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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, the <b>historical present</b> or <b>historic present</b>, also called <b>dramatic present</b> or <b>narrative present</b>, is the employment of the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tenses</a> when narrating past events. It is typically thought to heighten the dramatic force of the narrative by describing events as if they were still unfolding, and/or by <a href="/wiki/Foregrounding" title="Foregrounding">foregrounding</a> some events relative to others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinton1992221_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinton1992221-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Uses_in_English"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Uses in English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_describing_fiction"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In describing fiction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In other languages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Uses_in_English">Uses in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses in English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In English, it is used in: </p> <ul><li>historical chronicles (listing a series of events),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">news headlines</a>, and</li> <li>everyday conversation, when recounting events as dramatized stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002129–131_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002129%E2%80%93131-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In casual conversation, it is particularly common with <a href="/wiki/Quotative" title="Quotative">quotative verbs</a> such as <i>say</i> and <i>go</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech19717_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech19717-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially the newer <a href="/wiki/Like#As_a_colloquial_quotative" title="Like">quotative <i>like</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Copperfield (novel)">David Copperfield</a></i>, the shift from the <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> to the historical present gives a sense of immediacy, as of a recurring vision: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the funeral had been yesterday, I could not recollect it better. The very air of the best parlour, when I went in at the door, the bright condition of the fire, the shining of the wine in the decanters, the patterns of the glasses and plates, the faint sweet smell of cake, the odour of Miss Murdstone's dress, and our black clothes. Mr. Chillip <b>is</b> in the room, and <b>comes</b> to speak to me. </p><p>"And how is Master David?" he <b>says</b>, kindly. </p><p> I <b>cannot</b> tell him very well. I <b>give</b> him my hand, which he <b>holds</b> in his.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Charles Dickens, <i>David Copperfield</i>, Chapter IX</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Novels that are written entirely in the historical present include notably <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit,_Run" title="Rabbit, Run">Rabbit, Run</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall" title="Wolf Hall">Wolf Hall</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_describing_fiction">In describing fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In describing fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Historical_present" title="Special:EditPage/Historical present">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Summaries of the narratives (plots) of works of fiction are conventionally presented using the present tense, rather than the past tense. At any particular point of the story, as it unfolds, there is a <i>now</i> and so a <i>past</i> and a <i>future</i>, so whether some event mentioned in the story is past, present, or future, changes as the story progresses. The entire plot description is presented as if the story's <i>now</i> were a continuous present. Thus, in summarizing the plot of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i>, one may write: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Manette <b>is</b> obsessed with making shoes, a trade he <b>learnt</b> while in prison.</p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_other_languages">In other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The historical present is widely used in writing about history in Latin (where it is sometimes referred to by its Latin name, <i>praesens historicum</i>) and some modern European languages. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, the historical present is often used in journalism and in historical texts to report events in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Revaz-2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revaz-2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extinct language <a href="/wiki/Shasta_language" title="Shasta language">Shasta</a> appeared to allow the historical present in narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> in the 1st century AD, is notable for use of the historical present, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future tense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Grammatical tense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past tense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_simple" title="Passé simple">Passé simple</a> – the historical past in French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">Preterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms" title="Uses of English verb forms">Uses of English verb forms</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrinton1992" class="citation journal cs1">Brinton, L. J. (1992). "The historical present in Charlotte Bronte's novels: Some discourse functions". <i>Style</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Style&rft.atitle=The+historical+present+in+Charlotte+Bronte%27s+novels%3A+Some+discourse+functions&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Brinton&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, R; Pullum, G. K. (2002). <i>The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43146-8"><bdi>0-521-43146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-43146-8&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Pullum%2C+G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeech1971" class="citation book cs1">Leech, G. N. (1971). <i>Meaning and the English Verb</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-52214-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-52214-5"><bdi>0-582-52214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning+and+the+English+Verb&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-582-52214-5&rft.aulast=Leech&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinton1992221-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinton1992221_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrinton1992">Brinton 1992</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffrin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffrin, Deborah (March 1981). "Tense Variation in Narrative". <i>Language</i>. <b>57</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414286">10.2307/414286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414286">414286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Tense+Variation+in+Narrative&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1981-03&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414286&rft.aulast=Schiffrin&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002129–131-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuddlestonPullum2002129%E2%80%93131_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002">Huddleston & Pullum 2002</a>, p. 129–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeech19717-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeech19717_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeech1971">Leech 1971</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlythRecktenwaldWang1990" class="citation journal cs1">Blyth, Carl; Recktenwald, Sigrid; Wang, Jenny (1990). "I'm like, "Say What?!": A New Quotative in American Oral Narrative". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>65</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">215–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F455910">10.2307/455910</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1283">0003-1283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/455910">455910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=I%27m+like%2C+%22Say+What%3F%21%22%3A+A+New+Quotative+in+American+Oral+Narrative&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0003-1283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F455910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F455910&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Recktenwald%2C+Sigrid&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliamonteD'Arcy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tagliamonte, Sali A.; D'Arcy, Alexandra (2007-04-25). "Frequency and variation in the community grammar: Tracking a new change through the generations". <i>Language Variation and Change</i>. <b>19</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs095439450707007x">10.1017/s095439450707007x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-3945">0954-3945</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143126937">143126937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Variation+and+Change&rft.atitle=Frequency+and+variation+in+the+community+grammar%3A+Tracking+a+new+change+through+the+generations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143126937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0954-3945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs095439450707007x&rft.aulast=Tagliamonte&rft.aufirst=Sali+A.&rft.au=D%27Arcy%2C+Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revaz-2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revaz-2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevaz2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Revaz, Françoise (2002). "Le présent et le futur historiques : des intrus parmi les temps du passé ?" [The historical present and future: intruders among the past tenses?]. <i>Le Français Aujourd'hui</i> (in French). <b>4</b> (139). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a>-<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Flfa.139.0087">10.3917/lfa.139.0087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fran%C3%A7ais+Aujourd%27hui&rft.atitle=Le+pr%C3%A9sent+et+le+futur+historiques+%3A+des+intrus+parmi+les+temps+du+pass%C3%A9+%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=139&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Flfa.139.0087&rft.aulast=Revaz&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver1966" class="citation thesis cs1">Silver, Shirley (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6hj0n3zb"><i>The Shasta Language</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Shasta+Language&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6hj0n3zb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithun1999" class="citation book cs1">Mithun, Marianne (1999). <i>The languages of native North America</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521232287" title="Special:BookSources/0521232287"><bdi>0521232287</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40467402">40467402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+native+North+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40467402&rft.isbn=0521232287&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.logos.com/2017/06/search-connections-greek-english-bibles/">"How to Search Connections between Greek and English Bibles"</a>. June 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Search+Connections+between+Greek+and+English+Bibles&rft.date=2017-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.logos.com%2F2017%2F06%2Fsearch-connections-greek-english-bibles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsburn1983" class="citation journal cs1">Osburn, Carroll D. (1983). "The Historical Present in Mark as a Text-Critical Criterion". <i>Biblica</i>. <b>64</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">486–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42707093">42707093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Present+in+Mark+as+a+Text-Critical+Criterion&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42707093%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Osburn&rft.aufirst=Carroll+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+present" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a list of all occurrences of the historical present in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/12312/">LOY Excursus: Mark's Editorial Style</a>, under the subheading <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/12312/#fn2">"Mark's Freedom and Creativity"</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jerusalemperspective.com/">JerusalemPerspective.com</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistics_stub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Linguistics_stub.svg/40px-Linguistics_stub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="73"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Linguistics_stub.svg/40px-Linguistics_stub.svg.png" data-alt="Stub icon" data-width="40" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Linguistics_stub.svg/60px-Linguistics_stub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Linguistics_stub.svg/80px-Linguistics_stub.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>-related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_present&action=edit">expanding it</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhetoric-stub" title="Template:Rhetoric-stub"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhetoric-stub" title="Template talk:Rhetoric-stub"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric-stub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhetoric-stub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent_historique" title="Présent historique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présent historique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praesens_historicum" title="Praesens historicum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Praesens historicum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8" title="史的現在 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="史的現在" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisk_presens" title="Historisk presens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Historisk presens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presente_hist%C3%B3rico" title="Presente histórico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presente histórico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Настоящее историческое – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Настоящее историческое" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiskt_presens" title="Historiskt presens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historiskt presens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%AC_hi%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BA%A1i_l%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Thì hiện tại lịch sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thì hiện tại lịch sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="历史现在时 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="历史现在时" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 January 2025, at 15:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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