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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="هيوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hivi" title="Hivi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hivi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Хіві – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіві" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi_(voluntaris)" title="Hiwi (voluntaris) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hiwi (voluntaris)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfswilliger" title="Hilfswilliger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hilfswilliger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfswilliger" title="Hilfswilliger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilfswilliger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi" title="Hiwi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiwi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi" title="Hiwi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hiwi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi" title="Hiwi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hiwi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi_(sukarelawan)" title="Hiwi (sukarelawan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiwi (sukarelawan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi" title="Hiwi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hiwi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hivi" title="Hivi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hivi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltarai%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Baltaraiščiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltaraiščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3" title="ヒヴィ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒヴィ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfswillige" title="Hilfswillige – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hilfswillige" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwis" title="Hiwis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiwis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хиви – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиви" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi" title="Hiwi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hiwi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwi" title="Hiwi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiwi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Гіві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Auxiliary volunteer corps used by Nazi Germany during World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Auxiliary volunteer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><i>Hilfswilliger</i>, Hiwi</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24,_Russland,_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24%2C_Russland%2C_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/320px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24%2C_Russland%2C_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24%2C_Russland%2C_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/480px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24%2C_Russland%2C_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24%2C_Russland%2C_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/640px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3632-24%2C_Russland%2C_einheimische_Freiwillige_der_Wehrmacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Russia, January 1942, two former Soviet soldiers in the German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> army, decorated with the <a href="/wiki/General_Assault_Badge" title="General Assault Badge">General Assault Badge</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Occupied <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Schutzstaffel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Auxiliary forces</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">600,000 (in 1944)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Hiwi, <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">Askari</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p><b>Hiwi</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈhiːviː]</a></span>), the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic abbreviation">abbreviation</a> of the word <i><b>Hilfswilliger</b></i> or, in English, <b>auxiliary volunteer</b>, designated, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a member of different kinds of voluntary auxiliary forces made up of recruits indigenous to the territories of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> reluctantly agreed to allow recruitment of Soviet citizens in the Rear Areas during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a short period of time, many of them were moved to combat units. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiwi_(volunteer)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hiwis comprised 50% of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army" title="2nd Panzer Army">2nd Panzer Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/134th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="134th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">134th Infantry Division</a> in late 1942, while the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> was composed of 25% Hiwis.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1944, their numbers had grown to 600,000. Both men and women were recruited. Veteran Hiwis were practically indistinguishable from regular German troops, and often served in entire company strengths.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between September 1941 and July 1944 the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></i> employed thousands of collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_police" title="Auxiliary police">auxiliary police</a> recruited as Hiwis directly from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a> camps. After training, they were deployed for service with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a>, and the occupied East.<sup id="cite_ref-Browning_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Browning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one instance, the German <i>SS</i> and police inducted, processed, and trained 5,082 Hiwi guards before the end of 1944 at the <i>SS</i> training camp division of the <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki concentration camp</a> set up in the village of <a href="/wiki/Trawniki" title="Trawniki">Trawniki</a> southeast of <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>. They were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a>" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Trawnikimänner</i>) and were former Soviet citizens, mostly <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trawnikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawnikis">Trawnikis</a> were sent to all major killing sites of the "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>", which was their training's primary purpose. They took an active role in the executions of Jews at <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobibor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibor">Sobibor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a> (three times), <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lvov_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov Ghetto">Lvov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a> (twice), <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, and Trawniki itself.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jabłoński_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jabłoński-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_term">Use of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiwi_(volunteer)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg/220px-Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg/330px-Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg/440px-Askaris_im_Warschauer_Getto_-_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>SS <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a> before the corpses of Jews in the doorway of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>. Photo from <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a> Report, May 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term 'Hiwis' acquired a thoroughly negative meaning during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when it entered into several other languages in reference to <i><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></i> as well as volunteers enlisted from occupied territories for service in a number of roles including hands-on shooting actions and guard duties at <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> on top of regular military service, drivers, cooks, hospital attendants, ammunition carriers, messengers, <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of World War II the term has clear <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration during World War II">connotations of collaborationism</a>, and in the case of the occupied <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> territories also of anti-<a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> (widely presented as such by the Germans). </p><p>German historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_R%C3%B6hr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Röhr (page does not exist)">Werner Röhr</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_R%C3%B6hr" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Röhr">de</a>]</span> wrote that there were many different reasons why Soviet citizens volunteered.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the issue has to be seen first and foremost with the German <i>Vernichtungskrieg</i> (war of annihilation) policy in mind. For example, volunteering allowed Soviet POWs to get out of the barbaric <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">German POW camp system</a>, giving them a much higher chance of survival. During World War II, Nazi Germany engaged in a policy of deliberate maltreatment of Soviet POWs, in contrast to their treatment of British and American POWs. This resulted in some 3.3 to 3.5 million deaths, or 57% of all Soviet POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keinekameraden_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keinekameraden-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore it becomes very difficult to differentiate between a genuine desire to volunteer, and seeming to volunteer in the hope of a better chance of surviving the war. </p><p>A captured Hiwi told his <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> interrogators: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Russians in the German Army can be divided into three categories. Firstly, soldiers mobilized by German troops, so-called <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> sections, which are attached to German divisions. Secondly, Hilfswillige [Voluntary Assistants] made up of local people or Russian prisoners who volunteer, or those <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers who desert to join the Germans. This category wears full German uniform, with their own ranks and badges. They eat like German soldiers and they are attached to German regiments. Thirdly, there are Russian prisoners who do the dirty jobs, kitchens, stables and so on. These three categories are treated in different ways, with the best treatment naturally reserved for the volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Soviet authorities referred to the Hiwis as "former <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>" regardless of the circumstances of their joining or their fate at the hands of the NKVD secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, thousands attempted to return to their homes in the USSR. Hundreds were captured and prosecuted, charged with treason and therefore guilty of enlistment from the start of judicial proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were sentenced to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>, and released under the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev amnesty</a> of 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A,_Griechenland,_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-178-1538-05A%2C_Griechenland%2C_Appell_von_Hilfstruppen_der_Wehrmacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">captain</a> inspecting auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Eastern troops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> in <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a>, 1943.</figcaption></figure><p> The reliance upon Hiwis exposed a gap between Nazi ideologues and pragmatic German Army commanders. Nazi leaders including <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> regarded all Slavs as <i><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermenschen</a></i> and therefore of limited value as volunteers also. On the other hand, the manpower was needed,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies-169_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-169-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and German Intelligence had recognised the need to divide the Soviet nationals. The contradiction was sometimes disguised by reclassification of Slavs as <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Groscurth" title="Helmuth Groscurth">Helmuth Groscurth</a> (<a href="/wiki/XI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XI Corps</a>' <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief of Staff</a>) wrote to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Beck" title="Ludwig Beck">General Beck</a>: </p><blockquote><p>"It is disturbing that we are forced to strengthen our fighting troops with Russian prisoners of war, who are already being turned into gunners. It's an odd state of affairs that the "Beasts" we have been fighting against are now living with us in closest harmony."<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The Hiwis may have constituted one quarter of <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a>'s front-line strength, amounting to over 50,000 Slavic auxiliaries serving with the German troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor1999_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiwi_(volunteer)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration during World War II">Collaboration during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiwi_(volunteer)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrasmeder" class="citation web cs1">Grasmeder, Elizabeth M.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit">"Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Security">International Security</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Leaning+on+Legionnaires%3A+Why+Modern+States+Recruit+Foreign+Soldiers&rft.aulast=Grasmeder&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+M.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fisec%2Farticle%2F46%2F1%2F147%2F102854%2FLeaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Nigel (2015). "Eastern Troops. <i>Hilfswillige</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5CHCwAAQBAJ&q=Hiwis"><i>Hitler's Russian & Cossack Allies 1941–45</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15, 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472806895" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472806895"><bdi>978-1472806895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Troops.+Hilfswillige&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Russian+%26+Cossack+Allies+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15%2C+57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1472806895&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5CHCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHiwis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee_Ready1987" class="citation book cs1">Lee Ready, J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JepmAAAAMAAJ&q=Hiwis"><i>The Forgotten Axis: Germany's Partners and Foreign Volunteers in World War II</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 194, 211, 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089950275X" title="Special:BookSources/089950275X"><bdi>089950275X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Axis%3A+Germany%27s+Partners+and+Foreign+Volunteers+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=194%2C+211%2C+510&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=089950275X&rft.aulast=Lee+Ready&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJepmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHiwis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Browning_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (1998) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf#page=76">"Arrival in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland</i>. Penguin Books. pp. 52, 77, 79, 80. direct download 7.91 MB complete.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrival+in+Poland&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Men%3A+Reserve+Police+Battalion+101+and+the+Final+Solution+in+Poland&rft.pages=52%2C+77%2C+79%2C+80&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampshirehigh.com%2Fexchange2012%2Fdocs%2FBROWNING-Ordinary%2520Men.%2520Reserve%2520Police%2520Battalion%2520101%2520and%2520the%2520Final%2520Solution%2520in%2520Poland%2520%281992%29.pdf%23page%3D76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span> Also available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019043400/http://hampshirehigh.com/exchange2012/docs/BROWNING-Ordinary%20Men.%20Reserve%20Police%20Battalion%20101%20and%20the%20Final%20Solution%20in%20Poland%20(1992).pdf">PDF cache archived by WebCite.</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHMM1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007397">"Trawniki"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trawniki&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jabłoński-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jabłoński_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMgr_Stanisław_Jabłoński" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trawniki.hg.pl/traw/obozjab.html">"Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach"</a>. <i>The camp history</i> (in Polish). Trawniki official website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+camp+history&rft.atitle=Hitlerowski+ob%C3%B3z+w+Trawnikach&rft.au=Mgr+Stanis%C5%82aw+Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trawniki.hg.pl%2Ftraw%2Fobozjab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski2006" class="citation book cs1">Tadeusz Piotrowski (2006). "Ukrainian Collaboration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&q=Trawniki&pg=PA217"><i>Poland's Holocaust</i></a>. McFarland. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786429135" title="Special:BookSources/0786429135"><bdi>0786429135</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Collaboration&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0786429135&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBbnrEMswbUC%26q%3DTrawniki%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRöhr1994" class="citation book cs1">Röhr, Werner (1994). <i>Okkupation und Kollaboration. (1938–1945). Beiträge zu Konzepten und Praxis der Kollaboration in der deutschen Okkupationspolitik (Europa unterm Hakenkreuz. Erg.-Bd. 1)</i>. Bundesarchiv. Hüthig, Berlin u.a. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8226-2492-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-8226-2492-6"><bdi>3-8226-2492-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Okkupation+und+Kollaboration.+%281938%E2%80%931945%29.+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+Konzepten+und+Praxis+der+Kollaboration+in+der+deutschen+Okkupationspolitik+%28Europa+unterm+Hakenkreuz.+Erg.-Bd.+1%29.&rft.pub=Bundesarchiv.+H%C3%BCthig%2C+Berlin+u.a.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-8226-2492-6&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hr&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Calvocoressi, Guy Wint, <i>Total War</i> – "The total number of prisoners taken by the German armies in the USSR was in the region of 5.5 million. Of these, the astounding number of 3.5 million or more had been lost by the middle of 1944 and the assumption must be that they were either deliberately killed or done to death by criminal negligence. Nearly two million of them died in camps and close on another million disappeared while in military custody either in the USSR or in rear areas; a further quarter of a million disappeared or died in transit between the front and destinations in the rear; another 473,000 died or were killed in military custody in Germany or Poland." They add, "This slaughter of prisoners cannot be accounted for by the peculiar chaos of the war in the east. ... The true cause was the inhuman policy of the Nazis towards the Russians as a people and the acquiescence of army commanders in attitudes and conditions which amounted to a sentence of death on their prisoners."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keinekameraden-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keinekameraden_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Streit: Keine Kameraden: Die Wehrmacht und die Sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, 1941–1945, Bonn: Dietz (3. Aufl., 1. Aufl. 1978), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-5016-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8012-5016-4">3-8012-5016-4</a> – "Between 22 June 1941 and the end of the war, roughly 5.7 million members of the Red Army fell into German hands. In January 1945, 930,000 were still in German camps. A million at most had been released, most of whom were so-called ‘volunteers’ (Hilfswillige) for (often compulsory) auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht. Another 500,000, as estimated by the Army High Command, had either fled or been liberated. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 percent of the total) had perished."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007178">Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War</a> United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – "Existing sources suggest that some 5.7 million Soviet army personnel fell into German hands during World War II. As of January 1945, the German army reported that only about 930,000 Soviet POWs remained in German custody. The German army released about one million Soviet POWs as auxiliaries of the German army and the SS. About half a million Soviet POWs had escaped German custody or had been liberated by the Soviet army as it advanced westward through eastern Europe into Germany. The remaining 3.3 million, or about 57 percent of those taken prisoner, were dead by the end of the war."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan North, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/soviet-prisoners-of-war-forgotten-nazi-victims-of-world-war-ii.htm">Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II</a> – "Statistics show that out of 5.7 million Soviet soldiers captured between 1941 and 1945, more than 3.5 million died in captivity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev"><i>Stalingrad</i></a></span>. London: Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev/page/184">184</a>–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0"><bdi>0-14-024985-0</bdi></a>. <q>Hiwi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-024985-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad00beev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev"><i>Stalingrad</i></a></span>. London: Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0"><bdi>0-14-024985-0</bdi></a>. <q>Hiwi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-024985-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad00beev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007397">"Trawniki"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/GFDL" class="mw-redirect" title="GFDL">GFDL</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trawniki&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-169-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies-169_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory"><i>Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</i></a>. London: Pan Books. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-35212-3"><bdi>978-0-330-35212-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+at+War+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+No+Simple+Victory&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-330-35212-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev"><i>Stalingrad</i></a></span>. London: Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev/page/185">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0"><bdi>0-14-024985-0</bdi></a>. <q>Hiwi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-024985-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad00beev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beevor1999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1999_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beevor1999_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev"><i>Stalingrad</i></a></span>. London: Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalingrad00beev/page/161">161</a>, 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024985-0"><bdi>0-14-024985-0</bdi></a>. <q>Hiwi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161%2C+184&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-14-024985-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalingrad00beev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiwi_(volunteer)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit/">Elizabeth M.F. Grasmeder, "Leaning on Legionnaires: Why Modern States Recruit Foreign Soldiers," International Security (July 2021), Vol 46 (No. 1), pp. 147–195.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Christopher R. (1992). <i>Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland</i>. New York: Aaron Asher Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060190132" title="Special:BookSources/9780060190132"><bdi>9780060190132</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905564331">905564331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Men%3A+Reserve+Police+Battalion+101+and+the+Final+Solution+in+Poland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Aaron+Asher+Books&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905564331&rft.isbn=9780060190132&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiwi+%28volunteer%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template talk:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albanian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence" title="Belarusian Home Defence">Belarusian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmykian Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Committee of Azerbaijan">National Committee of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Iraqi Army">Royal Iraqi Army</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Slovak Expeditionary Army Group">Slovak Expeditionary Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_enrolment_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Military enrolment in German-occupied Poland">Polish Wehrmacht Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arakan Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Central Asian collaborators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chin Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Defenders of the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakutotai" title="Gakutotai">Gakutotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Malayan Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Asano Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwanese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnamese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis countries">Axis countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Albania">German Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Byelorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <small>(limited)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> 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