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aria-controls="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spanish founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colonial time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Republican era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Local</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Political system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>International organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Maritime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corredores_Complementarios_Bus_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corredores_Complementarios_Bus_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Corredores Complementarios Bus System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corredores_Complementarios_Bus_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colectivos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colectivos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Colectivos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colectivos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_Transport_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_Transport_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7.1</span> <span>Metropolitan Transport System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_Transport_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7.2</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_transportation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_transportation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Other transportation issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_transportation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.3</span> <span>Solid waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_basic_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_basic_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Access to basic services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_basic_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall_of_Shame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_of_Shame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3.1</span> <span>Wall of Shame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_of_Shame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 187 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%88%9B" title="ሊማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ليما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Լիմա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լիմա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADma" title="Líma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Líma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لیما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(kota)" title="Lima (kota) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lima (kota)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="লিমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Peru" title="Lima, Peru – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lima, Peru" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ліма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ліма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="लीमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लीमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Peru" title="Lima, Peru – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lima, Peru" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ལི་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལི་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ليما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="लिमा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लिमा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(Peruu)" title="Lima (Peruu) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lima (Peruu)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λίμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limo" title="Limo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Limo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لیما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADoma" title="Líoma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Líoma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%88" title="리마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Լիմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="लीमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लीमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima,_Peru" title="Lima, Peru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lima, Peru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Лимæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лимæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADma" title="Líma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(Per%C3%B9)" title="Lima (Perù) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lima (Perù)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="לימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE" title="ಲಿಮಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಮಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ლიმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEma" title="Lîma – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîma" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limma" title="Limma – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Limma" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE" title="ലിമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima" title="Rima – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rima" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="लिमा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिमा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ლიმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ليما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لیما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لیما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="လီမာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လီမာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(Peru)" title="Lima (Peru) – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Lima (Peru)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_(stad)" title="Lima (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lima (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9E" title="リマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liima" title="Liima – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liima" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲିମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲੀਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੀਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لیما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limaq" title="Limaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Limaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lima" title="lima – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lima" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱞᱤᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ليما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لیما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Lima" title="Lungsod ng Lima – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lungsod ng Lima" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="லிமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லிமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="ลิมา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิมา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Лима – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лима" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ліма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لیما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لىما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لىما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim" title="Lim – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lim" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%A6%AC" title="利馬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="利馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%A9%AC" title="利马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90" title="לימא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לימא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%A6%AC" title="利馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E9%A6%AC" title="利馬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利馬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima" title="Lima – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Lima" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵍⵉⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵍⵉⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lima&params=12_03_36_S_77_02_15_W_type:city_region:PE-LMA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°03′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">77°02′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.06000°S 77.03750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-12.06000; -77.03750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Peru</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the capital of Peru. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lima_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lima (disambiguation)">Lima (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Limeño" redirects here. For the Spanish bullfighter, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%ADnez_Lime%C3%B1o" title="José Martínez Limeño">José Martínez Limeño</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Peru</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lima</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><i>Ciudad de Los Reyes</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style=";height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="San Isidro District skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/278px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/417px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg/556px-Sanisidroskyscrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro</a> skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Archbishop's Palace and the Metropolitan Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Lima_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2323" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Archbishop%27s_Palace,_Lima" title="Archbishop's Palace, Lima">Archbishop's Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Metropolitan Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_View_of_Lima,_Peru_09_(Night_City).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Plaza Mayor at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Urban_View_of_Lima%2C_Peru_09_%28Night_City%29.jpg/134px-Urban_View_of_Lima%2C_Peru_09_%28Night_City%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Urban_View_of_Lima%2C_Peru_09_%28Night_City%29.jpg/201px-Urban_View_of_Lima%2C_Peru_09_%28Night_City%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Urban_View_of_Lima%2C_Peru_09_%28Night_City%29.jpg/268px-Urban_View_of_Lima%2C_Peru_09_%28Night_City%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Fountain of the Plaza Mayor, Lima">Fountain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div style=";height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parque_de_La_Reserva,_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Parque de la Reserva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Parque_de_La_Reserva%2C_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/92px-Parque_de_La_Reserva%2C_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Parque_de_La_Reserva%2C_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/138px-Parque_de_La_Reserva%2C_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Parque_de_La_Reserva%2C_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/184px-Parque_de_La_Reserva%2C_Lima_-_Peru_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_la_Reserva" title="Parque de la Reserva">Park of the Reserve</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div style=";height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/San_Francisco_Lima.jpg/97px-San_Francisco_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/San_Francisco_Lima.jpg/146px-San_Francisco_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/San_Francisco_Lima.jpg/194px-San_Francisco_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">San Francisco el Grande Basilica</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style=";height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faro_La_Marina,_Miraflores_(6905145089).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="La Marina Lighthouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Faro_La_Marina%2C_Miraflores_%286905145089%29.jpg/81px-Faro_La_Marina%2C_Miraflores_%286905145089%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Faro_La_Marina%2C_Miraflores_%286905145089%29.jpg/122px-Faro_La_Marina%2C_Miraflores_%286905145089%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Faro_La_Marina%2C_Miraflores_%286905145089%29.jpg/162px-Faro_La_Marina%2C_Miraflores_%286905145089%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="4236" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/La_Marina_Lighthouse" title="La Marina Lighthouse">La Marina Lighthouse</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style=";height:111px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miraflores District skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg/278px-Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg/417px-Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg/556px-Ciudad_De_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores</a> skyline</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lima.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lima"><img alt="Flag of Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/100px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/150px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/200px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lima" title="Flag of Lima">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lima"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima" title="Coat of arms of Lima">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Ciudad de los Reyes</i> (City of the Kings) <br /> <i>La Tres Veces Coronada Villa</i> (The Three Times Crowned Ville) <br /> <i>La Perla del Pacífico</i> (The Pearl of the Pacific)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Hoc Signum Vere Regum Est</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)<br />"This is the real sign of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Kings</a>")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lima is located in Peru"><img alt="Lima is located in Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/250px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/375px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peru_physical_map.svg/500px-Peru_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.664%;left:37.652%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lima"><img alt="Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lima</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Peru</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lima is located in South America"><img alt="Lima is located in South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-South_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1732" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.22%;left:21.204%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lima"><img alt="Lima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Lima</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South America</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lima&params=12_03_36_S_77_02_15_W_type:city_region:PE-LMA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°03′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">77°02′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.06000°S 77.03750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-12.06000; -77.03750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Peru" title="Provinces of Peru">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lima_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Province">Lima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">18 January 1535</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipalidad</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Municipality of Lima">Municipality of Lima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lima" title="List of mayors of Lima">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_L%C3%B3pez_Aliaga" title="Rafael López Aliaga">Rafael López Aliaga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,672.3 km<sup>2</sup> (1,031.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">800 km<sup>2</sup> (300 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,819.3 km<sup>2</sup> (1,088.5 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Peru_Altitude:_Elevation_of_Different_Peru_Cities_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peru_Altitude:_Elevation_of_Different_Peru_Cities-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0–1,550 m (0–5,090 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-INEI:_Lima_tiene_9_millones_752_mil_habitantes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INEI:_Lima_tiene_9_millones_752_mil_habitantes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,092,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_America" title="List of cities in South America">2nd</a> in South America<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">1st</a> in Peru</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,751,717</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,000/km<sup>2</sup> (32,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,283,787<sup id="cite_ref-Lima_Population_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lima_Population_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,002.3/km<sup>2</sup> (10,366/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Limeño/a</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Year</th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">$210.4 billion<sup id="cite_ref-TelluBase_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelluBase-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peru_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru Time">PET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UBIGEO" title="UBIGEO">UBIGEO</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">15000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munlima.gob.pe/">www<wbr />.munlima<wbr />.gob<wbr />.pe</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">Historic Centre of Lima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1988, 1991 <small>(12th, 15th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">sessions</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500">500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_America" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lima</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Lima.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Lima.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Lima.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Lima.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Lima.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Lima.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Lima.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LEE</span>-mə</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈlima]</a></span>), founded in 1535 as the <b>Ciudad de los Reyes</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[sjuˈdat<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>los<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈreʝes]</a></span>, Spanish for "City of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Kings</a>"), is the capital and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. It is located in the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%B3n_River" title="Chillón River">Chillón</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River" title="Rímac River">Rímac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_River" title="Lurín River">Lurín Rivers</a>, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. The city is considered the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Due to its geostrategic importance, the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Lima">province of Lima</a> and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Province_of_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Province of Callao">Constitutional Province of Callao</a>, where the seaport and the <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Chávez Airport">Jorge Chávez Airport</a> are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002. </p><p>The 2023 census projection indicates that the city of Lima has an estimated population of 10,092,000 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-inei20p33_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei20p33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the seaside city of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metropolitan Area">Lima Metropolitan Area</a>, which encompasses a total of 10,151,200 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-inei20p33_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei20p33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering the constitutional province of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, the total agglomeration reaches a population of 11,342,100 inhabitants, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world</a>. The city is marked by severe <a href="/wiki/Urban_segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban segregation">urban segregation</a> between the poor <i><a href="/wiki/Pueblos_j%C3%B3venes" title="Pueblos jóvenes">pueblos jóvenes</a></i>, populated in large part by immigrants from the Andean highlands, and wealthy neighbourhoods. From 1985 onwards, barriers known as "walls of shame" run across much of the city separating rich areas from the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-vatik_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by <a href="/wiki/Native_Peruvians" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Peruvians">native Peruvians</a> as <i>Limaq</i>. It became the capital and most important city in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in its <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metropolitan Area">metropolitan area</a>. </p><p>In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the <a href="/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games" title="2019 Pan American Games">2019 Pan American Games</a>; these games were held at venues in and around Lima, and were the largest sporting event ever hosted by the country. It also hosted the <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a> Meetings of 2008 and 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Annual_Meetings_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_and_the_World_Bank_Group" title="Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group">Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group</a> in October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/2014_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference">United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> in December 2014, and the <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1982" title="Miss Universe 1982">Miss Universe 1982</a> contest. In November 2024, it hosted the APEC summit for the third time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to early Spanish articles, the Lima area was once called <i>Itchyma</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> after its original inhabitants. However, even before the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rímac Valley">Rímac Valley</a> had come to be known by visitors as <i>Limaq</i> (<b>Limaq</b>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈli.mɑq]</a></span>, which means "talker" or "speaker" in the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua II">coastal Quechua</a> that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Limaq_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limaq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejects <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> in word-final position. </p><p>The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Kings</a> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Ciudad de los Reyes</i>), because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>. This name quickly fell into disuse, and <i>Lima</i> became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both <i>Lima</i> and <i>Ciudad de los Reyes</i> can be seen together. After <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> reached Lima in 1821 during the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>, the city was granted the title of <i>Heroica y Esforzada Ciudad de los Libres</i> ("Heroic and Corageous City of the Free") in September of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The river that feeds Lima is called <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River" title="Rímac River">Rímac</a></i>, and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="qu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[ˈrimɑq]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a> nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of <a href="/wiki/Cusco_Quechua" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco Quechua">Cuzco Quechua</a>. </p><p>Later, as the original inhabitants died out and the local <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a> became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.<sup id="cite_ref-Limaq_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limaq-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag">Flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lima" title="Flag of Lima">Flag of Lima</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lima" title="Flag of Lima">Flag of Lima</a> is historically known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is formed by a <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">golden-colored</a> silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-flag_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima" title="Coat of arms of Lima">Coat of arms of Lima</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima" title="Coat of arms of Lima">coat of arms of Lima</a> was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish Crown</a> on 7 December 1537, through a <i><a href="/wiki/Real_c%C3%A9dula" title="Real cédula">real cédula</a></i> signed in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and his mother, Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>. It is formed by a main field <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a>, with three <a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">gold crowns of kings</a> placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in the <a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">orle</a> some gold letters that say: <i>Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings).</i> Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above the letters and two crowned <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a>-faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthem">Anthem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, the mayor of the city <a href="/wiki/Luis_Casta%C3%B1eda" title="Luis Castañeda">Luis Castañeda Lossio</a> and various authorities. Those in charge of creating the anthem were the <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a> Luis Enrique Tord (author of the lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lima" title="History of Lima">History of Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lima" title="Timeline of Lima">Timeline of Lima</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg/220px-Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg/330px-Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg/440px-Pachacamac_Mamacona2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pachac%C3%A1mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachacámac">Pachacámac</a>, built from 3rd century to 15th century, was one of the most important pre-Columbian centers of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_to_Peru_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_Peru-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the image the Temple of the Moon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River" title="Rímac River">Rímac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%B3n_River" title="Chillón River">Chillón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_River" title="Lurín River">Lurín</a> rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the <a href="/wiki/Ichma_culture" title="Ichma culture">Lordship of Ichma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConleeDulantoMackayStanish2004218_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConleeDulantoMackayStanish2004218-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maranga culture and the <a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima culture</a> were the ones that established and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (current <a href="/wiki/Puruchuco" title="Puruchuco">Puruchuco</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pachac%C3%A1mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachacámac">Pachacámac</a> (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Spanish conquistadors</a> arrived. </p><p>These cultures were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari Empire</a> during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of <a href="/wiki/Cajamarquilla" title="Cajamarquilla">Cajamarquilla</a> was built.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-James_Higgins_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Higgins-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the <a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay culture</a>. Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this time we can find a great variety of <a href="/wiki/Huaca" title="Huaca">huacas</a> throughout the city, some of which are under investigation. </p><p>The most important or well-known huacas are those of <a href="/wiki/Huaca_Huallamarca" title="Huaca Huallamarca">Huallamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huaca_Pucllana" title="Huaca Pucllana">Pucllana</a>, and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation. </p><p>During the time of the Incas, the valley of Lima was highly populated and organized into an Inca province, or huamani (wamani), called Pachacamac. The colonial Spanish historian <a href="/wiki/Bernab%C3%A9_Cobo" title="Bernabé Cobo">Bernabé Cobo</a> mentions that the huamani of Pachacamac was subdivided into three hunu of tributary men, rather than the conventional four hunu. It has also been argued that a fourth hunu may have existed but was not recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary meaning of the word hunu in Quechua is 10,000, leading to the assumption that 30,000 families lived in the valley. This assumption has been criticized, including by the historian Åke Wedin, because hunu can also mean countless, and therefore could simply refer to a very large group of men. The scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Howland_Rowe" title="John Howland Rowe">John Rowe</a> suggested that the valley had a population of about 150,000 during Inca times.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Whatever the case, each recorded hunu of Pachacamac had a head town, corresponding to some of the most populated settlements in the valley: Caraguayllo (<a href="/wiki/Carabayllo_District" title="Carabayllo District">Carabayllo</a>), Maranga, and Surco (or Sulco, also known as the archaeological site Armatambo).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>... this valley was divided, according to the government of the Inca kings, into three 'unos' or governorships of ten thousand families each; the town of Caraguayllo was the head of the first; that of Maranga, which is situated in the middle of the valley, of the second, and the third, that of Surco; this last town was the largest of all ...<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The inhabitants of the pre-Columbian town of Surco were relocated to the modern district of Santiago de Surco early in the colonial period. In addition to Aymara and Quechua, the inhabitants of the northern part of the valley, specifically in the hunu of Carabayllo, spoke an additional language believed to be <a href="/wiki/Quingnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Quingnam">Quingnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the pre-Hispanic settlement of Lima, it is recorded that this part of the valley, near the Rimac river, was administered by a curaca, or local lord, named Taulichusco. He was a former <a href="/wiki/Yanakuna" title="Yanakuna">yana</a>, or servant, of Mama Vilo, one of the wives of Emperor Huayna Capac. Lima was awarded to Taulichusco in recognition of his services to the Inca royalty. Some of Peru's most important buildings were erected on the sites of major constructions of the pre-Hispanic settlement. For example, the residential palace of Taulichusco was located where the modern <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Gobierno" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacio de Gobierno">Palacio de Gobierno</a> of Peru stands today. A temple called Puma Inti once occupied the site where the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima</a> is now, and the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Municipal_de_Lima" title="Teatro Municipal de Lima">Municipal Theatre of Lima</a> is situated where a pre-Columbian structure, referred to as Huaca El Cabildo by the Spaniards, once stood. These buildings were centered around a plaza, which was later expanded to become the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a>. The Huaca de Aliaga and Huaca Riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza. Other nearby constructions included the temple-oracle of Rímac, one of the main places of worship in the valley, also known as the so-called "huaca grande" that once stood in <a href="/wiki/Barrios_Altos" title="Barrios Altos">Barrios Altos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_founding">Spanish founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg/170px-Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg/255px-Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg/340px-Old_Coat_of_arms_of_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>The colonial <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lima" title="Coat of arms of Lima">Lima's coat of arms</a> official since 7 December 1537<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (from the ethnic groups subdued by the Incas) under the command of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> took monarch <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> prisoner in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>. Although a ransom was paid, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquered their empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Crown</a> named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered. Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a failed attempt to establish it in <a href="/wiki/Jauja" title="Jauja">Jauja</a>. </p><p>He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">port</a> but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a> and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with a suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">epiphany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on territories that had been of the <a href="/wiki/Kuraka" title="Kuraka">kuraka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taulichusco" title="Taulichusco">Taulichusco</a>. The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from the <a href="/wiki/Pachac%C3%A1mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachacámac">Pachacámac</a> sanctuary, near the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River" title="Rímac River">Rímac river</a>. </p><p>However, as had happened with the region, initially called <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration of <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ribera" title="Nicolás de Ribera">Nicolás de Ribera</a>, Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a> and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Government_Palace,_Peru" title="Government Palace, Peru">Government Palace of Peru</a>, which hence retains the traditional name of <i>Casa de Pizarro</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Cathedral</a>, whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the Inca general Quizu Yupanqui under orders from the monarch <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> who was in Cusco, but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. The <a href="/wiki/Huaylas_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaylas Province">Huaylas</a> (Wayllas) army's assistance was of special importance to the Spanish. The army arrived personally led by Contarhuancho<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Kuntur-Wanchu), a secondary wife of the deceased Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wayna_Qhapaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayna Qhapaq">Wayna Qhapaq</a> and now a respected kuraka of half the province of Huaylas, the Hanan Huaylas or Upper Huaylas moiety. Contarhuancho came to Lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter, the Huaylas-Inca princess Doña <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Huaylas_Yupanqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés Huaylas Yupanqui">Inés Huaylas Yupanqui</a>. </p><p>In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> and the seat of a <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Real Audiencia</a></i> in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, a close bond with the port of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> was soon established.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_time">Colonial time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colonial time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_Armas,_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plaza_de_Armas%2C_Lima.jpg/250px-Plaza_de_Armas%2C_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plaza_de_Armas%2C_Lima.jpg/375px-Plaza_de_Armas%2C_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Plaza_de_Armas%2C_Lima.jpg/500px-Plaza_de_Armas%2C_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima</a>, built between 1602 and 1797 in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/250px-Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/375px-Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/500px-Bas%C3%ADlica_y_Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5769" data-file-height="3846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Basilica of San Francisco</a>, built between 1657 and 1672</figcaption></figure> <p>For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. But the city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then when <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starling_(structure)" title="Starling (structure)">starlings</a> and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_District" title="Rímac District">Rímac</a> is finished, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">cathedral</a> is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, which motivated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Lima" title="Walls of Lima">Walls of Lima</a> between 1684 and 1687.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Higgins_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Higgins-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1687_Peru_earthquake" title="1687 Peru earthquake">1687 earthquake</a> marked a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lima" title="History of Lima">history of Lima</a>, since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> in 1717, the political demarcations were reorganized, and Lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a <a href="/wiki/1746_Lima%E2%80%93Callao_earthquake" title="1746 Lima–Callao earthquake">strong earthquake</a> severely damaged the city and destroyed <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>, forcing a massive reconstruction effort by <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manso_de_Velasco,_1st_Count_of_Superunda" title="José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda">José Antonio Manso de Velasco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideas about <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and social control influenced the development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon reforms">Bourbon reforms</a> as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>. This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a>, which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to the cause of independence. </p><p>The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_toros_de_Acho" title="Plaza de toros de Acho">Acho Bullring</a> and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_POMA1039v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy[...]", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.[33]"><img alt=""The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy[...]", painting of 1615 by the Inca painter Guamán Poma. Royal Library, Denmark.[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lima_POMA1039v.jpg/173px-Lima_POMA1039v.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lima_POMA1039v.jpg/259px-Lima_POMA1039v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lima_POMA1039v.jpg/346px-Lima_POMA1039v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy[...]", painting of 1615 by the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Guaman_Poma_de_Ayala" title="Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala">Guamán Poma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Royal Library, Denmark</a>.</small><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The unfinished cathedral in the Plaza Mayor, painting of 1680. Museo de América (Madrid).[34]"><img alt="The unfinished cathedral in the Plaza Mayor, painting of 1680. Museo de América (Madrid).[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg/388px-Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg/583px-Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg/777px-Plaza_Mayor_de_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The unfinished <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">cathedral</a> in the Plaza Mayor, painting of 1680. <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Museo de América">Museo de América (Madrid)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_Lima,_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain.[35]"><img alt="View of Lima and the Tapada limeña (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by d'Orbigny and Benoît. Museum of the Americas, Spain.[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bridge_of_Lima%2C_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/187px-Bridge_of_Lima%2C_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bridge_of_Lima%2C_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Bridge_of_Lima%2C_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bridge_of_Lima%2C_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/374px-Bridge_of_Lima%2C_Ladies_of_Lima_1842_Boilly_and_Eyri%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>View of Lima and the <a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a> (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by <a href="/wiki/Alcide_d%27Orbigny" title="Alcide d'Orbigny">d'Orbigny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Beno%C3%AEt_Eyri%C3%A8s" title="Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès">Benoît</a>. Museum of the Americas, Spain.</small><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rimac_en_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli[36]"><img alt="Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rimac_en_1850.jpg/350px-Rimac_en_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rimac_en_1850.jpg/524px-Rimac_en_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rimac_en_1850.jpg/699px-Rimac_en_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="803" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_(Lima)_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.[37]"><img alt="Colonial Calle de los Judíos (Jewish quarter) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg/353px-Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg/529px-Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg/705px-Calle_de_los_Jud%C3%ADos_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonial Calle de los Judíos (<i>Jewish quarter</i>) (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_(Lima)_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.[37]"><img alt="Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. University of Chicago Library.[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg/317px-Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg/475px-Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Calles_de_la_Coca_and_de_Badegones_%28Lima%29_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_viajero_ilustrado,_1878_602092_(3810558891).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.[38]"><img alt="Puente de Piedra Bridge, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the Walls of Lima in 1878 by El Viajero Ilustrado. Old Fund of the University of Seville.[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/El_viajero_ilustrado%2C_1878_602092_%283810558891%29.jpg/352px-El_viajero_ilustrado%2C_1878_602092_%283810558891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/El_viajero_ilustrado%2C_1878_602092_%283810558891%29.jpg/527px-El_viajero_ilustrado%2C_1878_602092_%283810558891%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/El_viajero_ilustrado%2C_1878_602092_%283810558891%29.jpg/703px-El_viajero_ilustrado%2C_1878_602092_%283810558891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Puente_de_Piedra" title="Puente de Piedra">Puente de Piedra Bridge</a>, the former Arco del Puente Gate and the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Lima" title="Walls of Lima">Walls of Lima</a> in 1878 by <i>El Viajero Ilustrado</i>. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg/220px-La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg/330px-La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg/440px-La_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proclamaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Independencia_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Proclamación de la Independencia del Perú">Painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> during the Declaration of Independence of Peru in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a>, on July 28, 1821</figcaption></figure> <p>A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independence fighters led by General Don <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">José de San Martín</a> landed in southern Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Serna,_1st_Count_of_the_Andes" title="José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes">José de la Serna</a> was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save the <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalist army</a>. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request. </p><p>Proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">independence of Peru</a> in 1821 by General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José de San Martín">San Martín</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima became the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Peru">Republic of Peru</a>. Thus, it was the seat of the government of the liberator and also the seat of the first <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Congress_of_Peru,_1822" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822">Constituent Congress</a> that the country had.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on 9 December 1824, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a>, Lima had been considerably impoverished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_era">Republican era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Republican era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima%2C_19th_century.jpg/220px-Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima%2C_19th_century.jpg/330px-Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima%2C_19th_century.jpg/440px-Defunct_Main_City_Gate_of_Lima%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>This was a gate of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Lima" title="Walls of Lima">colonial wall of Lima</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Lima" title="Gate of Lima">Arco del Puente</a>", its partially wooden structures were consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-Arco_Puente_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arco_Puente-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial wall of Lima had ten gates,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arco_Puente_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arco_Puente-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now demolished.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg/240px-Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg/360px-Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg/480px-Edif_Rimac_21_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edificio_R%C3%ADmac" title="Edificio Rímac">Edificio Rímac</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Peru">Republic of Peru</a>, but the country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are the Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Penitentiary" title="Lima Penitentiary">Penitentiary</a> and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Lima" title="Walls of Lima">colonial City Walls</a> were demolished by the US engineer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Meiggs" title="Henry Meiggs">Henry Meiggs</a> under contract with the Peruvian government,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1883), the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Chilean army occupied Lima</a> after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">San Juan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Miraflores</a>. The city suffered from the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The avenues <a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica" class="mw-redirect" title="Paseo de la República">Paseo de la República</a>, Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the landscaping Salaverry that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to the west joining the port of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s the great constructions began with the remodeling of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Palace,_Peru" title="Government Palace, Peru">Government Palace of Peru</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Municipal_de_Lima" title="Palacio Municipal de Lima">Palacio Municipal</a>. These constructions reached their peak in the 1950s, during the government of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa" title="Manuel A. Odría">Manuel A. Odría</a>, when the great buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)">Ministry of Economy</a> and the Ministry of Education were built (<a href="/wiki/Javier_Alzamora_Valdez_Building" title="Javier Alzamora Valdez Building">Javier Alzamora Valdez Building</a>, currently the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_District_of_Lima" title="Judicial District of Lima">Superior Court of Justice of Lima</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Health (Peru)">Ministry of Health</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labor_and_Promotion_of_Employment" title="Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment">Ministry of Labor</a> and the Hospitals of the Workers' Insurance and of the Employee as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_of_Peru" title="National Stadium of Peru">National Stadium</a> and several large housing units.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country, producing the exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Golte_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golte-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts of <a href="/wiki/Lince_District" title="Lince District">Lince</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Victoria_District,_Lima" title="La Victoria District, Lima">La Victoria</a> to the south were populated; <a href="/wiki/Bre%C3%B1a" title="Breña">Breña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Libre_District,_Lima" title="Pueblo Libre District, Lima">Pueblo Libre</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/El_Agustino" title="El Agustino">El Agustino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ate_District" title="Ate District">Ate</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Lurigancho" title="San Juan de Lurigancho">San Juan de Lurigancho</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres_District" title="San Martín de Porres District">San Martín de Porres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comas_District,_Lima" title="Comas District, Lima">Comas</a> to the north. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Lima,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/City_of_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/220px-City_of_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/City_of_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/330px-City_of_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/City_of_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/440px-City_of_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Lima in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa El Salvador (current district of <a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa El Salvador</a>) was created, located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase of settlers who arrived as internally displaced persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Golte_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golte-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9 million by 1960 and 4.8 million by 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">historic center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chorrillos_District" title="Chorrillos District">Chorrillos</a>; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietz198035_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz198035-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new migrants, at first confined to <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pueblos_j%C3%B3venes" title="Pueblos jóvenes">pueblos jóvenes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietz198036._53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz198036.-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS034-E-49361.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ISS034-E-49361.JPG/170px-ISS034-E-49361.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ISS034-E-49361.JPG/255px-ISS034-E-49361.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/ISS034-E-49361.JPG/340px-ISS034-E-49361.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Lima as seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS030-E-286160.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ISS030-E-286160.jpg/220px-ISS030-E-286160.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ISS030-E-286160.jpg/330px-ISS030-E-286160.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ISS030-E-286160.jpg/440px-ISS030-E-286160.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Lima at night from <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Space">space</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The urban area covers about 800 km<sup>2</sup> (310 sq mi). It is located on mostly flat terrain in the <a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Peruvian coastal plain</a>, within the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%B3n_River" title="Chillón River">Chillón</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River" title="Rímac River">Rímac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_River" title="Lurín River">Lurín</a> rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as 1,550 meters (5,090 ft) above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Metropolitan Lima</a> covers 2,672.28 km<sup>2</sup> (1,031.77 sq mi), of which 825.88 km<sup>2</sup> (318.87 sq mi) (31%) comprise the actual city and 1,846.40 km<sup>2</sup> (712.90 sq mi) (69%) the city outskirts.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban area extends around 60 km (37 mi) from north to south and around 30 km (19 mi) from west to east. The city center is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of <a href="/wiki/Lima_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Province">Lima Province</a>, corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic <a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Cercado de Lima</a> district. The city is the core of the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metropolitan Area">Lima Metro Area</a>, one of the ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">largest metro areas in the Americas</a>. Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan, and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limaacantilado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Limaacantilado.jpg/220px-Limaacantilado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Limaacantilado.jpg/330px-Limaacantilado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Limaacantilado.jpg/440px-Limaacantilado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Coast of Miraflores</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima has a mild climate, despite its location in the tropics and in a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of the temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_deserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal deserts">desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BWh</i>) with <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">subtropical</a> temperature ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures rarely fall below 12 °C (54 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, December through April, and winter from June through September/October. May and October/November are generally transition months, with a more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in later May or/and earlier June.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated onshore from the cold ocean waters, rainfall is extremely rare in Lima. </p><p>The summers, December through April, are sunny, hot, and muggy.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F) and highs of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F). Coastal fogs occur in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings. Summer sunsets are colorful, known by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since the sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink, and red around 7 pm. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_Chart_Lima.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Climate_Chart_Lima.svg/220px-Climate_Chart_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Climate_Chart_Lima.svg/330px-Climate_Chart_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Climate_Chart_Lima.svg/440px-Climate_Chart_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Weather averages for the <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures prevail. Long 10 to 15-day stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle (<a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%BAa" title="Garúa">garúa</a>) frequently occurs from June through September, coating the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of 14 to 16 °C (57 to 61 °F) and highs of 16 to 19 °C (61 to 66 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) except in the easternmost districts.<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">Relative humidity</a> is always very high, particularly in the mornings.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_weather_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_weather-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High humidity produces brief morning fog in the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally develops in late May and persists until mid-November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 27.9 hours in August and 183 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for its latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Molina_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molina-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, London has an average of 1653 hours, and Moscow 1731. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek sunshine in Andean valleys above 500 meters (1,600 ft) <a href="/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level" title="Height above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. </p><p>While relative humidity is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts the city's water supply, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inland districts receive anywhere between 10 and 60 mm (0.4 and 2.4 in) of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter. Coastal districts receive only 10 to 30 mm (0.4 to 1.2 in). As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs as persistent morning drizzle. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or '<a href="/wiki/Camanchaca" title="Camanchaca">camanchacas</a>'. On the other hand, summer rain is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a> and warm air aloft associated with the South Pacific anticyclone. </p><p>Lima's climate (like most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted in <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a> events. Coastal waters usually average around 17–19 °C (63–66 °F), but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached 26 °C (79 °F)). Air temperatures rise accordingly. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Lima (<a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a>), elevation 13 m (43 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4<br />(0.25) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.2 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.5 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.9 </td> <td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.9 </td> <td style="background: #545454; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6 </td> <td style="background: #424242; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">36.4 </td> <td style="background: #343434; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">28.5 </td> <td style="background: #424242; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.2 </td> <td style="background: #6D6D6D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.9 </td> <td style="background: #B0B084; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.4 </td> <td style="background: #BABA44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.9 </td> <td style="background: #B0B080; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,272.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (precipitation, humidity and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DWDsun_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWDsun-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DWD2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<sup id="cite_ref-meteoclimat_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteostat<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Lima (Campo de Marte), elevation 123 m (404 ft), (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2<br />(66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(0.05) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(0.08) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.05) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8<br />(0.39) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Service_of_Meteorology_and_Hydrology_of_Peru" title="National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru">National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI)</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg/220px-PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg/330px-PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg/440px-PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Palace_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Palace (Peru)">Government Palace</a> of Peru</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lima is the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Peru">Republic of Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lima_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Province">Lima Province</a>. As such, it is home to the three branches of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government of Peru</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Peru">executive branch</a> is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Palace_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Palace (Peru)">Government Palace</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a>. All <a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Peruvian Ministries">ministries</a> are located in the city. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative branch</a> is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Palace_(Peru)" title="Legislative Palace (Peru)">Legislative Palace</a> and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Congress of the Republic of Peru</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima,_Per%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg/220px-Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg/330px-Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg/440px-Palacio_de_Justicia._Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5330" data-file-height="3038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Lima" title="Palace of Justice, Lima">Palace of Justice, Lima</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_(6955104918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_%286955104918%29.jpg/220px-Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_%286955104918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_%286955104918%29.jpg/330px-Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_%286955104918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_%286955104918%29.jpg/440px-Jefe_del_gabinete_hoy_en_comisi%C3%B3n_de_descentralizaci%C3%B3n_%286955104918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Palace_(Peru)" title="Legislative Palace (Peru)">Legislative Palace</a> of Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial System of Peru">Judicial branch</a> is headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice (Peru)">Palace of Justice</a> and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru" title="Supreme Court of Peru">Supreme Court of Peru</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice (Peru)">Palace of Justice</a> in Lima is seat of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Peru" title="Supreme Court of Peru">Supreme Court of Justice</a> the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. </p><p>Lima is seat of two of the 28-second highest or <a href="/wiki/Superior_Courts_of_Justice_of_Peru" title="Superior Courts of Justice of Peru">Superior Courts of Justice</a>. The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the <i>Superior Court of Justice,</i> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_District_of_Lima" title="Judicial District of Lima">Judicial District and</a>. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial System of Peru">judicial organization of Peru</a>, the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district has jurisdiction over only 35 of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lima" title="List of districts of Lima">43 districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Superior Court of the Cono Norte</i> is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_District_of_Cono_Norte" title="Judicial District of Cono Norte">Judicial District of North Lima</a>. This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts, all located in northern Lima.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Municipality of Lima">Metropolitan Municipality of Lima</a></div> <p>The city is roughly equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Lima">Province of Lima</a>, which is subdivided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lima" title="List of districts of Lima">43 districts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Municipality of Lima">Metropolitan Municipality</a> has authority over the entire city, while each district has its own local government. Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Peru" title="Municipalities of Peru">provincial municipality</a>, acts as and has functions similar to a <a href="/wiki/Regional_Governments_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Governments of Peru">regional government</a>, as it does not belong to any of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">25 regions of Peru</a>. Each of the 43 districts has their own district municipality that is in charge of its own district and coordinate with the metropolitan municipality. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lima_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Lima_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lima_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Lima_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lima_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Lima_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption>Lima City Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_system">Political system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality has functions of regional government and is not part of any administrative region, according to Article 65. 27867 of the Law of Regional Governments enacted on 16 November 2002, 87 The previous political organization remains in the sense that a Governor is the political authority for the department and the city. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. The same city administration covers the local municipal authority. </p><p>Lima has been rocked by corruption scandals: former mayors <a href="/wiki/Susana_Villar%C3%A1n" title="Susana Villarán">Susana Villaran</a> (2011–2014) and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Casta%C3%B1eda" title="Luis Castañeda">Luis Castaneda</a> (2003-2010 and 2014–2018) were remanded in custody as part of the bribery scandal involving the Brazilian construction company <a href="/wiki/Odebrecht" title="Odebrecht">Odebrecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Mu%C3%B1oz_(Peruvian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Muñoz (Peruvian politician)">Jorge Munoz</a> (mayor from 2019 to 2022), was removed from office for illegally holding several offices and the related allowances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lima is home to the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a> that is a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> comprising the South American countries of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, among other regional and international organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lima" title="Demographics of Lima">Demographics of Lima</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg/220px-Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg/330px-Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg/440px-Perou-Lima_9906a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>People of Lima</figcaption></figure> <p>With a municipal population of 9,162,322 and 10,135,009 for the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metropolitan Area">metropolitan area</a> and a population density of 3,746 inhabitants per square kilometer (9,700/sq mi) as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima ranks as the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest cities">30th most populous agglomeration in the world</a>, as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, and the second biggest city in South America in terms of population within city limits, after <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its population features a complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a> of mixed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Peruvian">European</a> (mostly Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a>) ancestry are the largest ethnic group, making up 69.9% of the population in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> are the second largest ethnic group, making up 16.8% of the population. <a href="/wiki/European_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Peruvian">European Peruvians</a> are the third largest group, making up 7.4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Peruvian">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peruvian">Italian</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Peruvian">German</a> descent; many others are of <a href="/wiki/French_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Peruvian">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Peruvian">British</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Peruvian">Croatian</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minorities in Lima include the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Peruvians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Peruvians">Afro-Peruvians</a>, who make up 2.9% of the population, whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a>, who make up 0.7% of the population. Communities of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Latin America">Jews</a> of European descent and Middle Easterners are also found in Lima. 2.3% of Lima's population identify with other ethnic groups, including Asians. Lima's <a href="/wiki/Asian_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Peruvian">Asian</a> community is made up primarily of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Peruvian">Chinese</a> (Cantonese) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peruvian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Peruvian">Japanese</a> descendants, whose ancestors came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The city has, by far, the largest Chinese diaspora in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_(Lima)_Rugendas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_%28Lima%29_Rugendas.jpg/220px-Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_%28Lima%29_Rugendas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_%28Lima%29_Rugendas.jpg/330px-Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_%28Lima%29_Rugendas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_%28Lima%29_Rugendas.jpg/440px-Mercado_en_la_Plaza_de_la_Inquisici%C3%B3n_1843_%28Lima%29_Rugendas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><i>Market in the Plaza of the Inquisition</i> (Lima) by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a>, ca. 1843<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built across the Rímac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% and whites made up around 38%.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000 and by 1927, had doubled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the early 20th century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including people of European descent. They organized social clubs and built their own schools. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt,_The_American_School_of_Lima" title="Colegio Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The American School of Lima">The American-Peruvian school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alianza Francesa de Lima</a>, the Lycée Franco-Péruvien and the hospital Maison de Sante; <a href="/wiki/Markham_College" title="Markham College">Markham College</a>, the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Raymondi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Raymondi District">Antonio Raymondi District</a> Italian School, the Pestalozzi Swiss School and also, several German-Peruvian schools. </p><p>Chinese and a lesser number of Japanese came to Lima and established themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Barrios_Altos" title="Barrios Altos">Barrios Altos</a> neighborhood in downtown Lima. Lima residents refer to their <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Lima">Chinatown</a> as <i>Barrio chino</i> or <i>Calle Capon</i> and the city's ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Chifa</a> restaurants – small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurants serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine – can be found by the dozens in this enclave. </p><p>In 2014, the National Institute for Statistics and Information (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica) reported that the population in Lima's 49 districts was 9,752,000 people, including the Constitutional Province of Callao. The city and (metropolitan area) represents around 29% of the national population. Of the city's population 48.7% are men and 51.3% are women. The 49 districts in Metropolitan Lima are divided into 5 areas: Cono Norte (North Lima), Lima Este (East Lima), Constitutional Province of Callao, Lima Centro (Central Lima) and Lima Sur (South Lima). The largest areas are Lima Norte with 2,475,432 people and Lima Este with 2,619,814 people, including the largest single district San Juan de Lurigancho, which hosts 1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Lima is considered a "young" city. According to INEI, by mid 2014 the age distribution in Lima was: 24.3% between 0 and 14, 27.2% between 15 and 29, 22.5% between 30 and 44, 15.4% between 45 and 59 and 10.6% above 60.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Lima,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-28,_DD_118.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_118.JPG/220px-Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_118.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_118.JPG/330px-Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_118.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_118.JPG/440px-Cerro_de_San_Crist%C3%B3bal%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_118.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5316" data-file-height="3704" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pueblos_j%C3%B3venes" title="Pueblos jóvenes">Pueblos jóvenes</a></i> on the outskirts of Lima in 2015. Today, many of them are consolidated.</figcaption></figure> <p>Migration to Lima from the rest of Peru is substantial. In 2013, 3,480,000 people reported arriving from other regions. This represents almost 36% of the entire population of Metropolitan Lima. The three regions that supply most of the migrants are Junin, Ancash and Ayacucho. By contrast only 390,000 emigrated from Lima to other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The annual population growth rate is 1.57%. Some of the 43 metropolitan districts are considerably more populous than others. For example, San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres, Ate, Comas, Villa El Salvador and Villa Maria del Triunfo host more than 400,000, while San Luis, San Isidro, Magdalena del Mar, Lince and Barranco have less than 60,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2005 household survey study shows a socio-economic distribution for households in Lima. It used a monthly family income of 6,000 soles (around US$1,840) or more for socioeconomic level A; between 2,000 soles (US$612) and 6,000 soles (US$1,840) for level B; from 840 soles (US$257) to 2,000 soles (US$612) for level C; from 420 soles (US$128) to 1200 soles (US$368) for level D; and up to 840 soles (US$257) for level E. In Lima, 18% were in level E; 32.3% in level D; 31.7% in level C; 14.6% in level B; and 3.4% in level A. In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households that earn less than 2000 soles (or US$612) monthly. Other salient differences between socioeconomic levels include levels of higher education, car ownership and home size.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In Metropolitan Lima in 2013, the percentage of the population living in households in poverty was 12.8%. The level of poverty is measured by households that are unable to access a basic food and other household goods and services, such as clothing, housing, education, transportation and health. The level of poverty has decreased from 2011 (15.6%) and 2012 (14.5%). Lima Sur is the area in Lima with the highest proportion of poverty (17.7%), followed by Lima Este (14.5%), Lima Norte (14.1%) and Lima Centro (6.2%). In addition 0.2% of the population lives in extreme poverty, meaning that they are unable to access a basic food basket.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1513px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraflores,_Lima,_Peru_(Costa_Verde)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overview of Costa Verde and the Pacific Ocean, Miraflores district"><img alt="Overview of the Pacific Ocean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miraflores%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_%28Costa_Verde%29_cropped.jpg/1505px-Miraflores%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_%28Costa_Verde%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="1505" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miraflores%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_%28Costa_Verde%29_cropped.jpg/2258px-Miraflores%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_%28Costa_Verde%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Miraflores%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_%28Costa_Verde%29_cropped.jpg/3010px-Miraflores%2C_Lima%2C_Peru_%28Costa_Verde%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="1269" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraflores,_Lima,_Peru_(Costa_Verde)_cropped.jpg" title="File:Miraflores, Lima, Peru (Costa Verde) cropped.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Overview of Costa Verde and the Pacific Ocean, Miraflores district</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg/194px-Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg/291px-Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg/388px-Torre_Hotel_Westin_Libertador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="3703" /></a><figcaption>Torre Hotel Wetin Libertador, one of the tallest buildings in Lima with a height of 120 meters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsa_de_Valores,_Lima,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-28,_DD_101.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bolsa_de_Valores%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_101.JPG/220px-Bolsa_de_Valores%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_101.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bolsa_de_Valores%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_101.JPG/330px-Bolsa_de_Valores%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_101.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bolsa_de_Valores%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_101.JPG/440px-Bolsa_de_Valores%2C_Lima%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-28%2C_DD_101.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4450" data-file-height="4326" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Lima Stock Exchange</a> building</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima is the country's industrial and financial center and one of Latin America's most important financial centers,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of its <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a>. </p><p>The metropolitan area, with around 7,000 factories,<sup id="cite_ref-studyabroaddomain.com_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studyabroaddomain.com-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the main location of industry. Products include textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are manufactured and processed.<sup id="cite_ref-studyabroaddomain.com_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studyabroaddomain.com-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The financial district is in <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro</a>, while much of the industrial activity takes place in the west of the city, extending to the airport in <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a>. Lima has the largest export industry in South America and is a regional center for the cargo industry. Industrialization began in the 1930s and by 1950, through <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution</a> policies, manufacturing made up 14% of <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a>. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in factories located in Lima.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Callao <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a> is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, covering over 47 hectares (120 acres) and shipping 20.7 million metric tons of cargo in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main export goods are commodities: oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee. </p><p>As of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Lima generated 53% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most foreign companies in Peru settled in Lima. </p><p>In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in South America.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Lima Stock Exchange</a> rose 185.24% in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2007 by another 168.3%,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it then one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Lima Stock Exchange</a> was the world's most profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-proinversion.gob.pe_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proinversion.gob.pe-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2008</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America,_the_Caribbean_and_the_European_Union_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit">Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit</a> were held there. </p><p>Lima is the headquarters for banks such as <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Cr%C3%A9dito_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Banco de Crédito del Perú">Banco de Crédito del Perú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a> Perú, <a href="/wiki/Interbank" title="Interbank">Interbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Nation_(Peru)" title="Bank of the Nation (Peru)">Bank of the Nation</a>, Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Financiero, <a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Comercio" title="Banco de Comercio">Banco de Comercio</a> and CrediScotia. It is a regional headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>. Insurance companies based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta and La Positiva.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Lima">Tourism in Lima</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor,_Lima,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="360° panoramic view of the Plaza Mayor"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/900px-360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/1350px-360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/1800px-360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20228" data-file-height="1977" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:360%C2%B0_Panorama_Plaza_Mayor,_Lima,_Peru.jpg" title="File:360° Panorama Plaza Mayor, Lima, Peru.jpg"> </a></div>360° panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a></div></div></div> <p>As the main entry point to the country, Lima has developed an important tourism industry, among which its <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">Historic Center</a>, its archaeological centers, its nightlife, museums, art galleries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festivities_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festivities of Peru (page does not exist)">festivities</a> and popular traditions stand out. According to Mastercard's Global Destination Cities Index, in 2014, Lima was the most visited city of Latin America and was the 20th city globally, with 5.11 million visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima is the top destination in South America, with 2.63 million international visitors in 2018 and a growth forecast of 10.00% percent for 2019. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco,_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco%2C_Lima.jpg/220px-Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco%2C_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco%2C_Lima.jpg/330px-Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco%2C_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco%2C_Lima.jpg/440px-Peru_Travel-_Monastery_of_San_Francisco%2C_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Catacombs of the Basilica of San Francisco</a> was the Old cemetery of the city during all the colonial times, until 1810. It contain bones of some 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Colonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonist">colonial</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">Historic Centre of Lima</a>, which includes part of the districts of <a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_District" title="Rímac District">Rímac</a>, was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1988 due to the importance that the city had during the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, leaving as testimony a large number of architectural legacies.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highlights include the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Basilica and Convent of San Francisco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, Lima">Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle" title="Palacio de Torre Tagle">Palacio de Torre Tagle</a>, among others. The tour of the churches of the city is very popular among tourists. In a short walk through the city center we can find many, several of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg/220px-Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg/330px-Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg/440px-Convento_Santo_Domingo_-_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3916" data-file-height="3102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, Lima">Basilica of Santo Domingo</a>, built between 1678 and 1766. It holds the <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> of the saints <a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín de Porres">Martín de Porres</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Macias" title="John Macias">John Macias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_to_Peru_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_Peru-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among them, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Metropolitan Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Basilica of San Francisco</a> stand out, which are said to be linked by the underground passageways of their catacombs. The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_and_Monastery_of_Las_Nazarenas" title="Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas">Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas</a> also stands out, a place of pilgrimage to the <i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Miracles" title="Lord of Miracles">Señor de los Milagros</a></i> (Lord of the Miracles), whose festivities in the month of October constitute the most important religious manifestation of Lima and of all Peruvians. Some sections of the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Lima" title="Walls of Lima">Colonial Walls of Lima</a> can still be seen: such is the case of the Bastion Santa Lucía, remains of the old Spanish fortification built by Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Melchor_de_Navarra,_Duke_of_Palata" title="Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata">Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull</a> around the city center, whose location adjoins the limit of <a href="/wiki/Barrios_Altos" title="Barrios Altos">Barrios Altos</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Agustino" title="El Agustino">El Agustino</a>. </p><p>Likewise, having Lima the privilege of being the only capital in South America with immediate access to the sea, it has wide tourist piers that in recent years have become a great attraction for thousands of tourists, especially in the districts of Miraflores and Barranco, where there is also a wide development in terms of entertainment in these areas, turning the capital into a place with several places of tourism and entertainment. </p><p>Until the 1970s, the hotel offer was characterized by having the best hotels in the city in the <a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">center of Lima</a>, however, since the early 1990s to date, these establishments have positioned themselves in other areas such as the central-southern area of the capital as in <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores</a>, Barranco, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco" title="Santiago de Surco">Santiago de Surco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surquillo" title="Surquillo">Surquillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Borja_District" title="San Borja District">San Borja</a>; in addition to the <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro district</a> that has the largest hotel building in Peru, the 30-story Westin Libertador. </p><p>These fine examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were used to defend the city from attacks by <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a>. For this, part of the Walls corresponding to the rear area of the Basilica of San Francisco, very close to the <a href="/wiki/Government_Palace,_Peru" title="Government Palace, Peru">Government Palace</a>, was recovered, in which a park was built (called Parque de la Muralla) and in which you can see remains of it.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half an hour from the historic center, in the <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">district of Miraflores</a> you can visit the tourist and entertainment center <a href="/wiki/Larcomar" title="Larcomar">Larcomar</a> which is located on the <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliffs</a> facing the sea. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg/200px-Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg/300px-Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg/400px-Huaca_Pucllana-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huaca_Pucllana" title="Huaca Pucllana">Huaca Pucllana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima culture</a> archaeological site, circa 500-700 CE<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The city has two traditional zoological parks: the main and oldest is the Parque de las Leyendas, located in the <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima" title="San Miguel District, Lima">San Miguel district</a>, and the other is the Parque Zoológico Huachipa located east of the city in the <a href="/wiki/Lurigancho-Chosica" title="Lurigancho-Chosica">Lurigancho-Chosica</a> district. On the other hand, the offer of <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinemas</a> is wide and has numerous state-of-the-art rooms (4D) that program international film premieres. </p><p>Exclusive beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located on the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Cono_Norte" title="Cono Norte">north</a> are the resorts of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_District,_Lima" title="Santa Rosa District, Lima">Santa Rosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anc%C3%B3n_District" title="Ancón District">Ancón</a>; Until the 1980s, the latter was the most exclusive in Lima and Peru. Currently, although it maintains its architectural beauty, it is visited by people from all over <a href="/wiki/Cono_Norte" title="Cono Norte">Lima North</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Center</a>. And to the <a href="/wiki/Cono_Sur_(Lima)" title="Cono Sur (Lima)">south of the city</a>, the resorts of <a href="/wiki/Punta_Hermosa" title="Punta Hermosa">Punta Hermosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punta_Negra_District" title="Punta Negra District">Punta Negra</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_District" title="San Bartolo District">San Bartolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pucusana" title="Pucusana">Pucusana</a>. Numerous restaurants, nightclubs, lounges, bars, clubs and hotels have been opened in such places to cater to bathers. </p><p>The suburban district of <a href="/wiki/Cieneguilla" title="Cieneguilla">Cieneguilla</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pachac%C3%A1mac_District" title="Pachacámac District">district of Pachacámac</a> and the district of <a href="/wiki/Chosica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosica">Chosica</a> provide important tourist attractions among locals. Due to its elevation (over 500 masl), the sun shines in Chosica during the winter, being very visited by the residents of Lima to escape the urban fog.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> culture, Lima is a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, immigration and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous influences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">Historic Centre</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1988. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg/200px-Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg/300px-Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg/400px-Palacio_de_Osambelaaa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Osambela" title="Casa de Osambela">Casa de Osambela</a> completed in 1805</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is known as the <i>Gastronomical Capital of the Americas,</i> mixing <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> culinary traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-mixtura.biz_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mixtura.biz-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg/220px-Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg/330px-Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg/440px-Catedral_de_Limaa1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lima_Metropolitan_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metropolitan Cathedral">Lima Metropolitan Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer. Restaurants, clubs and hotels serve the beachgoers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, including classic theater, cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances and theater for children. Lima is home to the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Municipal_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Municipal (Lima)">Municipal Theater</a>, Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center and the Yuyachkani Theater.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Lima" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Lima">Category:Buildings and structures in Lima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Lima" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Lima">Category:Tourist attractions in Lima</a></div> <p>The architecture of the capital is characterized by a mixture of styles as reflected in the changes between trends throughout various periods of the city's history. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">colonial architecture</a> include structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Basilica and Convent of San Francisco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle" title="Palacio de Torre Tagle">Palacio de Torre Tagle</a>. These constructions were generally influenced by the styles of Spanish Neoclassicism, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Spanish Baroque</a>, and the Spanish Colonial styles.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg/220px-Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg/330px-Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg/440px-Convento_de_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Convento de San Francisco de Asís</figcaption></figure> <p>In the buildings of the historic center you can see over 1,600 <a href="/wiki/Balconies_of_Lima" title="Balconies of Lima">balconies</a> dating from the Viceroyalty and Republican times.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types of balconies that the city presents are open balconies, flat, box, continuous, among others. After the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Peru">Independence of Peru</a>, a gradual shift towards <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> styles took place. Many of these constructions were influenced by the French architectural style. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG/240px-Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG/360px-Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG/480px-Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balconies_of_Lima" title="Balconies of Lima">Balconies</a> were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle" title="Palacio de Torre Tagle">Palacio de Torre Tagle</a> completed in 1735.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, the census results reflected the city's major urban problems such as sanitation, housing, work, recreation and transportation. During the following years, the Society of Architects, the Institute of Urbanism, the Grupo Espacio, the magazine <i>El Arquitecto Peruano</i> and the Department of Architecture at the National School of Engineers were created. These entities tried to promote the improvement of urban conditions based on modern principles. Meanwhile, the State promoted the development of collective housing through organizations such as the National Housing Commission (CNV) and the National Office of Planning and Urban Development (ONPU). With the architect Fernando Belaunde as deputy, in 1945 the Housing Plan based on Neighborhood Units was made official. </p><p>Some government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were built in this architectural time period. During the 1950s and 1960s, several <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalist style">Brutalist style</a> buildings were built on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">military government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a>. Examples of this architecture are the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n" title="Museo de la Nación">Museo de la Nación</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Defense (Peru)">Peruvian Ministry of Defense</a>. The 20th century saw the appearance of glass <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">city's financial district</a>. There are also several new architectural projects and real estate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Known as <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Coast_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Coast Spanish">Peruvian Coast Spanish</a>, Lima's Spanish is characterized by the lack of strong intonations as found in many other Spanish-speaking regions. It is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castilian</a> Spanish. Throughout the Viceroyalty era, most of the Spanish nobility based in Lima were originally from Castile.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limean Castillian is also characterized by the lack of <i><a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a></i>, unlike many other <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Hispanic American</a> countries. This is because <i>voseo</i> was primarily used by Spain's lower socioeconomic classes, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Limean Spanish is distinguished by its clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents and has been influenced by immigrant groups including Italians, <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian people">Andalusians</a>, West Africans, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">anglicisms</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, as well as by Andean Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>, due to migration from the Andean highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Museums_in_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums in Lima">Museums in Lima</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg/220px-Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg/330px-Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg/440px-Museo_de_Arte_de_Lima_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Museo de Arte, Lima</figcaption></figure><p> Lima is home to the country's highest concentration of museums, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Arqueolog%C3%ADa,_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia_del_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú">Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú</a>, Museum of Art, the Museo Pedro de Osma, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Natural_History,_Lima" title="Museum of Natural History, Lima">Museum of Natural History</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Nation">Museum of the Nation</a>, The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art, the Museum of Gold and the <a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a>. These museums focus on art, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian cultures</a>, natural history, science and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Italian_Art" title="Museum of Italian Art">Museum of Italian Art</a> shows European art.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LimaMuseoNacion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Museo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru."><img alt="The Museo de la Nación houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/LimaMuseoNacion.jpg/258px-LimaMuseoNacion.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/LimaMuseoNacion.jpg/387px-LimaMuseoNacion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/LimaMuseoNacion.jpg/516px-LimaMuseoNacion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n" title="Museo de la Nación">Museo de la Nación</a> houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Museo Pedro de Osma houses artistic objects dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, including paintings, sculptures, altarpieces, silverware, Huamanga stone carvings, furniture and other objects from regions with an ancient Andean artistic tradition."><img alt="The Museo Pedro de Osma houses artistic objects dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, including paintings, sculptures, altarpieces, silverware, Huamanga stone carvings, furniture and other objects from regions with an ancient Andean artistic tradition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg/339px-Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg/509px-Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg/679px-Barranco_Museo_Pedro_de_Osma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Museo Pedro de Osma houses artistic objects dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, including paintings, sculptures, altarpieces, silverware, Huamanga stone carvings, furniture and other objects from regions with an ancient Andean artistic tradition.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_museo_larco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid."><img alt="Larco Museum is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lima_museo_larco.jpg/385px-Lima_museo_larco.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lima_museo_larco.jpg/577px-Lima_museo_larco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Lima_museo_larco.jpg/769px-Lima_museo_larco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3602" data-file-height="1688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a> is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru is the largest and oldest museum in Peru."><img alt="National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru is the largest and oldest museum in Peru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg/270px-Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg/405px-Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg/540px-Calle_Antonio_Polo_Pueblo_Libre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Anthropology_and_History_of_Peru" title="National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru">National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru</a> is the largest and oldest museum in Peru.</div> </li> </ul><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Causa_Rellena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Causa_Rellena.jpg/180px-Causa_Rellena.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Causa_Rellena.jpg/270px-Causa_Rellena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Causa_Rellena.jpg/360px-Causa_Rellena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Causa_lime%C3%B1a" title="Causa limeña">Causa limeña</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lima is known as the <i>Gastronomical Capital of the Americas</i>. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, chefs incorporated dishes brought by the conquistadors and waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese and Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-mixtura.biz_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mixtura.biz-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants were joined by internal migrants from rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lima cuisines include <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Chifas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Cebicherias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollo_a_la_Brasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollo a la Brasa">Pollerias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Central_Restaurante" title="Central Restaurante">Central Restaurante</a>, which holds the title as <a href="/wiki/Best_restaurant_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Best restaurant in the world">Best restaurant in the world</a>, be voted for the title in 2023. </p><p>In the 21st century, its restaurants became recognized internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the objective of uniting Peruvian gastronomy to put together activities that would promote Peruvian food and reinforce the Peruvian national identity. The society, called APEGA, gathered chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers and journalists. They worked with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and sellers in food markets.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, called Mistura ("mixture" in Portuguese). The fair takes place in September every year. The number of attendees has grown from 30,000 to 600,000 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fair congregates restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors and cooking institutes from for ten days to celebrate excellent food.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2011, several Lima restaurants have been recognized as among <a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants" title="The World's 50 Best Restaurants">The World's 50 Best Restaurants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Central was named the Best Restaurant in the World.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Astrid y Gaston </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_Restaurante" title="Central Restaurante">Central</a> </th> <th>Maido </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>– </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>- </td> <td>4 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>- </td> <td>2 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>- </td> <td>1 </td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table><p> In 2016, Central was awarded No. 4 (chefs <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Mart%C3%ADnez_V%C3%A9liz" title="Virgilio Martínez Véliz">Virgilio Martinez</a> and Pia Leon), Maido was awarded No. 13 (chef Mitsuharu Tsumura) and Astrid & Gaston was awarded No. 30 (chef Diego Muñoz and owned by chef Gaston Acurio).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Central was named No. 1 restaurant in the list of Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 2015. Out of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, we find: Central #1, Astrid & Gaston #3, Maido #5, La Mar #12, Malabar #20, Fiesta #31, Osso Carnicería y Salumería #34, La Picanteria #36 and Rafael #50.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restaurants fuse ideas from across the country and the world.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceviche_en_Desaguadero,_lado_peruano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ceviche_en_Desaguadero%2C_lado_peruano.jpg/220px-Ceviche_en_Desaguadero%2C_lado_peruano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ceviche_en_Desaguadero%2C_lado_peruano.jpg/330px-Ceviche_en_Desaguadero%2C_lado_peruano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ceviche_en_Desaguadero%2C_lado_peruano.jpg/440px-Ceviche_en_Desaguadero%2C_lado_peruano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a></figcaption></figure><p>In 2023, Central was named the Best Restaurant in the World.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lima is the Peruvian city with the greatest variety and where different dishes representing South American cuisine can be found. </p><p>Ceviche is Peru's national dish and it's made from salt, garlic, onions, hot Peruvian peppers, and raw fish that's all marinated in lime. In Northern Peru, one can find black-oyster ceviche, mixed seafood </p><p>ceviche, crab and lobster ceviche. In the Andes one can also find trout ceviche and chicken ceviche.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> About 1.7 million residents are not connected to the drinking water system and are forced to buy water from tankers, even though it is not always safe to drink. The problem of access to water continues to worsen due to drought, pollution, poor infrastructure, overexploitation by large companies and intensive agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg/220px-Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg/330px-Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg/440px-Sacrist%C3%ADa_de_San_Pedro_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sacristy of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Pedro,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Pedro, Lima">Basilica of San Pedro</a> of Lima. The painting by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bitti" title="Bernardo Bitti">Bernardo Bitti</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Spanish conquistadors</a> in Peru meant the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic religion</a> in this area populated by aborigines of various ethnic groups, who followed <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> religions,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which produced a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretism" title="Syncretism">religious syncretism</a>. Through a long process of indoctrination and practices among the pre-Columbian settlers, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a> made faith their most important task. The city of Lima, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, became in the 17th century a city of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> life where saints such as <a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a> (patron saint of Catholics in Lima, of <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru" title="National Police of Peru">National Police of Peru</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Peru">Republic of Peru</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">American continent</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín de Porres">Martín de Porres</a>. </p><p>The Peruvian capital is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Lima">Archdiocese of Lima</a>, which was established in 1541 as a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> and in 1547 as an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the oldest Ecclesiastical Provinces in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Currently the Archdiocese of Lima is in charge of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Cipriani_Thorne" title="Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne">Juan Luis Cipriani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also has two <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a temple of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> located in <a href="/wiki/La_Molina_District" title="La Molina District">La Molina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a church of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox religion</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Libre_District,_Lima" title="Pueblo Libre District, Lima">district of Pueblo Libre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> temples<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and six <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> rooms of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_Ministry_of_Jesus_Christ_International" title="Church of God Ministry of Jesus Christ International">Church of God Ministry of Jesus Christ International</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2007_Peru_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Peru Census">2007 Peru Census</a>, 82.83% of Lima residents over the age of twelve declared they were <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, while 10.90% profess the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical religion</a>, 3.15% belong to other religions and 3.13% do not specify any religious affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most prominent Catholic religious manifestations in the capital is the procession of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Miracles" title="Lord of Miracles">Señor de Los Milagros</a> (Lord of Miracles),<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose image dating from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">colonial era</a> goes out in procession through the streets of the city in the month of October of each year. The <i>Señor de Los Milagros</i> was named Patron of the city by the <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_of_Lima" title="Cabildo of Lima">Cabildo of Lima</a> in 1715 and Patron of Peru in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lima" title="Sport in Lima">Sport in Lima</a></div> <p>The city has sports venues for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, many within private clubs. A popular sport among Limenos is <i><a href="/wiki/Paleta_Front%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleta Frontón">fronton</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Racquet_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Racquet sport">racquet sport</a> similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a></i> invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-class <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> links. <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a> is popular in Lima with private clubs as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_Monterrico" title="Hipódromo de Monterrico">Hipódromo de Monterrico</a> horse racing track. The most popular sport in Lima is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> with professional club teams operating in the city. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaza de toros de Acho; the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas."><img alt="Plaza de toros de Acho; the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest bullring in the Americas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg/270px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg/405px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg/540px-Vista_a%C3%A9rea_de_la_plaza_de_Acho_en_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_toros_de_Acho" title="Plaza de toros de Acho">Plaza de toros de Acho</a></b>; the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Bullring" title="Bullring">bullring</a> in the Americas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Stadium of Peru; its current capacity is 50,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation."><img alt="National Stadium of Peru; its current capacity is 50,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg/305px-Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg/458px-Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg/611px-Lima_Peru-_Estadio_Nacional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional del Perú">National Stadium of Peru</a>; its current capacity is 50,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estadio Monumental "U" is the highest capacity football stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world."><img alt="Estadio Monumental "U" is the highest capacity football stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg/381px-Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg/572px-Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg/762px-Estadio_Monumental_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_%22U%22" title="Estadio Monumental "U"">Estadio Monumental "U"</a> is the highest capacity football stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_Golf_Club,_San_Isidro_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lima Golf Club (San Isidro District)"><img alt="Lima Golf Club (San Isidro District)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lima_Golf_Club%2C_San_Isidro_District.jpg/312px-Lima_Golf_Club%2C_San_Isidro_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lima_Golf_Club%2C_San_Isidro_District.jpg/468px-Lima_Golf_Club%2C_San_Isidro_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lima_Golf_Club%2C_San_Isidro_District.jpg/624px-Lima_Golf_Club%2C_San_Isidro_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Lima Golf Club</b> (<a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro District</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campo_de_marte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campo de Marte is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima."><img alt="Campo de Marte is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Campo_de_marte.jpg/240px-Campo_de_marte.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Campo_de_marte.jpg/360px-Campo_de_marte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Campo_de_marte.jpg/480px-Campo_de_marte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Campo de Marte</b> is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima.</div> </li> </ul><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The historic <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_toros_de_Acho" title="Plaza de toros de Acho">Plaza de toros de Acho</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_District" title="Rímac District">Rímac District</a>, a few minutes from the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza de Armas</a>, holds <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfights</a> yearly. The season runs from late October to December. It also holds concerts, conventions and small football matches. The bullring is the oldest in the Americas and the second oldest in the world. It has a capacity of 14,000. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/131st_IOC_Session" title="131st IOC Session">131st IOC Session</a> was held in Lima. The meeting saw Paris elected to host the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> and Los Angeles elected to host the <a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028 Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>Lima was going to have 2 venues for the <a href="/wiki/2019_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup">2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup</a>, however, they were stripped of hosting rights in the two tournaments. The city hosted the <a href="/wiki/2004_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2004 Copa América">2004 Copa América</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_FIFA_U-17_World_Championship" title="2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship">2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship</a> and hosted the final of those tournaments. Lima were also the hosts of <a href="/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games" title="2019 Pan American Games">2019 Pan American Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, they were selected once again to host the <a href="/wiki/2027_Pan_American_Games" title="2027 Pan American Games">2027 Pan American Games</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th></tr> <tr> <td>Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD) </td> <td>Various </td> <td>Various </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Nacional (Lima)">Estadio Nacional (Lima)</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Villa_Deportiva_Nacional" title="Villa Deportiva Nacional">Villa Deportiva Nacional</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Club_Universitario_de_Deportes" title="Club Universitario de Deportes">Club Universitario de Deportes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Primera División">Liga 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_%22U%22" title="Estadio Monumental "U"">Estadio Monumental "U"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Alianza Lima">Alianza Lima</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Primera División">Liga 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Alejandro_Villanueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadio Alejandro Villanueva">Estadio Alejandro Villanueva</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Cristal" title="Sporting Cristal">Sporting Cristal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Primera División">Liga 1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Alberto_Gallardo" title="Estadio Alberto Gallardo">Estadio Alberto Gallardo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deportivo_Municipal" title="Deportivo Municipal">Deportivo Municipal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Segunda División">Liga 2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Iv%C3%A1n_El%C3%ADas_Moreno" title="Estadio Iván Elías Moreno">Estadio Iván Elías Moreno</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CD_Universidad_San_Mart%C3%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="CD Universidad San Martín">CD Universidad San Martín</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n" title="Peruvian Segunda División">Liga 2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Iv%C3%A1n_El%C3%ADas_Moreno" title="Estadio Iván Elías Moreno">Estadio Iván Elías Moreno</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regatas_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatas Lima">Regatas Lima</a> </td> <td>Various </td> <td>Various </td> <td>Regatas Headquarters Chorrillos </td></tr> <tr> <td>Real Club Lima </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> </td> <td>Various </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lima" title="List of districts of Lima">List of districts of Lima</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropolitan_Lima.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Metropolitan_Lima.png/220px-Metropolitan_Lima.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Metropolitan_Lima.png/330px-Metropolitan_Lima.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Metropolitan_Lima.png/440px-Metropolitan_Lima.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><span style="color:Red;"><b>Downtown Lima</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cono_Norte" title="Cono Norte"><span style="color:SaddleBrown;"><b>Northern Lima</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cono_Sur_(Lima)" title="Cono Sur (Lima)"><span style="color:ForestGreen;"><b>Southern Lima</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cono_Este" title="Cono Este"><span style="color:DarkOrange;"><b>Eastern Lima</b></span></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lima is made up of thirty-one densely populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the twelve outer districts of the Lima province. </p><p>The city's <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima" title="Historic Centre of Lima">historic center</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Cercado de Lima</a> district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Center"). It is home to most of the vestiges the colonial past, the Presidential Palace (Spanish: <i lang="es">Palacio de Gobierno</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Municipality of Lima">Metropolitan Municipality and</a> (Spanish: <i lang="es">Consejo municipal metropolitano de Lima</i>), <a href="/wiki/Barrio_Chino_(Lima)" title="Barrio Chino (Lima)">Chinatown</a> and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that cater to the national and international elite. </p><p>The upscale <a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro District</a> is the city's financial center. It is home to politicians and celebrities. San Isidro has parks, including <a href="/wiki/El_Olivar,_Peru" title="El Olivar, Peru">Parque El Olivar</a>, which is home to <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> trees imported from Spain during the seventeenth century. The Lima Golf Club, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Country_club" title="Country club">golf club</a>, is located within the district. </p><p>Another upscale district is <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores</a>, which has luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has parks and green areas, more than most other districts. Larcomar, a shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. Nightlife, shopping and entertainment center around <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Central_Park" title="Miraflores Central Park">Parque Kennedy</a>, a park in the heart of Miraflores.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/La_Molina_District" title="La Molina District">La Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Borja_District" title="San Borja District">San Borja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco" title="Santiago de Surco">Santiago de Surco</a> -home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima – are the other three wealthy districts. The middle class districts in Lima are <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Lima" title="Jesús María District, Lima">Jesús María</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lince_District" title="Lince District">Lince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena del Mar">Magdalena del Mar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo Libre">Pueblo Libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima" title="San Miguel District, Lima">San Miguel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barranco_District" title="Barranco District">Barranco</a>. </p><p>The most densely populated districts lie in Northern and Southern Lima, where the suburbs of the city begin (Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Cono_Norte" title="Cono Norte">Cono Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cono_Sur_(Lima)" title="Cono Sur (Lima)">Cono Sur</a>, respectively) and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid- and late- 20th century looking for a better life and economic opportunity, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the case of Cono Norte (now called <a href="/wiki/Cono_Norte" title="Cono Norte">Lima Norte</a>), shopping malls such as Megaplaza and Royal Plaza were built in the <a href="/wiki/Independencia_District,_Lima" title="Independencia District, Lima">Independencia</a> district, on the border with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Olivos_District" title="Los Olivos District">Los Olivos District</a> (the most residential neighborhood in the northern part). Most inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barranco_District" title="Barranco District">Barranco</a>, which borders <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores</a> by the Pacific Ocean, is the city's bohemian district, home or once home of writers and intellectuals including <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chabuca_Granda" title="Chabuca Granda">Chabuca Granda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bryce_Echenique" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Bryce Echenique">Alfredo Bryce Echenique</a>. This district has restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla") and Victorian-style chalets. Along with Miraflores it serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg/250px-Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg/375px-Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg/500px-Font_al_parque_Universitario_de_Lima_amb_el_Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres_al_fons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3706" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>Colonial <a href="/wiki/Casona_of_the_National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="Casona of the National University of San Marcos">Casona and Chapel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>; it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">oldest continuously operating university in the Americas</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>Home to universities, institutions and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning on the continent. In Lima is the oldest continuously operating university in the New World, <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>, founded in 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Ingenier%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería">Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería</a> (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Habich" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Habich">Edward Habich</a> and is the country's most important engineering school. Other public universities offer teaching and research, such as the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Federico_Villarreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal">Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal</a> (the second largest), the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Agraria_La_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina">Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina</a> (where ex-president <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> once taught) and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Callao" title="National University of Callao">National University of Callao</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Peru">Pontifical Catholic University of Peru</a>, established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions include <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Pacific (Peru)">Universidad del Pacifico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_ESAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad ESAN">Universidad ESAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Lima">Universidad de Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de San Martín de Porres">Universidad de San Martín de Porres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Peruana_Cayetano_Heredia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia">Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Cientifica_del_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Cientifica del Sur">Universidad Cientifica del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_San_Ignacio_de_Loyola" title="Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola">Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Peruana_de_Ciencias_Aplicadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas">Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Privada_San_Juan_Bautista" title="Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista">Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista</a> and Universidad Ricardo Palma.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city and has a total of 8,047 elementary and high schools, both public and private, which educate more than one and a half million students. The number of private schools is much greater than public schools (6,242 vs 1,805) while the average size of private schools is 100 for elementary and 130 for high school. Public schools average 400 students in elementary and 500 in high school.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Lima,_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/170px-Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/255px-Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg/340px-Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n%2C_Lima%2C_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima has one of the country's highest levels of enrollment in high school and preschool. 86.1% of high school-age students are in school, vs the national average of 80.7%. In early childhood, the enrollment level in Lima is 84.7%, while the national average is 74.5%. Early childhood enrollment has improved by 12.1% since 2005. In elementary school, the enrollment in Lima is 90.7%, while the national average for this level is 92.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dropout rate for Lima is lower than the national average, except for elementary school, which is higher. In Lima, the dropout rate in elementary is 1.3% and 5.7% in high school, while the national average is 1.2% in elementary and 8.3% in high school.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Peru, students grade second and fourth students take a test called "Evaluacion Censal de Estudiantes" (ECE). The test assesses skills in reading comprehension and math. Scores are grouped in three levels: Below level 1 means that students were not able to respond to even the most simple questions; level 1 means the students did not achieve the expected level in skills but could respond to simple questions; and level 2 means they achieved/exceeded the expected skills for their grade level. In 2012, 48.7% of students in Lima achieved level 2 in reading comprehension compared to 45.3% in 2011. In math, only 19.3% students achieved level 2, with 46.4% at level 1 and 34.2% less than level 1. Even though the results for Math are lower than for reading, in both subject areas performance increased in 2012 over 2011. The city performs much better than the national average in both disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-umc.minedu.gob.pe_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umc.minedu.gob.pe-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The educational system in Lima is organized under the authority of the "Direccion Regional de Educacion (DRE) de Lima Metropolitana", which is in turn divided into 7 sub-directions or "UGEL" (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local): UGEL 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa Maria and Chilca), UGEL 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac and San Martin de Porres), UGEL 03 (Cercado, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria and San Isidro), UGEL 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa and Ancon), UGEL 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho and El Agustino), UGEL 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla and Chaclacayo) and UGEL 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos).<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UGELes with highest results on the ECE 2012 are UGEL 07 and 03 in both reading comprehension and math. UGEL 07 had 60.8% students achieving level 2 in reading comprehension and 28.6% students achieving level 2 in Math. UGEL 03 had 58.5% students achieve level 2 in reading comprehension and 24.9% students achieving level 2 in math. The lowest achieving UGELs are UGEL 01, 04 and 05.<sup id="cite_ref-umc.minedu.gob.pe_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umc.minedu.gob.pe-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>23% of men have completed university education in Lima, compared to 20% of women. Additionally, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education along with 17% of women. The average years of schooling in the city is 11.1 years (11.4 for men and 10.9 for women).<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lima" title="Transport in Lima">Transport in Lima</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg/220px-Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg/330px-Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg/440px-Aeropuerto_de_Callao_-_Lima_en_Per%C3%BA_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lima is served by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> (LIM). It is the country's largest airport hosting the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth-largest hub in the Latin American air network. The airport is the hub for most Peruvian airlines, such as ATSA Airlines, <a href="/wiki/Star_Per%C3%BA" title="Star Perú">Star Perú</a>, <a href="/wiki/JetSmart_Per%C3%BA" title="JetSmart Perú">JetSmart Perú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_Airline_Peru" title="Sky Airline Peru">Sky Airline Peru</a> and the Peruvian flag carrier, <a href="/wiki/LATAM_Airlines_Per%C3%BA" title="LATAM Airlines Perú">LATAM Perú</a>. Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and runways in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María del Mar (Peru)">Santa María del Mar</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_District" title="San Bartolo District">San Bartolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilca" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilca">Chilca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ch%C3%A1vez_International_Airport" title="Jorge Chávez International Airport">Jorge Chávez International Airport</a> is currently undergoing an expansion, with a new terminal being constructed along with an additional runway and multiple commercial areas. These new expansions will consist of the Lima Airport City. The airport will be the first airport city of Latin America and will increase the current airport capacity of 30 million to 40 million passengers. The expansion project will be complete on 30 March 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Peru" title="Highways in Peru">Highways in Peru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panamericana_sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Panamericana_sur.jpg/220px-Panamericana_sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Panamericana_sur.jpg/330px-Panamericana_sur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Panamericana_sur.jpg/440px-Panamericana_sur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peru_Highway_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru Highway 1">South Panamerican Highway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lima is a major stop on the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is an important junction in Peru's highway system. Three major highways originate in Lima. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Peru_Highway_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru Highway 1">Northern Panamerican Highway</a> extends more than 1,330 kilometers (830 mi) to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern districts with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast.</li> <li>The Central Highway (Spanish: <i lang="es">Carretera Central</i>) connects the eastern districts with cities in central Peru. The highway extends 860 kilometers (530 mi) with its terminus at <a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a> near Brazil.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Peru_Highway_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru Highway 1">Southern Panamerican Highway</a> connects the southern districts to the southern coast. The highway extends 1,450 kilometers (900 mi) to the border with Chile.</li></ul> <p>The city has a single major bus terminal next to the mall Plaza Norte. This bus station connects to national and international destinations. Other bus stations serve private bus companies around the city. In addition, informal bus stations are located in the south, center and north of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime">Maritime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Maritime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_(Lima,_Peru).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_%28Lima%2C_Peru%29.jpg/285px-Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_%28Lima%2C_Peru%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_%28Lima%2C_Peru%29.jpg/428px-Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_%28Lima%2C_Peru%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_%28Lima%2C_Peru%29.jpg/570px-Miraflores_Costa_Verde_Skyline_%28Lima%2C_Peru%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Miraflores District on the coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima's proximity to the port of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's major port and one of Latin America's largest. Callao hosts nearly all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. A small port in <a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_District" title="Lurín District">Lurín</a> serves oil tankers due to a nearby refinery. Maritime transport inside Lima city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chancay" title="Port of Chancay">Port of Chancay</a> is currently the largest in South America with it commencing operations on 14 November 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg/220px-Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg/330px-Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg/440px-Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Desamparados_o_Casa_de_la_Literatura_Peruana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Desamparados Railway Station</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril_Central_Andino" title="Ferrocarril Central Andino">Ferrocarril Central Andino</a> which runs from Lima through the departments of <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADn_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Junín Region">Junín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huancavelica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Huancavelica Region">Huancavelica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasco Region">Pasco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Huánuco Region">Huánuco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major cities along this line include <a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Oroya" title="La Oroya">La Oroya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a>. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of <a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a> services for Lima are planned as part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Tren_de_la_Costa_(Peru)" title="Tren de la Costa (Peru)">Tren de la Costa</a> project. Lima's main railway station is the <a href="/wiki/Desamparados_station" title="Desamparados station">Desamparados station</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg/220px-Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg/330px-Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg/440px-Sistema_Integrado_de_Transporte_de_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Sistema Integrado de Transporte Bus System in <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Arequipa" title="Avenida Arequipa">Arequipa Avenue</a> (Route 301)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima's road network is based mostly on large <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">divided avenues</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">freeways</a>. Lima operates a network of nine freeways – the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.<sup id="cite_ref-arqandina.com_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arqandina.com-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2012 survey, the majority of the population uses public or collective transportation (75.6%), while 12.3% uses a car, taxi or motorcycle.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The urban transport system is composed of over 300 transit routes<sup id="cite_ref-proinversion.gob.pe_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proinversion.gob.pe-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are served by buses, microbuses and combis. </p><p>Taxis are mostly informal and unmetered; they are cheap but feature poor driving habits. Fares are agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in size from small four-door compacts to large vans. They account for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, several companies provide on-call taxi service.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corredores_Complementarios_Bus_System">Corredores Complementarios Bus System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Corredores Complementarios Bus System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corredores_complementarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Corredores complementarios">Corredores complementarios</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Transport_System" title="Integrated Transport System">Integrated Transport System</a> (SIT), is a bus system developed by the local government to reorganize the current system of routes that has become chaotic. One of the main goals of the SIT is to reduce the number of urban routes, renew the bus fleet currently operating by many private companies and to reduce (and eventually replace) most "combis" from the city. </p><p>As of July 2020, SIT currently operates 16 routes: <a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres_District" title="San Martín de Porres District">San Martin de Porres</a> – <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco" title="Santiago de Surco">Surco</a> (107) <a href="/wiki/Ate_District" title="Ate District">Ate</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima" title="San Miguel District, Lima">San Miguel</a> (201, 202,204,206 and 209), <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_District" title="Rímac District">Rimac</a> – <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco" title="Santiago de Surco">Surco</a> (301,302,303 and 306), <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Lurigancho" title="San Juan de Lurigancho">San Juan de Lurigancho</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar_District" title="Magdalena del Mar District">Magdalena</a> (404,405,409,412), and <a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Downtown Lima</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima" title="San Miguel District, Lima">San Miguel</a>(508)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colectivos">Colectivos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Colectivos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colectivo" title="Colectivo">Colectivos</a> render express service on some major roads. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than public transport; however, they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops. This service is informal and is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people in the periphery use so-called "mototaxis" for short distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metropolitan_Transport_System">Metropolitan Transport System</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Metropolitan Transport System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_Metropoliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lima_Metropoliano.jpg/220px-Lima_Metropoliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lima_Metropoliano.jpg/330px-Lima_Metropoliano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lima_Metropoliano.jpg/440px-Lima_Metropoliano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Metropolitano" class="mw-redirect" title="El Metropolitano">El Metropolitano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Metropolitan Transport System or <a href="/wiki/El_Metropolitano" class="mw-redirect" title="El Metropolitano">El Metropolitano</a> is a new, integrated system, consisting of a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT). The goal is to reduce passengers' commute times, protect the environment, provide improved security and overall quality of service. Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima and financing from the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, seeking to reduce air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The first phase of this project has 33 kilometers (21 mi) of line (north) to <a href="/wiki/Chorrillos_District" title="Chorrillos District">Chorrillos</a> (south). It began commercial operations on 28 July 2010. Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises buses over <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Arequipa" title="Avenida Arequipa">Avenida Arequipa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes. Weekday use averages 437,148 passengers. Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays and 33.3% for Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg/220px-Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg/330px-Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg/440px-Linea_1_del_Metro_de_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lima_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metro">Lima Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metro">Metro</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lima_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lima Metro">Lima Metro</a> is expected to have six lines. As of 2024, there are two lines running and a third under construction. The other lines are in the ministry of transportation investments portfolio for the next 5 years. </p><p>Line 1 has twenty six passenger stations, with an average separation of 1.2 kilometres (3,900 ft). It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos, to Av. Aviación and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost 35 km (22 mi), in the east of the capital in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Lurigancho" title="San Juan de Lurigancho">San Juan de Lurigancho</a>. The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons. Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people. The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Line 2 of the metro has a first stage already working, the expansion of the line it's being delivered in 2026, along with a portion of line 4 that will be connecting the airport to the metro system. Line 3 and expansion of line 4 are now in the pre bid stage to be done in 2025. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_transportation_issues">Other transportation issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other transportation issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg/200px-Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg/300px-Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg/400px-Intensa_Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular_en_Lima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="2483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic Jam</a> in Javier Prado Avenue</figcaption></figure> <p>Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours. 1.397 million vehicles were in use by the end of 2012. The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offered economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts. Recreational bike lanes can be found in 39 districts. The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half people used the bike lanes in 2012. The bike lanes ran for 71 km (44 mi). They estimate that the use of the bike lanes prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>San Borja district was the first to implement a bike-share program called San Borja en Bici. It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro). By December 2012, the program had 2,776 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg/220px-Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg/330px-Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg/440px-Parapentes_Miraflores_Lima_PE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Paragliding in Miraflores</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_2">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lima suffers the most from air pollution. The microscopic sediment contained within engine exhaust and industrial emissions floats in the air for extended periods of time, either continuing as air pollution or eventually coming to settle as dust upon different urban surfaces. The fine particles are the most dangerous, as if inhaled, are able to damage the human <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. The recommended limit of these particles by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> is 5 tons/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lima has built <a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">billboards</a> which serve as <a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">air purifiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiume_Rimac.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fiume_Rimac.JPG/200px-Fiume_Rimac.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fiume_Rimac.JPG/300px-Fiume_Rimac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fiume_Rimac.JPG/400px-Fiume_Rimac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rimac river</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of <a href="/wiki/SEDAPAL" title="SEDAPAL">SEDAPAL</a> was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum. These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum. The values are within the recommended limits.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solid_waste">Solid waste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Solid waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg (2 lb) per day. In 2012, each resident produced 273.36 kg (603 lb) of solid waste. The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate. The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean. Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>COVID-19</b> </p><p>Lima has a population of about 10 million people. This equates to one-third of the overall population of the nation. Lima was subjected to a lengthy period of confinement or quarantine that lasted more than four months. However, in May 2020, the process of restoring activities began as part of the national government's economic reactivation strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lima's <a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">green recovery</a> is centred on bringing services closer to the most vulnerable people, with the goal of creating a green, wealthy, and equitable city for all. The municipality has an aim of implementing sustainable infrastructure to limit the development of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> through the execution of 46 km of rising bike routes.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lima is one of over 10,000 cities from all around the world that make up the <a href="/wiki/Global_Covenant_of_Mayors_for_Climate_%26_Energy" title="Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy">Global Covenant of Mayors.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_basic_services">Access to basic services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Access to basic services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems. 99.6% of homes have grid electric service. Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-limacomovamos.org_138-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limacomovamos.org-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One and a half million inhabitants have no access to drinking water. The water problem mainly affects the outlying areas of the capital. The story of water in Lima is one of inequality. In the most affluent districts, per capita water consumption stands at 350 liters per day. In the poorest neighborhoods, it's between 20 and 70 liters a day.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lima_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lima_from_above.jpg/260px-Lima_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lima_from_above.jpg/390px-Lima_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lima_from_above.jpg/520px-Lima_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>San Isidro, Lima from above</figcaption></figure> <p>The perception of security varies by district. For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of insecurity (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey. The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.<sup id="cite_ref-ciudadnuestra.org_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciudadnuestra.org-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. These districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-ciudadnuestra.org_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciudadnuestra.org-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraflores_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miraflores_2023.jpg/220px-Miraflores_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miraflores_2023.jpg/330px-Miraflores_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Miraflores_2023.jpg/440px-Miraflores_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores District</a>, among the safest areas of Lima</figcaption></figure> <p>While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district. For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.<sup id="cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).<sup id="cite_ref-ciudadnuestra.org_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciudadnuestra.org-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wall_of_Shame">Wall of Shame</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Wall of Shame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mid-20th century saw the rural population (between 600,000 and 1 million people) taking refuge in Lima, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Peruvian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vatik_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new arrivals, often very poor, erected hastily built shacks. Some residents of these shantytown neighborhoods have acquired property titles, but urban planning remains largely non-existent. In response, a number of wealthy neighbourhoods built their own security barriers starting in 1985, citing security concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-vatik_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, some segments were up to 3 metres high and included <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having a total length of ten kilometres (6.2 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NACLA_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NACLA-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg/220px-Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg/330px-Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg/440px-Muro_de_la_verguenza_-_Wall_of_shame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The wall divides the district of San Juan de Miraflores (one of the most chaotic, dangerous and poor) from the district of Santiago de Surco (one of the safest and most luxurious) through a hill (the urbanized part is San Juan de Miraflores and the non-urbanized part is Santiago de Surco)</figcaption></figure> <p>Critics have used the term <b>wall of shame</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">muro de la vergüenza</i>) to refer to the barriers, which are the subject of tension, especially as many inhabitants of the poorer area cross the wall everyday to work in the neighbouring affluent areas, usually as gardeners or domestic workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wall was partially demolished in 2023 in a number of places.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vatik_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatik-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lima" title="List of people from Lima">List of people from Lima</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_America" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South America">List of twin towns and sister cities in South America</a></div> <p>Lima is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhisar" title="Akhisar">Akhisar</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-lucidez_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucidez-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, Paraguay<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C3%A7oban" title="Karaçoban">Karaçoban</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-lucidez_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucidez-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_Costa_Rica" title="Santa Ana, Costa Rica">Santa Ana</a>, Costa Rica<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, Honduras</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/48px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/64px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in the Americas">Largest cities in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lima" title="List of people from Lima">List of people from Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_the_Lima_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area">List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This includes the 43 districts of the Lima province</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Peru_Altitude:_Elevation_of_Different_Peru_Cities-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peru_Altitude:_Elevation_of_Different_Peru_Cities_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513234643/http://www.machupicchu-inca.com/peru-altitude.html">"Peru Altitude"</a>. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peru+Altitude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.machupicchu-inca.com%2Fperu-altitude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lima_Population_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lima_Population_2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lima-population">"Lima Population 2023"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Lima+Population+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Flima-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INEI:_Lima_tiene_9_millones_752_mil_habitantes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INEI:_Lima_tiene_9_millones_752_mil_habitantes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913004104/http://larepublica.pe/17-01-2015/inei-lima-tiene-9-millones-752-mil-habitantes">"INEI: Lima cuenta con 9 millones 752 mil habitantes"</a> [INEI: Lima has 9 million 752 thousand inhabitants]. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a></i> (in Spanish). Lima. 17 January 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larepublica.pe/17-01-2015/inei-lima-tiene-9-millones-752-mil-habitantes">the original</a> on 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=INEI%3A+Lima+cuenta+con+9+millones+752+mil+habitantes&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larepublica.pe%2F17-01-2015%2Finei-lima-tiene-9-millones-752-mil-habitantes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TelluBase-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TelluBase_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_per.pdf">"TelluBase—Peru Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tellusant<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=Derriban+el+%22muro+de+la+verg%C3%BCenza%22+de+Lima+despu%C3%A9s+de+cuatro+d%C3%A9cadas&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft.aulast=Piro&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fes%2Fmundo%2Fnews%2F2023-09%2Fderriban-muro-de-la-verguenza-de-lima-despues-de-cuatro-decadas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-tears-down-lima-wall-shame-wealth-divide-stays-strong-2023-09-01/">"Peru tears down Lima 'wall of shame' but wealth divide stays strong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 1 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Peru+tears+down+Lima+%27wall+of+shame%27+but+wealth+divide+stays+strong&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fperu-tears-down-lima-wall-shame-wealth-divide-stays-strong-2023-09-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/asia-pacific-economic-cooperation/">"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+Economic+Cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fasia-pacific-economic-cooperation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Limaq-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Limaq_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Limaq_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aymara.org/biblio/lima_etimologia.pdf">"Limaq"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limaq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faymara.org%2Fbiblio%2Flima_etimologia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/57140-ciudad-de-los-libres">"Ciudad de los libres"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Peruano" title="El Peruano">El Peruano</a></i>. 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Peruano&rft.atitle=Ciudad+de+los+libres&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elperuano.pe%2Fnoticia%2F57140-ciudad-de-los-libres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/blogderedaccion/2012/04/22/el-origen-del-nombre-de-nuestra-capital/">"El origen del nombre de nuestra capital"</a> [The origin of the name of our capital] (in Spanish). Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. 22 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+origen+del+nombre+de+nuestra+capital&rft.pub=Pontifical+Catholic+University+of+Peru&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.pucp.edu.pe%2Fblog%2Fblogderedaccion%2F2012%2F04%2F22%2Fel-origen-del-nombre-de-nuestra-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flag_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810152715/http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html">"Ciudad de Lima"</a>. <i>Heráldica Latinoamericana</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Her%C3%A1ldica+Latinoamericana&rft.atitle=Ciudad+de+Lima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheralatin.t35.com%2Fperu%2Flima.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002207/http://peru21.pe/noticia/75506/lima-tiene-dos-himnos-que-nadie-ha-escuchado">"Lima tiene dos himnos que nadie ha escuchado"</a>. <i>Perú.21</i>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peru21.pe/noticia/75506/lima-tiene-dos-himnos-que-nadie-ha-escuchado">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Per%C3%BA.21&rft.atitle=Lima+tiene+dos+himnos+que+nadie+ha+escuchado&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperu21.pe%2Fnoticia%2F75506%2Flima-tiene-dos-himnos-que-nadie-ha-escuchado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide_to_Peru-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guide_to_Peru_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guide_to_Peru_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIIgCgAAQBAJ&dq=casa+de+osambela&pg=PT108"><i>The Rough Guide to Peru</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-24692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-24692-4"><bdi>978-0-241-24692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Peru&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-241-24692-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIIgCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcasa%2Bde%2Bosambela%26pg%3DPT108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConleeDulantoMackayStanish2004218-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConleeDulantoMackayStanish2004218_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConleeDulantoMackayStanish2004">Conlee et al. 2004</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmf.org/project/cajamarquilla-archaeological-site">"Cajamarquilla Archaeological Site - World Monuments Watch - 2006"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Monuments+Fund&rft.atitle=Cajamarquilla+Archaeological+Site+-+World+Monuments+Watch+-+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmf.org%2Fproject%2Fcajamarquilla-archaeological-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Higgins-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_Higgins_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Higgins_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Higgins2005" class="citation book cs1">James Higgins (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YErY-1GD7o8C&dq=Lima:+A+cultural+history&pg=PP1"><i>Lima: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 22, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517890-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517890-4"><bdi>0-19-517890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lima%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=22%2C+45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-517890-4&rft.au=James+Higgins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYErY-1GD7o8C%26dq%3DLima%3A%2BA%2Bcultural%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberto_Colán_Falcón" class="citation book cs1">Alberto Colán Falcón. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.calameo.com/read/0005981349455e89ae19a"><i>Identidad - Cultura Chancay</i></a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identidad+-+Cultura+Chancay&rft.pages=1&rft.au=Alberto+Col%C3%A1n+Falc%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fes.calameo.com%2Fread%2F0005981349455e89ae19a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíazVallejo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Díaz, Luisa; Vallejo, Francisco (9 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletindearqueologia/article/view/1856">"Armatambo y el dominio incaico en el valle de Lima"</a>. <i>Boletín de Arqueología PUCP</i> (6): <span class="nowrap">355–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2Fboletindearqueologiapucp.200201.014">10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.200201.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-4292">2304-4292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+Arqueolog%C3%ADa+PUCP&rft.atitle=Armatambo+y+el+dominio+incaico+en+el+valle+de+Lima&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=2002-04-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18800%2Fboletindearqueologiapucp.200201.014&rft.issn=2304-4292&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft.au=Vallejo%2C+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.pucp.edu.pe%2Findex.php%2Fboletindearqueologia%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzáles2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzáles, César W. Astuhuamán (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.iai.spk-berlin.de/index.php/indiana/article/view/2002">"The concept of Inca province at Tawantinsuyu"</a>. <i>INDIANA - Estudios Antropológicos sobre América Latina y el Caribe</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">79–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v28i0.79-107">10.18441/ind.v28i0.79-107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2365-2225">2365-2225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=INDIANA+-+Estudios+Antropol%C3%B3gicos+sobre+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+y+el+Caribe&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+Inca+province+at+Tawantinsuyu&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18441%2Find.v28i0.79-107&rft.issn=2365-2225&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1les&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar+W.+Astuhuam%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.iai.spk-berlin.de%2Findex.php%2Findiana%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobo1882" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cobo, Bernabé (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opOPx386EzYC&pg=PA42"><i>Historia de la fundación de Lima</i></a> (in Spanish). Imprenta liberal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+fundaci%C3%B3n+de+Lima&rft.pub=Imprenta+liberal&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Cobo&rft.aufirst=Bernab%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopOPx386EzYC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elperuano.pe/noticia/86091-lenguas-superstites-del-tahuantinsuyo">"Lenguas supérstites del Tahuantinsuyo"</a>. <i>elperuano.pe</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elperuano.pe&rft.atitle=Lenguas+sup%C3%A9rstites+del+Tahuantinsuyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felperuano.pe%2Fnoticia%2F86091-lenguas-superstites-del-tahuantinsuyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán-García2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guzmán-García, Carlos Enrique (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/50845131">"REDESCUBRIENDO LIMA INCA, Carlos Enrique Guzmán (2012)"</a>. <i>Arquivisión</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arquivisi%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=REDESCUBRIENDO+LIMA+INCA%2C+Carlos+Enrique+Guzm%C3%A1n+%282012%29&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.aulast=Guzm%C3%A1n-Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F50845131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedro_de_Peralta_Barnuevo_Rocha_y_Benavides1863" class="citation book cs1">Pedro de Peralta Barnuevo Rocha y Benavides (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0_po3dEBqwC&q=escudo+de+lima"><i>Colección de documentos literarios del Peru: Lima fundada</i></a>. Establecimiento de tipografía y encuadernación de A. Alfaro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+de+documentos+literarios+del+Peru%3A+Lima+fundada&rft.pub=Establecimiento+de+tipograf%C3%ADa+y+encuadernaci%C3%B3n+de+A.+Alfaro&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Pedro+de+Peralta+Barnuevo+Rocha+y+Benavides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0_po3dEBqwC%26q%3Descudo%2Bde%2Blima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Exposiciones/FundLima/fundacion/fundacion_Lima.htm">"Historia de la Fundación de Lima"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+Lima&rft.pub=National+University+of+San+Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsisbib.unmsm.edu.pe%2FExposiciones%2FFundLima%2Ffundacion%2Ffundacion_Lima.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEphraim_George_Squier1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_George_Squier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim George Squier">Ephraim George Squier</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmrhAybM6lMC&dq=city+of+the+kings+lima+epiphany&pg=PA34"><i>Peru. Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-777-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-777-2"><bdi>978-1-59884-777-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru.+Incidents+of+Travel+and+Exploration+in+the+Land+of+the+Incas&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Macmillan+Inc.&rft.date=1877&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-777-2&rft.au=Ephraim+George+Squier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmrhAybM6lMC%26dq%3Dcity%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bkings%2Blima%2Bepiphany%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/peru/peru/lima.php">"Lima, City of Kings"</a>. <i>brown.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brown.edu&rft.atitle=Lima%2C+City+of+Kings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FFacilities%2FJohn_Carter_Brown_Library%2Fexhibitions%2Fperu%2Fperu%2Flima.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Francis_Bennett_-_Center_for_Renaissance_and_Baroque_Studies1986" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Francis Bennett - Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-9m2UTFCGkC&dq=Settlements%20in%20the%20Americas%3A%20Cross-Cultural%20Perspectives&pg=PP1"><i>Settlements in the Americas: Cross-cultural Perspectives</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware_Press" title="University of Delaware Press">University of Delaware Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-411-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-411-0"><bdi>0-87413-411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlements+in+the+Americas%3A+Cross-cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87413-411-0&rft.au=Ralph+Francis+Bennett+-+Center+for+Renaissance+and+Baroque+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-9m2UTFCGkC%26dq%3DSettlements%2520in%2520the%2520Americas%253A%2520Cross-Cultural%2520Perspectives%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRostworowski2017" class="citation book cs1">Rostworowski, María (28 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDtFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22"><i>Doña Francisca Pizarro: Una ilustre mestiza 1534-1598</i></a>. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972-51-667-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972-51-667-2"><bdi>978-9972-51-667-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do%C3%B1a+Francisca+Pizarro%3A+Una+ilustre+mestiza+1534-1598&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft.isbn=978-9972-51-667-2&rft.aulast=Rostworowski&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDtFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolla2009" class="citation book cs1">Tolla, Enrique Bonilla di (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/publicacion/21/05/60acb153b9883-guia_lima_y_callao.pdf"><i>Lima and El Callao - An Architectural and Landscape Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lima, Seville: Universidad Ricardo Palma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7595-215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7595-215-4"><bdi>978-84-7595-215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lima+and+El+Callao+-+An+Architectural+and+Landscape+Guide&rft.place=Lima%2C+Seville&rft.pub=Universidad+Ricardo+Palma&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-84-7595-215-4&rft.aulast=Tolla&rft.aufirst=Enrique+Bonilla+di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juntadeandalucia.es%2Fexport%2Fdrupaljda%2Fpublicacion%2F21%2F05%2F60acb153b9883-guia_lima_y_callao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Walker2003" class="citation journal cs1">Charles Walker (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/38926">"The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746"</a>. <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (1). Hispanic American Historical Review - <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-83-1-53">10.1215/00182168-83-1-53</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144925044">144925044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Upper+Classes+and+Their+Upper+Stories%3A+Architecture+and+the+Aftermath+of+the+Lima+Earthquake+of+1746&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-83-1-53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144925044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Charles+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F38926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuamán_Poma1615" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Guaman_Poma_de_Ayala" title="Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala">Guamán Poma</a> (1615). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/1039/en/text/?open=idm46287305913392">"Nueva corónica y buen gobierno"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Royal Library, Denmark</a> website</i>. p. 362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Library%2C+Denmark+website&rft.atitle=Nueva+cor%C3%B3nica+y+buen+gobierno&rft.pages=362&rft.date=1615&rft.au=Guam%C3%A1n+Poma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5.kb.dk%2Fpermalink%2F2006%2Fpoma%2F1039%2Fen%2Ftext%2F%3Fopen%3Didm46287305913392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceres.mcu.es/pages/ResultSearch?txtSimpleSearch=Plaza%20Mayor%20de%20Lima&simpleSearch=0&hipertextSearch=1&search=simple&MuseumsSearch=&MuseumsRolSearch=1&listaMuseos=null">"Plaza Mayor de Lima"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Museo de América">Museo de América (Madrid)</a> website</i>. 1680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+de+Am%C3%A9rica+%28Madrid%29+website&rft.atitle=Plaza+Mayor+de+Lima&rft.date=1680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceres.mcu.es%2Fpages%2FResultSearch%3FtxtSimpleSearch%3DPlaza%2520Mayor%2520de%2520Lima%26simpleSearch%3D0%26hipertextSearch%3D1%26search%3Dsimple%26MuseumsSearch%3D%26MuseumsRolSearch%3D1%26listaMuseos%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709"><i>Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África: resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de...</i></a> 4-6. Imprenta y libreria de Juan Olivares. 1842.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viaje+pintoresco+a+las+dos+Am%C3%A9ricas%2C+Asia+y+%C3%81frica%3A+res%C3%BAmen+jeneral+de+todos+los+viajes+y+descubrimientos+de...&rft.series=4-6&rft.pub=Imprenta+y+libreria+de+Juan+Olivares&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbvpb.mcu.es%2Fes%2Fconsulta%2Fregistro.do%3Fid%3D469709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Luis_Orrego_Penagos2010" class="citation web cs1">Juan Luis Orrego Penagos (9 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/">"La flora de Lima: introducción"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Peru">Pontifical Catholic University of Peru</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+flora+de+Lima%3A+introducci%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Pontifical+Catholic+University+of+Peru&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.au=Juan+Luis+Orrego+Penagos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.pucp.edu.pe%2Fblog%2Fjuanluisorrego%2F2010%2F04%2F09%2Fla-flora-de-lima-introduccion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_A._Fuentes1866" class="citation book cs1">Manuel A. Fuentes (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13"><i>Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral</i></a>. Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral&rft.pub=Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Sons+%26+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft.au=Manuel+A.+Fuentes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhpEAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DLima%2Bor%2BSketches%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCapital%2Bof%2BPeru%252C%2BHistorical%252C%2BStatistical%252C%2BAdministrative%252C%2BCommercial%2Band%2BMoral%2BParis%253A%2BFirmin%2BDidot%252C%2BBrothers%252C%2BSon%26pg%3DPP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04">"Puente De Piedra, Lima"</a>. <i>Old Fund of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Seville" title="University of Seville">University of Seville</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old+Fund+of+the+University+of+Seville&rft.atitle=Puente+De+Piedra%2C+Lima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fpeople%2F37667416%40N04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPe" class="citation news cs1">Pe, vis. com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congreso.gob.pe/historia/">"Reseña Histórica del Congreso"</a>. <i>Congreso de la República del Perú</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congreso+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.atitle=Rese%C3%B1a+Hist%C3%B3rica+del+Congreso&rft.aulast=Pe&rft.aufirst=vis.+com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.gob.pe%2Fhistoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Basadre1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Basadre" title="Jorge Basadre">Jorge Basadre</a> (1929). <i>La iniciación de la república: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú</i>. Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional de San Marcos. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-46-196-3" title="Special:BookSources/9972-46-196-3"><bdi>9972-46-196-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+iniciaci%C3%B3n+de+la+rep%C3%BAblica%3A+contribuci%C3%B3n+al+estudio+de+la+evoluci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica+y+social+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+de+San+Marcos&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=9972-46-196-3&rft.au=Jorge+Basadre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arco_Puente-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arco_Puente_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arco_Puente_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camp.ucss.edu.pe/blog/el-arco-de-lima/">"Un arco para Lima"</a>. <i>camp.ucss.edu.pe</i>. 3 December 2021. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=camp.ucss.edu.pe&rft.atitle=Un+arco+para+Lima&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcamp.ucss.edu.pe%2Fblog%2Fel-arco-de-lima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Jakob_von_Tschudi1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_von_Tschudi" title="Johann Jakob von Tschudi">Johann Jakob von Tschudi</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CItRDwAAQBAJ&dq=city+walls+of+lima&pg=PA59"><i>Travels in Peru</i></a>. Outlook Verlag. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7326-3675-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7326-3675-4"><bdi>978-3-7326-3675-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Peru&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Outlook+Verlag&rft.date=1847&rft.isbn=978-3-7326-3675-4&rft.au=Johann+Jakob+von+Tschudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCItRDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcity%2Bwalls%2Bof%2Blima%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Carlos_Rowe2000" class="citation book cs1">John Carlos Rowe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s53mCwAAQBAJ&dq=walls+of+lima+demolished&pg=PA436"><i>Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism. From the Revolution to World War II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513150-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513150-5"><bdi>978-0-19-513150-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Culture+and+U.S.+Imperialism.+From+the+Revolution+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513150-5&rft.au=John+Carlos+Rowe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds53mCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwalls%2Bof%2Blima%2Bdemolished%26pg%3DPA436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathya_Araujo2009" class="citation book cs1">Kathya Araujo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oW_7r0lptNQC&dq=Dignos%20de%20su%20arte%3A%20Sujeto%20y%20lazo%20social%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%20de%20las%20primeras%20d%C3%A9cadas%20del%20siglo%20XX&pg=PA1"><i>Dignos de su arte: sujeto y lazo social en el Perú de las primeras décadas del siglo XX</i></a>. Santiago de Chile: Iberoamericana Editorial. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8489-387-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8489-387-5"><bdi>978-84-8489-387-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dignos+de+su+arte%3A+sujeto+y+lazo+social+en+el+Per%C3%BA+de+las+primeras+d%C3%A9cadas+del+siglo+XX&rft.place=Santiago+de+Chile&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Iberoamericana+Editorial&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-84-8489-387-5&rft.au=Kathya+Araujo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoW_7r0lptNQC%26dq%3DDignos%2520de%2520su%2520arte%253A%2520Sujeto%2520y%2520lazo%2520social%2520en%2520el%2520Per%25C3%25BA%2520de%2520las%2520primeras%2520d%25C3%25A9cadas%2520del%2520siglo%2520XX%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscensión_Martínez_Riaza2006" class="citation book cs1">Ascensión Martínez Riaza (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4mSxP9ckEkC&dq=%C2%ABA%20pesar%20del%20gobierno%C2%BB%3A%20Espa%C3%B1oles%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%2C%201879-1939&pg=PP1"><i>"A pesar del gobierno": españoles en el Perú, 1879-1939</i></a>. Editorial CSIC. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-00-08449-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-00-08449-7"><bdi>84-00-08449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+pesar+del+gobierno%22%3A+espa%C3%B1oles+en+el+Per%C3%BA%2C+1879-1939&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Editorial+CSIC&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=84-00-08449-7&rft.au=Ascensi%C3%B3n+Mart%C3%ADnez+Riaza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4mSxP9ckEkC%26dq%3D%25C2%25ABA%2520pesar%2520del%2520gobierno%25C2%25BB%253A%2520Espa%25C3%25B1oles%2520en%2520el%2520Per%25C3%25BA%252C%25201879-1939%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_Rojas1996" class="citation book cs1">Jorge Rojas (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xkx7eEGABl8C&dq=Las%20pol%C3%ADticas%20comerciales%20y%20cambiarias%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%2C%201960-1995&pg=PP1"><i>Las políticas comerciales y cambiarias en el Perú, 1960-1995</i></a>. Fondo Editorial PUCP. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9972-42-060-4" title="Special:BookSources/9972-42-060-4"><bdi>9972-42-060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+pol%C3%ADticas+comerciales+y+cambiarias+en+el+Per%C3%BA%2C+1960-1995&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Fondo+Editorial+PUCP&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9972-42-060-4&rft.au=Jorge+Rojas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkx7eEGABl8C%26dq%3DLas%2520pol%25C3%25ADticas%2520comerciales%2520y%2520cambiarias%2520en%2520el%2520Per%25C3%25BA%252C%25201960-1995%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minedu/informes-publicaciones/1307863-historia-del-ministerio-de-educacion">"Historia del Ministerio de Educación"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Peru)" title="Ministry of Education (Peru)">Ministry of Education (Peru)</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Education+%28Peru%29&rft.atitle=Historia+del+Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.pe%2Finstitucion%2Fminedu%2Finformes-publicaciones%2F1307863-historia-del-ministerio-de-educacion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golte-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golte_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golte_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolte,_Jürgen" class="citation web cs1">Golte, Jürgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407101942/https://www4.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/1999/educacion/funcion/eventos/Expos16.html">"La Migración Andina y la Cultura Peruana"</a>. <i>Congress of the Republic of Peru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www4.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/1999/educacion/funcion/eventos/Expos16.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress+of+the+Republic+of+Peru&rft.atitle=La+Migraci%C3%B3n+Andina+y+la+Cultura+Peruana&rft.au=Golte%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww4.congreso.gob.pe%2Fcomisiones%2F1999%2Feducacion%2Ffuncion%2Feventos%2FExpos16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712210910/http://www.munives.gob.pe/Ves_historia.htm">"HISTORIA DE VILLA EL SALVADOR"</a>. <i>Villa El Salvador Municipality</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munives.gob.pe/Ves_historia.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Villa+El+Salvador+Municipality&rft.atitle=HISTORIA+DE+VILLA+EL+SALVADOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munives.gob.pe%2FVes_historia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213938/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm">"Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico"</a> (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lima+Metropolitana+perfil+socio-demogr%C3%A1fico&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fbiblioineipub%2Fbancopub%2FEst%2FLIb0002%2Fcap0101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz198035-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietz198035_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDietz1980">Dietz 1980</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietz198036.-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietz198036._53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDietz1980">Dietz 1980</a>, p. 36..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inei.gob.pe-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inei.gob.pe_54-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1168/libro.pdf">"Una mirada a Lima Metropolitana"</a> [A look at Metropolitan Lima] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Una+mirada+a+Lima+Metropolitana&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1168%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=sinoptica">"Análisis Meteorológico"</a> [Meteorological Analysis] (in Spanish). Ministerio del Ambiente Peru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An%C3%A1lisis+Meteorol%C3%B3gico&rft.pub=Ministerio+del+Ambiente+Peru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senamhi.gob.pe%2F%3Fp%3Dsinoptica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">"Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1633–</span>1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%88%92Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1633-%3C%2Fspan%3E1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weatherspark.com/averages/33636/Callao-Lima-Peru">"Average Weather For Callao/Lima, Peru"</a>. <i>WeatherSpark</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeatherSpark&rft.atitle=Average+Weather+For+Callao%2FLima%2C+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Faverages%2F33636%2FCallao-Lima-Peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/">"Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú"</a> (in Spanish). Government of Peru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Servicio+Nacional+de+Meteorolog%C3%ADa+e+Hidrolog%C3%ADa+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.pub=Government+of+Peru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senamhi.gob.pe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalparks-worldwide.com/sam/peru/regions/coast/climate-coast.html">"CLIMATE ON THE COAST OF PERU"</a>. <i>www.nationalparks-worldwide.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalparks-worldwide.com&rft.atitle=CLIMATE+ON+THE+COAST+OF+PERU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalparks-worldwide.com%2Fsam%2Fperu%2Fregions%2Fcoast%2Fclimate-coast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040600/http://worldweather.wmo.int/029/c00108.htm">"World Weather Information Service – Lima"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/029/c00108.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Weather+Information+Service+%E2%80%93+Lima&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F029%2Fc00108.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_weather-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_weather_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3936456">"BBC Weather – Lima"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Weather+%E2%80%93+Lima&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2F3936456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molina-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molina_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapel_Molina1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Capel Molina, José J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629173938/http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/02119803/articulos/AGUC9999110025A.PDF">"Lima, un clima de desierto litoral"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense</i> (in Spanish). <b>19</b>. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0211-9803">0211-9803</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/02119803/articulos/AGUC9999110025A.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+de+Geograf%C3%ADa+de+la+Universidad+Complutense&rft.atitle=Lima%2C+un+clima+de+desierto+litoral&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0211-9803&rft.aulast=Capel+Molina&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Fghi%2F02119803%2Farticulos%2FAGUC9999110025A.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2007" class="citation news cs1">Painter, James (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6412351.stm">"Americas | Peru's alarming water truth"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Americas+%26%23124%3B+Peru%27s+alarming+water+truth&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6412351.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_846280_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Lima-Callao (Int. Flugh.) / Peru"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Lima-Callao+%28Int.+Flugh.%29+%2F+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_846280_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWDsun-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWDsun_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt">"Station : 84628 Lima/Callao"</a>. <i>Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration</i>. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt">the original</a> on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+station+data+1961%E2%80%931990%E2%80%94Sunshine+Duration&rft.atitle=Station+%3A+84628+Lima%2FCallao&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp-cdc.dwd.de%2Fpub%2FCDC%2Fobservations_global%2FCLIMAT%2Fmulti_annual%2Fsunshine_duration%2F1961_1990.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html">"Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center), Station : 84628 Lima/Callao"</a>. <i>www.dwd.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619232425/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dwd.de&rft.atitle=Wetter+und+Klima+%E2%80%93+Deutscher+Wetterdienst+%E2%80%93+CDC+%28Climate+Data+Center%29%2C+Station+%3A+84628+Lima%2FCallao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDE%2Fklimaumwelt%2Fcdc%2Fcdc_node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoclimat-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meteoclimat_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1871">"Station Jorge Chavez"</a> (in French). Météo Climat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+Jorge+Chavez&rft.pub=M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+Climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dstati%26id%3D1871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteostat.net/en/place/pe/lima?s=84628">"Lima Climate : Temperature 1991-2020"</a>. Meteostat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lima+Climate+%3A+Temperature+1991-2020&rft.pub=Meteostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteostat.net%2Fen%2Fplace%2Fpe%2Flima%3Fs%3D84628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones">"SENAMHI - Normales Estaciones"</a> (in Spanish). SENAMHI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SENAMHI+-+Normales+Estaciones&rft.pub=SENAMHI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senamhi.gob.pe%2F%3Fp%3Dnormales-estaciones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211143541/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=20">"Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima"</a> [Superior Court of Lima] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial System of Peru">Judicial Power of Peru</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=20">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corte+Superior+de+Justicia+de+Lima&rft.pub=Judicial+Power+of+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pj.gob.pe%2FCorteSuperior%2Fdefault.asp%3Fsede%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201150233/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=11">"Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima Norte"</a> [Superior Court of North Lima] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial System of Peru">Judicial Power of Peru</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=11">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corte+Superior+de+Justicia+de+Lima+Norte&rft.pub=Judicial+Power+of+Peru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pj.gob.pe%2FCorteSuperior%2Fdefault.asp%3Fsede%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/peru/admin/lima/1501__lima/">"Lima (Region-level Province, Peru) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Lima+%28Region-level+Province%2C+Peru%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts%2C+Map+and+Location&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fperu%2Fadmin%2Flima%2F1501__lima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/wallcharts/WUP_2014%20Urban%20Agglomerations%20Wallchart.pdf"><i>Urban Agglomerations 2014</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025830/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/wallcharts/WUP_2014%20Urban%20Agglomerations%20Wallchart.pdf">Archived</a> 6 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – note, per the source, "Urban agglomerations included in the chart are those of 1 million inhabitants or more in 2007. An agglomeration contains the population within the contours of contiguous territory inhabited at urban levels of residential density without regard to administrative boundaries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaily,_Samuel_LMíguez,_Eduardo_José2003" class="citation book cs1">Baily, Samuel L; Míguez, Eduardo José (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZQxkfvMJFgC"><i>Latin America Since 1930</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2831-8"><bdi>978-0-8420-2831-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3A+Overseas+Compatriot+Affairs+Commission%2C+R.O.C.+%3A%3A&rft.pub=Ocac.gov.tw&rft.date=2004-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocac.gov.tw%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fpublic.asp%3Fselno%3D1163%26no%3D1163%26level%3DB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafaél_Sagredo_Baeza2019" class="citation conference cs1">Rafaél Sagredo Baeza (14 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.uc.cl/images/publicaciones/rsagredo/sagredo_arte%20naturaleza%20y%20nacion.pdf"><i>Ruptures and continuities in colonial and independence art</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Lima Info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829063952/http://www.lima.info/history.htm">Archived</a> 29 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113">Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa</a>. From Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, <i>A Voyage to South America</i> (1748).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910065928/http://www.apeim.com.pe/wp-content/themes/apeim/docs/nse/APEIM-NSE-2003-2004-LIMA.pdf">"Niveles socioeconómicos en Lima Metropolitana y Callao – APEIM"</a> [Socioeconomic levels in Metropolitan Lima and Callao – APEIM] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Asociación Peruana de Empresas de Investigación de Mercados. 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Retrieved 8 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AttractionGuide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attractionguide.com/lima/">Lima Attractions</a>. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-studyabroaddomain.com-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-studyabroaddomain.com_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-studyabroaddomain.com_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121100145/http://www.studyabroaddomain.com/Peru.aspx">"Study Abroad Peru"</a>. Study Abroad Domain. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.mastercard.com/latin-america/press-releases/10-years-later-the-cities-in-latin-america-the-caribbean-taking-cross-border-travel-to-new-levels/">the original</a> on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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England: <a href="/wiki/Apa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Apa Publications">Apa Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78919-509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78919-509-5"><bdi>978-1-78919-509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Peru+%28Travel+Guide+eBook%29&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Apa+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78919-509-5&rft.au=Sara+Humphreys&rft.au=Steph+Dyson&rft.au=Todd+Obolsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqGWDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcasa%2Bde%2Bosambela%26pg%3DPT115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500">"Historic Centre of Lima"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Site</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Site&rft.atitle=Historic+Centre+of+Lima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perutoptours.com/index14limuralla.html">"El Parque de la Muralla"</a>. <i>perutoptours.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perutoptours.com&rft.atitle=El+Parque+de+la+Muralla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perutoptours.com%2Findex14limuralla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Boer,_Peter_Boer2017" class="citation book cs1">Ellen Boer, Peter Boer (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys5QDwAAQBAJ&dq=Huaca+Pucllana+site&pg=PT975"><i>Grand Tourist 2. 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But the former colonial—and current day—capital city of Lima is an architectural and gastronomic wonderland"</a>. <i>South Florida CEO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111620596.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Viva Publishing Network. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791264-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791264-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9791264-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%21VA+Travel+Guides%3A+Peru&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Viva+Publishing+Network&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9791264-3-7&rft.aulast=Segreda&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.au=Minster%2C+Crit&rft.au=Newton%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3eK1nVLHgMC%26dq%3DV%21VA%2520Travel%2520Guides%253A%2520Peru%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113">"Articles: Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+revolution+in+tastes%3A+innovative+chefs+in+Lima+are+dishing+up+a+fusion+of+Andean+and+European+cuisines+with+seasoning+from+around+the+world.+%2801-MAY-06%29+Americas+%28English+Edition%29&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessmylibrary.com%2Fcoms2%2Fsummary_0286-15424982_ITM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118052410/http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf"><i>101 Reasons to be proud of Peru</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lima: Peru Experience. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-45260-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-45260-1-3"><bdi>978-603-45260-1-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Reasons+to+be+proud+of+Peru&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=Peru+Experience&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-603-45260-1-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiler.livinginperu.com%2F101reasons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012623/http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm">"Gastronomía en Lima"</a>. <i>go2peru.com</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=go2peru.com&rft.atitle=Gastronom%C3%ADa+en+Lima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.go2peru.com%2Fspa%2Fguia_viajes%2Flima%2Fcocina_lima.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818095447/http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html">"APEGA Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía – ¿Qué es Apega?"</a>. <i>apega.pe</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apega.pe&rft.atitle=APEGA+Sociedad+Peruana+de+Gastronom%C3%ADa+%E2%80%93+%C2%BFQu%C3%A9+es+Apega%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apega.pe%2Fapega%2F-que-es-apega-S1%2FC1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloudoff-Indelicato2014" class="citation web cs1">Bloudoff-Indelicato, Mollie (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/17/349038162/mistura-food-fest-gives-peruvian-cuisine-a-chance-to-shine">"Mistura Food Fest Gives Peruvian Cuisine A Chance To Shine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Mistura+Food+Fest+Gives+Peruvian+Cuisine+A+Chance+To+Shine&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Bloudoff-Indelicato&rft.aufirst=Mollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthesalt%2F2014%2F09%2F17%2F349038162%2Fmistura-food-fest-gives-peruvian-cuisine-a-chance-to-shine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAunt_Poison_S.A.C." class="citation web cs1">Aunt Poison S.A.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mistura.pe/mistura-2014/">"Mistura.pe"</a>. <i>Mistura</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mistura&rft.atitle=Mistura.pe&rft.au=Aunt+Poison+S.A.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmistura.pe%2Fmistura-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2011">"Past List 2011"</a>. Theworlds50best.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+List+2011&rft.pub=Theworlds50best.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworlds50best.com%2Flist%2Fpast-lists%2F2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworlds50best.com/the-list/1-10/central.html">"Top 50 Restaurants in the World 2023"</a>. Theworlds50best.com. 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+50+Restaurants+in+the+World+2023&rft.pub=Theworlds50best.com&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworlds50best.com%2Fthe-list%2F1-10%2Fcentral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t1-50">"1–50 The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants"</a>. Theworlds50best.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1%E2%80%9350+The+Worlds+50+Best+Restaurants&rft.pub=Theworlds50best.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworlds50best.com%2Flist%2F1-50-winners%23t1-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworlds50best.com/latinamerica/en/the-list.html#t1-50">"Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50"</a>. Theworlds50best.com. 4 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America%27s+50+Best+Restaurants+1%E2%80%9350&rft.pub=Theworlds50best.com&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworlds50best.com%2Flatinamerica%2Fen%2Fthe-list.html%23t1-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treehouselodge.com/ceviche-perus-national-dish/">"Ceviche, Peru's National Dish"</a>. <i>treehouselodge.com</i>. 18 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treehouselodge.com&rft.atitle=Ceviche%2C+Peru%27s+National+Dish&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreehouselodge.com%2Fceviche-perus-national-dish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrg2022" class="citation news cs1">Org, Connectas (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connectas.org/latinoamerica-tiene-sed/">"Latinoamérica tiene sed - CONNECTAS"</a>. <i>CONNECTAS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CONNECTAS&rft.atitle=Latinoam%C3%A9rica+tiene+sed+-+CONNECTAS&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=Org&rft.aufirst=Connectas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connectas.org%2Flatinoamerica-tiene-sed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Rojas_Osorio2002" class="citation book cs1">Carlos Rojas Osorio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrutOSGcIlQC&dq=Latinoam%C3%A9rica%3A%20Cien%20A%C3%B1os%20de%20Filosof%C3%ADa&pg=PP1"><i>Latinoamérica: cien años de filosofía</i></a>. Vol. 1. Isla Negra Editores. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932271-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-932271-02-3"><bdi>1-932271-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latinoam%C3%A9rica%3A+cien+a%C3%B1os+de+filosof%C3%ADa&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Isla+Negra+Editores&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-932271-02-3&rft.au=Carlos+Rojas+Osorio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrutOSGcIlQC%26dq%3DLatinoam%25C3%25A9rica%253A%2520Cien%2520A%25C3%25B1os%2520de%2520Filosof%25C3%25ADa%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariu_Suarez2001" class="citation book cs1">Mariu Suarez (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpUFTBQtLz8C&dq=Mas%20Alla%20Del%20Homo%20Sapiens&pg=PP1"><i>Mas Allá Del Homo Sapiens</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/24/relacion-de-arzobispos-de-lima/">the original</a> on 11 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sh.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%B8%82%E7%BA%A7%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwsb.sh.gov.cn%2Fnode550%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407101944/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Stamford-gains-another-sister-city-this-time-6554570.php">"Stamford gains another sister city, this time Rose, Italy"</a>. <i>stamfordadvocate.com</i>. Stamford Advocate. 6 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Stamford-gains-another-sister-city-this-time-6554570.php">the original</a> on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stamfordadvocate.com&rft.atitle=Stamford+gains+another+sister+city%2C+this+time+Rose%2C+Italy&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stamfordadvocate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FStamford-gains-another-sister-city-this-time-6554570.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.sec.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=2789B64DFDD8B838">"Taipei's Sister Cities"</a>. <i>sec.gov.taipei</i>. Secretariat, Taipei City Government. 18 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sec.gov.taipei&rft.atitle=Taipei%27s+Sister+Cities&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.sec.gov.taipei%2Fcp.aspx%3Fn%3D2789B64DFDD8B838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrien1985" class="citation book cs1">Andrien, Kenneth J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahS3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0791-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-0791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Decline%3A+The+Viceroyalty+of+Peru+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0791-0&rft.aulast=Andrien&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahS3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna1979" class="citation book cs1">Anna, Timothy E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4oaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1004-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1004-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Royal+Government+in+Peru&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1004-2&rft.aulast=Anna&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4oaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConleeDulantoMackayStanish2004" class="citation book cs1">Conlee, Christina; Dulanto, Jalh; Mackay, Carol; Stanish, Charles (2004). "Late Prehispanic sociopolitical complexity". In Silverman, Helaine (ed.). <i>Andean archaeology</i>. Malden: Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23400-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23400-4"><bdi>0-631-23400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Prehispanic+sociopolitical+complexity&rft.btitle=Andean+archaeology&rft.place=Malden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-631-23400-4&rft.aulast=Conlee&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Dulanto%2C+Jalh&rft.au=Mackay%2C+Carol&rft.au=Stanish%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietz1980" class="citation book cs1">Dietz, Henry A. (1 January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EnBAAAAIAAJ"><i>Poverty and Problem-Solving Under Military Rule: The Urban Poor in Lima, Peru</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76460-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76460-6"><bdi>978-0-292-76460-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Problem-Solving+Under+Military+Rule%3A+The+Urban+Poor+in+Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1980-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76460-6&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EnBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming1970" class="citation book cs1">Hemming, John (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnIaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Conquest of the Incas</i></a>. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-122560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-122560-6"><bdi>978-0-15-122560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+the+Incas&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace%2C+Jovanovich&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-15-122560-6&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnIaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2005" class="citation book cs1">Higgins, James (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0NZ7dAiJ7sC"><i>Lima: A Cultural History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517891-3"><bdi>978-0-19-517891-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lima%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517891-3&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0NZ7dAiJ7sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlarén2000" class="citation book cs1">Klarén, Peter F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6t0R_UUnX1EC"><i>Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506928-0"><bdi>978-0-19-506928-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru%3A+Society+and+Nationhood+in+the+Andes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506928-0&rft.aulast=Klar%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6t0R_UUnX1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamón2002" class="citation book cs1">Ramón, Gabriel (2002). "The script of urban surgery: Lima, 1850–1940". In Marte, Arturo Almandoz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ0mTbevsA4C"><i>Planning Latin America's Capital Cities, 1850-1950</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">170–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27265-0"><bdi>978-0-415-27265-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+script+of+urban+surgery%3A+Lima%2C+1850%E2%80%931940&rft.btitle=Planning+Latin+America%27s+Capital+Cities%2C+1850-1950&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E170-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27265-0&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJ0mTbevsA4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hahr.dukejournals.org/content/83/1/53">"The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746"</a>. <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-83-1-53">10.1215/00182168-83-1-53</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144925044">144925044</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Upper+Classes+and+Their+Upper+Stories%3A+Architecture+and+the+Aftermath+of+the+Lima+Earthquake+of+1746&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-83-1-53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144925044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhahr.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F83%2F1%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Nota etimológica: El topónimo Lima</i>, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú</li> <li><i>Lima Monumento Histórico</i>, Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Higgins, James (editor). <i>The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts</i>, 2014. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu">Jhemanperu</a></li> <li>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. <i>Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico</i>. Lima: INEI, 1996. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_2">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, <i>Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú</i>. Lima: INEI, 2008. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, <i>Urban Agglomerations 2007</i>. New York (June 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINEI_(Instituto_Nacional_de_Estadística_e_Informática)2023" class="citation journal cs1">INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1911/libro.pdf">"Situación de la Población Peruana: Una mirada hacia los jóvenes 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática</i> (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.atitle=Situaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Poblaci%C3%B3n+Peruana%3A+Una+mirada+hacia+los+j%C3%B3venes+2023&rft.issue=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft.date=2023&rft.au=INEI+%28Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+e+Inform%C3%A1tica%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inei.gob.pe%2Fmedia%2FMenuRecursivo%2Fpublicaciones_digitales%2FEst%2FLib1911%2Flibro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALima" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lima" class="extiw" title="commons:Lima"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Lima</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lima" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lima">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lima#Q2868" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lima">Lima</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munlima.gob.pe/">Municipality of Lima</a></span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990420214305/http://www.munlima.gob.pe/">Archived</a> 20 April 1999 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/60314/">1.40 gigapixel image of Lima</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lima#Q2868" class="extiw" title="voy:Lima">Lima</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lima_landmarks186" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_in_Lima" title="Template:Landmarks in Lima"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_in_Lima" title="Template talk:Landmarks in Lima"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks_in_Lima" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Landmarks in Lima"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lima_landmarks186" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lima</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Columbian buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaca_Huallamarca" title="Huaca Huallamarca">Huaca Huallamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaca_Pucllana" title="Huaca Pucllana">Huaca Pucllana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaca_Santa_Catalina" title="Huaca Santa Catalina">Huaca Santa Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachacamac" title="Pachacamac">Pachacamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puruchuco" title="Puruchuco">Puruchuco</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lima.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="MTR Logo"><img alt="MTR Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/90px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/135px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Lima.svg/180px-Flag_of_Lima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balconies_of_Lima" title="Balconies of Lima">Balconies of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Merced" title="Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced">Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla_(Plazoleta_de_la_Merced)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to Ramón Castilla (Plazoleta de la Merced)">Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazoleta_de_la_Merced" title="Plazoleta de la Merced">Plazoleta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima">Basilica and Convent of San Francisco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Lima" title="Catacombs of Lima">Catacombs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Pedro,_Lima" title="Basilica and Convent of San Pedro, Lima">Basilica and Convent of San Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santo Domingo, Lima">Basilica of Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plazuela_de_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazuela de Santo Domingo">Plazuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Aliaga" title="Casa de Aliaga">Casa de Aliaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Divorciadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa de Divorciadas">Casa de Divorciadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Osambela" title="Casa de Osambela">Casa de Osambela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Pilatos_(Lima)" title="Casa de Pilatos (Lima)">Casa de Pilatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Oidor" title="Casa del Oidor">Casa del Oidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Goyeneche" title="Casa Goyeneche">Casa Goyeneche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Hacienda_Punchauca" title="Casa Hacienda Punchauca">Casa Hacienda Punchauca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_O%27Higgins" title="Casa O'Higgins">Casa O'Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_Institute" title="Riva-Agüero Institute">Casa Riva-Agüero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casona_of_the_National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="Casona of the National University of San Marcos">Casona of the National University of San Marcos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_San_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of San Marcos">Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art,_University_of_San_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Art, University of San Marcos">Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Theatre_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="University Theatre (Lima)">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima">Basilica Cathedral of Lima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_del_Sagrario_(Lima)" title="Iglesia del Sagrario (Lima)">Sanctuary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementerio_Presb%C3%ADtero_Mat%C3%ADas_Maestro" title="Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro">Cementerio Presbítero Matías Maestro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cripta_de_los_H%C3%A9roes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cripta de los Héroes">Cripta de los Héroes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus,_Mary,_and_Joseph" title="Church of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph">Church of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine_of_Siena" title="Church of Saint Catherine of Siena">Church of Saint Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Lazarus,_Lima" title="Church of Saint Lazarus, Lima">Church of Saint Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Death" title="Church of the Good Death">Church of the Good Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Christ_of_Wonders" title="Church of the Holy Christ of Wonders">Church of the Holy Christ of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church,_Lima" title="Sacred Heart Church, Lima">Church of the Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Copacabana" title="Church of Nuestra Señora de Copacabana">Church of Our Lady of Copacabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel,_Lima" title="Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Lima">Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Patronage,_Lima" title="Church of Our Lady of Patronage, Lima">Church of Our Lady of Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Ana_(Lima)" title="Church of Santa Ana (Lima)">Church of Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Agust%C3%ADn,_Lima" title="Church of San Agustín, Lima">Church of Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Liberata" title="Iglesia de Santa Liberata">Church of Saint Liberata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_(Lima)" title="Church of Santa María Magdalena (Lima)">Church of Saint Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Angels" title="Convent of Our Lady of the Angels">Convent of Our Lady of the Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuartel_Barbones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuartel Barbones">Cuartel Barbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Santa_Catalina,_Lima" title="Fort of Santa Catalina, Lima">Fort of Santa Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Recoleta_(Lima)" title="Iglesia de la Recoleta (Lima)">Iglesia de la Recoleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Sciences" title="National Institute of Neurological Sciences">Mogrovejo Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Rose_of_Lima" title="Monastery of Saint Rose of Lima">Monastery of Saint Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mint_of_Peru" title="National Mint of Peru">National Mint of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Magdalena_(Peru)" title="Palacio de la Magdalena (Peru)">Palacio de la Magdalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Torre_Tagle" title="Palacio de Torre Tagle">Palacio de Torre Tagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pante%C3%B3n_de_los_Pr%C3%B3ceres" title="Panteón de los Próceres">Panteón de los Próceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_toros_de_Acho" title="Plaza de toros de Acho">Plaza de toros de Acho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Felipe_Fortress" title="Real Felipe Fortress">Real Felipe Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_the_University_of_San_Marcos" title="Royal College of the University of San Marcos">Royal College of the University of San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hospital_of_Saint_Andrew" title="Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew">Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_and_Monastery_of_Las_Nazarenas" title="Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas">Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Saint_Rose_of_Lima" title="Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima">Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminario_de_Lima" title="Seminario de Lima">Seminario de Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clare%27s_Monastery,_Lima" title="St. Clare's Monastery, Lima">St. Clare's Monastery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Clare%27s_Monastery,_Lima#St._Clare_Mill" title="St. Clare's Monastery, Lima">Mill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Sebastian%27s_Church,_Lima" title="St. Sebastian's Church, Lima">St. Sebastian's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_Church_of_Lima" title="Trinitarian Church of Lima">Trinitarian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Lima" title="Walls of Lima">Walls of Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other touristic buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop%27s_Palace,_Lima" title="Archbishop's Palace, Lima">Archbishop's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Amateur_Artists" title="Association of Amateur Artists">Association of Amateur Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Building,_Lima" title="Atlas Building, Lima">Atlas Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Cordano" title="Bar Cordano">Bar Cordano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_BBVA" title="Edificio BBVA">BBVA Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begonias_Tower" title="Begonias Tower">Begonias Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Arenas_Loayza" title="Casa Arenas Loayza">Casa Arenas Loayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Correos_y_Tel%C3%A9grafos" title="Casa de Correos y Telégrafos">Casa de Correos y Telégrafos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_las_Trece_Monedas" title="Casa de las Trece Monedas">Casa de las Trece Monedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_del_Pueblo,_Lima" title="Casa del Pueblo, Lima">Casa del Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Fernandini,_Lima" title="Casa Fernandini, Lima">Casa Fernandini, Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Fernandini,_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar" title="Casa Fernandini, Santa María del Mar">Casa Fernandini, Santa María del Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_R%C3%ADmac" title="Edificio Rímac">Casa Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Rusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Rusa">Casa Rusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Sal_y_Rosas" title="Casa Sal y Rosas">Casa Sal y Rosas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Casa Suárez">Casa Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrio_Chino_(Lima)" title="Barrio Chino (Lima)">Chinatown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Arch,_Lima" title="Chinese Arch, Lima">Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocavento_Tower" title="Chocavento Tower">Chocavento Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Forsaken,_Lima" title="Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken, Lima">Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Club de la Unión">Club de la Unión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Nacional_(Peru)" title="Club Nacional (Peru)">Club Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Club_Lima_Hotel" title="Country Club Lima Hotel">Country Club Lima Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristo_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Cristo del Pacífico">Cristo del Pacífico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfines_Hotel_%26_Convention_Center" title="Delfines Hotel & Convention Center">Delfines Hotel & Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desamparados_station" title="Desamparados station">Desamparados station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diez_de_Octubre_School" title="Diez de Octubre School">Diez de Octubre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliseo_Eduardo_Dib%C3%B3s" title="Coliseo Eduardo Dibós">Eduardo Dibos Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_%C3%81ngel_Cemetery" title="El Ángel Cemetery">El Ángel Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamarra,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamarra, Lima">Gamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Palace,_Peru" title="Government Palace, Peru">Government Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_to_the_Defenders_of_Democracy" title="Obelisk to the Defenders of Democracy">Obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Hotel_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Gran Hotel Bolívar">Gran Hotel Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Maury" title="Hotel Maury">Gran Hotel Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="College of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_of_Barranco" title="Hermitage of Barranco">Hermitage of Barranco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Civil_de_la_Misericordia" title="Hospital Civil de la Misericordia">Hospital Civil de la Misericordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Crill%C3%B3n_(Lima)" title="Hotel Crillón (Lima)">Hotel Crillón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary_(Lima)" title="Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Lima)">Immaculate Heart of Mary Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Monument to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hygiene,_Lima" title="Institute of Hygiene, Lima">Institute of Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Interbank" title="Edificio Interbank">Interbank Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Alzamora_Valdez_Building" title="Javier Alzamora Valdez Building">Javier Alzamora Valdez Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Atarjea" class="mw-redirect" title="La Atarjea">La Atarjea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Tacna-Colmena" title="Edificio Tacna-Colmena">La Colmena Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rosa_N%C3%A1utica" title="La Rosa Náutica">La Rosa Náutica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larcomar" title="Larcomar">Larcomar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_La_Plaza" title="Teatro La Plaza">Teatro La Plaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_of_Peru" title="Library of Congress of Peru">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Civic_Center" title="Lima Civic Center">Lima Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Palace_(Peru)" title="Legislative Palace (Peru)">Legislative Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Convention_Center" title="Lima Convention Center">Lima Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange_Building" title="Lima Stock Exchange Building">Lima Stock Exchange Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_G%C3%A1lvez_Chipoco_Stadium" title="Luis Gálvez Chipoco Stadium">Luis Gálvez Chipoco Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Redonda,_Lima" title="Mesa Redonda, Lima">Mesa Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Monumental_%22U%22" title="Estadio Monumental "U"">Monumental Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Soldier,_Lima" title="Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Lima">Morro Solar War Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Lima" title="Mosque of Lima">Mosque of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Geographic Institute (Peru)">National Geographic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Peru" title="National Library of Peru">National Library of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maternal_Perinatal_Institute" title="National Maternal Perinatal Institute">National Maternal Perinatal Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_of_Peru" title="National Stadium of Peru">National Stadium of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Exposici%C3%B3n" title="Palacio de la Exposición">Palacio de la Exposición</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_Municipal_de_Miraflores" title="Palacio Municipal de Miraflores">Palacio de Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_Municipal_de_Lima" title="Palacio Municipal de Lima">Palacio Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Lima" title="Palace of Justice, Lima">Palace of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Petroper%C3%BA" title="Edificio Petroperú">Petroperú Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Ministry_of_Peru_Building" title="Public Ministry of Peru Building">Public Ministry of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_Heeren" title="Quinta Heeren">Quinta Heeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_Leuro" title="Quinta Leuro">Quinta Leuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_de_Presa" title="Quinta de Presa">Quinta Presa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rospigliosi_Castle" title="Rospigliosi Castle">Rospigliosi Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_the_Child_Jesus_Church" title="Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus Church">Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Lima_Historic_Center" title="Sheraton Lima Historic Center">Sheraton Lima Historic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagoga_1870" title="Sinagoga 1870">Sinagoga 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagoga_Shar%C3%B3n" title="Sinagoga Sharón">Sinagoga Sharón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Westin_Lima_Hotel_%26_Convention_Center" title="The Westin Lima Hotel & Convention Center">The Westin Lima Hotel & Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Banco_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n" title="Torre Banco de la Nación">Torre Banco de la Nación</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rospigliosi_Castle" title="Rospigliosi Castle">Aeronautical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_y_Quadra_Museum" title="Bodega y Quadra Museum">Bodega y Quadra Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Canout" title="Teatro Canout">Canout Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grau_Naval_Museum" title="Casa Grau Naval Museum">Casa Grau Naval Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Morro_de_Arica_Museum" title="Combatants of the Morro de Arica Museum">Combatants of the Morro de Arica Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIRCOTE_Museum" title="DIRCOTE Museum">DIRCOTE Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum_of_Peru_and_Arms_of_the_World" title="Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World">Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Teatro_Nacional_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Gran Teatro Nacional del Perú">Gran Teatro Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui_Museum" title="José Carlos Mariátegui Museum">José Carlos Mariátegui Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Art_Museum" title="Lima Art Museum">Lima Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Lima" title="Metropolitan Museum of Lima">Metropolitan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castro_Mendivil_Digital_Planetarium" title="José Castro Mendivil Digital Planetarium">Morro Solar Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Theatre_Museum" title="Municipal Theatre Museum">Municipal Theatre Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Congress_and_the_Inquisition" title="Museum of Congress and the Inquisition">Museum of Congress and the Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Lima" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Lima">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Brain">Museum of the Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Museum of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Museum of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Elections_and_Democracy" title="Museum of Elections and Democracy">Museum of Elections and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Italian_Art" title="Museum of Italian Art">Museum of Italian Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Natural_History,_Lima" title="Museum of Natural History, Lima">Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Afro-Peruvian_Museum" title="National Afro-Peruvian Museum">National Afro-Peruvian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Anthropology_and_History_of_Peru" title="National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru">National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Peru" title="National Museum of Peru">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Peruvian_Culture" title="National Museum of Peruvian Culture">National Museum of Peruvian Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Museum_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Museum of Peru">Naval Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacotheca_of_Lima" title="Pinacotheca of Lima">Pinacotheca of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n,_Lima" title="Teatro Colón, Lima">Teatro Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Municipal_de_Lima" title="Teatro Municipal de Lima">Teatro Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Peruano_Japon%C3%A9s" title="Teatro Peruano Japonés">Teatro Peruano Japonés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Segura" title="Teatro Segura">Teatro Segura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Squares and promenades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_esquinas_(Lima)" title="Cinco esquinas (Lima)">Cinco esquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jir%C3%B3n_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Jirón de la Unión">Jirón de la Unión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasaje_Olaya" title="Pasaje Olaya">Pasaje Olaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Jos%C3%A9_Olaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to José Olaya">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasaje_Santa_Rosa" title="Pasaje Santa Rosa">Pasaje Santa Rosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Francisco_Pizarro" title="Equestrian statue of Francisco Pizarro">Pizarro statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulichusco" title="Taulichusco">Stone of Taulichusco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_los_H%C3%A9roes_Navales" title="Paseo de los Héroes Navales">Paseo de los Héroes Navales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_llamas" title="Las llamas">Las llamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_yunta_(sculpture)" title="La yunta (sculpture)">La yunta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_Col%C3%B3n" title="Paseo Colón">Paseo Colón</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Christopher_Columbus_(Lima)" title="Statue of Christopher Columbus (Lima)">Columbus Statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulevar_San_Ram%C3%B3n" title="Bulevar San Ramón">Pizza Blvd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Square,_Lima" title="Flag Square, Lima">Plaza de la Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Bol%C3%ADvar,_Lima" title="Plaza Bolívar, Lima">Plaza Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Bolognesi" title="Plaza Bolognesi">Plaza Bolognesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Square_(Peru)" title="Democracy Square (Peru)">Plaza de la Democracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Dos_de_Mayo" title="Plaza Dos de Mayo">Plaza Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Francia,_Lima" title="Plaza Francia, Lima">Plaza Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_(Peru)" title="Statue of Liberty (Peru)">Statue of Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Grau" title="Plaza Grau">Plaza Grau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Miguel_Grau_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to Miguel Grau (Lima)">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Italia,_Lima" title="Plaza Italia, Lima">Plaza Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Palace_(Peru)" title="Legislative Palace (Peru)">Plaza José Faustino Sánchez Carrión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Plaza Manco Cápac">Plaza Manco Cápac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Monument to Manco Cápac">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Plaza Mayor, Lima">Plaza Mayor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Plaza_Mayor,_Lima" title="Fountain of the Plaza Mayor, Lima">Fountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Per%C3%BA_(Lima)" title="Plaza Perú (Lima)">Plaza Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza Ramón Castilla (Lima)">Plaza Ramón Castilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Ram%C3%B3n_Castilla_(Lima)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to Ramón Castilla (Lima)">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_San_Mart%C3%ADn,_Lima" title="Plaza San Martín, Lima">Plaza San Martín</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamp_of_the_Three_Graces" title="Lamp of the Three Graces">Lamp of the Three Graces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Municipal_de_Lima" title="Teatro Municipal de Lima">Plazuela de las Artes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazuela_del_Teatro" title="Plazuela del Teatro">Plazuela del Teatro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_C%C3%A9sar_Vallejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to César Vallejo">Monument</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Chabuca_Granda" title="Alameda Chabuca Granda">Alameda Chabuca Granda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_de_los_Descalzos" title="Alameda de los Descalzos">Alameda de los Descalzos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_los_Descalzos" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de los Descalzos">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Sighs_(Lima)" title="Bridge of Sighs (Lima)">Bridge of Sighs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Campo_de_Marte" title="El Campo de Marte">Campo de Marte</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Defenders_of_the_Border" title="Monument to the Defenders of the Border">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Verde_Pan-American_Complex" title="Costa Verde Pan-American Complex">Costa Verde Pan-American Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Olivar,_Peru" title="El Olivar, Peru">El Olivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Park_(Lima)" title="Friendship Park (Lima)">Friendship Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa_Cultural_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusto B. Leguía Cultural Centre">Cultural Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Casa_de_La_Respuesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Casa de La Respuesta">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Independence_Park" title="Heroes of Independence Park">Heroes of Independence Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_las_Leyendas" title="Parque de las Leyendas">Huachipa Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n_de_Miraflores" title="Malecón de Miraflores">Malecón de Miraflores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_Park,_Lima" title="Love Park, Lima">Love Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Villena_Rey_Bridge" title="Eduardo Villena Rey Bridge">Villena Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_Botanical_Garden_of_Lima" title="Medicinal Botanical Garden of Lima">Medicinal Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Central_Park" title="Miraflores Central Park">Kennedy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachay_National_Reserve" title="Lachay National Reserve">Lachay National Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanos_de_Villa_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge">Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_la_Exposici%C3%B3n" title="Parque de la Exposición">Parque de la Exposición</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuente_China" title="Fuente China">Fountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_La_Muralla" class="mw-redirect" title="Parque de La Muralla">Parque de La Muralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_la_Reserva" title="Parque de la Reserva">Parque de la Reserva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_de_las_Leyendas" title="Parque de las Leyendas">Parque de las Leyendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseo_de_Aguas" title="Paseo de Aguas">Paseo de Aguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazuela_Chabuca_Granda" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazuela Chabuca Granda">Plazuela Chabuca Granda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Chabuca_Granda" title="Monument to Chabuca Granda">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parque_Reducto_%E2%84%96_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Parque Reducto № 2">Reducto № 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Avelino_C%C3%A1ceres_Museum" title="Andrés Avelino Cáceres Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Park,_Lima" title="University Park, Lima">University Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Tower,_Lima" title="German Tower, Lima">Clock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ruiz_de_Montoya_University" title="Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University">Antonio Ruiz de Montoya University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Heredia_University" title="Cayetano Heredia University">Cayetano Heredia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Villarreal_National_University" title="Federico Villarreal National University">Federico Villarreal National University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Superior_Autonomous_School_of_Fine_Arts,_Lima" title="National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts, Lima">National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Centre_of_the_National_Superior_Autonomous_School_of_Fine_Arts" title="Cultural Centre of the National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts">Cultural Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Engineering" title="National University of Engineering">National University of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officers%27_School_of_the_National_Police_of_Peru" title="Officers' School of the National Police of Peru">Officers' School of the National Police of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Peruvian University of Applied Sciences">Peruvian University of Applied Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Peru" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Peru">Pontifical Catholic University of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Porras_Barrenechea_Institute" title="Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute">Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Palma_University" title="Ricardo Palma University">Ricardo Palma University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_University_of_Peru" title="Technological University of Peru">Technological University of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_and_Technology_(Peru)" title="University of Engineering and Technology (Peru)">University of Engineering and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_the_University_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Lima" title="Campus of the University of Engineering and Technology, Lima">Campus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lima" title="University of Lima">University of Lima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Loayza_National_Hospital" title="Archbishop Loayza National Hospital">Archbishop Loayza National Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_National_Hospital" title="Dos de Mayo National Hospital">Dos de Mayo National Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Rebagliati_Martins_National_Hospital" title="Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital">Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolom%C3%A9_National_Hospital" title="San Bartolomé National Hospital">San Bartolomé National Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Larco_Herrera_Hospital" title="Víctor Larco Herrera Hospital">Víctor Larco Herrera Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby areas with beaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anc%C3%B3n_District" title="Ancón District">Ancón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callao_Naval_Base" title="Callao Naval Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Callao" title="Port of Callao">Port</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay" title="Chancay">Chancay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chancay" title="Port of Chancay">Port</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrillos,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorrillos, Peru">Chorrillos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Herradura,_Lima" title="La Herradura, Lima">La Herradura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Pampilla,_Peru" title="La Pampilla, Peru">La Pampilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucusana_District" title="Pucusana District">Pucusana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Comercial_(1962%E2%80%932000)" title="Banco Comercial (1962–2000)">Banco Comercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Lima" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Lima">Barranco Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_G%C3%A1lvez_Chipoco_Stadium" title="Luis Gálvez Chipoco Stadium">Barranco Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_of_Lima" title="Cabildo of Lima">Cabildo of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Casa Alcántara">Casa Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Marcionelli" title="Casa Marcionelli">Casa Marcionelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechsle_(retail_chain)" title="Oechsle (retail chain)">Casa Oechsle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Tenaud" title="Casa Tenaud">Casa Tenaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Forsaken,_Lima" title="Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken, Lima">Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Palace_(Peru)" title="Legislative Palace (Peru)">Church of Saint Mary of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cine_Tauro" title="Cine Tauro">Cine Tauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sexto_Prison" title="El Sexto Prison">El Sexto Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Lima" title="Gate of Lima">Gate of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacoletti_Building" title="Giacoletti Building">Giacoletti Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clock_of_Lima" title="Great Clock of Lima">Great Clock of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_San_Felipe" title="Hipódromo de San Felipe">Hipódromo de San Felipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3dromo_de_Santa_Beatriz" title="Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz">Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Penitentiary" title="Lima Penitentiary">Lima Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limatambo_International_Airport" title="Limatambo International Airport">Limatambo Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edificio_Limatambo" title="Edificio Limatambo">Limatambo Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Marsano" title="Casa Marsano">Marsano Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Arch,_Lima" title="Moorish Arch, Lima">Moorish Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n" title="Museo de la Nación">Museo de la Nación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Nacional_(1897)" title="Estadio Nacional (1897)">National Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jorge_Prison" title="San Jorge Prison">San Jorge Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_barracks" title="San Martín barracks">San Martín barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_Veneciano" title="Palacio Veneciano">Venetian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul's College, Lima">Saint Paul's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Palace,_Peru#History" title="Government Palace, Peru">Viceregal Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lima_Metropolitan_Area439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lima" title="Template:Lima"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lima" title="Template talk:Lima"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lima" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lima"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lima_Metropolitan_Area439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima Metropolitan Area</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Society_and_culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lima" title="Demographics of Lima">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lima" title="Flag of Lima">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lima" title="History of Lima">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lima" title="Timeline of Lima">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tourist attractions in Lima">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lima" title="List of mayors of Lima">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Lima" title="List of people from Lima">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lima" title="Sport in Lima">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lima" title="Transport in Lima">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Lima" title="List of districts of Lima">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Central Lima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bre%C3%B1a" title="Breña">Breña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_District,_Lima" title="Jesús María District, Lima">Jesús María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Victoria_District,_Lima" title="La Victoria District, Lima">La Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_District" title="Lima District">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lince_District" title="Lince District">Lince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_del_Mar_District" title="Magdalena del Mar District">Magdalena del Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Libre_District,_Lima" title="Pueblo Libre District, Lima">Pueblo Libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_District,_Lima" title="San Miguel District, Lima">San Miguel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_District,_Lima" title="Miraflores District, Lima">Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Borja_District" title="San Borja District">San Borja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Isidro_District,_Lima" title="San Isidro District, Lima">San Isidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Surco" title="Santiago de Surco">Santiago de Surco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surquillo" title="Surquillo">Surquillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cono_Este" title="Cono Este">Cono Este</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ate_District" title="Ate District">Ate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaclacayo" title="Chaclacayo">Chaclacayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cieneguilla" title="Cieneguilla">Cieneguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Agustino" title="El Agustino">El Agustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Molina_District" title="La Molina District">La Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurigancho-Chosica" title="Lurigancho-Chosica">Lurigancho-Chosica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Lurigancho" title="San Juan de Lurigancho">San Juan de Lurigancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_District,_Lima" title="San Luis District, Lima">San Luis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Anita_District" title="Santa Anita District">Santa Anita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cono_Norte" title="Cono Norte">Cono Norte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anc%C3%B3n_District" title="Ancón District">Ancón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabayllo_District" title="Carabayllo District">Carabayllo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comas_District,_Lima" title="Comas District, Lima">Comas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independencia_District,_Lima" title="Independencia District, Lima">Independencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Olivos_District" title="Los Olivos District">Los Olivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puente_Piedra_District" title="Puente Piedra District">Puente Piedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_District" title="Rímac District">Rímac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Porres_District" title="San Martín de Porres District">San Martín de Porres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_District,_Lima" title="Santa Rosa District, Lima">Santa Rosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cono_Sur_(Lima)" title="Cono Sur (Lima)">Cono Sur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranco_District" title="Barranco District">Barranco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrillos_District" title="Chorrillos District">Chorrillos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lur%C3%ADn_District" title="Lurín District">Lurín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachacamac_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachacamac District">Pachacamac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucusana_District" title="Pucusana District">Pucusana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Hermosa" title="Punta Hermosa">Punta Hermosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punta_Negra_District" title="Punta Negra District">Punta Negra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_District" title="San Bartolo District">San Bartolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Miraflores" title="San Juan de Miraflores">San Juan de Miraflores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Mar_District_(Peru)" title="Santa María del Mar District (Peru)">Santa María del Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa el Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mar%C3%ADa_del_Triunfo" title="Villa María del Triunfo">Villa María del Triunfo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellavista_District" title="Bellavista District">Bellavista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao_District" title="Callao District">Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_de_la_Legua_Reynoso_District" title="Carmen de la Legua Reynoso District">Carmen de la Legua Reynoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Perla_District" title="La Perla District">La Perla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Punta_District" title="La Punta District">La Punta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Per%C3%BA_District" title="Mi Perú District">Mi Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventanilla_District" title="Ventanilla District">Ventanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Department_capitals_of_Peru116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Template:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional capitals of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Department_capitals_of_Peru116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Peru"><img alt="State flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Peru" title="Regions of Peru">Department</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoyas,_Peru" title="Chachapoyas, Peru">Chachapoyas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Amazonas,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Amazonas, Peru">Amazonas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ancash" title="Department of Ancash">Ancash</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abancay" title="Abancay">Abancay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Apur%C3%ADmac" title="Department of Apurímac">Apurímac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arequipa" title="Department of Arequipa">Arequipa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ayacucho" title="Department of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cajamarca" title="Department of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Province_of_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Province of Callao">Callao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Cuzco">Cuzco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancavelica" title="Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Huancavelica" title="Department of Huancavelica">Huancavelica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Department of Huánuco">Huánuco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ica" title="Department of Ica">Ica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Jun%C3%ADn" title="Department of Junín">Junín</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_La_Libertad" title="Department of La Libertad">La Libertad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lambayeque" title="Department of Lambayeque">Lambayeque</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Lima" title="Department of Lima">Department of Lima</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Maldonado" title="Puerto Maldonado">Puerto Maldonado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Madre_de_Dios" title="Department of Madre de Dios">Madre de Dios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Moquegua" title="Department of Moquegua">Moquegua</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Pasco" title="Department of Pasco">Pasco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Piura" title="Department of Piura">Piura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Puno" title="Department of Puno">Puno</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyobamba" title="Moyobamba">Moyobamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Department of San Martín">San Martín</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tacna" title="Department of Tacna">Tacna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbes,_Peru" title="Tumbes, Peru">Tumbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tumbes" title="Department of Tumbes">Tumbes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ucayali" title="Department of Ucayali">Ucayali</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <b><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. <small>and</small> Long.</a> <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lima&params=12_2_36_S_77_01_42_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°2′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">77°01′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.04333°S 77.02833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-12.04333; -77.02833</span></span></span></a></span></span></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Peruvian_cities_with_a_population_of_over_100,000118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Template:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Template talk:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Large_cities_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Large cities of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;State_flag_of_Peru_Peruvian_cities_with_a_population_of_over_100,000118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Peru_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Peru"><img alt="State flag of Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Peru_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peruvian</a> cities with a population of over 100,000</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclayo" title="Chiclayo">Chiclayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbote" title="Chimbote">Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Alta" title="Chincha Alta">Chincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huacho" title="Huacho">Huacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huancayo" title="Huancayo">Huancayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1nuco" title="Huánuco">Huánuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaraz" title="Huaraz">Huaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ica,_Peru" title="Ica, Peru">Ica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliaca" title="Juliaca">Juliaca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco,_Peru" title="Pisco, Peru">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">Piura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucallpa" title="Pucallpa">Pucallpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullana" title="Sullana">Sullana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacna" title="Tacna">Tacna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talara" title="Talara">Talara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarapoto" title="Tarapoto">Tarapoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_South_America186" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_South_American_capitals" title="Template:List of South American capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_South_American_capitals" title="Template talk:List of South American capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_South_American_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of South American capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_South_America186" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of South America</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i> <i>(UK)</i></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lima</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i> <i>(UK)</i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Seoul Metropolitan Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan_American_Games_host_cities92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan_American_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan American Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan_American_Games_host_cities92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1951_Pan_American_Games" title="1951 Pan American Games">1951</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1955_Pan_American_Games" title="1955 Pan American Games">1955</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281934-1968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1959_Pan_American_Games" title="1959 Pan American Games">1959</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1963_Pan_American_Games" title="1963 Pan American Games">1963</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281960%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1967_Pan_American_Games" title="1967 Pan American Games">1967</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1971_Pan_American_Games" title="1971 Pan American Games">1971</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1975_Pan_American_Games" title="1975 Pan American Games">1975</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1979_Pan_American_Games" title="1979 Pan American Games">1979</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"><img alt="Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1983_Pan_American_Games" title="1983 Pan American Games">1983</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1987_Pan_American_Games" title="1987 Pan American Games">1987</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1991_Pan_American_Games" title="1991 Pan American Games">1991</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1995_Pan_American_Games" title="1995 Pan American Games">1995</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mar_del_Plata" title="Mar del Plata">Mar del Plata</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_Pan_American_Games" title="1999 Pan American Games">1999</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_Pan_American_Games" title="2003 Pan American Games">2003</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">2007</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games" title="2011 Pan American Games">2011</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games" title="2015 Pan American Games">2015</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2019_Pan_American_Games" title="2019 Pan American Games">2019</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lima</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2023_Pan_American_Games" title="2023 Pan American Games">2023</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2027_Pan_American_Games" title="2027 Pan American Games">2027</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Winter_Pan_American_Games" title="1990 Winter Pan American Games">1990</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Las_Le%C3%B1as" title="Las Leñas">Las Leñas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2868#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153546881">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205423/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMdvqFDjBdQrPX8Mm8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035742-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063382">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122187612">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122187612">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lima (Peru)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128757&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452095">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=022322643&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000592455&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000037662">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810819957405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564356305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058617221006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/978a76d5-191c-484b-9583-f07f2673bc03">MusicBrainz area</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/927c394e-4c75-46d7-980f-cd7a6af2ca33">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030855772">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044608">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&oldid=1277190699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lima&oldid=1277190699</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lima" title="Category:Lima">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_in_South_America" title="Category:Capitals in South America">Capitals in South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Peru" title="Category:Cities in Peru">Cities in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lima_province" title="Category:Lima province">Lima province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_coastal_places_in_Peru" title="Category:Populated coastal places in Peru">Populated coastal places in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1535" title="Category:Populated places established in 1535">Populated places established in 1535</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1535_establishments_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire">1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Lima" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Lima">Buildings and structures in Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_built_on_a_grid" title="Category:Cities built on a grid">Cities built on a grid</a></li></ul></div><div 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