Comercio+Exterior+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=PRODUCCI%C3%93N+CUPR%C3%8DFERA+AUMENT%C3%93+UN+12.7%25+EN+2023+Y+EL+PER%C3%9A+SE+MANTIENE+COMO+EL+SEGUNDO+MAYOR+PRODUCTOR+DE+COBRE+DEL+MUNDO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comexperu.org.pe%2Farticulo%2Fproduccion-cuprifera-aumento-un-127-en-2023-y-el-peru-se-mantiene-como-el-segundo-mayor-productor-de-cobre-del-mundo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">"Copper"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Copper&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-copper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">"Silver"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515082301/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Silver&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-silver.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">"Zinc"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Zinc&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-zinc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">"Gold"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Gold&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-gold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf">"Lead"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091715/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Lead&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-lead.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">"Tin"</a> (PDF). Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS. January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813153917/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Tin&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf">USGS Boron Production Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104325/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf">Archived</a> 18 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf">USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2022 at Ghost Archive (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/">"Duas opções: direita ou direita – Le Monde Diplomatique"</a>. diplomatique.org.br. 6 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712021704/https://diplomatique.org.br/duas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diplomatique.org.br&rft.atitle=Duas+op%C3%A7%C3%B5es%3A+direita+ou+direita+%E2%80%93+Le+Monde+Diplomatique&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomatique.org.br%2Fduas-opcoes-direita-ou-direita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Publicaciones/Memoria/1990/Memoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf">"II. SECTOR EXTERNO"</a> (PDF). bcrp.gob.pe (in Spanish). 31 December 1990. p. 32. Retrieved 13 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bcrp.gob.pe&rft.atitle=II.+SECTOR+EXTERNO&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1990-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcrp.gob.pe%2Fdocs%2FPublicaciones%2FMemoria%2F1990%2FMemoria-BCRP-1990-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/">"Agriculture in Peru, by FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050347/http://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agriculture+in+Peru%2C+by+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fes%2F%23data%2FQCL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atalayar-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atalayar_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atalayar_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atalayar.com/en/content/food-crisis-deepens-peru-more-half-population-lacks-enough-eat">"Food crisis deepens in Peru, more than half of the population lacks enough to eat"</a>. Atalayar. December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304003439/https://atalayar.com/en/content/food-crisis-deepens-peru-more-half-population-lacks-enough-eat">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atalayar&rft.atitle=Food+crisis+deepens+in+Peru%2C+more+than+half+of+the+population+lacks+enough+to+eat&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatalayar.com%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Ffood-crisis-deepens-peru-more-half-population-lacks-enough-eat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaparro-2023-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaparro-2023_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaparro-2023_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/01/22/in-peru-half-the-population-lacks-food-security_6012540_4.html">"In Peru, half the population lacks food security"</a>. 22 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304004054/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/01/22/in-peru-half-the-population-lacks-food-security_6012540_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Peru%2C+half+the+population+lacks+food+security&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F01%2F22%2Fin-peru-half-the-population-lacks-food-security_6012540_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true">"Manufacturing, value added (current US$) | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Manufacturing%2C+value+added+%28current+US%24%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNV.IND.MANF.CD%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html">"Peru prepara indústria pesqueira para enfrentar mudança climática"</a>. GZH. 12 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712035258/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/geral/noticia/2016/07/peru-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GZH&rft.atitle=Peru+prepara+ind%C3%BAstria+pesqueira+para+enfrentar+mudan%C3%A7a+clim%C3%A1tica&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgauchazh.clicrbs.com.br%2Fgeral%2Fnoticia%2F2016%2F07%2Fperu-prepara-industria-pesqueira-para-enfrentar-mudanca-climatica-6567755.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial">"Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Vial"</a>. www.gob.pe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326024359/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gob.pe&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADstica+%E2%80%93+Infraestructura+de+Transportes+%E2%80%93+Infraestructura+Vial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.pe%2Finstitucion%2Fmtc%2Finformes-publicaciones%2F344790-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-vial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf">"Visión de desarrolo de la infraestructura vial"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717052534/https://www.cip.org.pe/publicaciones/2018/vision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visi%C3%B3n+de+desarrolo+de+la+infraestructura+vial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cip.org.pe%2Fpublicaciones%2F2018%2Fvision-de-desarrollo-de-la-infraestructura-vial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria">"Estadística – Infraestructura de Transportes – Infraestructura Ferroviaria"</a>. www.gob.pe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022021352/https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mtc/informes-publicaciones/344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gob.pe&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADstica+%E2%80%93+Infraestructura+de+Transportes+%E2%80%93+Infraestructura+Ferroviaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.pe%2Finstitucion%2Fmtc%2Finformes-publicaciones%2F344794-estadistica-infraestructura-de-transportes-infraestructura-ferroviaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2018" class="citation web cs1">Andrade, Artur Luiz (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html">"Brasil tem 9 dos maiores aeroportos da América Latina"</a>. Portal PANROTAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125631/https://www.panrotas.com.br/aviacao/aeroportos/2018/10/brasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+PANROTAS&rft.atitle=Brasil+tem+9+dos+maiores+aeroportos+da+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Artur+Luiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panrotas.com.br%2Faviacao%2Faeroportos%2F2018%2F10%2Fbrasil-tem-9-dos-maiores-aeroportos-da-america-latina_159919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf">"actividad portuaria de América Latina y el Caribe 2018"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132759/https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/actividad_portuaria_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=actividad+portuaria+de+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+y+el+Caribe+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepal.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2Ffiles%2Factividad_portuaria_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564">"With Peru port project, China gains a foothold in America's backyard"</a>. NBC News. 15 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509224633/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/china-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=With+Peru+port+project%2C+China+gains+a+foothold+in+America%27s+backyard&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fchina-peru-chancay-port-rcna124564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/peru-chancay-china-port-construction-d13e8e8fe19289a6ab97628f708bc671">"Chinese-backed port project in Peru to be the 'gateway from South America to Asia,' official says"</a>. AP News. 23 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516224301/https://apnews.com/article/peru-chancay-china-port-construction-d13e8e8fe19289a6ab97628f708bc671">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Chinese-backed+port+project+in+Peru+to+be+the+%27gateway+from+South+America+to+Asia%2C%27+official+says&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fperu-chancay-china-port-construction-d13e8e8fe19289a6ab97628f708bc671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production">"Peru Electricity Production, 1978 – 2023 | CEIC Data"</a>. www.ceicdata.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230126153442/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/peru/electricity-production">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ceicdata.com&rft.atitle=Peru+Electricity+Production%2C+1978+%E2%80%93+2023+%26%23124%3B+CEIC+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fperu%2Felectricity-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">"Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022"</a> (PDF). IRENA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2022/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRENA&rft.atitle=Renewable+Capacity+Statistics+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FIRENA%2FAgency%2FPublication%2F2022%2FApr%2FIRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Core Indicators, Health Situation in the America's"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200823/https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34329/CoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Core+Indicators%2C+Health+Situation+in+the+America%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.paho.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665.2%2F34329%2FCoreIndicators2017_eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">"Perfil Sociodemografico"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perfil+Sociodemografico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1539%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/">"El Perú tiene una población de 31 millones 488 mil 625 habitantes"</a> [Peru has a population of 31 million 488 thousand 625 inhabitants]. www.inei.gob.pe (in Spanish). INEI. 11 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202214123/https://www.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/el-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.inei.gob.pe&rft.atitle=El+Per%C3%BA+tiene+una+poblaci%C3%B3n+de+31+millones+488+mil+625+habitantes&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fprensa%2Fnoticias%2Fel-peru-tiene-una-poblacion-de-31-millones-488-mil-625-habitantes-9196%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050, pp. 37–38, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year">"First results of the Peruvian population census conducted last year"</a>. The Peru Telegraph. 26 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194519/https://www.perutelegraph.com/news/peru-living-lifestyle/first-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Peru+Telegraph&rft.atitle=First+results+of+the+Peruvian+population+census+conducted+last+year&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perutelegraph.com%2Fnews%2Fperu-living-lifestyle%2Ffirst-results-of-the-peruvian-population-census-conducted-last-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"</a> (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Perfil+Sociodemogr%C3%A1fico&rft.pages=16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1539%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-01-31/isolated-peru-tribe/52903966/1">Isolated Peru tribe threatened by outsiders</a>. USAToday.com. 31 January 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&year_high_desc=true">"Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005113/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=PE&year_high_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total+%28years%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN%3Flocations%3DPE%26year_high_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf">""Situación de la Población Peruana, 2024. Una mirada de la diversidad étnica"</a> (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 20. Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=%22Situaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Poblaci%C3%B3n+Peruana%2C+2024.+Una+mirada+de+la+diversidad+%C3%A9tnica&rft.pages=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.www.gob.pe%2Fuploads%2Fdocument%2Ffile%2F6616587%2F5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">"2017 Peruvian census"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+Peruvian+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1539%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Cook, Noble David (1982) Demographic collapse: Indian Peru, 1520–1620. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521239958" title="Special:BookSources/0521239958">0521239958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"</a> (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Perfil+Sociodemogr%C3%A1fico&rft.pages=214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1539%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Vázquez, Mario (1970) "Immigration and mestizaje in nineteenth-century Peru", pp. 79–81 in Race and class in Latin America. Columbia Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03295-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03295-1">0-231-03295-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm">Peru apologises for abuse of African-origin citizens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8384853.stm">Archived</a> 19 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. 29 November 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Mörner, Magnus (1967), Race mixture in the history of Latin America, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/peru-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva/2587838.aspx">"Peru izabrao predsjednicu peruansko-hrvatskog prijateljstva"</a>. www.index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 21 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.index.hr&rft.atitle=Peru+izabrao+predsjednicu+peruansko-hrvatskog+prijateljstva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.index.hr%2Fvijesti%2Fclanak%2Fperu-izabrao-predsjednicu-peruanskohrvatskog-prijateljstva%2F2587838.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614190654/https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196">"Miles de venezolanos ingresan a Perú antes que entre en vigencia requisito de visa humanitaria | Mundo | Gestion"</a>. 14 June 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestion.pe/mundo/miles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196">the original</a> on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miles+de+venezolanos+ingresan+a+Per%C3%BA+antes+que+entre+en+vigencia+requisito+de+visa+humanitaria+%7C+Mundo+%7C+Gestion&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgestion.pe%2Fmundo%2Fmiles-venezolanos-ingresan-peru-vigencia-requisito-visa-humanitaria-270196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">"Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico"</a> (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 198. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Perfil+Sociodemogr%C3%A1fico&rft.pages=198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1539%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loaiza-2016-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loaiza-2016_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loaiza-2016_238-1">b</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resonancias.org/content/read/355/">Resonancias.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007040234/http://www.resonancias.org/content/read/355/">Archived</a> 7 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Aboriginal languages of Peru </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> World University Ranking 2023, Times Higher Education, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.times">https://www.times</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127230006/https://times/">Archived</a> 27 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> highereducation.com > world-ranking </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/">"Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America"</a>. Statista. 26 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Catholicism+and+evangelism%3A+the+two+most+common+religions+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.statista.com%2Fgrafico%2F28553%2Flas-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">Peru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123014649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">Archived</a> 23 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . CIA, The World Factbook </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Constitución Política del Perú, Article No. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/">"Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 29735, Ley que regula el uso, preservación, desarrollo, recuperación, fomento y difusión de las lenguas originarias del Perú, Decreto Supremo N° 004-2016-MC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029100122/http://busquedas.elperuano.com.pe/normaslegales/decreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto+Supremo+que+aprueba+el+Reglamento+de+la+Ley+N%C2%B0+29735%2C+Ley+que+regula+el+uso%2C+preservaci%C3%B3n%2C+desarrollo%2C+recuperaci%C3%B3n%2C+fomento+y+difusi%C3%B3n+de+las+lenguas+originarias+del+Per%C3%BA%2C+Decreto+Supremo+N%C2%B0+004-2016-MC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusquedas.elperuano.com.pe%2Fnormaslegales%2Fdecreto-supremo-que-aprueba-el-reglamento-de-la-ley-n-29735-decreto-supremo-n-004-2016-mc-1407753-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/">"Textile Doll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043027/https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walters+Art+Museum+site&rft.atitle=Textile+Doll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F79394%2Ftextile-doll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belaunde-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Belaunde_246-0">^</a> Belaunde, Víctor Andrés (1983). Peruanidad. Lima: BCR, p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Bailey, pp. 72–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Bailey, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucie-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucie_249-0">^</a> Lucie-Smith, Edward (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinamericanart00luci">Latin American art of the 20th century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820094958/https://archive.org/details/latinamericanart00luci">Archived</a> 20 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Thames and Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500203563" title="Special:BookSources/0500203563">0500203563</a>, pp. 76–77, 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayon-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Bayon_250-0">^</a> Bayón, Damián (1998). "Art, c. 1920–c. 1980". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521626269" title="Special:BookSources/0521626269">0521626269</a>, pp. 425–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Martin, "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870", pp. 37–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Martin, "Narrative since c. 1920", pp. 186–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news">"7 Things You Need to Know about Peruvian Cuisine"</a>. MICHELIN Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122212/https://guide.michelin.com/sg/features/7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine/news">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MICHELIN+Guide&rft.atitle=7+Things+You+Need+to+Know+about+Peruvian+Cuisine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguide.michelin.com%2Fsg%2Ffeatures%2F7-things-you-need-to-know-about-peruvian-cuisine%2Fnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Custer, pp. 17–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Custer, pp. 25–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Romero, Raúl (1999). "Andean Peru". In: John Schechter (ed.), Music in Latin American culture: regional tradition. New York: Schirmer Books, pp. 385–386. </li> <li id="cite_note-Olsen-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Olsen_259-0">^</a> Olsen, Dale (2002). Music of El Dorado: the ethnomusicology of ancient South American cultures. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813029201" title="Special:BookSources/0813029201">0813029201</a>, pp. 17–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turino-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Turino_260-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Turino" title="Thomas Turino">Turino, Thomas</a> (1993). "Charango". In: Stanley Sadie (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. New York: MacMillan Press Limited, vol. I, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333378784" title="Special:BookSources/0333378784">0333378784</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Romero, Raúl (1985). "La música tradicional y popular". In: Patronato Popular y Porvenir, La música en el Perú. Lima: Industrial Gráfica, pp. pp. 243–245, 261–265. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art of colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714841579" title="Special:BookSources/0714841579">0714841579</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324043856/http://www.tc.gob.pe/legconperu/constitucion.html">Constitución Política del Perú</a>. 29 December 1993.</li> <li>Custer, Tony. The Art of Peruvian Cuisine. Lima: Ediciones Ganesha, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972920305" title="Special:BookSources/9972920305">9972920305</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garland" title="Gonzalo Garland">Garland, Gonzalo</a>. "Perú Siglo XXI", series of 11 working papers describing sectorial long-term forecasts, Grade, Lima, Peru, 1986–1987.</li> <li>Garland, Gonzalo. Peru in the 21st Century: Challenges and Possibilities in Futures: the Journal of Forecasting, Planning, and Policy, Volume 22, No. 4, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, England, May 1990.</li> <li>Gootenberg, Paul. (1991) Between silver and guano: commercial policy and the state in postindependence Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691023425" title="Special:BookSources/0691023425">0691023425</a>.</li> <li>Gootenberg, Paul. (1993) Imagining development: economic ideas in Peru's "fictitious prosperity" of Guano, 1840–1880. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520082907" title="Special:BookSources/0520082907">0520082907</a>.</li> <li>Higgins, James (editor). The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu">jhemanperu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421153751/https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu">Archived</a> 21 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Instituto de Estudios Histórico–Marítimos del Perú. El Perú y sus recursos: Atlas geográfico y económico. Lima: Auge, 1996.</li> <li>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307225725/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0638/Libro.pdf">"Perú: Compendio Estadístico 2005"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0638/Libro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+Compendio+Estad%C3%ADstico+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fbiblioineipub%2Fbancopub%2FEst%2FLib0638%2FLibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"> (8.31 MB). Lima: INEI, 2005.</li> <li>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perfil sociodemográfico del Perú. Lima: INEI, 2008.</li> <li>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Estimaciones y Proyecciones de Población, 1950–2050. Lima: INEI, 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614010900/http://www.ccffaa.mil.pe/INFORMACION/Ley27178_Ley__ServicioMilitar.doc">Ley N° 27178, Ley del Servicio Militar</a> <a href="/wiki/DOC_(computing)" title="DOC (computing)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/.docx_icon.svg/17px-.docx_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/.docx_icon.svg/26px-.docx_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/.docx_icon.svg/34px-.docx_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/DOC_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="DOC (computing)">DOC</a>. 28 September 1999.</li> <li>Ley N° 27867, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702195833/http://www.pmde.gob.pe/taller/Compilacion%20normativa/DESCENTRALIZACI%C3%93N/LEY%20N%C2%BA%2027867_LEY%20ORG%C3%81NICA%20DE%20GOBIERNOS%20LOCALES.pdf">Ley Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales</a>. 16 November 2002.</li> <li>Martin, Gerald. "Literature, music and the visual arts, c. 1820–1870". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 3–45.</li> <li>Martin, Gerald. "Narrative since c. 1920". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 133–225.</li> <li>Porras Barrenechea, Raúl. El nombre del Perú. Lima: Talleres Gráficos P.L. Villanueva, 1968.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheina2003" class="citation cs2">Scheina, Robert (2003), Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899, Brassey's, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-450-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-450-0"><bdi>978-1-57488-450-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+Wars%3A+The+Age+of+the+Caudillo%2C+1791%E2%80%931899&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-450-0&rft.aulast=Scheina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thorp, Rosemary, and Geoffrey Bertram. Peru 1890–1977: growth and policy in an open economy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231034334" title="Special:BookSources/0231034334">0231034334</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkersEdmundson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Akers, Charles Edmond; <a href="/wiki/George_Edmundson" title="George Edmundson">Edmundson, George</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peru">"Peru" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 264–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peru&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=264-278&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Akers&rft.aufirst=Charles+Edmond&rft.au=Edmundson%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeru" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Economy</dt></dl> <ul><li>(in Spanish) Banco Central de Reserva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/estadisticas/cuadros-anuales-historicos.html">Cuadros Anuales Históricos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501045724/http://www.bcrp.gob.pe/estadisticas/cuadros-anuales-historicos.html">Archived</a> 1 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>(in Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Perú: Perfil de la pobreza por departamentos, 2004–2008. Lima: INEI, 2009.</li> <li>Concha, Jaime. "Poetry, c. 1920–1950". In: Leslie Bethell (ed.), A cultural history of Latin America. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1998, pp. 227–260.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Peru at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peru" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Peru">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Peru" class="extiw" title="c:Peru">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Peru" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Peru">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Peru" class="extiw" title="q:Peru">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peru" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Peru">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peru" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Peru">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Peru" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Peru">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/">Peru</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/PER/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Peru</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perulinks.com/pages/english/">PeruLinks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015034906/http://www.perulinks.com/pages/english/">Archived</a> 15 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> web directory</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Peru" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Peru">Wikimedia Atlas of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Peru#Q419" class="extiw" title="voy:Peru">Peru</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peru.gob.pe/">Web portal</a> of the Peruvian Government</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/288247">Peru</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peru_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peru_topics" title="Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_topics" title="Template talk:Peru topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peru_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peru_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Peru" title="Category:Society of Peru">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Peru" title="Prostitution in Peru">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inca_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Template:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inca_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cusco" title="History of Cusco">History of Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chimor–Inca War">Chimor–Inca War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Invasion of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Inca Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_Room" title="Ransom Room">Ransom Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Suntur_Paucar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/150px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/225px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/300px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Inca education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclla" title="Aclla">Aclla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amauta" title="Amauta">Amauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">Ayllu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasqui" title="Chasqui">Chasqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitma" title="Mitma">Mitma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91usta" title="Ñusta">Ñusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakas" title="Panakas">Panakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warachikuy" title="Warachikuy">Warachikuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Inca army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Inca agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_aqueducts" title="Inca aqueducts">Inca aqueducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apu_(god)" title="Apu (god)">Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coricancha" title="Coricancha">Coricancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Killa" title="Mama Killa">Mama Killa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supay" title="Supay">Supay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq" title="Pacha Kamaq">Pacha Kamaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariacaca_(god)" title="Pariacaca (god)">Pariacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urcuchillay" title="Urcuchillay">Urcuchillay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichama" title="Vichama">Vichama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willka_Raymi" title="Willka Raymi">Willka Raymi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Inca mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupana" title="Yupana">Yupana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_American_Summit" title="2004 South American Summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Ecuador_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Argentina_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_American_Summit" title="2010 South American Summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Declaration" title="Cusco Declaration">Cusco Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNASUR_Constitutive_Treaty" title="UNASUR Constitutive Treaty">Constitutive Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President Pro Tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_South_American_Defense" title="Council of South American Defense">Council of South American Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template talk:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Alliance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Alliance" title="Template:Pacific Alliance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Alliance" title="Template talk:Pacific Alliance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Alliance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Alliance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Alliance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercosur" title="Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercosur" title="Template talk:Mercosur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur · Mercosul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(Southern Common Market)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Protocol of Ouro Preto">Protocol of Ouro Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Mercosur" title="Visa policy of the Mercosur">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Full_members" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (suspended)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_Mercosur" title="President pro tempore of Mercosur">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Mercosur" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">European Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012290392X">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122858313">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159434034">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205190/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRwXyDPBcQmWxb7mRpGB">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045312-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055130">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865316b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865316b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569096">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV005504">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35418389">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130394&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575398">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/115943">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=003527258&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000238150&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000013220">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026975">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637538305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/16809">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561804905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616246706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/719f6082-95c7-3dd5-9503-e143010a6cc1">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03138194?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/42f0b683-6034-4a55-ae8e-35d0a65b8e4f">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/25927/">Victoria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/945797">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/UaoqGBuo">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026398206">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/228064228">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003398">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035732">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6b9071c">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Peru&params=10_S_76_W_region:PE">10°S 76°W / 10°S 76°W / -10; -76</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&oldid=1259446805">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&oldid=1259446805</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Andean_Community" title="Category:Andean Community">Andean Community</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_South_America" title="Category:Countries in South America">Countries in South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies" title="Category:Former Spanish colonies">Former Spanish colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics">Republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories">Spanish-speaking countries and territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1821" title="Category:States and territories established in 1821">States and territories established in 1821</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cradle_of_civilization" title="Category:Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Aymara-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Aymara-language text">Articles containing Aymara-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Quechua_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Quechua IPA">Pages with Quechua IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)">Articles with Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_other_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template other archives">Webarchive template other archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Croatian-language_sources_(hr)" title="Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)">CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Quechua-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Quechua-language text">Articles containing Quechua-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 05:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peru&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-c4zbz","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.736","walltime":"3.115","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23598,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":680503,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":80182,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":70,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":822444,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2587.405 1 -total"," 43.46% 1124.373 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.38% 449.738 92 Template:Cite_web"," 14.17% 366.519 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.91% 178.743 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.32% 137.684 1 Template:Peru_topics"," 5.24% 135.473 1 Template:Country_topics"," 5.21% 134.777 7 Template:Nobold"," 5.20% 134.479 4 Template:Native_name"," 5.09% 131.641 22 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.610","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21523222,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.6"],["?","200","11.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.2"],["type","100","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.7"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.4"],["validate \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4232\u003E","40","2.3"],["[others]","600","34.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-744c7589dd-pznfn","timestamp":"20241125142911","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Peru","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q419","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q419","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-26T01:47:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T05:46:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cf\/Flag_of_Peru.svg","headline":"sovereign state in South America"}</script> </body> </html>