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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Colonial Wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_Wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial Wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>French and Indian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acadian_and_Mi’kmaq_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_and_Mi’kmaq_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Acadian and Mi’kmaq resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_and_Mi’kmaq_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-establishing_in_Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-establishing_in_Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Re-establishing in Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-establishing_in_Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nineteenth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Twenty-first century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twenty-first century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acadian_Remembrance_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_Remembrance_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Acadian Remembrance Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_Remembrance_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acadian_World_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_World_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Acadian World Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_World_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Acadia viewed from a historical point of view</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Acadians#Disputed" title="Talk:History of the Acadians">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/220px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/330px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/440px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Modern flag of Acadia, adopted 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Acadiens</i>) are the descendants of 17th and 18th century French settlers in parts of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (French: <i>Acadie</i>) in the northeastern region of North America comprising what is now the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Provinces">Maritime Provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé peninsula</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. </p><p>The settlers whose descendants became Acadians primarily came from the southwestern and southern regions of France, historically known as <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>, while some Acadians are claimed to be descended from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, due to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>, some Acadians may share other ethnic ancestries as well.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of the Acadians was significantly influenced by the six colonial wars that took place in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries (see the four <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>). Eventually, the last of the colonial wars—the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>—resulted in the British <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a> from the region. After the war, many Acadians came out of hiding or returned to Acadia from the British colonies. Others remained in France and some migrated from there to Louisiana, where they became known as <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajuns</a>, a corruption of the word Acadiens or Acadians. The nineteenth century saw the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Renaissance" title="Acadian Renaissance">Acadian Renaissance</a> and the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></i>, which helped galvanize Acadian identity. In the last century, Acadians have made achievements in the areas of equal language and cultural rights as a minority group in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_French_settlers">As French settlers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As French settlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_Royal_Habitation_(1604-1613)"><span id="Port_Royal_Habitation_.281604-1613.29"></span>Port Royal Habitation (1604-1613)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Port Royal Habitation (1604-1613)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitation at Port-Royal">Habitation at Port-Royal</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Monts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitation at Port-Royal">Habitation at Port-Royal</a> in 1605 as a replacement for his initial attempt at colonizing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_Maine" title="Saint Croix Island, Maine">Saint Croix Island (present day Maine)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trading monopoly of de Monts was cancelled in 1607, and most of the French settlers returned to France, although some remained. <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Biencourt_de_Poutrincourt_et_de_Saint-Just" title="Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just">Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just</a> led a second expedition to Port Royal in 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_first_European_families">Arrival of the first European families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival of the first European families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The survival of the Acadian settlements was based on successful cooperation with the Indigenous peoples of the region. In the early years of Acadian settlement, this included recorded marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women. Some records have survived showing marriages between Acadian settlers and Indigenous women in formal Roman Catholic rites, for example, the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles La Tour</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaw</a> woman in 1626.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also reported instances of Acadian settlers marrying Indigenous spouses according to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage à la façon du pays</a>, and subsequently living in Mi'kmaq communities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settlers also brought French wives with them to Acadia, such as La Tour's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin" title="Françoise-Marie Jacquelin">Françoise-Marie Jacquelin</a>, who joined him in Acadia in 1640. </p><p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Isaac de Razilly</a>'s administration at <a href="/wiki/LaHave,_Nova_Scotia" title="LaHave, Nova Scotia">LaHave, Nova Scotia</a>, prepared the ground for the arrival of the first recorded migrant families on board the <i>Saint Jehan</i>, which left La Rochelle on 1 April 1636. There were a number of sailings from the French Atlantic Coast to Acadia between 1632 and 1636, but this is the only one for which a detailed passenger list has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths-p54-55_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-p54-55-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Denys" title="Nicolas Denys">Nicolas Denys</a>, who was stationed across the LaHave River at Port Rossignol (Liverpool Bay), acted as agent for the <i>Saint Jehan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a 35-day crossing of the Atlantic, the Saint Jehan arrived on 6 May 1636 at <a href="/wiki/LaHave,_Nova_Scotia" title="LaHave, Nova Scotia">LaHave, Nova Scotia</a>. There were seventy-eight passengers and eighteen crew members. With this ship, Acadia began a slow shift from being primarily a matter of explorers and traders, of men, to a colony of permanent settlers, including women and children. While the presence of European women is a signal that settlement was seriously contemplated, there were yet so few of them in this group of migrants that they did not immediately affect the status of Acadia as basically a colony of European transients. By the end of the year, the migrants were moved from LaHave and re-established at <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths-p54-55_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-p54-55-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Port Royal in 1636, Pierre Martin and Catherine Vigneau, who had arrived on the <i>Saint Jehan</i>, were the first European parents to have a child in Acadia. The first-born child was Mathieu Martin. In part because of this distinction, Mathieu Martin later became the Seigneury of Cobequid (1699).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy (2014) argues that the emigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> regions of France carried to Acadia their customs and social structure. They were frontier people, who dispersed their settlements based on kinship. They optimized the use of farmland and emphasized trading for a profit. They were hierarchical and politically active. The French and the Acadian villages were similar in terms of prosperity, egalitarianism, and independent-mindedness. The emergence of a distinct Acadian identity emerged from the adaptation of traditional <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">French</a> methods, institutions, and ideas to the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Indigenous</a> North American methods, ideas, and political situations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/220px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/330px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/440px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Siege of <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">St. John</a> (1645) - d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></div> <p>With the death of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Isaac de Razilly</a>, Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war (1640–1645).<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acadia had two legitimate Lieutenant Governors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war was between Port Royal, where Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay" title="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay">Charles de Menou d'Aulnay</a> de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, where Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a> was stationed.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the war, there were four major battles. La Tour attacked d'Aulnay at Port Royal in 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200419_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200419-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the attack, D'Aulnay sailed out of Port Royal to establish a five-month blockade of La Tour's fort at Saint John, which La Tour eventually defeated (1643). La Tour attacked d'Aulnay again at Port Royal in 1643. D'Aulnay and Port Royal ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of Saint John.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200420_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200420-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After d'Aulnay died (1650), La Tour re-established himself in Acadia. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg/241px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg/362px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg/482px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_Acadien%27_LACMA_M.83.190.378.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Mi'kmaq man depiction titled 'Homme Acadien' (Acadian Man) by Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur. The Nova Scotia Museum description indicates: This Mi'kmaq man has light hair and European features; his accoutrements are also inaccurately depicted. The 1750 account of Swedish botanist Peter Kalm, or the eighteenth-century letters of the Abbé Pierre Antoine Simon Maillard, may be the artist's basis for this engraving; both mention Mi'kmaq men tattooed with crosses and suns. This engraving was published in an encyclopedia by J. Grasset St-Saveur, "ci-devant vice-consul de la Nation française en Hongrie."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_colony_(1654–1667)"><span id="English_colony_.281654.E2.80.931667.29"></span>English colony (1654–1667)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English colony (1654–1667)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1654, war between France and England broke out. Led by Major Robert Sedgwick, a flotilla from Boston, under orders from <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>, arrived in Acadia to chase the French out. The flotilla seized La Tour's fort, then Port-Royal. La Tour, nevertheless, managed to find himself in England, where, with the support of John Kirke, succeeded in receiving from Cromwell a part of Acadia, along with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Temple" title="Thomas Temple">Sir Thomas Temple</a>. La Tour returned to Cap-de-Sable where he remained until his death in 1666 at the age of 73. </p><p>During the English occupation of Acadia, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a>, Louis XIV's minister, forbade the Acadians from returning to France. As a result of the English occupation, no new French families settled in Acadia between 1654 and 1670. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Treaty_of_Breda">Post Treaty of Breda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post Treaty of Breda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castine_hist.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Castine_hist.JPG/220px-Castine_hist.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Castine_hist.JPG/330px-Castine_hist.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Castine_hist.JPG/440px-Castine_hist.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Marker commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1674), which they renamed <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Acadia)" title="New Holland (Acadia)">New Holland</a>. This is the spot where <a href="/wiki/Jurriaen_Aernoutsz" title="Jurriaen Aernoutsz">Jurriaen Aernoutsz</a> buried a bottle at the capital of Acadia, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pentagouet" title="Fort Pentagouet">Fort Pentagouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castine,_Maine" title="Castine, Maine">Castine, Maine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a>, signed 31 July 1667, returned Acadia to France. A year later, Marillon du Bourg arrived to take possession of the territory for France. The son of LeBorgne, Alexandre LeBorgne, was named provisionary governor and lieutenant-general of Acadia. He married Marie Motin-La Tour, the eldest child of the marriage between La Tour and d'Aulnay's widow. </p><p>In 1670, the new governor of Acadia, the chevalier Hubert d'Andigny, chevalier de Grandfontaine, was responsible for the first census undertaken in Acadia. The results did not include those Acadians living with local First Nations. It revealed that there were approximately sixty Acadian families with approximately 300 inhabitants in total. These inhabitants were predominantly engaged in <a href="/wiki/Aboiteau" title="Aboiteau">aboiteau</a> farming along the shores of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>. No serious attempt was made to increase the population of Acadia. </p><p>In the spring of 1671, more than fifty colonists left La Rochelle aboard the <i>l'Oranger</i>. Others arrived from Canada (New France) or were retired soldiers. During this time, a number of colonists married with the local First Nations. Some of the first to marry were Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour, Martin, Pierré Lejeune–Briard, Jehan Lambert, Petitpas and Guedry. The captain, Vincent de Saint-Castin, the commander at Pentagoet, married Marie Pidikiwamiska, the daughter of an <a href="/wiki/Abenakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenakis">Abenakis</a> chief. </p><p>In 1674, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> briefly conquered Acadia, renaming the colony <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Acadia)" title="New Holland (Acadia)">New Holland</a>. </p><p>During the last decades of the seventeenth century, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> migrated from the capital, Port Royal, and established what would become the other major Acadian settlements before the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand Pré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobequid" title="Cobequid">Cobequid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisiguit" title="Pisiguit">Pisiguit</a>. Although not common, on occasion epidemics ravished the population of Ile St.-Jean, Ile Royale and Acadia. In 1732/33 more than 150 people died of smallpox on Ile Royale.<sup id="cite_ref-lock_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lock-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of the settlers of Ile St.-Jean prior to the expulsion includes extreme hardship. For almost every good harvest year it seems that there was one in which crops failed. In one or two instances widespread fires destroyed crops, livestock and farms. Famine and starvation were common and frequently occasioned desperate pleas for supplies from Louisbourg, Québec and even France itself. In 1756, famine on Ile St.-Jean prompted authorities to relocate some families to Québec.<sup id="cite_ref-lock_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lock-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the founding of Halifax (1749), Port Royal/ Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for most of the previous 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time the British made six attempts to conquer Acadia by defeating the capital. They finally defeated the French in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Siege of Port Royal (1710)</a>. Over the following fifty years, the French and their allies made six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Wars">Colonial Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonial Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadians_2,_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal,_1751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/300px-Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/450px-Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/600px-Acadians_2%2C_inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_of_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Acadians at Annapolis Royal by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scott_(painter)" title="Samuel Scott (painter)">Samuel Scott</a>, 1751; earliest known image of Acadians</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></div> <p>There was already a long history of Acadian and <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> resistance to the British occupation of Acadia during the four <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a> and two local wars (<a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a>) before the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> and the Acadians were allies through Catholicism and through numerous inter-marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mi'kmaq held the military strength in Acadia even after the conquest of 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They primarily resisted the British occupation of Acadia and were joined in their efforts on numerous occasions by Acadians. </p><p>While many Acadians traded with the New England Protestants, Acadians' participation in the wars clearly indicated that many were reluctant to be ruled by the British. During the first colonial war, <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97), the crews of the very successful French privateer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a> were primarily Acadian. The Acadians resisted during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chignecto_(1696)" title="Raid on Chignecto (1696)">Raid on Chignecto (1696)</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, Mi’kmaq and Acadians resisted during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Raid on Grand Pré">Raid on Grand Pré</a>, Piziquid and <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a> in 1704. The Acadians also assisted the French in protecting the capital in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1707)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1707)">Siege of Port Royal (1707)</a> and the final <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a>. The Acadians and Mi’kmaq were also successful in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1711)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)">Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadians,_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal,_1751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Acadians%2C_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/220px-Acadians%2C_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Acadians%2C_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/330px-Acadians%2C_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Acadians%2C_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg/440px-Acadians%2C_Inset_of_painting_by_Samuel_Scott_Annapolis_Royal%2C_1751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Acadians by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scott_(painter)" title="Samuel Scott (painter)">Samuel Scott</a>, Annapolis Royal, 1751</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a>, the Maliseet raided numerous vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi'kmaq engaged in the Raid on <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso, Nova Scotia</a> (1723). In the latter engagement, the Mi'kmaq were aided by Acadians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, Abbe <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> led many efforts which involved both Acadians and Mi’kmaq to recapture the capital such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this siege, French officer Marin had taken British prisoners and stopped with them further up the bay at Cobequid. While at Cobequid, an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have "left their [the English] carcasses behind and brought their skins".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Loutre was also joined by prominent Acadian resistance leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> (Beausoleil). Broussard and other Acadians were involved in supporting the French soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%E2%80%99s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Le Loutre’s War">Father Le Loutre’s War</a>, the conflict continued. The Mi'kmaq attacked New England Rangers in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Siege of Grand Pré">Siege of Grand Pré</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">Battle at St. Croix</a>. Upon the founding of <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</a>, Broussard and the Mi'kmaq conducted numerous raids on the village, such as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Raid on Dartmouth (1751)</a>, to try to stop the Protestant migration into Nova Scotia. (Similarly, during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Mi’kmaq, Acadians and Maliseet also engaged in numerous raids on <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg, Nova Scotia</a>, to stop the migration, such as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg_(1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Lunenburg (1756)">Raid on Lunenburg (1756)</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Loutre and Broussard also worked together to resist the British occupation of <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a> (1750) and then later they fought together with Acadians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Beausejour">Battle of Beausejour</a> (1755).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (As early as the summer of 1751, La Valiere reported, approximately 250 Acadians had already enrolled in the local militia at Fort Beausejour.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005271_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005271-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Charles Lawrence</a> took over the post following Hopson’s return to England, he took a stronger stance. He was not only a government official but a military leader for the region. Lawrence came up with a military solution for the forty-five years of an unsettled British conquest of Acadia. The <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in Europe) began in 1754. Lawrence's primary objectives in Acadia were to defeat the French fortifications at Beausejour and Louisbourg. The British saw many Acadians as a military threat in their allegiance to the French and Mi'kmaq. The British also wanted to interrupt the Acadian supply lines to Fortress Louisbourg, which, in turn, supplied the Mi'kmaq.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French and Indian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">Great Upheaval</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross,_by_Thomas_Davies,_1758.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/300px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/450px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG/600px-A_View_of_the_Plundering_and_Burning_of_the_City_of_Grymross%2C_by_Thomas_Davies%2C_1758.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4535" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John River Campaign">St. John River Campaign</a>: <i>A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross</i> (present day <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_New_Brunswick" title="Arcadia, New Brunswick">Arcadia, New Brunswick</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davies_(British_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Davies (British Army officer)">Thomas Davies</a> in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">Conquest of Acadia</a> happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Acadians might have signed an unconditional oath to the British monarchy had the circumstances been better, while other Acadians did not sign because they were clearly anti-British.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For the Acadians who might have signed an unconditional oath, there were numerous reasons why they did not. The difficulty was partly religious, in that the British monarch was the head of the (Protestant) Church of England. Another significant issue was that an oath might commit male Acadians to fight against France during wartime. A related concern was whether their <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> neighbours might perceive this as acknowledging the British claim to Acadia rather than the Mi'kmaq. As a result, signing an unconditional oath might have put Acadian villages in danger of attack from Mi'kmaq.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Grand Dérangement</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">Great Upheaval</a>), more than 12,000 Acadians (three-fourths of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia) were expelled from the colony between 1755 and 1764. The British destroyed around 6,000 Acadian houses and dispersed the Acadians among the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> from Massachusetts to <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a>. The single event that involved the most deaths of Acadians was the sinking of the <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_William_(ship)" title="Duke William (ship)">Duke William</a></i>. Although there were no purposeful attempts to separate families, this did occur in the chaos of the eviction. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/300px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/450px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg/600px-Destruction_du_vaisseau_le_Prudent_et_capture_du_Bienfaisant_a_Louisbourg_1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Siege of Louisbourg (1758)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_and_Mi’kmaq_resistance"><span id="Acadian_and_Mi.E2.80.99kmaq_resistance"></span>Acadian and Mi’kmaq resistance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acadian and Mi’kmaq resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_(1753)_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg/220px-Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg/330px-Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg/440px-Marquis_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_-_Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot_%281753%29_McCord_Museum_McGill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>French officer, Marquis de Boishébert - <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot</a> (1753)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Expulsion of the Acadians during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the Mi’kmaq and Acadian resistance intensified. After the Expulsion began, much of the resistance was led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acadians and Mi’kmaq again engaged victoriously in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petitcodiac" title="Battle of Petitcodiac">Battle of Petitcodiac</a> (1755) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1757)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)">Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acadians who were being deported from <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia</a>, on the ship <i>Pembroke</i> defeated the British crew and sailed to land. There was also resistance during the <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John River Campaign">St. John River Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boishebert also ordered the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg_(1756)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Lunenburg (1756)">Raid on Lunenburg (1756)</a>. In the spring of 1756, a wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>), was ambushed and nine of them were scalped.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, killing thirteen British soldiers and, after taking what provisions they could carry, setting fire to the building. A few days later, the same partisans also raided <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cumberland_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Cumberland (Canada)">Fort Cumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Acadians escaped into the woods and lived with the Mi'kmaq; some bands of partisans fought the British, including a group led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a>, known as "Beausoleil", along the <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac_River" title="Petitcodiac River">Petitcodiac River</a> of New Brunswick. Some followed the coast northward, facing famine and disease. Some were recaptured, facing deportation or imprisonment at Fort Beausejour (renamed Fort Cumberland) until 1763. </p><p>Some Acadians became indentured servants in the British colonies. Massachusetts passed a law in November 1755 placing the Acadians under the custody of "<a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a> and overseers of the poor"; <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> adopted similar laws. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Virginia">Province of Virginia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Robert Dinwiddie</a> initially agreed to resettle about one thousand Acadians who arrived in the colony but later ordered most deported to England, writing that the "French people" were "intestine enemies" that were "murdering and scalping our frontier Settlers".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1758, after the fall of Louisbourg, over 3,000 Acadians were deported to northern France. Resettlement attempts were tried in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2tellerault" title="Châtellerault">Châtellerault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Belle Île">Belle Île</a> off Brittany. The French islands of <a href="/wiki/St._Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> became a safe harbor for many Acadian families until they were once again deported by the British in 1778 and 1793.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-establishing_in_Nova_Scotia">Re-establishing in Nova Scotia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Re-establishing in Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1763, Acadians were allowed to return to Nova Scotia as long as they did not settle in any one area in large numbers; they were not permitted to resettle in the areas of Port Royal or Grand-Pré. Some Acadians resettled along the Nova Scotia coast and remain scattered across Nova Scotia to this day. Many dispersed Acadians looked for other homes. Beginning in 1764, groups of Acadians began to arrive in Louisiana (which had passed to Spanish control in 1762). They eventually became known as <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>. </p><p>Beginning in the 1770s, many <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> were encouraged to return through the policies of Nova Scotia Governor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Francklin" title="Michael Francklin">Michael Francklin</a>, who guaranteed Catholic worship, land grants and issued a promise that there would be no second expulsion (At this time, Nova Scotia included present-day New Brunswick).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the fertile Acadian dykelands had been resettled by <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">New England Planters</a>, who were soon followed by <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">Loyalists</a> who further occupied former Acadian lands. Returning Acadians and those families who had escaped expulsion had to settle in other parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, in most cases isolated and infertile lands. The new Acadian settlements were forced to focus more on fishery and later forestry. </p><p>Milestones of Acadian return and resettlement included: </p> <ul><li>1767 St. Pierre et Miquelon</li> <li>1772 census</li> <li>1774 Founding of Saint-Anne's church; the Acadian school at Rustico and the abbey Jean-Louis Beaubien; the <a href="/wiki/Trappistines" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappistines">Trappistines</a> in Tracadie</li> <li>1785 Displacement from Fort Sainte-Anne to the upper <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John River (New Brunswick)">Saint John River</a> valley (<a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)#History" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Madawaska</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nineteenth_century">Nineteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milestones of Acadian return and resettlement included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mand%C3%A9_Sigogne" title="Jean-Mandé Sigogne">Jean-Mandé Sigogne</a> (6 April 1763 – 9 November 1844) was a French Catholic priest, who moved to Canada after the Revolution and became known for his missionary work among the Acadians of Nova Scotia.</li> <li>1836 Simon d'Entremont and Frédéric Robichaud, MLAs in N.S.</li> <li>1846 Amand Landry, MLA in N.B.</li> <li>1847, Longfellow publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></i></li> <li>1854, Stanislaw-Francois Poirier, MLA in P.E.I</li> <li>1854, the seminary Saint-Thomas in <a href="/wiki/Memramcook,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Memramcook, New Brunswick">Memramcook, New Brunswick</a>, becomes the first upper-level school for Acadians</li> <li>1859, the first history of Acadia, "La France aux colonies" is published in French by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edme_Rameau_de_Saint-P%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edme Rameau de Saint-Père (page does not exist)">Edme Rameau de Saint-Père</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme_Rameau_de_Saint-P%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="fr:Edme Rameau de Saint-Père">fr</a>]</span>; Acadians begin to become aware of their own existence</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadian_renaissance">Acadian renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Acadian renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Renaissance" title="Acadian Renaissance">Acadian Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg/220px-Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg/330px-Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg/440px-Le_Moniteur_Acadien_premier_num%C3%A9ro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Moniteur Acadien</i> - first Acadian newspaper (1867)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1864 founding of the <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Bank_of_Rustico" title="Farmers' Bank of Rustico">Farmers' Bank of Rustico</a>, the earliest known community bank in Canada, under the leadership of Rev. <a href="/wiki/Georges-Antoine_Belcourt" title="Georges-Antoine Belcourt">Georges-Antoine Belcourt</a></li> <li>1867, first Acadian newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Acadien" title="Le Moniteur Acadien">Le Moniteur Acadien</a></i> (The Acadian Monitor) is published by Israël Landry</li> <li>1871, <a href="/wiki/Common_Schools_Act_of_1871" title="Common Schools Act of 1871">Common Schools Act of 1871</a> prohibiting the teaching of religion in the classroom</li> <li>1875, the death of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Mailloux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Mailloux (page does not exist)">Louis Mailloux</a>, 19 years old, in <a href="/wiki/Caraquet" title="Caraquet">Caraquet</a> by government forces only stokes Acadian nationalism</li> <li>1880, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Saint_John_the_Baptiste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Saint John the Baptiste (page does not exist)">Society of Saint John the Baptiste</a> invites Francophones from all over North America to a congress in Quebec City</li> <li>July 20–21, 1881, Acadian leaders organize the first Acadian National Convention in <a href="/wiki/Memramcook,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Memramcook, New Brunswick">Memramcook, New Brunswick</a>, which had for its goal to take care of the general interests of the Acadian population. More than 5,000 Acadians participated in the convention. It was decided that August 15, the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary">Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a>, would be chosen to celebrate Acadian culture as <a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">National Acadian Day</a>. Other debates at the convention centered around education, agriculture, emigration, colonization, and newspapers, and these same issues would arise at subsequent conventions.</li> <li>At the second convention, on August 15, 1884, in <a href="/wiki/Miscouche,_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscouche, Prince Edward Island">Miscouche, Prince Edward Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Acadian flag</a>, an anthem - <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maris_Stella" class="mw-redirect" title="Ave Maris Stella">Ave Maris Stella</a></i>, and a motto - <i>L'union fait la force</i> were adopted.</li> <li>1885, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> nominates <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Poirier" title="Pascal Poirier">Pascal Poirier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shediac" title="Shediac">Shediac</a> as the first Acadian senator; a second Acadian newspaper published, <i>Le Courrier des Provinces Maritimes</i></li> <li>1887, the newspaper <i>L'Evangéline</i> begins being published from Digby, later, in 1905, moves to Moncton</li> <li>1890, third Acadian convention</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadiennes_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A picture of four Acadian women, 1895"><img alt="A picture of four Acadian women, 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Acadiennes_%282%29.jpg/120px-Acadiennes_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Acadiennes_%282%29.jpg/180px-Acadiennes_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Acadiennes_%282%29.jpg/240px-Acadiennes_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A picture of four Acadian women, 1895</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twentieth_century">Twentieth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Twentieth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milestones of the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Renaissance" title="Acadian Renaissance">Acadian Renaissance</a> </p> <ul><li>1912, Monsigneur Edouard LeBlanc is the first Acadian bishop in <a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li> <li>1917, the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Aubin-Edmond_Arsenault" title="Aubin-Edmond Arsenault">Aubin-Edmond Arsenault</a> becomes the first Acadian premier of P.E.I.</li> <li>1920, 2nd Acadian bishop, Mgr Alexandre Chiasson in Chatham and later Bathurst; la Société nationale de l'Assomption undertakes a campaign to build a commemorative church in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia</a></li> <li>1923, <a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Veniot" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter John Veniot">Pierre-Jean Véniot</a> becomes the first Acadian premier of N.B. but was not elected</li> <li>1936, the first Caisse Populaire Acadien in Petit-Rocher is founded; the committee France-Acadie is founded</li> <li>1955, the first <a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a> occurs.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Acadian home along Cabot Trail, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 1938"><img alt="An Acadian home along Cabot Trail, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg/120px-Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg/180px-Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg/240px-Acadian_home_along_Cabot_Trail_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Acadian home along <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Trail" title="Cabot Trail">Cabot Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Acadian lady spinning wool, 1938"><img alt="An Acadian lady spinning wool, 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg/96px-Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg/144px-Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg/192px-Acadian_lady_spinning_wool_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1252" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Acadian lady spinning wool, 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Acadian lady making a rug, 1938"><img alt="An Acadian lady making a rug, 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg/95px-Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg/143px-Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg/190px-Acadian_lady_making_rug_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Acadian lady making a rug, 1938</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Equal_Opportunity_program">The Equal Opportunity program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Equal Opportunity program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Robichaud" title="Louis Robichaud">Louis Robichaud</a>, popularly known as "P'tit-Louis" (Little Louis), was the first elected Acadian Premier of New Brunswick, serving from 1960 to 1970. First elected to the legislature in 1952, he became provincial Liberal leader in 1958 and led his party to victory in 1960, 1963, and 1967. </p><p>Robichaud modernized the province's hospitals and public schools and introduced a wide range of reforms in an era that became known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Equal_Opportunity_program" title="New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program">New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program</a>, at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> in Québec. To carry out these reforms, Robichaud restructured the municipal tax regime, expanded the government and sought to ensure that the quality of health care, education and social services was the same across the province—a programme he called equal opportunity, is still a buzzword in New Brunswick. </p><p>Critics accused of Robichaud's government of "robbing Peter to pay Pierre" with the assumption being that rich municipalities were Anglophone ones and poor municipalities were Francophone ones. While it was true that the wealthier municipalities were predominantly in certain English-speaking areas, areas with significantly inferior services were to be found across the province in all municipalities. </p><p>Robichaud was instrumental in the formation of New Brunswick's only French-speaking university, the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a>, in 1963, which serves the Acadian population of the Maritime provinces. </p><p>His government also passed the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Official_Languages_Act_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)">New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)</a> making the province officially bilingual. "Language rights", he said when he introduced the legislation, "are more than legal rights. They are precious cultural rights, going deep into the revered past and touching the historic traditions of all our people." </p><p>1977, official opening of the Acadian Historic Village in Caraquet, New Brunswick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antonine_Maillet">Antonine Maillet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Antonine Maillet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born 1929 in Bouctouche, <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Maillet" title="Antonine Maillet">Antonine Maillet</a> is an Acadian novelist, playwright, and scholar. Maillet received a BA and MA from the Université de Moncton, followed by a Ph.D. in literature in 1970 from the Université Laval. Maillet won the 1972 Governor General's Award for Fiction for <i>Don l'Orignal</i>. In 1979, Maillet published <i>Pélagie-la-Charrette</i>, for which she won the prix Goncourt. Maillet's character "La Sagouine" (from her book of the same name) is the inspiration for "Le Pays de la Sagouine" in her hometown of <a href="/wiki/Bouctouche,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouctouche, New Brunswick">Bouctouche</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, at the request of Acadian representatives, a proclamation was issued in the name of Queen Elizabeth II, as the Canadian monarch, officially acknowledging the deportation and establishing July 28 as a day of commemoration. The day of commemoration is observed by the Government of Canada, as the successor of the British Government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadian_Remembrance_Day">Acadian Remembrance Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Acadian Remembrance Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fédération des Associations de Familles Acadiennnes of New Brunswick and the Société Saint-Thomas d'Aquin of Prince Edward Island has resolved that December 13 each year shall be commemorated as "Acadian Remembrance Day" in remembrance of all Acadians who died as a result of the deportation. The date December 13 was chosen to commemorate the sinking of the <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke William">Duke William</a></i> and the nearly 2000 Acadians deported from Île-Saint Jean who perished in the North Atlantic from hunger, disease and drowning in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event has been commemorated annually since 2004 and participants mark the event by wearing a black star. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadian_World_Congress">Acadian World Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Acadian World Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1994, the Acadian community gathered for an <a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress">Acadian World Congress</a> in New Brunswick. The congress has been held every 5 years since then: in Louisiana in 1999, in Nova Scotia in 2004, in the Acadian Peninsula of New Brunswick in 2009. The 5th Acadian World Congress was hosted in 2014 by a gathering of 40 different communities located in three different provinces and different states in two countries. Northwestern New Brunswick and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9miscouata_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Témiscouata (federal electoral district)">Témiscouata</a>, Quebec, in Canada as well as Northern Maine in the United States joined hands to host the 5th CMA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Peyroux_de_la_Coudreniere" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere">Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">List of governors of Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">List of years in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">History of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Renaissance" title="Acadian Renaissance">Acadian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_folklore" title="Acadian folklore">Acadian folklore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Located on an island in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_River_(Maine_%E2%80%93_New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)">Saint Croix River</a> between present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, the Saint Croix settlement failed because the surrounding river became impassable in the winter. It cut off the settlers from necessary supplies of fresh food, water, and fuel wood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the 144 years prior to the founding of Halifax (1749), Port Royal/ Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia during 112 of those years (78% of the time). The other locations that served as the Capital of Acadia are: <a href="/wiki/LaHave,_Nova_Scotia" title="LaHave, Nova Scotia">LaHave, Nova Scotia</a> (1632-1636 ); present-day <a href="/wiki/Castine,_Maine" title="Castine, Maine">Castine, Maine</a> (1657-1667); <a href="/wiki/Beaubassin" title="Beaubassin">Beaubassin</a> (1678-1684); <a href="/wiki/Jemseg,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemseg, New Brunswick">Jemseg, New Brunswick</a> (1690-1691); present-day <a href="/wiki/Fredericton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredericton, New Brunswick">Fredericton, New Brunswick</a> (1691-1694), and present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a> (1695-1699). (<a href="#CITEREFDunn2004">Dunn (2004)</a>) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPritchard,_James_S.,_1939-2015.2004" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, James S., 1939-2015. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191934811"><i>In search of empire : the French in the Americas, 1670-1730</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-16377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-16377-7"><bdi>978-0-511-16377-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191934811">191934811</a>. <q>Abbé Pierre Maillard claimed that racial intermixing had proceeded so far by 1753 that in fifty years it would be impossible to distinguish Amerindian from French in Acadia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+empire+%3A+the+French+in+the+Americas%2C+1670-1730&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191934811&rft.isbn=978-0-511-16377-7&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+James+S.%2C+1939-2015.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F191934811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exiles and Islanders: The Irish Settlers of Prince Edward Island By Brendan O'Grady, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, Aug. 17, 2004, page 81, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LPGke767ISUC&dq=irish+acadians&pg=PA81">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_E._S._Griffiths" title="Naomi E. S. Griffiths">Griffiths, N.E.S.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">"1600-1650. Fish, Fur and Folk"</a>. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). <i>The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-1676-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm.9">10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1600-1650.+Fish%2C+Fur+and+Folk&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation%3A+A+History&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt15jjfrm.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2spDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckner, P. and Reid J. (eds), <i>The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History</i>, Toronto University Press. 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-p54-55-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths-p54-55_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths-p54-55_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffiths, 2005, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory M.W. Kennedy. <i>Something of a Peasant Paradise? Comparing Rural Societies in Acadie and the Loudunais, 1604-1755</i> (MQUP, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. MacDonald, <i>Fortune & La Tour: The civil war in Acadia</i>, Toronto: Methuen. 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2005">Griffiths (2005)</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200419-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200419_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2004">Dunn (2004)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn200420-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn200420_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2004">Dunn (2004)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/museum/mikmaq/?section=image&page=1&id=56&period=1500&region=">"Mi'kmaq Portraits Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+Portraits+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fmikmaq%2F%3Fsection%3Dimage%26page%3D1%26id%3D56%26period%3D1500%26region%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lock-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lock_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lock_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockerby1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lockerby, Earle (Spring 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/acadiensis/article/view/10844/11665">"The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St.-Jean, 1758"</a>. <i>Acadiensis</i>. <b>XXVII</b> (2): 45–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=The+Deportation+of+the+Acadians+from+Ile+St.-Jean%2C+1758&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-94&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lockerby&rft.aufirst=Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2Facadiensis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10844%2F11665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005110–112_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, pp. 110–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlank200167–72_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlank2001">Plank (2001)</a>, pp. 67–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier200846–73_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, pp. 46–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(William Pote's Journal, 1745, p. 34)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Pickard_Bell" title="Winthrop Pickard Bell">Bell, Winthrop Pickard</a> (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignprotestan0000bell_o6k0"><i>The Foreign Protestants and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Protestants+and+the+Settlement+of+Nova+Scotia%3A+The+History+of+a+Piece+of+Arrested+British+Colonial+Policy+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Winthrop+Pickard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignprotestan0000bell_o6k0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesBrisay1895" class="citation book cs1">DesBrisay, Mather Byles (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycountylu00desbgoog"><i>History of the County of Lunenburg</i></a> (second ed.). Toronto: W. Briggs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+County+of+Lunenburg&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=W.+Briggs&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=DesBrisay&rft.aufirst=Mather+Byles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycountylu00desbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005271-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005271_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1994" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">"1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples"</a>. In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). <i>The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History</i>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 125–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-1676-5"><bdi>978-1-4875-1676-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm">10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1744%E2%80%931763%3A+Colonial+Wars+and+Aboriginal+Peoples&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Region+to+Confederation%3A+A+History&rft.pages=125-155&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt15jjfrm%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2spDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1998" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnxIPgAACAAJ&pg=PA105">"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction"</a>. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105"><i>The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation</i></a> (3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105">105–106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1"><bdi>978-0-919107-44-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749-61%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Interaction&rft.btitle=The+Acadiensis+Reader%3A+Atlantic+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Acadiensis+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-919107-44-1&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnxIPgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <a href="#CITEREFPatterson1994">Patterson (1994)</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Reid" title="John G. Reid">Reid, John G.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-69QAAACAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Nova Scotia: A Pocket History</i></a>. Fernwood. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55266-325-7"><bdi>978-1-55266-325-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nova+Scotia%3A+A+Pocket+History&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Fernwood&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55266-325-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-69QAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenier2008199–200_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrenier2008">Grenier (2008)</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster as cited by bluepete, p. 371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher2005398_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher (2005)</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganRushton2013" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Gwenda; Rushton, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYJMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Banishment in the Early Atlantic World: Convicts, Rebels and Slaves</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0654-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0654-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-0654-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banishment+in+the+Early+Atlantic+World%3A+Convicts%2C+Rebels+and+Slaves&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0654-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Gwenda&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYJMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fischer, L. R. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/francklin_michael_4E.html">"Francklin, Michael"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francklin%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Ffrancklin_michael_4E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaud" class="citation web cs1">Michaud, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~Scott_Michaud/Madawaska-history.html">"History of the Madawaska Acadians"</a>. <i>members.tripod.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=members.tripod.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Madawaska+Acadians&rft.aulast=Michaud&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2F~Scott_Michaud%2FMadawaska-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pioneer Journal</i>, Summerside, Prince Edward Island, 9 December 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arsenault, B. (1994). Histoire des Acadiens. Gasp: Fides.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthbertson,_B.C.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Cuthbertson, B.C. (Autumn 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/viewFile/11454/12204">"Thomas Beamish Akins: British North America's Pioneer Archivist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Acadiensis" title="Acadiensis">Acadiensis</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 86–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=Thomas+Beamish+Akins%3A+British+North+America%27s+Pioneer+Archivist&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-102&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Cuthbertson%2C+B.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FAcadiensis%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F11454%2F12204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dupont, Jean-Claude (1977). Héritage d'Acadie. Montreal: Éditions Leméac.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2004" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Brenda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9c4hPwAACAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>A History of Port-Royal-Annapolis Royal, 1605-1800</i></a>. Nimbus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55109-740-4"><bdi>978-1-55109-740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Port-Royal-Annapolis+Royal%2C+1605-1800&rft.pub=Nimbus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55109-740-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9c4hPwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Mack_Faragher" title="John Mack Faragher">Faragher, John Mack</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara"><i>A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland</i></a></span>. W.W Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05135-3"><bdi>978-0-393-05135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Noble+Scheme%3A+The+Tragic+Story+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+Their+American+Homeland&rft.pub=W.W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05135-3&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenier2008" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PP1"><i>The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Reaches+of+Empire%3A+War+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710-1760&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.aulast=Grenier&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_E._S._Griffiths" title="Naomi E. S. Griffiths">Griffiths, N.E.S.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PP1"><i>From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Migrant+to+Acadian%3A+A+North+American+Border+People%2C+1604-1755&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG4wSmIlziYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlank2001" class="citation book cs1">Plank, Geoffrey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoVaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0710-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-0710-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0710-1&rft.aulast=Plank&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoVaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartyKnight2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sarty" title="Roger Sarty">Sarty, Roger</a>; Knight, Doug (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lul5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Saint John Fortifications, 1630-1956</i></a>. Goose Lane Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-373-8"><bdi>978-0-86492-373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+John+Fortifications%2C+1630-1956&rft.pub=Goose+Lane+Editions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86492-373-8&rft.aulast=Sarty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Knight%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLul5AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biographi.ca/en/theme_acadians.html">Thematic project on the Acadians at the <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian-home.org/">Acadian Ancestral Home - a repository for Acadian History & Genealogy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagesperso-orange.fr/froux/index.htm/">Poitou, Acadie, Bretagne</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714041700/http://acadian-cajun.org/">Acadian-Cajun Genealogy & History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberacadie.com/">CyberAcadie</a> — Site Web sur l'histoire des Acadiens</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagouine.com/">Le Pays De La Sagouine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/archives/deportation/akins.asp?Language=English">"Records of the Deportation and Le Grand Dérangement, 1714-1768"</a>. <i>Acadian Heartland</i>. Nova Scotia Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acadian+Heartland&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Deportation+and+Le+Grand+D%C3%A9rangement%2C+1714-1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Farchives%2Fdeportation%2Fakins.asp%3FLanguage%3DEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1981" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John G. (1981). <i>Acadia, Maine, and New Scotland: Marginal Colonies in the Seventeenth Century</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5508-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-5508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadia%2C+Maine%2C+and+New+Scotland%3A+Marginal+Colonies+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5508-8&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2004" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John G. (2004). <i>The "conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8538-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8538-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8538-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22conquest%22+of+Acadia%2C+1710%3A+Imperial%2C+Colonial%2C+and+Aboriginal+Constructions&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8538-2&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobb2005" class="citation book cs1">Jobb, Dean W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gc6OplM0jsAC&pg=PP1"><i>The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-73961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-73961-7"><bdi>978-0-470-73961-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acadians%3A+A+People%27s+Story+of+Exile+and+Triumph&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-73961-7&rft.aulast=Jobb&rft.aufirst=Dean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgc6OplM0jsAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span> (published in the United States as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ecx1AAAAMAAJ">"The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph"</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beamish_Akins" title="Thomas Beamish Akins">Atkins, Thomas B.</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromp00akingoog/page/n15">"Papers Relating to the Acadian French, 1714-1755"</a>. <i>Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia</i>. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Charles Annand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-25914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-25914-2"><bdi>978-0-665-25914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papers+Relating+to+the+Acadian+French%2C+1714-1755&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Public+Documents+of+the+Province+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.place=Halifax%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Charles+Annand&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=978-0-665-25914-2&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectionsfromp00akingoog%2Fpage%2Fn15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeveaux_Cohoon2013" class="citation book cs1">Deveaux Cohoon, Cassie (2013). <i>Jeanne Dugas of Acadia</i>. Cape Breton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897009-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897009-71-0"><bdi>978-1-897009-71-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jeanne+Dugas+of+Acadia&rft.pub=Cape+Breton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-897009-71-0&rft.aulast=Deveaux+Cohoon&rft.aufirst=Cassie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2011" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Dianne (2011). <i>Heroes of the Acadian Resistance:The Story of Joseph Beausoleil Broussard and Pierre II Surette 1702-1765</i>. Formac Publishing Company Limited Halifax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-978-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-978-1"><bdi>978-0-88780-978-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+the+Acadian+Resistance%3AThe+Story+of+Joseph+Beausoleil+Broussard+and+Pierre+II+Surette+1702-1765&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company+Limited+Halifax&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-88780-978-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Acadians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9_National_Historic_Site" title="Grand-Pré National Historic Site">Grand-Pré</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">General history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_2003" title="Royal Proclamation of 2003">Royal Proclamation of 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress">Acadian World Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Acadians" title="List of Acadians">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">National Acadian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_communautaire_du_Nouveau-Brunswick" title="Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick">Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_l%27%C3%8Ele" title="Collège de l'Île">Collège de l'Île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Acadie_Nouvelle" title="L'Acadie Nouvelle">L'Acadie Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_College_of_Forest_Technology" title="Maritime College of Forest Technology">Collège de Technologie forestière des Maritimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI_Financial_Cooperation" title="UNI Financial Cooperation">UNI Financial Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Université Sainte-Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Acadia" title="Category:Acadia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New 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