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aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_lift-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods of lift subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lighter-than-air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighter-than-air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lighter-than-air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighter-than-air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavier-than-air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavier-than-air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Heavier-than-air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavier-than-air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixed-wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed-wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Fixed-wing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed-wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotorcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotorcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Rotorcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotorcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods_of_lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods_of_lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Other methods of lift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods_of_lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size_and_speed_extremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_speed_extremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Size and speed extremes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Size_and_speed_extremes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Size and speed extremes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Size_and_speed_extremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Speeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Propulsion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Propulsion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unpowered_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpowered_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Unpowered aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpowered_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powered_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powered_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Powered aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powered_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propeller_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propeller_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Propeller aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propeller_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jet_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jet_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Jet aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jet_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotorcraft_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotorcraft_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Rotorcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotorcraft_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_powered_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_powered_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Other types of powered aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_powered_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aerostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Aerostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerodynes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerodynes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Aerodynes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerodynes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avionics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avionics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Avionics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avionics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flight characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flight_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flight characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flight_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight_envelope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_envelope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Flight envelope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_envelope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Flight dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_for_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_for_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses for aircraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_for_aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses for aircraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_for_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Civil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Experimental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aircraft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugvaartuig" title="Lugvaartuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lugvaartuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrzeug" title="Luftfahrzeug – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Luftfahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyftcr%C3%A6ft" title="Lyftcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lyftcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مركبة جوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة جوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronau" title="Aeronau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aeronau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aeronave" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27yruveve" title="Mba'yruveve – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'yruveve" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_g%C9%99misi" title="Hava gəmisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hava gəmisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বিমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2ng-khong-ki" title="Hâng-khong-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hâng-khong-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Һауа судноһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һауа судноһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Паветранае судна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паветранае судна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Паветранае судна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паветранае судна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बिमान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिमान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Летателен апарат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Летателен апарат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letjelica" title="Letjelica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Letjelica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerlestr" title="Aerlestr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aerlestr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronau" title="Aeronau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aeronau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%95" title="Сывлăш карапĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сывлăш карапĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letadlo" title="Letadlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letadlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awyren" title="Awyren – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awyren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart%C3%B8j" title="Luftfartøj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luftfartøj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrzeug" title="Luftfahrzeug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftfahrzeug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95hus%C3%B5iduk" title="Õhusõiduk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhusõiduk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αεροσκάφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεροσκάφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aeronave" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviadilo" title="Aviadilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviadilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aireontzi" title="Aireontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aireontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="هواگرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواگرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ronef" title="Aéronef – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aéronef" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftfart%C3%BAch" title="Loftfartúch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loftfartúch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer%C3%A1rthach" title="Aerárthach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aerárthach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbad-adhair" title="Carbad-adhair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Carbad-adhair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aeronave" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0" title="항공기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항공기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Քաղաքացիական օդային նավատորմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքացիական օդային նավատորմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वायुयान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायुयान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrakoplov" title="Zrakoplov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zrakoplov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronavo" title="Aeronavo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aeronavo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_udara" title="Pesawat udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aeronave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INdiza" title="INdiza – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INdiza" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loftfar" title="Loftfar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loftfar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromobile" title="Aeromobile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aeromobile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1" title="כלי טיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלי טיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montor_mabur" title="Montor mabur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Montor mabur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="საჰაერო ხომალდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საჰაერო ხომალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%83%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Әуе көлігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әуе көлігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomboanga" title="Chomboanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chomboanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ron%C3%A8f" title="Aéronèf – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aéronèf" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Аба кемеси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аба кемеси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiculum_a%C3%ABrium" title="Vehiculum aërium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vehiculum aërium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisa_ku%C4%A3is" title="Gaisa kuģis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaisa kuģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlaivis" title="Orlaivis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orlaivis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilma-alus" title="Ilma-alus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ilma-alus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gi_j%C3%A1rm%C5%B1" title="Légi jármű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légi jármű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Воздухоплов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воздухоплов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%95" title="ആകാശനൗക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആകാശനൗക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_rererangi" title="Waka rererangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waka rererangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat" title="Pesawat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesawat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa_tabang" title="Kapa tabang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kapa tabang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luchtvaartuig" title="Luchtvaartuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luchtvaartuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%83" title="फय्‌खः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फय्‌खः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F" title="航空機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="航空機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariem%C3%B2bbele" title="Ariemòbbele – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ariemòbbele" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliiger" title="Fliiger – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fliiger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart%C3%B8y" title="Luftfartøy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luftfartøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfart%C3%B8y" title="Luftfartøy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luftfartøy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronau" title="Aeronau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aeronau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਹਵਾਈ ਜਹਾਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਵਾਈ ਜਹਾਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ہوائی جہاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہوائی جہاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87" title="យន្តហោះ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យន្តហោះ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statek_powietrzny" title="Statek powietrzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statek powietrzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronave" title="Aeronave – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aeronave" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%A7aq" title="Uçaq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Uçaq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronav%C4%83" title="Aeronavă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aeronavă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Летадло – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Летадло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Воздушное судно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Воздушное судно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avioni" title="Avioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Avioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aircraft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietadlo" title="Lietadlo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lietadlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrakoplov" title="Zrakoplov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zrakoplov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مەکۆی ئاسمانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەکۆی ئاسمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ваздухоплов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ваздухоплов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrakoplov" title="Zrakoplov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zrakoplov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_Udara" title="Kapal Udara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kapal Udara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilma-alus" title="Ilma-alus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilma-alus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flygmaskin" title="Flygmaskin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flygmaskin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasakyang_panghimpapawid" title="Sasakyang panghimpapawid – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sasakyang panghimpapawid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வானூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawa_transport%C4%B1" title="Hawa transportı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hawa transportı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อากาศยาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อากาศยาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ҳавогард – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳавогард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_arac%C4%B1" title="Hava aracı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hava aracı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Повітряне судно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повітряне судно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ہوائی جہاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوائی جہاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_c%E1%BB%A5_bay" title="Khí cụ bay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khí cụ bay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volant_indj%C3%A9n" title="Volant indjén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Volant indjén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakyan_nga_nalupad" title="Sarakyan nga nalupad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sarakyan nga nalupad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%99%A8" title="航空器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航空器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לופטמאשין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לופטמאשין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%99%A8" title="航空器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="航空器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%99%A8" title="航空器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="航空器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11436#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vehicle or machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_(45077563364).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_%2845077563364%29.jpg/220px-Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_%2845077563364%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_%2845077563364%29.jpg/330px-Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_%2845077563364%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_%2845077563364%29.jpg/440px-Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_%E2%80%98G-JMKE%E2%80%99_%2845077563364%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> <i>Skyhawk</i> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">most produced aircraft</a> in history.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>aircraft</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: aircraft) is a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> that is able to <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">fly</a> by gaining support from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">air</a>. It counters the force of gravity by using either <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">static lift</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">dynamic lift</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, in a few cases, direct <a href="/wiki/Powered_lift" title="Powered lift">downward thrust</a> from its engines. Common examples of aircraft include <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a>), <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">paramotors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wingsoverkansas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wingsoverkansas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called <i><a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a></i>. The science of aviation, including designing and building aircraft, is called <i><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Crewed</a> aircraft are flown by an onboard <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">pilot</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, <a href="/wiki/Powered_aircraft#Methods_of_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered aircraft">aircraft propulsion</a> (if any), usage and others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">History of aviation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_aviation" title="Timeline of aviation">Timeline of aviation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviation_(Nouveaau_Larousse,c._1900)_DSCN2832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration showcasing various 19th-century aviation prototypes and designs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aviation_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2832.jpg/220px-Aviation_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aviation_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2832.jpg/330px-Aviation_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aviation_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2832.jpg/440px-Aviation_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption>Aviation in 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Flying model craft and stories of manned <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</a> go back many centuries; however, the first manned ascent — and safe descent — in modern times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th century. Each of the two <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a> led to great technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Pioneers of flight</a>, from the earliest experiments to 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">First World War</a>, 1914 to 1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_interwar_period" title="Aviation in the interwar period">Aviation in the interwar period</a>, 1918 to 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Second World War</a>, 1939 to 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">Postwar era</a>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a>, 1945 to the present day</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_lift">Methods of lift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods of lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighter-than-air">Lighter-than-air<span class="anchor" id="Lighter_than_air"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lighter-than-air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg/220px-Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg/330px-Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg/440px-Colorado_Springs_Hot_Air_Balloon_Competition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Hot air <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloons</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Akron_(ZRS-4)_in_flight_over_Manhattan,_circa_1931-1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/USS_Akron_%28ZRS-4%29_in_flight_over_Manhattan%2C_circa_1931-1933.jpg/220px-USS_Akron_%28ZRS-4%29_in_flight_over_Manhattan%2C_circa_1931-1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/USS_Akron_%28ZRS-4%29_in_flight_over_Manhattan%2C_circa_1931-1933.jpg/330px-USS_Akron_%28ZRS-4%29_in_flight_over_Manhattan%2C_circa_1931-1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/USS_Akron_%28ZRS-4%29_in_flight_over_Manhattan%2C_circa_1931-1933.jpg/440px-USS_Akron_%28ZRS-4%29_in_flight_over_Manhattan%2C_circa_1931-1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5516" data-file-height="4241" /></a><figcaption>Airship <a href="/wiki/USS_Akron" title="USS Akron">USS <i>Akron</i></a> over Manhattan in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Lighter-than-air aircraft or <i><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">aerostats</a></i> use <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a> to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large cells or canopies, filled with a <a href="/wiki/Lifting_gas" title="Lifting gas">lifting gas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air</a>, which is less <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a> than the surrounding air. When the weight of the lifting gas is added to the weight of the aircraft itself, it is same or less than the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of the air that the craft displaces. </p><p>Small hot-air balloons, called <a href="/wiki/Sky_lantern" title="Sky lantern">sky lanterns</a>, were first invented in ancient China prior to the 3rd century BC and used primarily in cultural celebrations, and were only the second type of aircraft to fly, the first being <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kites</a>, which were also first invented in ancient China over two thousand years ago (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China#Han_dynasty" title="History of science and technology in China">Han Dynasty</a>). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloon</a> was originally any aerostat, while the term <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> was used for large, powered aircraft designs — usually fixed-wing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Handley_Page" title="Frederick Handley Page">Frederick Handley Page</a> was reported as referring to "ships of the air," with smaller passenger types as "Air yachts."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as "ships of the air" or "flying-ships".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — though none had yet been built. The advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Rigid_airship" title="Rigid airship">rigid</a> outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced, the <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> being the largest and most famous. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, so "airship" came to be synonymous with these aircraft. Then several accidents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_disaster" title="Hindenburg disaster">Hindenburg disaster</a> in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a "balloon" is an unpowered aerostat and an "airship" is a powered one. </p><p>A powered, steerable aerostat is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">dirigible</a></i>. Sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes <i>dirigible balloon</i> is regarded as the definition of an airship (which may then be rigid or non-rigid). Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back. These soon became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a></i>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, this shape was widely adopted for <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">tethered balloons</a>; in windy weather, this both reduces the strain on the tether and stabilizes the balloon. The nickname <i>blimp</i> was adopted along with the shape. In modern times, any small dirigible or airship is called a blimp, though a blimp may be unpowered as well as powered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavier-than-air">Heavier-than-air<span class="anchor" id="Heavier_than_air"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heavier-than-air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavier-than-air aircraft or <i>aerodynes</i> are denser than air and thus must find some way to obtain enough <a href="/wiki/Lift_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift (physics)">lift</a> that can overcome the aircraft's weight. There are two ways to produce dynamic upthrust — <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic lift">aerodynamic lift</a> by having air flowing past an <a href="/wiki/Aerofoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerofoil">aerofoil</a> (such dynamic interaction of aerofoils with air is the origin of the term "aerodyne"), or <a href="/wiki/Powered_lift" title="Powered lift">powered lift</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Reaction_(physics)" title="Reaction (physics)">reactional</a> lift from downward engine <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>. </p><p>Aerodynamic lift involving <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a> is the most common, and can be achieved via two methods. <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed-wing aircraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>) achieve airflow past the wings by having the entire aircraft moving forward through the air, while <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">autogyros</a>) do so by having <a href="/wiki/Rotor_wing" title="Rotor wing">mobile, elongated wings</a> spinning rapidly around a mast in an assembly known as the <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor</a>. As aerofoils, there must be air flowing over the wing to create pressure difference between above and below, thus generating upward lift over the entire <a href="/wiki/Wetted_area" title="Wetted area">wetted area</a> of the wing. A <i>flexible wing</i> is a wing made of fabric or thin sheet material, often stretched over a rigid frame, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Patagium" title="Patagium">flight membranes</a> on many <a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">flying and gliding animals</a>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kite</a></i> is tethered to the ground and relies on the speed of the wind over its wings, which may be flexible or rigid, fixed, or rotary. </p><p>With powered lift, the aircraft directs its engine thrust vertically downward. <a href="/wiki/V/STOL" title="V/STOL">V/STOL</a> aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier jump jet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II#F-35B" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35B</a> take off and land vertically using powered lift and transfer to aerodynamic lift in steady flight. </p><p>A pure <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> is not usually regarded as an aerodyne because its flight does not depend on interaction with the air at all (and thus can even fly in the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>); however, many aerodynamic lift vehicles have been powered or assisted by rocket motors. Rocket-powered missiles that obtain aerodynamic lift at very high speed due to airflow over their bodies are a marginal case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixed-wing">Fixed-wing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fixed-wing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed-wing aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg/220px-Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg/330px-Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg/440px-Emirates_Airbus_A380-861_A6-EER_MUC_2015_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a>, the world's largest passenger <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The forerunner of the fixed-wing aircraft is the <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kite</a>. Whereas a fixed-wing aircraft relies on its forward speed to create airflow over the wings, a kite is tethered to the ground and relies on the <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> blowing over its wings to provide lift. Kites were the first kind of aircraft to fly and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">were invented in China</a> around 500 BC. Much aerodynamic research was done with kites before test aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnels</a>, and computer modelling programs became available. </p><p>The first heavier-than-air craft capable of controlled free-flight were <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>. A glider designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> carried out the first true manned, controlled flight in 1853. The first powered and controllable fixed-wing aircraft (the <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> or aeroplane) was invented by <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur and Orville Wright</a>. </p><p>Besides the method of <a href="#Propulsion">propulsion</a> (if any), fixed-wing aircraft are in general characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">wing configuration</a>. The most important wing characteristics are: </p> <ul><li>Number of wings – <a href="/wiki/Monoplane" title="Monoplane">Monoplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triplane" title="Triplane">triplane</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Multiplane_(aeronautics)" title="Multiplane (aeronautics)">multiplane</a>.</li> <li>Wing support – Braced or cantilever, rigid or flexible.</li> <li>Wing planform – including <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a>, angle of <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">sweep</a>, and any variations along the span (including the important class of <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wings</a>).</li> <li>Location of the horizontal stabilizer, if any.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aeronautics)" title="Dihedral (aeronautics)">Dihedral angle</a> – positive, zero, or negative (anhedral).</li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Variable_geometry" title="Wing configuration">variable geometry</a> aircraft can change its wing configuration during flight. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> has no fuselage, though it may have small blisters or pods. The opposite of this is a <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a>, which has no wings, though it may have small stabilizing and control surfaces. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_vehicle" title="Ground-effect vehicle">Wing-in-ground-effect</a> vehicles are generally not considered aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They "fly" efficiently close to the surface of the ground or water, like conventional aircraft during takeoff. An example is the Russian ekranoplan nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea_Monster" title="Caspian Sea Monster">Caspian Sea Monster</a>". <a href="/wiki/History_of_human-powered_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="History of human-powered aircraft">Man-powered aircraft</a> also rely on <a href="/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)" title="Ground effect (aerodynamics)">ground effect</a> to remain airborne with minimal pilot power, but this is only because they are so underpowered—in fact, the airframe is capable of flying higher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rotorcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mil_Mi-8P,_Baltic_Airlines_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mil_Mi-8P%2C_Baltic_Airlines_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mil_Mi-8P%2C_Baltic_Airlines_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mil_Mi-8P%2C_Baltic_Airlines_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mil_Mi-8P%2C_Baltic_Airlines_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mil_Mi-8P%2C_Baltic_Airlines_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mil_Mi-8P%2C_Baltic_Airlines_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mil Mi-8</a> is the most produced rotorcraft.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotorcraft, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor</a> with aerofoil cross-section blades (a <i>rotary wing</i>) to provide lift. Types include <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">autogyros</a>, and various hybrids such as <a href="/wiki/Gyrodyne" title="Gyrodyne">gyrodynes</a> and compound rotorcraft. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a></i> have a rotor turned by an engine-driven shaft. The rotor pushes air downward to create lift. By tilting the rotor forward, the downward flow is tilted backward, producing thrust for forward flight. Some helicopters have more than one rotor and a few have rotors turned by gas jets at the tips. Some have a <a href="/wiki/Tail_rotor" title="Tail rotor">tail rotor</a> to counteract the rotation of the main rotor, and to aid directional control. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">Autogyros</a></i> have unpowered rotors, with a separate power plant to provide thrust. The rotor is tilted backward. As the autogyro moves forward, air blows upward across the rotor, making it spin. This spinning increases the speed of airflow over the rotor, to provide lift. <a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kites</a> are unpowered autogyros, which are towed to give them forward speed or tethered to a static anchor in high-wind for kited flight. </p><p><i>Compound rotorcraft</i> have wings that provide some or all of the lift in forward flight. They are nowadays classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Powered_lift" title="Powered lift">powered lift</a></i> types and not as rotorcraft. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">Tiltrotor</a></i> aircraft (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey" title="Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey">Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tiltwing" title="Tiltwing">tiltwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tail-sitter" title="Tail-sitter">tail-sitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coleopter" title="Coleopter">coleopter</a> aircraft have their rotors/<a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propellers</a> horizontal for vertical flight and vertical for forward flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_methods_of_lift">Other methods of lift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other methods of lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_(ECN-1606).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_%28ECN-1606%29.jpg/220px-Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_%28ECN-1606%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_%28ECN-1606%29.jpg/330px-Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_%28ECN-1606%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_%28ECN-1606%29.jpg/440px-Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle_No._2_in_1967_%28ECN-1606%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/Powered_lift" title="Powered lift">powered lift</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>A <i><a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a></i> is an aircraft body shaped to produce lift. If there are any wings, they are too small to provide significant lift and are used only for stability and control. Lifting bodies are not efficient: they suffer from high drag, and must also travel at high speed to generate enough lift to fly. Many of the research prototypes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta_X-24" title="Martin Marietta X-24">Martin Marietta X-24</a>, which led up to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, were lifting bodies, though the Space Shuttle is not, and some <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_speed" title="Supersonic speed">supersonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> obtain lift from the airflow over a tubular body.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powered_lift" title="Powered lift">Powered lift</a></i> types rely on engine-derived lift for vertical takeoff and landing (<a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a>). Most types transition to fixed-wing lift for horizontal flight. Classes of powered lift types include <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> jet aircraft (such as the <a href="/wiki/Harrier_jump_jet" title="Harrier jump jet">Harrier jump jet</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">tiltrotors</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Boeing_V-22_Osprey" title="Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey">Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey</a>, among others. A few experimental designs rely entirely on engine thrust to provide lift throughout the whole flight, including personal fan-lift hover platforms and jetpacks. <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> research designs include the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig</a>.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Rotor_wing" title="Rotor wing">rotor wings</a> employ horizontal-axis wings, in which airflow across a spinning rotor generates lift. The <i><a href="/wiki/Flettner_airplane" title="Flettner airplane">Flettner airplane</a></i> uses a rotating cylinder, obtaining lift from the <a href="/wiki/Magnus_effect" title="Magnus effect">Magnus effect</a>. The <a href="/wiki/FanWing" title="FanWing">FanWing</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-flow fan">cross-flow fan</a>, while the mechanically more complex <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclogyro" title="Cyclogyro">cyclogyro</a></i> comprises multiple wings which rotate together around a central axis.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopter</a></i> obtains thrust by flapping its wings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_and_speed_extremes">Size and speed extremes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Size and speed extremes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">List of large aircraft</a></div> <p>The smallest aircraft are toys/recreational items, and <a href="/wiki/AeroVironment_Nano_Hummingbird" title="AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird">nano aircraft</a>. </p><p>The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume (as of 2016) is the 302 ft (92 m) long British <a href="/wiki/Airlander_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Airlander 10">Airlander 10</a>, a hybrid blimp, with helicopter and fixed-wing features, and reportedly capable of speeds up to 90 mph (140 km/h; 78 kn), and an airborne endurance of two weeks with a payload of up to 22,050 lb (10,000 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-airlander_cbs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airlander_cbs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crash_cnn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crash_cnn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest aircraft by weight and largest regular fixed-wing aircraft ever built, as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, was the <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya" title="Antonov An-225 Mriya">Antonov An-225 <i>Mriya</i></a>. That Soviet-built (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>) six-engine transport of the 1980s was 84 m (276 ft) long, with an 88 m (289 ft) wingspan. It holds the world payload record, after transporting 428,834 lb (194,516 kg) of goods, and has flown 100 t (220,000 lb) loads commercially. With a maximum loaded weight of 550–700 t (1,210,000–1,540,000 lb), it was also the heaviest aircraft built to date. It could cruise at 500 mph (800 km/h; 430 kn).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biggest_fox_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biggest_fox-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biggest_chron_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biggest_chron-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worlds_largest_might_lose_smithsonian_2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worlds_largest_might_lose_smithsonian_2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-largest_aero_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largest_aero-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest military airplanes are the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-124_Ruslan" title="Antonov An-124 Ruslan">Antonov An-124 <i>Ruslan</i></a> (world's second-largest airplane, also used as a civilian transport),<sup id="cite_ref-2nd_nasa_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nd_nasa-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a> transport, weighing, loaded, over 380 t (840,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-largest_aero_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largest_aero-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wide_nasa_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wide_nasa-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8-engine, piston/propeller <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 <i>Hercules</i></a> "Spruce Goose" — an American <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> wooden flying boat transport with a greater wingspan (94m/260 ft) than any current aircraft and a tail height equal to the tallest (Airbus A380-800 at 24.1m/78 ft) — flew only one short hop in the late 1940s and never flew out of <a href="/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)" title="Ground effect (aerodynamics)">ground effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-largest_aero_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largest_aero-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest civilian airplanes, apart from the above-noted An-225 and An-124, are the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Beluga" title="Airbus Beluga">Airbus Beluga</a> cargo transport derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a> jet airliner, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Dreamlifter" title="Boeing Dreamlifter">Boeing Dreamlifter</a> cargo transport derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> jet airliner/transport (the 747-200B was, at its creation in the 1960s, the heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum weight of over 400 t (880,000 lb)),<sup id="cite_ref-wide_nasa_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wide_nasa-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the double-decker <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> "super-jumbo" jet airliner (the world's largest passenger airliner).<sup id="cite_ref-largest_aero_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largest_aero-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-airbus_times_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airbus_times-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speeds">Speeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_airspeed_record" title="Flight airspeed record">Flight airspeed record</a></div> <p>The fastest fixed-wing aircraft and fastest glider, is the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, which re-entered the atmosphere at nearly Mach 25 or 17,500 mph (28,200 km/h)<sup id="cite_ref-regimes_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regimes-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fastest recorded powered aircraft flight and fastest recorded aircraft flight of an air-breathing powered aircraft was of the <a href="/wiki/NASA_X-43" title="NASA X-43">NASA X-43</a>A <i>Pegasus</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">scramjet</a>-powered, <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_speed" title="Hypersonic speed">hypersonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifting_body" title="Lifting body">lifting body</a> experimental research aircraft, at <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> 9.68 or 6,755 mph (10,870 km/h) on 16 November 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight, and still the record for the fastest manned powered airplane, was the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a>, rocket-powered airplane at Mach 6.7 or 7,274 km/h (4,520 mph) on 3 October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-manned_guinness_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manned_guinness-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fastest manned, air-breathing powered airplane is the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a>, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> jet fixed-wing aircraft, having reached 3,530 km/h (2,193 mph) on 28 July 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpowered_aircraft">Unpowered aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unpowered aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unpowered_aircraft" title="Unpowered aircraft">Unpowered aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG/220px-PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG/330px-PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG/440px-PH-1274_Rolladen-Schneider_LS-4b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Sailplane (<a href="/wiki/Rolladen-Schneider_LS4" title="Rolladen-Schneider LS4">Rolladen-Schneider LS4</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">Gliders</a> are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once airborne. Take-off may be by launching forward and downward from a high location, or by pulling into the air on a tow-line, either by a ground-based winch or vehicle, or by a powered "tug" aircraft. For a glider to maintain its forward air speed and lift, it must descend in relation to the air (but not necessarily in relation to the ground). Many gliders can "soar", <i>i.e.</i>, gain height from updrafts such as thermal currents. The first practical, controllable example was designed and built by the British scientist and pioneer <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a>, whom many recognise as the first aeronautical engineer. Common examples of gliders are <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">sailplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang gliders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliders</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">Balloons</a> drift with the wind, though normally the pilot can control the altitude, either by heating the air or by releasing ballast, giving some directional control (since the wind direction changes with altitude). A wing-shaped hybrid balloon can glide directionally when rising or falling; but a spherically shaped balloon does not have such directional control. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kites</a> are aircraft<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are tethered to the ground or other object (fixed or mobile) that maintains tension in the tether or <a href="/wiki/Kite_line" title="Kite line">kite line</a>; they rely on virtual or real wind blowing over and under them to generate lift and drag. <a href="/wiki/Kytoon" title="Kytoon">Kytoons</a> are balloon-kite hybrids that are shaped and tethered to obtain kiting deflections, and can be lighter-than-air, neutrally buoyant, or heavier-than-air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powered_aircraft">Powered aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Powered aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powered_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered aircraft">Powered aircraft</a></div> <p>Powered aircraft have one or more onboard sources of mechanical power, typically <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> although rubber and manpower have also been used. Most aircraft engines are either lightweight <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a>. Engine fuel is stored in tanks, usually in the wings but larger aircraft also have additional <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tanks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propeller_aircraft">Propeller aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Propeller aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Powered_aircraft#Propeller_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered aircraft">Powered aircraft § Propeller aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg/220px-WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg/330px-WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg/440px-WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a>-engined <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-6_Twin_Otter" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter">DeHavilland Twin Otter</a> adapted as a <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Powered_aircraft#Propeller_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered aircraft">Propeller aircraft</a> use one or more <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">propellers</a> (airscrews) to create thrust in a forward direction. The propeller is usually mounted in front of the power source in <i><a href="/wiki/Tractor_configuration" title="Tractor configuration">tractor configuration</a></i> but can be mounted behind in <i><a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher configuration</a></i>. Variations of propeller layout include <i><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">contra-rotating propellers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ducted_fan" title="Ducted fan">ducted fans</a></i>. </p><p>Many kinds of power plant have been used to drive propellers. Early airships used man power or <a href="/wiki/Steam_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam aircraft">steam engines</a>. The more practical <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion piston engine</a> was used for virtually all fixed-wing aircraft until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and is still used in many smaller aircraft. Some types use turbine engines to drive a propeller in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">propfan</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_human-powered_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="History of human-powered aircraft">Human-powered flight</a> has been achieved, but has not become a practical means of transport. Unmanned aircraft and models have also used power sources such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric motors</a> and rubber bands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jet_aircraft">Jet aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jet aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">Jet aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg/220px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg/330px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg/440px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">Jet aircraft</a> use <a href="/wiki/Airbreathing_jet_engine" title="Airbreathing jet engine">airbreathing jet engines</a>, which take in air, burn fuel with it in a <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>, and accelerate the exhaust rearwards to provide thrust. </p><p>Different jet engine configurations include the <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>, sometimes with the addition of an <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a>. Those with no rotating turbomachinery include the <a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">pulsejet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a>. These mechanically simple engines produce no thrust when stationary, so the aircraft must be launched to flying speed using a catapult, like the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>, or a rocket, for example. Other engine types include the <a href="/wiki/Motorjet" title="Motorjet">motorjet</a> and the dual-cycle <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J58" title="Pratt & Whitney J58">Pratt & Whitney J58</a>. </p><p>Compared to engines using propellers, jet engines can provide much higher thrust, higher speeds and, above about 40,000 ft (12,000 m), greater efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-hist8_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also much more fuel-efficient than <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>. As a consequence nearly all large, high-speed or high-altitude aircraft use jet engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotorcraft_2">Rotorcraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rotorcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a></div> <p>Some rotorcraft, such as <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, have a powered rotary wing or <i><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor</a></i>, where the rotor disc can be angled slightly forward so that a proportion of its lift is directed forwards. The rotor may, like a propeller, be powered by a variety of methods such as a piston engine or turbine. Experiments have also used <a href="/wiki/Tip_jet" title="Tip jet">jet nozzles at the rotor blade tips</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_types_of_powered_aircraft">Other types of powered aircraft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other types of powered aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocket-powered_aircraft" title="Rocket-powered aircraft">Rocket-powered aircraft</a></i> have occasionally been experimented with, and the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 <i>Komet</i></a> fighter even saw action in the Second World War. Since then, they have been restricted to research aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a>, which traveled up into space where air-breathing engines cannot work (rockets carry their own oxidant). Rockets have more often been used as a supplement to the main power plant, typically for the <a href="/wiki/JATO" title="JATO">rocket-assisted take off</a> of heavily loaded aircraft, but also to provide high-speed dash capability in some hybrid designs such as the <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.53" title="Saunders-Roe SR.53">Saunders-Roe SR.53</a>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopter</a></i> obtains thrust by flapping its wings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft are <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_design_process" title="Aircraft design process">designed</a> according to many factors such as customer and manufacturer demand, <a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">safety</a> protocols and physical and economic constraints. For many types of aircraft the design process is regulated by national airworthiness authorities. </p><p>The key parts of an aircraft are generally divided into three categories: </p> <ul><li>The <i>structure</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-far_amt_2012_faa_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-far_amt_2012_faa-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janes_dictionary_1980_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes_dictionary_1980-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) comprises the main load-bearing elements and associated equipment, as well as flight controls.</li> <li>The <i>propulsion system</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Powerplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerplant">powerplant</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phak_glossary_faa_gov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phak_glossary_faa_gov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (if it is powered) comprises the power source and associated equipment, as described above.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a></i> comprise the electrical and electronic control, navigation and communication systems.<sup id="cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janes_dictionary_1980_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes_dictionary_1980-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The approach to structural design varies widely between different types of aircraft. Some, such as paragliders, comprise only flexible materials that act in tension and rely on aerodynamic pressure to hold their shape. A <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloon</a> similarly relies on internal gas pressure, but may have a rigid basket or gondola slung below it to carry its payload. Early aircraft, including <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>, often employed flexible <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">doped</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">aircraft fabric covering</a> to give a reasonably smooth aeroshell stretched over a rigid frame. Later aircraft employed semi-<a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> techniques, where the skin of the aircraft is stiff enough to share much of the flight loads. In a true monocoque design there is no internal structure left. </p><p>The key structural parts of an aircraft depend on what type it is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerostats">Aerostats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aerostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a></div> <p>Lighter-than-air types are characterised by one or more gasbags, typically with a supporting structure of flexible cables or a rigid framework called its hull. Other elements such as engines or a gondola may also be attached to the supporting structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerodynes">Aerodynes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aerodynes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg/220px-Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg/330px-Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg/440px-Merlin_Airframe_Material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Airframe diagram for an <a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW101" title="AgustaWestland AW101">AgustaWestland AW101</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Heavier-than-air types are characterised by one or more wings and a central <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>. The fuselage typically also carries a tail or <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> for stability and control, and an undercarriage for takeoff and landing. Engines may be located on the fuselage or wings. On a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> the wings are rigidly attached to the fuselage, while on a <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> the wings are attached to a rotating vertical shaft. Smaller designs sometimes use flexible materials for part or all of the structure, held in place either by a rigid frame or by air pressure. The fixed parts of the structure comprise the <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">Propulsion</a></div> <p>The source of motive power for an aircraft is normally called the <i><a href="/wiki/Powerplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerplant">powerplant</a>,</i> and includes <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor">motor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor</a>, (if any), <a href="/wiki/Jet_nozzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet nozzle">jet nozzles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrust_reverser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust reverser">thrust reversers</a> (if any), and accessories essential to the functioning of the engine or motor (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Starter_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter motor">starter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intake" title="Intake">intake system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">exhaust system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubrication</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Engine_cooling_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine cooling system">engine cooling system</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine_controls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engine controls (page does not exist)">engine controls</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phak_glossary_faa_gov_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phak_glossary_faa_gov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Powered aircraft are typically powered by <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston</a><sup id="cite_ref-internal_combustion_engine_grc_nasa_gov_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internal_combustion_engine_grc_nasa_gov-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine engine">turbine</a><sup id="cite_ref-engines_grc_nasa_gov_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engines_grc_nasa_gov-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>—typically <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>. A very few are powered by <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">ramjet</a> propulsion, or by <a href="/wiki/Electric_motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric motors">electric motors</a>, or by internal combustion engines of other types, or using other fuels. A very few have been powered, for short flights, by <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">human muscle energy</a> (e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Gossamer_Condor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gossamer Condor">Gossamer Condor</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-natl_air_and_space_museum_bryan_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natl_air_and_space_museum_bryan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janes_encyclopedia_of_aviation_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes_encyclopedia_of_aviation-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-electrified_aircraft_nasa_gov_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electrified_aircraft_nasa_gov-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avionics">Avionics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Avionics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></div> <p>The avionics comprise any <i>electronic</i> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">aircraft flight control systems</a> and related equipment, including electronic <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> instrumentation, navigation, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, monitoring, and <a href="/wiki/Communications_system" title="Communications system">communications systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-janes_dictionary_1980_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes_dictionary_1980-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_characteristics">Flight characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Flight characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_envelope">Flight envelope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Flight envelope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_envelope" title="Flight envelope">Flight envelope</a></div> <p>The flight envelope of an aircraft refers to its approved design capabilities in terms of <a href="/wiki/Airspeed" title="Airspeed">airspeed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(aeronautics)" title="Load factor (aeronautics)">load factor</a> and altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term can also refer to other assessments of aircraft performance such as maneuverability. When an aircraft is abused, for instance by diving it at too-high a speed, it is said to be flown <i>outside the envelope</i>, something considered foolhardy since it has been taken beyond the design limits which have been established by the manufacturer. Going beyond the envelope may have a known outcome such as <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity#Flutter" title="Aeroelasticity">flutter</a> or entry to a non-recoverable spin (possible reasons for the boundary). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg/220px-Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg/330px-Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg/440px-Boeing_777-200LR_banking_over_mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777#777-200LR" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777-200LR</a> is one of the longest-range airliners, capable of flights of more than halfway around the world.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">Range (aeronautics)</a></div> <p>The range is the distance an aircraft can fly between <a href="/wiki/Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landing" title="Landing">landing</a>, as limited by the time it can remain airborne. </p><p>For a powered aircraft the time limit is determined by the fuel load and rate of consumption. </p><p>For an unpowered aircraft, the maximum flight time is limited by factors such as weather conditions and pilot endurance. Many aircraft types are restricted to daylight hours, while balloons are limited by their supply of lifting gas. The range can be seen as the average ground speed multiplied by the maximum time in the air. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350#A350-900ULR" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350-900ULR</a> is among the longest range airliners.<sup id="cite_ref-ArBsigger-A000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArBsigger-A000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight_dynamics">Flight dynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Flight dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_dynamics_with_text.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flight_dynamics_with_text.png/200px-Flight_dynamics_with_text.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flight_dynamics_with_text.png/300px-Flight_dynamics_with_text.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flight_dynamics_with_text.png/400px-Flight_dynamics_with_text.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of rotation">angles of rotation</a> around <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">three axes</a> which pass through the vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass#Center_of_gravity" title="Center of mass">center of gravity</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Pitch" title="Aircraft principal axes">pitch</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Roll" title="Aircraft principal axes">roll</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Yaw" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a></i>. </p> <ul><li>Roll is a rotation about the longitudinal axis (equivalent to the rolling or <a href="/wiki/Sailing#Heeling" title="Sailing">heeling</a> of a ship) giving an up-down movement of the wing tips measured by the roll or bank angle.</li> <li>Pitch is a rotation about the sideways horizontal axis giving an up-down movement of the aircraft nose measured by the <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a>.</li> <li>Yaw is a rotation about the vertical axis giving a side-to-side movement of the nose known as sideslip.</li></ul> <p>Flight dynamics is concerned with the stability and control of an aircraft's rotation about each of these axes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stability">Stability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_tail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aircraft_tail.JPG/220px-Aircraft_tail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aircraft_tail.JPG/330px-Aircraft_tail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aircraft_tail.JPG/440px-Aircraft_tail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An aircraft that is unstable tends to diverge from its intended flight path and so is difficult to fly. A very stable aircraft tends to stay on its flight path and is difficult to maneuver. Therefore, it is important for any design to achieve the desired degree of stability. Since the widespread use of digital computers, it is increasingly common for designs to be inherently unstable and rely on computerised control systems to provide artificial stability. </p><p>A fixed wing is typically unstable in pitch, roll, and yaw. Pitch and yaw stabilities of conventional fixed wing designs require <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">horizontal and vertical stabilisers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which act similarly to the feathers on an arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stabilizing surfaces allow equilibrium of aerodynamic forces and to stabilise the <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">flight dynamics</a> of pitch and yaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Crane_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GroundUp_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroundUp-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are usually mounted on the tail section (<a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a>), although in the <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard</a> layout, the main aft wing replaces the canard foreplane as pitch stabilizer. <a href="/wiki/Tandem_wing" title="Tandem wing">Tandem wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tailless_aircraft" title="Tailless aircraft">tailless aircraft</a> rely on the same general rule to achieve stability, the aft surface being the stabilising one. </p><p>A rotary wing is typically unstable in yaw, requiring a vertical stabiliser. </p><p>A balloon is typically very stable in pitch and roll due to the way the payload is slung underneath the center of lift. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Control">Control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">Flight control surfaces</a> enable the pilot to control an aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">flight attitude</a> and are usually part of the wing or mounted on, or integral with, the associated stabilizing surface. Their development was a critical advance in the history of aircraft, which had until that point been uncontrollable in flight. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineers</a> develop <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control systems</a> for a vehicle's orientation (attitude) about its <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a>. The control systems include actuators, which exert forces in various directions, and generate rotational forces or <a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">moments</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_center" title="Aerodynamic center">aerodynamic center</a> of the aircraft, and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch, roll, or yaw. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Pitching_moment" title="Pitching moment">pitching moment</a> is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down. Control systems are also sometimes used to increase or decrease drag, for example to slow the aircraft to a safe speed for landing. </p><p>The two main aerodynamic forces acting on any aircraft are lift supporting it in the air and <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> opposing its motion. Control surfaces or other techniques may also be used to affect these forces directly, without inducing any rotation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div> <p>Aircraft permit long distance, high speed <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">travel</a> and may be a more <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transport#Aircraft" title="Energy efficiency in transport">fuel efficient</a> mode of transportation in some circumstances. Aircraft have <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">environmental and climate impacts</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> considerations, however. They are also relatively <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_noise_pollution" title="Aircraft noise pollution">noisy</a> compared to other forms of travel and high altitude aircraft generate <a href="/wiki/Contrail" title="Contrail">contrails</a>, which experimental evidence suggests may <a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">alter weather patterns</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_for_aircraft">Uses for aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Uses for aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft are produced in several different types optimized for various uses; <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a>, which includes not just combat types but many types of supporting aircraft, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">civil aircraft</a>, which include all non-military types, experimental and model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg/220px-Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg/330px-Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg/440px-Color_Photographed_B-17E_in_Flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17E</a> in flight</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a></div> <p>A military aircraft is any aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type.<sup id="cite_ref-gunston_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunston-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat: </p> <ul><li>Combat aircraft are aircraft designed to destroy enemy equipment using its own armament.<sup id="cite_ref-gunston_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunston-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combat aircraft divide broadly into <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a>, with several in-between types, such as <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bombers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopters</a>.</li> <li>Non-combat aircraft are not designed for combat as their primary function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. Non-combat roles include search and rescue, reconnaissance, observation, transport, training, and <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">aerial refueling</a>. These aircraft are often variants of civil aircraft.</li></ul> <p>Most military aircraft are powered heavier-than-air types. Other types, such as gliders and balloons, have also been used as military aircraft; for example, balloons were used for observation during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">military gliders</a> were used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to land troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil">Civil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Civil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg/220px-Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg/330px-Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg/440px-Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="2215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">Agusta A109</a> helicopter of the <a href="/wiki/Rega_(air_rescue)" title="Rega (air rescue)">Swiss air rescue service</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation" title="Civil aviation">Civil aviation</a></div> <p>Civil aircraft divide into <i>commercial</i> and <i>general</i> types, however there are some overlaps. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aircraft</a> include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying passengers, <a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">mail</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>. The larger passenger-carrying types are the airliners, the largest of which are <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body aircraft</a>. Some of the smaller types are also used in <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>, and some of the larger types are used as <a href="/wiki/Air_transports_of_heads_of_state_and_government" title="Air transports of heads of state and government">VIP aircraft</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">General aviation</a> is a catch-all covering other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Private_aviation" title="Private aviation">private</a> (where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial use, and involving a wide range of aircraft types such as <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">business jets (bizjets)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft" title="Homebuilt aircraft">homebuilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warbird" title="Warbird">warbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloons</a> to name a few. The vast majority of aircraft today are general aviation types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental">Experimental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Experimental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental aircraft</a></div> <p>An experimental aircraft is one that has not been fully proven in flight, or that carries a <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness_certificate#Special_Airworthiness_Certificate" title="Airworthiness certificate">Special Airworthiness Certificate</a>, called an Experimental Certificate in United States parlance. This often implies that the aircraft is testing new aerospace technologies, though the term also refers to amateur-built and kit-built aircraft, many of which are based on proven designs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg/220px-MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg/330px-MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg/440px-MiniCeline_ultralight_aircraft.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>A model aircraft, weighing six grams</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model">Model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">Model aircraft</a></div> <p>A model aircraft is a small unmanned type made to fly for fun, for static display, for aerodynamic research or for other purposes. A <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale model</a> is a replica of some larger design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_altitude_record" title="Flight altitude record">Flight altitude record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">List of aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">List of civil aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">List of fighter aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_aircraft" title="List of individual aircraft">List of individual aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">List of large aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary_of_aviation,_aerospace,_and_aeronautics" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Glossary of aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics">List of aviation, aerospace and aeronautical terms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics">Topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_air_vehicle" title="Personal air vehicle">Personal air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_parachute" title="Powered parachute">Powered parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft">"Aircraft — Define Aircraft at Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328141634/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Aircraft+%E2%80%94+Define+Aircraft+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Faircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wingsoverkansas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wingsoverkansas_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wingsoverkansas.com/features/a1037/">"Different Kinds & Types of Aircraft"</a>. <i>wingsoverkansas.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165354/http://www.wingsoverkansas.com/features/a1037/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wingsoverkansas.com&rft.atitle=Different+Kinds+%26+Types+of+Aircraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingsoverkansas.com%2Ffeatures%2Fa1037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth172915/">US patent 467069</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223070653/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark%3A/67531/metapth172915/">Archived</a> 23 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Air-ship" referring to a compound aerostat/rotorcraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Airship" title="Ezekiel Airship">Ezekiel Airship</a> (1902) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro.htm">wright-brothers.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203131729/http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro/History_of_the_Airplane_Intro.htm">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altereddimensions.net/2012/burrell-cannon-flies-first-airplane">altereddimensions.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065900/http://altereddimensions.net/2012/burrell-cannon-flies-first-airplane">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "airship," – referring to an HTA aeroplane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gustavewhitehead.org/news_journalism/1901_-_flying.html">The Bridgeport Herald, August 18, 1901</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130803021718/http://gustavewhitehead.org/news_journalism/1901_-_flying.html">Archived</a> 3 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – "air ship" referring to Whitehead's aeroplane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooley Airship of 1910, also called the Cooley monoplane.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/Aviations_Attic/UFOs/UFOs.htm">"Unbelievable Flying Objects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102031147/http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/Aviations_Attic/UFOs/UFOs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unbelievable+Flying+Objects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wright-brothers.org%2FHistory_Wing%2FAviations_Attic%2FUFOs%2FUFOs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402075442/http://celticowboy.com/Round%20Aircraft%20Designs.htm">"Round Aircraft Designs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xpolet.eu.org">the original</a> on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Round+Aircraft+Designs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xpolet.eu.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span> – a heavier-than-air monoplane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frater, A.; <i>The Balloon Factory</i>, Picador (2009), p. 163. Wright brothers' "airship."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=879">George Griffith, <i>The angel of the Revolution</i>, 1893</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154830/http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=879">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — "air-ship," "vessel" referring to a VTOL compound rotorcraft (not clear from the reference if it might be an aerostat hybrid.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=AS19190224.2.104">Auckland Star, 24 February 1919</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324163806/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=AS19190224.2.104">Archived</a> 24 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Ships of the air," "Air yachts" – passenger landplanes large and small</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17455790">The Sydney Morning Herald, Monday 11 April 1938</a> – "ship of the airs," "flying-ship," referring to a large flying-boat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/america-by-air/online/innovation/innovation16.cfm">Smithsonian, America by air</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118135217/http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/america-by-air/online/innovation/innovation16.cfm">Archived</a> 18 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Ships of the Air" referring to Pan Am's Boeing Clipper flying-boat fleet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Halloran and Sean O'Meara, <i>Wing in Ground Effect Craft Review</i>, DSTO, Australia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522002835/http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/publications/2058/DSTO-GD-0201.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/publications/2058/DSTO-GD-0201.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsto.defence.gov.au%2Fpublications%2F2058%2FDSTO-GD-0201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span>, p51. Notes an agreement between ICAO and IMO that WIGs come under the jurisdiction of the International Maritime Organisation although there an exception for craft with a sustained use out of ground effect (OGE) to be considered as aircraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/17/worlds-largest-aircraft-the-airlander-takes-first-flight/">"World's largest aircraft the Airlander makes maiden flight in UK,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122224818/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/08/17/worlds-largest-aircraft-the-airlander-takes-first-flight/">Archived</a> 22 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 16 August 2016, London 'Daily Telegraph' via Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airlander_cbs-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airlander_cbs_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Airlander 10, the world's largest aircraft, takes off for the first time," 19 August 2016, CBS News (TV) retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crash_cnn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crash_cnn_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kottasova, Ivana <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/24/technology/worlds-largest-aircraft-crash-airlander-10/">"The world's largest aircraft crashes after 2nd test flight"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122224325/https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/24/technology/worlds-largest-aircraft-crash-airlander-10/">Archived</a> 22 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 24 August 2016, <i>CNN Tech</i> on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, the Cable News Network. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuly" class="citation web cs1">July, Dyre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flydrivereizen.nl/aanbiedingen/">"Fly Drive Aanbiedingen"</a>. <i>flydrivereizen.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104014121/https://www.flydrivereizen.nl/aanbiedingen/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flydrivereizen.nl&rft.atitle=Fly+Drive+Aanbiedingen&rft.aulast=July&rft.aufirst=Dyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flydrivereizen.nl%2Faanbiedingen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biggest_fox-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biggest_fox_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/tech/watch-the-worlds-biggest-plane-land-in-australia/">"Watch the world's biggest plane land in Australia,"</a> 16 May 2016, Fox News. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biggest_chron-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biggest_chron_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumbaugh2016" class="citation news cs1">Rumbaugh, Andrea (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052928/http://www.chron.com/business/article/World-s-largest-airplane-lands-at-Bush-airport-10622046.php">"World's biggest airplane lands at Bush airport"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/business/article/World-s-largest-airplane-lands-at-Bush-airport-10622046.php#item-38488">the original</a> on 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=World%27s+biggest+airplane+lands+at+Bush+airport&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FWorld-s-largest-airplane-lands-at-Bush-airport-10622046.php%23item-38488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worlds_largest_might_lose_smithsonian_2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worlds_largest_might_lose_smithsonian_2015_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Danny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/worlds-largest-aircraft-might-lose-its-title-blimp-180956677/">"The World's Largest Aircraft Might Lose its Title to a Blimp,"</a>, 18 September 2015, <i>Smart News</i>, Smithsonian.com, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, Washington, D.C.. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-largest_aero-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-largest_aero_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_aero_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_aero_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-largest_aero_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/design/q0188.shtml">"Ask Us – Largest Plane in the World,"</a> Aerospaceweb.org. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShead2022" class="citation web cs1">Shead, Sam (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/04/antonov-an-225-wreckage-worlds-largest-plane-destroyed-in-ukraine.html">"Photos show world's largest cargo plane destroyed in Ukraine"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Photos+show+world%27s+largest+cargo+plane+destroyed+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.aulast=Shead&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F04%2F04%2Fantonov-an-225-wreckage-worlds-largest-plane-destroyed-in-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2nd_nasa-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2nd_nasa_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_028_Antonov.html">"World's Second Largest Aircraft,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222701/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_028_Antonov.html">Archived</a> 22 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 28 July 2013, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wide_nasa-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wide_nasa_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wide_nasa_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Loftin, Laurence K., Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-468/ch13-5.htm">"Wide-Body Transports"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607034616/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-468/ch13-5.htm">Archived</a> 7 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Chapter 13, "Jet Transports," in Part II, "The Jet Age," in <i>Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft</i>, NASA SP-468, 1985, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, Washington, D.C., Updated: 6 August 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airbus_times-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airbus_times_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-airbus.4.12438349.html">"Airbus reviews A380 schedule,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002211/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-airbus.4.12438349.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 29 April 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regimes-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regimes_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson,_Tom" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Tom (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/BGH/hihyper.html">"Speed Regimes: Hypersonic Re-Entry"</a>. Glenn Research Center, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052843/https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/BGH/hihyper.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speed+Regimes%3A+Hypersonic+Re-Entry&rft.pub=Glenn+Research+Center%2C+NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FBGH%2Fhihyper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-aircraft-air-breathing-engine">"Fastest aircraft, air-breathing engine: X-43"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. 16 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Fastest+aircraft%2C+air-breathing+engine%3A+X-43&rft.date=2004-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Ffastest-aircraft-air-breathing-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manned_guinness-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manned_guinness_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/78491-fastest-aircraft-rocket-powered">"Fastest speed in a non-spacecraft aircraft"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. 3 October 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Fastest+speed+in+a+non-spacecraft+aircraft&rft.date=1967-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F78491-fastest-aircraft-rocket-powered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fai.org/record/8879">"current record, Powered Aeroplanes, Absolute, Speed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a>. 28 July 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=current+record%2C+Powered+Aeroplanes%2C+Absolute%2C+Speed&rft.pub=FAI&rft.date=1976-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Frecord%2F8879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/guided.htm">"Guided Tours of the BGA"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325054529/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/guided.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Guided+Tours+of+the+BGA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Fguided.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist8-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist8_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/ch10-3.htm">"ch10-3"</a>. Hq.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914184628/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/ch10-3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ch10-3&rft.pub=Hq.nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-468%2Fch10-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-websters_3rd_new_intl_dictionary_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gove, P.B., editor: <i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged,</i> 1993, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, Mass., USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asa_dictionary_3rd_ed_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, D., editor: <i>Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms,</i> Third Edition, ASA (Aviation Supplies & Academics), Newcastle, Washington, USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-far_amt_2012_faa-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-far_amt_2012_faa_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>2012 Federal Aviation Regulations for Aviation Maintenance Technicians,</i> 2012, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes_dictionary_1980-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janes_dictionary_1980_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-janes_dictionary_1980_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-janes_dictionary_1980_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a>, editor: <i>Jane's Aerospace Dictionary</i> 1980, Jane's, London / New York / Sydney</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phak_glossary_faa_gov-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phak_glossary_faa_gov_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phak_glossary_faa_gov_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/21_phak_glossary.pdf">"Glossary"</a> in <i>Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge</i> (PHAK), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, Washington, D.C., retrieved September 12, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_of_aviation_1974_fell_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wragg, David W. editor: <i>A Dictionary of Aviation,</i> 1974, Frederick Fell, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internal_combustion_engine_grc_nasa_gov-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-internal_combustion_engine_grc_nasa_gov_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/icengine.html">"Internal Combustion Engine,"</a> Glenn Research Center, <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engines_grc_nasa_gov-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-engines_grc_nasa_gov_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/icengine.html">"Engines,"</a> Glenn Research Center, <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natl_air_and_space_museum_bryan-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natl_air_and_space_museum_bryan_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan, C.D.B.: <i>The National Air and Space Museum,</i> 1979 / 1984, Abrams, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes_encyclopedia_of_aviation-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-janes_encyclopedia_of_aviation_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Michael J.H., editor: <i>Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation,</i> 1989 ed., Portland House / Random House, New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-electrified_aircraft_nasa_gov-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-electrified_aircraft_nasa_gov_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/aeronautics/eap/">"Electrified Aircraft Propulsion" (EAP)</a>, Glenn Research Center, <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), retrieved September 12, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402202400/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?type=simple%3Bc%3Decfr%3Bcc%3Decfr%3Bsid%3Da8f38006e777ba46ba8000f7c2fe6641%3Bregion%3DDIV1%3Bq1%3D23.335%3Brgn%3Ddiv8%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bidno%3D14%3Bnode%3D14%3A1.0.1.3.10.3.70.8">"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. <i>gpoaccess.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?type=simple;c=ecfr;cc=ecfr;sid=a8f38006e777ba46ba8000f7c2fe6641;region=DIV1;q1=23.335;rgn=div8;view=text;idno=14;node=14%3A1.0.1.3.10.3.70.8">the original</a> on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gpoaccess.gov&rft.atitle=eCFR+%E2%80%94+Code+of+Federal+Regulations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecfr.gpoaccess.gov%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Ftype%3Dsimple%3Bc%3Decfr%3Bcc%3Decfr%3Bsid%3Da8f38006e777ba46ba8000f7c2fe6641%3Bregion%3DDIV1%3Bq1%3D23.335%3Brgn%3Ddiv8%3Bview%3Dtext%3Bidno%3D14%3Bnode%3D14%253A1.0.1.3.10.3.70.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">. 1 June 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601204507/http://www.access.gpo.gov/ecfr/graphics/pdfs/ec28se91.001.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20100601204507/http://www.access.gpo.gov/ecfr/graphics/pdfs/ec28se91.001.pdf</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.access.gpo.gov/ecfr/graphics/pdfs/ec28se91.001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.access.gpo.gov%2Fecfr%2Fgraphics%2Fpdfs%2Fec28se91.001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArBsigger-A000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArBsigger-A000_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/2024-04/Airbus-A350-Family-Facts-and-Figures%20April-2024.pdf#page=3">"Airbus-A350-Family-Facts-and-Figures April-2024.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>airbus.com</i>. Airbus. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>… Operational flexibility: … The A350-900 Ultra Long Range (ULR) is the latest variant of the A350 Family. Capable of flying 9,700 nautical miles (18,000 kilometres) non-stop, the A350-900ULR offers the longest range of any commercial airliner in service today. …</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airbus.com&rft.atitle=Airbus-A350-Family-Facts-and-Figures+April-2024.pdf&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airbus.com%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fjlcbta136%2Ffiles%2F2024-04%2FAirbus-A350-Family-Facts-and-Figures%2520April-2024.pdf%23page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crane-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crane_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crane, Dale: <i>Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition</i>, p. 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-287-2">1-56027-287-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroundUp-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroundUp_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, <i>From the Ground Up</i>, p. 10 (27th revised edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9690054-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9690054-9-0">0-9690054-9-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620150339/http://airlines.org/ATAResources/Handbook/Pages/AirlineHandbookChapter5HowAircraftFly.aspx">"Airline Handbook Chapter 5: How Aircraft Fly"</a>. <i>Airline Handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">Air Transport Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airlines.org/ATAResources/Handbook/Pages/AirlineHandbookChapter5HowAircraftFly.aspx">the original</a> on 20 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airline+Handbook&rft.atitle=Airline+Handbook+Chapter+5%3A+How+Aircraft+Fly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airlines.org%2FATAResources%2FHandbook%2FPages%2FAirlineHandbookChapter5HowAircraftFly.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunston-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunston_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunston_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston 1986, p. 274</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunston1987" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (1987). <i>Jane's Aerospace Dictionary 1987</i>. London, England: Jane's Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0365-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0365-4"><bdi>978-0-7106-0365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Aerospace+Dictionary+1987&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-0365-4&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aircraft" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aircraft">aircraft</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aircraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aircraft">Aircraft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-468/contents.htm">The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227182437/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-468/contents.htm">Archived</a> 27 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/Tale_of_Airplane/taleplane.html">Virtual Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/">Smithsonian Air and Space Museum</a> – online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36582/amazing-early-flying-machines">Amazing Early Flying Machines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011847/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/36582/amazing-early-flying-machines">Archived</a> 13 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information">Information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airliners.net/">Airliners.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624032037/http://www.aviationdictionary.org/">Aviation Dictionary</a> – free aviation terms, phrases and jargons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/topic/aviation"><i>New Scientist</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s aviation page</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_aircraft_by_methods_of_thrust_and_lift" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">aircraft</a> by methods of <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef;">  </th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color: #e6e6ff"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Heavier_than_air_–_aerodynes">Aerodyne</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Lighter than air gas</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Fixed wing</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Unpowered rotor</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Powered rotor </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Unpowered free flight </th> <td>(Free) <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">Glider</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a>, etc. in <a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">autorotation</a></td> <td>(None – see note 2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Tethered (static or towed) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tethered_balloon" title="Tethered balloon">Tethered balloon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kite</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kite</a></td> <td>(None – see note 2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Powered </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopter</a>, etc.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">Autogyro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyrodyne" title="Gyrodyne">Gyrodyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Note 1: <span class="wrap">A <a href="/wiki/Tiltwing" title="Tiltwing">tiltwing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">tiltrotor</a> aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Note 2: <span class="wrap">For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Balloon_helicopter" title="Balloon helicopter">balloon helicopter</a>) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Note 3: <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_vehicle" title="Ground-effect vehicle">Ground-effect vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> are not included in the table, nor are <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">experimental aircraft</a> with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coleopter" title="Coleopter">coleopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Flying Bedstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">Avrocar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flettner_airplane" title="Flettner airplane">flettner airplane</a>) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kytoon" title="Kytoon">kytoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_airship" title="Hybrid airship">hybrid airship</a>).</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Template:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Template talk:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lists of aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">Lists of aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_name" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By name</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(pre-1914)" title="List of aircraft (pre-1914)">pre-1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(0%E2%80%93Ah)" title="List of aircraft (0–Ah)">0–Ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Ai%E2%80%93Am)" title="List of aircraft (Ai–Am)">Ai–Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(An%E2%80%93Az)" title="List of aircraft (An–Az)">An–Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(B%E2%80%93Be)" title="List of aircraft (B–Be)">B–Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Bf%E2%80%93Bo)" title="List of aircraft (Bf–Bo)">Bf–Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Br%E2%80%93Bz)" title="List of aircraft (Br–Bz)">Br–Bz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(C%E2%80%93Cc)" title="List of aircraft (C–Cc)">C–Cc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Cd%E2%80%93Cn)" title="List of aircraft (Cd–Cn)">Cd–Cn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Co%E2%80%93Cz)" title="List of aircraft (Co–Cz)">Co–Cz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(D)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (D)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(E)" title="List of aircraft (E)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(F)" title="List of aircraft (F)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(G%E2%80%93Gn)" title="List of aircraft (G–Gn)">G–Gn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Go%E2%80%93Gz)" title="List of aircraft (Go–Gz)">Go–Gz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(H)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (H)">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(I)" title="List of aircraft (I)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(J)" title="List of aircraft (J)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(K)" title="List of aircraft (K)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(La%E2%80%93Lh)" title="List of aircraft (La–Lh)">La–Lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Li%E2%80%93Lz)" title="List of aircraft (Li–Lz)">Li–Lz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(M)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (M)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(N)" title="List of aircraft (N)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(O)" title="List of aircraft (O)">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(P)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft (P)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Q)" title="List of aircraft (Q)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(R)" title="List of aircraft (R)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(S)" title="List of aircraft (S)">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(T)" title="List of aircraft (T)">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(U)" title="List of aircraft (U)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(V)" title="List of aircraft (V)">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(W)" title="List of aircraft (W)">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(X)" title="List of aircraft (X)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Y)" title="List of aircraft (Y)">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_(Z)" title="List of aircraft (Z)">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">human-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">List</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Civil_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">Civil aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="By_characteristic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By characteristic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft" title="List of aerobatic aircraft">Aerobatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_plane" title="Bush plane">Bush planes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_aircraft" title="List of electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_wings" title="List of flying wings">Flying wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gliders" title="List of gliders">Gliders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">Human-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_pilot#List_of_prone-pilot_aircraft" title="Prone pilot">Prone-pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rocket aircraft">Rocket-powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_boats_and_floatplanes" title="List of flying boats and floatplanes">Flying boats and floatplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_STOL_aircraft" title="List of STOL aircraft">STOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supersonic_aircraft" title="List of supersonic aircraft">Supersonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_triplanes" title="List of triplanes">Triplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles" title="List of unmanned aerial vehicles">Unmanned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VTOL_aircraft" title="List of VTOL aircraft">VTOL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuselage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double-deck_aircraft" title="Double-deck aircraft">Double-deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">Narrow-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Weight</li><li>Size</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airliners_by_maximum_takeoff_weight" title="List of airliners by maximum takeoff weight">Maximum takeoff weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_production_certified_light_aircraft" title="List of current production certified light aircraft">Light aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_very_light_jets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of very light jets">very light jets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_aircraft" title="List of large aircraft">Large aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Airbus_Group_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Airbus Group aircraft">Airbus</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Antonov_aircraft" title="Template:Antonov aircraft">Antonov</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Boeing_airliners" title="Template:Boeing airliners">Boeing</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Bombardier_aircraft" title="Template:Bombardier aircraft">Bombardier</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Douglas_airliners" title="Template:Douglas airliners">Douglas / McDonnell Douglas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Embraer_aircraft" title="Template:Embraer aircraft">Embraer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Template:Ilyushin aircraft">Ilyushin</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Tupolev_aircraft" title="Template:Tupolev aircraft">Tupolev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine number</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twinjet" title="Twinjet">Twinjets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">Trijets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimotor" title="Trimotor">Trimotors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-engined_jet_aircraft" title="Four-engined jet aircraft">Four-engined jet aircraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Range</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_airliners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of jet airliners">Jet airliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airliners" title="List of regional airliners">Regional airliners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_racing_aircraft" title="List of racing aircraft">Racers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_airliner" title="Regional airliner">Regional airliner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_jet" title="Regional jet">regional jet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_aircraft" title="List of experimental aircraft">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_X-planes" title="List of X-planes">X-planes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotor-powered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of utility helicopters">utility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor#List_of_tiltrotor_aircraft" title="Tiltrotor">Tiltrotors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Executive</li><li>Private</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">Business jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" title="Light-sport aircraft">Light-sport aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Other_lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_date_and_usage_category" title="List of aircraft by date and usage category">By date and usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_by_tail_number" title="List of aircraft by tail number">By tail number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">Most-produced</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Military_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">Military aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airborne_early_warning_aircraft" title="List of airborne early warning aircraft">AEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attack_aircraft" title="List of attack aircraft">Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bomber_aircraft" title="List of bomber aircraft">Bomber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torpedo_bombers" title="List of torpedo bombers">Torpedo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carrier-based_aircraft" title="List of carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="List of maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine-borne_aircraft" title="List of submarine-borne aircraft">Submarine-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tanker_aircraft" title="List of tanker aircraft">Tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_aircraft_by_nation" title="Lists of military aircraft by nation">Nation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Afghan Air Force aircraft">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of Albanian Air Force aircraft">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Argentine_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Argentine Air Force">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Royal_Australian_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of current Royal Australian Air Force aircraft">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bangladesh_military_aircraft" title="List of active Bangladesh military aircraft">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belize_Defence_Force_Air_Wing_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belize Defence Force Air Wing aircraft">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Brazilian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Brazilian military aircraft">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Bulgarian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active Bulgarian military aircraft">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Canada%27s_air_forces" title="List of aircraft of Canada's air forces">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Chile_military_aircraft" title="List of active Chile military aircraft">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_People%27s_Liberation_Army_aircraft" title="List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of military aircraft of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Denmark" title="List of military aircraft of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Egyptian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Egyptian Air Force">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Finland" title="List of military aircraft of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_France" title="List of military aircraft of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Germany" title="List of military aircraft of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Hellenic_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Iranian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Iranian Air Force">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Irish_Air_Corps" title="List of aircraft of the Irish Air Corps">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Israeli_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Italian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Italian military aircraft">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Japan" title="List of military aircraft of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Moroccan_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active Moroccan military aircraft">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_New_Zealand_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active New Zealand military aircraft">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Norway" title="List of military aircraft of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Pakistan_military_aircraft" title="List of active Pakistan military aircraft">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_military_aircraft_of_the_Philippines" title="List of active military aircraft of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retired_Polish_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of retired Polish Air Force aircraft">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Portuguese_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Portuguese Air Force">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Romanian_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_Russian_military_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of currently active Russian military aircraft">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_South_African_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the South African Air Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of the Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of military aircraft of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Swiss_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Swiss Air Force">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Turkish_Air_Force_aircraft" title="List of active Turkish Air Force aircraft">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_Kingdom_military_aircraft" title="List of active United Kingdom military aircraft">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Entente_aircraft" title="List of World War I Entente aircraft">WWI Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_Central_Powers_aircraft" title="List of World War I Central Powers aircraft">WWI Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interwar_military_aircraft" title="List of interwar military aircraft">Interwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of jet aircraft of World War II">World War II jets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4168246-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049596">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aéronefs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119756694">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aéronefs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119756694">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566348">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="letadla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115124&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538568005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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