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id="toc-Unification_and_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_and_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Unification and monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_and_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Kingdom_(1881–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Kingdom_(1881–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Old Kingdom (1881–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Kingdom_(1881–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Greater Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_with_Bessarabia,_Bukovina_and_Transylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Bessarabia,_Bukovina_and_Transylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Union with Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Bessarabia,_Bukovina_and_Transylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_interbellum_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_interbellum_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>The <i>interbellum</i> years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_interbellum_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_Kingdom_(1945–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_Kingdom_(1945–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-war Kingdom (1945–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_Kingdom_(1945–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Kingdom_Era_to_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Kingdom_Era_to_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Kingdom Era to World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Kingdom_Era_to_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expansion and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Industrial development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Armament industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative division</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_division-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative division subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_(1859–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_(1859–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline (1859–1940)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_(1859–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Monarchs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monarchs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monarchs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kings_of_Romania_(1881–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings_of_Romania_(1881–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kings of Romania (1881–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings_of_Romania_(1881–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queens-consort_of_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queens-consort_of_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Queens-consort of Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queens-consort_of_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Royal Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Romania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Königreich Rumänien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مملكة رومانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة رومانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Ruman%C3%ADa" title="Reinu de Rumanía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Rumanía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%B1niya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Rumıniya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rumıniya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="رومانی شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رومانی شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Румыния короллеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Румыния короллеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Румынія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Румынія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Румъния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Румъния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Romania" title="Regne de Romania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Romania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Rumunské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rumunské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Rum%C3%A6nien" title="Kongeriget Rumænien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Rumænien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Königreich Rumänien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeenia_Kuningriik" title="Rumeenia Kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rumeenia Kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Ρουμανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Ρουμανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Rumania" title="Reino de Rumania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Rumania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Rumanio" title="Reĝlando Rumanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Rumanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errumaniako_Erresuma" title="Errumaniako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errumaniako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پادشاهی رومانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی رومانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Roumanie" title="Royaume de Roumanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Roumanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Roman%C3%ADa" title="Reino de Romanía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Romanía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="루마니아 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루마니아 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Rumunjska" title="Kraljevina Rumunjska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevina Rumunjska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Rumania" title="Kerajaan Rumania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Rumania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Romania" title="Regno di Romania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Romania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ממלכת רומניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת רומניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="რუმინეთის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუმინეთის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyaniya_Romanyay%C3%AA" title="Keyaniya Romanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keyaniya Romanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum%C4%81nijas_Karaliste" title="Rumānijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rumānijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunijos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Rumunijos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rumunijos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Romania" title="Regno de Romania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Regno de Romania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A1n_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Román Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Román Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Романија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Романија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="რუმინეთიშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რუმინეთიშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Beraja_Romania" title="Kerajaan Beraja Romania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Beraja Romania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Roemenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Roemenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ルーマニア王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルーマニア王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Romania" title="Kongedømmet Romania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongedømmet Romania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Romania" title="Kongedømet Romania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Romania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="مملکت رومانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت رومانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A" title="د رومانیا پاچاهي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د رومانیا پاچاهي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Rumunii" title="Królestwo Rumunii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Rumunii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Rom%C3%AAnia" title="Reino da Romênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Romênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Rom%C3%A2niei" title="Regatul României – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul României" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Румыния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Румыния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_de_Romania" title="Regnu de Romania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Regnu de Romania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Rumanis%C3%AB" title="Mbretëria e Rumanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Rumanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Romania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumunsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo" title="Rumunské kráľovstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rumunské kráľovstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевина Румунија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевина Румунија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Rumunija" title="Kraljevina Rumunija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevina Rumunija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_kuningaskunta" title="Romanian kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Romanian kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Rum%C3%A4nien" title="Kungariket Rumänien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Rumänien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ราชอาณาจักรโรมาเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรโรมาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Romanya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Romanya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byintyok_Romaniya" title="A̱byintyok Romaniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byintyok Romaniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Румунське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Румунське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="مملکت رومانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت رومانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Vương quốc România – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc România" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬尼亞王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅馬尼亞王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q203493#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kingdom_of_Romania" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Romania</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Regatul României</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1881–1947</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Romania"><img alt="Flag of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/188px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/250px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg/85px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg/128px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg/170px-Kingdom_of_Romania_-_Big_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3450" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Nihil_Sine_Deo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihil Sine Deo">Nihil Sine Deo</a></i><br />("Nothing without God")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C8%99_triumfal" title="Marș triumfal">Marș triumfal</a></i><br />("Triumphant March")<br />(1881–1884) <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%83iasc%C4%83_Regele" title="Trăiască Regele">Trăiască Regele</a></i><br />("Long live the King")<br />(1884–1948) </p> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="154" data-mwtitle="Trăiască_Regele_(Victor_Military_Band).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/Tr%C4%83iasc%C4%83_Regele_%28Victor_Military_Band%29.ogg/Tr%C4%83iasc%C4%83_Regele_%28Victor_Military_Band%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Tr%C4%83iasc%C4%83_Regele_%28Victor_Military_Band%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATr%C4%83iasc%C4%83_Regele_%28Victor_Military_Band%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATr%C4%83iasc%C4%83_Regele_%28Victor_Military_Band%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Romania_(1939).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Romania in 1939"><img alt="The Kingdom of Romania in 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Romania_%281939%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Romania_%281939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Romania_%281939%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Romania_%281939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Kingdom_of_Romania_%281939%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Romania_%281939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Romania in 1939</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Romania_(1914).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Romania in 1914"><img alt="The Kingdom of Romania in 1914" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kingdom_of_Romania_%281914%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Romania_%281914%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kingdom_of_Romania_%281914%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Romania_%281914%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kingdom_of_Romania_%281914%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Romania_%281914%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Romania in 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a><br />(1881–1916, 1918–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> (1916–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (1881–1916, 1918–1947) <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> (1916–1918)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, German, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a> and others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="State Religion">State Religion</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian people">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1881–1914 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1914–1927 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1927–1930 (1st reign) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1930–1940 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1947 (2nd reign) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Romania" title="List of heads of government of Romania">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1881 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Br%C4%83tianu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Brătianu">Ion Brătianu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940–1944 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a><span class="anchor" id="infoa"></span><sup><a href="#inforefa">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1945–1947 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a><br />(1881–1937; 1939–1940)<br />None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)<br />(1937–1939; 1940–1946)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Assembly of Deputies</a><br />(1946–1947)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a><br />(1881–1937; 1939–1940)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Assembly of Deputies</a><br />(1881–1937; 1939–1940)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia#History" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Kingdom proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Republic proclaimed</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1947</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1915<span class="anchor" id="infob"></span><sup><a href="#inforefb">[b]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">137,903 km<sup>2</sup> (53,245 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1940<span class="anchor" id="infob"></span><sup><a href="#inforefb">[b]</a></sup><span class="anchor" id="infoc"></span><sup><a href="#inforefc">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">295,049 km<sup>2</sup> (113,919 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1915<span class="anchor" id="infob"></span><sup><a href="#inforefb">[b]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,900,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1940<span class="anchor" id="infob"></span><sup><a href="#inforefb">[b]</a></sup><span class="anchor" id="infoc"></span><sup><a href="#inforefc">[c]</a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,058,378</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1938<span class="anchor" id="infod"></span><sup><a href="#inforefd">[d]</a></sup> estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.834 billion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Leu" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Leu">Romanian Leu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia"><b>1881:</b><br />Principality of Romania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria"><b>1913:</b><br />Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/20px-National_flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/30px-National_flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/National_flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-National_flag_of_the_Moldavian_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Democratic_Republic" title="Moldavian Democratic Republic"><b>1918:</b><br />Moldavian Democratic Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Bukowina.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bukowina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Bukowina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bukowina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Bukowina.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bukowina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian People's Republic"><b>1947:</b><br />Romanian People's Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Romania_%28January-March_1948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic"><b>1940/1944:</b><br />Moldavian SSR</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281941-1952%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281941-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281941-1952%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281941-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281941-1952%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281941-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281937-1949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria"><b>1940:</b><br />Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="inforefa"></span>a. <b><a href="#infoa">^</a></b> Was formally declared <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> (literally, "Leader") of the state on 6 September 1940, by a royal decree which consecrated a ceremonial role for the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="inforefb"></span>b. <b><a href="#infob">^</a></b> Area and population according to Ioan Suciu, <i>Istoria contemporana a României (1918–2005)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AreaPop_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AreaPop-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="inforefc"></span>c. <b><a href="#infoc">^</a></b> The indicator for the localities of Romania (1941).<sup id="cite_ref-Indicator41_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indicator41-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="inforefd"></span>d. <b><a href="#infod">^</a></b> 1938 GDP in lei amounting to 387.204 billion (20,487 lei per capita at an estimated population of 18.9 million<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) at the 1938 average exchange rate of 1 leu for $0.00732.<sup id="cite_ref-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Romania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Regatul României</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> that existed from 25 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 March] 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a> (thus beginning the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_royal_family" title="Romanian royal family">Romanian royal family</a>), until 1947 with the abdication of King <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> and the Romanian parliament's proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian People's Republic</a>. </p><p>From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>) called the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> also known as "The Little Union" under a single prince to an autonomous principality with a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> monarchy. The country gained its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War</a> (known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a>), after which it was forced to cede the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>. The kingdom's territory during the reign of King Carol I, between 13 (<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a>) / 25 March 1881 and 27 September (<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a>) / 10 October 1914 is sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Romanian Old Kingdom</a>, to distinguish it from "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>", which included the provinces that became part of the state after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>). </p><p>With the exception of the southern halves of <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, these territories were ceded to neighboring countries in 1940, under the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Following the abolishment of the 1923 constitution by <a href="/wiki/King_Carol_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Carol II">King Carol II</a> in 1938, the Kingdom of Romania became an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, only to become a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> in 1940 after the forced abdication of King Carol II, with his successor, <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">King Michael I</a> being a figurehead with no effective political power. The country's name was changed to <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">Legionary Romania</a>. </p><p>The disastrous <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> campaign on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> led to <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a> against Ion Antonescu in 1944, as a result of which the Kingdom of Romania became a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> again and switched sides to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, recovering <a href="/wiki/Northern_Transylvania" title="Northern Transylvania">Northern Transylvania</a>. The influence of the neighbouring Soviet Union and the policies followed by <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist</a>-dominated coalition governments ultimately led to the abolition of the monarchy, with Romania becoming a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Romania">People's Republic of Romania</a> on the last day of 1947. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_and_monarchy">Unification and monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unification and monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of <span class="fn org label">Romania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Romania">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Banat in the Middle Ages">Banat in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Times</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Temesvar">Eyalet of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">1848 Moldavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">1848 Wallachian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Revolution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">Romania since 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Romania">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Historical timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Romania">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">By historical region</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="History of Maramureș">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/16px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Romania" title="Template talk:History of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></div> <p>The 1859 ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a> as prince of both <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> under the nominal<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Ottoman Empire united an identifiably Romanian nation under a single ruler. On 24 January (<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a>) / 5 February 1862, the two principalities were formally united to form the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Romania">Principality of Romania</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> as its capital. </p><p>On 11 (<a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">O.S.</a>) / 23 February 1866 a so-called "<a href="/wiki/Monstrous_coalition" title="Monstrous coalition">monstrous coalition</a>", composed of Conservatives and radical Liberals, forced Cuza to abdicate. The <a href="/wiki/German_prince" class="mw-redirect" title="German prince">German prince</a> Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was appointed as Prince of Romania, in a move to assure German backing to unity and future independence. He immediately adopted the Romanian spelling of his name, <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol</a>, and his cognatic descendants would rule Romania until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1947. </p><p>For more than a decade after the formal union of the two principalities, Romania was still nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. However, this was increasingly a legal fiction. Romania had its own flag and anthem, and from 1867 had its own currency as well. Following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a>, Romania was recognized as an independent state by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin, 1878">Treaty of Berlin, 1878</a> and acquired <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, although it was forced to surrender southern Bessarabia (<a href="/wiki/Budjak" title="Budjak">Budjak</a>) to Russia. On 15 March 1881, as an assertion of full sovereignty, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Romanian parliament</a> raised the country to the status of a kingdom, and Carol was crowned king on 10 May. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg/220px-Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg/330px-Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg/440px-Actul_proclamarii_Regatului_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3229" data-file-height="4513" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation Act of the Kingdom of Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>The new state, squeezed between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Russian</a> Empires, with Slavic populations on its southwestern, southern, and northeastern borders, the Black Sea due east, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a> neighbours on its western and northwestern borders, looked to the West, particularly France, for its cultural, educational, and administrative models.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abstaining from the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">Initial Balkan War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the Kingdom of Romania entered the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> in June 1913 against the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a>. 330,000 Romanian troops moved across the Danube and into Bulgaria. One army occupied <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> and another moved into northern Bulgaria to threaten Sofia, helping to bring an end to the war. Romania thus acquired the ethnically mixed territory of Southern Dobruja, which it had desired for years. </p><p>In 1916 Romania entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> side. Romania engaged in a conflict against <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> but as a result Bulgarian forces, after a series of successful battles, regained <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, which had been previously ceded from Bulgaria by the treaty of Bucharest and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Berlin congress</a>. Although the Romanian forces did not fare well militarily, by the end of the war the Austrian and Russian empires were gone; various assemblies proclaimed as representative bodies in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> decided on union with Romania. In 1919 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a> and in 1920 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> most of the territories claimed were assigned to Romania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Kingdom_(1881–1918)"><span id="Old_Kingdom_.281881.E2.80.931918.29"></span>Old Kingdom (1881–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Kingdom (1881–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Romanian Old Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Romania during World War I</a></div> <p>The <b>Romanian Old Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Vechiul Regat</i> or just <i>Regat</i>; German: <i lang="de">Regat</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Altreich</i></span>) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, which was composed of the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> – Wallachia and Moldavia. It was achieved when, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_Divans" title="Ad hoc Divans">ad hoc Divans</a> of both countries – which were under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Imperial Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> at the time – voted for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ioan_Cuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Ioan Cuza">Alexander Ioan Cuza</a> as their prince, thus achieving a <i>de facto</i> unification. The region itself is defined by the result of that political act, followed by the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a> in 1878, the proclamation of the Kingdom of Romania in 1881, and the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a> in 1913. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania1901.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Romania1901.JPG/220px-Romania1901.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Romania1901.JPG/330px-Romania1901.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Romania1901.JPG/440px-Romania1901.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="3356" /></a><figcaption>1901 German map of Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>The term came into use after World War I, when the Old Kingdom was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a>, which included Transylvania, <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, Bessarabia, and Bukovina. Nowadays, the term is mainly of historical relevance, and is otherwise used as a common term for all regions in Romania included in both the Old Kingdom and present-day borders (namely: Wallachia, Moldavia, and Northern Dobruja). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania in World War I</a></div> <p>Romania delayed in entering World War I, but ultimately declared war on the Central Powers in 1916. The <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romanian military campaign</a> ended in stalemate when the Central Powers quickly crushed the country's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">offensive into Transylvania</a> and occupied Wallachia and Dobruja, including Bucharest and the strategically important oil fields, by the end of 1916. In 1917, despite fierce Romanian resistance, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a>, due to Russia's withdrawal from the war following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, Romania, being almost completely surrounded by the Central Powers, was forced to also drop from the war, signing the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a> and next year, in May 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>. But after the successful offensive on the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> front which put Bulgaria out of the war, Romania's government quickly reasserted control and put an army back into the field on 10 November 1918, a day before the war ended in Western Europe. Following the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania</a> on 1 December 1918 by the representatives of Transylvanian Romanians gathered at <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, Transylvania was soon united with the Kingdom, as was <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> earlier in 1918, since the power vacuum in Russia caused by the civil war there allowed the <i><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a></i>, or National Council, to proclaim the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">union of Bessarabia with Romania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919">War with the Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> in 1919 resulted in the occupation of Budapest by Romanian troops and the end of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>'s Bolshevik regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_Romania">Greater Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Greater Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_with_Bessarabia,_Bukovina_and_Transylvania"><span id="Union_with_Bessarabia.2C_Bukovina_and_Transylvania"></span>Union with Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Union with Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union of Bukovina with Romania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, Romania received the territories of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, part of Banat and other territories from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, as well as Bessarabia (Eastern Moldavia between <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> rivers) and Bukovina. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, Hungary renounced in favor of Romania all the claims of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a> over Transylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union of Romania with <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> was ratified in 1919 in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint Germain">Treaty of Saint Germain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1920 some of the Western powers recognized Romanian rule over Bessarabia by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1920)" title="Treaty of Paris (1920)">Treaty of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Romania in 1920 was more than twice the size it had been in 1914. The last territorial change during this period came in 1923, when a few border settlements were exchanged between Romania and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. The most notable Romanian acquisition was the town of <a href="/wiki/Jimbolia" title="Jimbolia">Jimbolia</a>, while the most notable Yugoslav acquisition was the town of <a href="/wiki/Ja%C5%A1a_Tomi%C4%87,_Se%C4%8Danj" title="Jaša Tomić, Sečanj">Jaša Tomić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania made no further territorial claims; nonetheless the kingdom's expansion aroused enmity from several of its neighbors, including Bulgaria, the Soviet Union, and especially Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a> now had a significant minority population, especially of <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, and faced the difficulty of assimilation. Transylvania had significant Hungarian and German population who were accustomed to being the power structure; with a historically contemptuous<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> attitude towards Romanians, they now feared reprisals. Both groups were effectively excluded from politics as the postwar regime passed an edict stating that all personnel employed by the state had to speak Romanian. The new state was also a highly centralized one, so it was unlikely that the Hungarian or German minorities would exercise political influence without personal connections in the government in Bucharest. Despite these policies, the Romanian government permitted both Germans and Hungarians the freedom to have separate schools, publications and judicial hearings in their respective languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These rights were not extended to other minorities, Jews in particular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaniansInHungary1890.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RomaniansInHungary1890.png/220px-RomaniansInHungary1890.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RomaniansInHungary1890.png/330px-RomaniansInHungary1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RomaniansInHungary1890.png/440px-RomaniansInHungary1890.png 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of Romanians within the Kingdom of Hungary in 1890</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_interbellum_years">The <i>interbellum</i> years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The interbellum years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romanian expression România Mare (literal translation "Great Romania", but more commonly rendered in English: "Greater Romania") generally refers to the Romanian state in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, and by extension, to the territory Romania covered at the time. Romania achieved at that time its greatest territorial extent (almost 300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (120,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). At the 1930 census, there were over 18 million inhabitants in Romania. </p><p>The resulting "Greater Romania" did not survive World War II. Until 1938, Romania's governments maintained the form, if not always the substance, of a liberal constitutional monarchy. The <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a>, dominant in the years immediately after World War I, became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>, and in 1927 was supplanted in power by the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a>. Between 1930 and 1940 there were over 25 separate governments; on several occasions in the last few years before World War II, the rivalry between the fascist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> and other political groupings approached the level of a civil war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon the death of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Romania">Ferdinand</a> in 1927, his son, <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Prince Carol</a>, was prevented from succeeding him because of previous marital scandals that had resulted in his renunciation of rights to the throne. After living three years in exile, with his brother Nicolae serving as regent and his young son <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael</a> as king, Carol changed his mind and with the support of the ruling National Peasants' Party he returned and proclaimed himself king. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>, leader of the National Peasants' Party, engineered Carol's return on the basis of a promise that he would forsake his mistress <a href="/wiki/Magda_Lupescu" title="Magda Lupescu">Magda Lupescu</a>, and Lupescu herself had agreed to the arrangement. However, it became clear upon Carol's first re-encounter with his former wife, <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Helen of Greece and Denmark">Elena</a>, that he had no interest in a reconciliation with her, and Carol soon arranged for Magda Lupescu's return to his side. Her unpopularity was a millstone around Carol's neck for the rest of his reign, particularly because she was widely viewed as his closest advisor and confidante. Maniu and his National Peasant Party shared the same general political aims as the Iron Guard: both fought against the corruption and dictatorial policies of King Carol II and the National Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">worldwide Great Depression that started in 1929</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">was also present in Romania</a> destabilised the country. The early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. In several instances, the Romanian government violently repressed strikes and riots, notably the 1929 miners' strike in <a href="/wiki/Valea_Jiului" class="mw-redirect" title="Valea Jiului">Valea Jiului</a> and the strike in the <a href="/wiki/Grivi%C8%9Ba" title="Grivița">Grivița</a> railroad workshops. In the mid-1930s, the Romanian economy recovered and the industry grew significantly, although about 80% of Romanians were still employed in agriculture. French economic and political influence was predominant in the early 1920s but then Germany became more dominant, especially in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg/220px-Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg/330px-Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg/440px-Paris-expo-1937-pavillon_de_la_Roumanie-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>Romanian pavilion at EXPO Paris 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>As the 1930s progressed, Romania's already shaky democracy slowly deteriorated toward <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> dictatorship. The constitution of 1923 gave the king free rein to dissolve parliament and call elections at will; as a result, Romania experienced over 25 governments in a single decade. </p><p>Increasingly, these governments were dominated by a number of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a>, ultra-nationalist, and mostly at least quasi-fascist parties. The <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a> steadily became more nationalistic than liberal, but nonetheless lost its dominance over Romanian politics. It was eclipsed by parties like the (relatively moderate) National Peasants' Party and its more radical <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a> offshoot, the <a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a> (LANC) and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>. In 1935, LANC merged with the <a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Agrarian Party (Romania)">National Agrarian Party</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a> (NCP). The quasi-mystical fascist Iron Guard was an earlier LANC offshoot that, even more than these other parties, exploited nationalist feelings, fear of communism, and resentment of alleged foreign and Jewish domination of the economy. </p><p>Already the Iron Guard had embraced the politics of assassination, and various governments had reacted more or less in kind. On 10 December 1933, Liberal prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ion_Duca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Duca">Ion Duca</a> "dissolved" the Iron Guard, arresting thousands; consequently, 19 days later he was assassinated by Iron Guard legionnaires. </p><p>Throughout the 1930s, these nationalist parties had a mutually distrustful relationship with King Carol II. Nonetheless, in December 1937, the king appointed National Christian Party leader, the poet <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a>, as prime minister of Romania's first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist government</a>. Around this time, Carol met with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, who expressed his wish to see a Romanian government headed by the pro-Nazi Iron Guard. Instead, on 10 February 1938 King Carol II used the occasion of a public insult by Goga toward Lupescu as a reason to dismiss the government and institute a short-lived royal dictatorship, sanctioned 17 days later by a new constitution under which the king named personally not only the prime minister but all the ministers. </p><p>In April 1938, King Carol had Iron Guard leader <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> (aka "The Captain") arrested and imprisoned. On the night of 29–30 November 1938, Codreanu and several other legionnaires were killed while purportedly attempting to escape from prison. It is generally agreed that there was no such escape attempt, but that they were murdered in retaliation for a series of assassinations by Iron Guard commandos. </p><p>The royal dictatorship was brief. On 7 March 1939, a new government was formed with <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a> as prime minister; on 21 September 1939, three weeks after the start of World War II, Călinescu, in turn, was also assassinated by legionnaires avenging Codreanu's murder. </p><p>In 1939, Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which stipulated, among other things, the Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia. After the 1940 territorial losses and growing increasingly unpopular, Carol was compelled to abdicate and name general <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> as the new Prime-Minister with full powers in ruling the state by royal decree.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_Kingdom_(1945–1947)"><span id="Post-war_Kingdom_.281945.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Post-war Kingdom (1945–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-war Kingdom (1945–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania#Reign_under_Communism" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I of Romania § Reign under Communism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Kingdom_Era_to_World_War_I">Pre-Kingdom Era to World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-Kingdom Era to World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the proclamation of the Kingdom, there were already several industrial facilities in the country: The Assan and Olamazu <a href="/wiki/Steam_mill" title="Steam mill">steam mills</a>, built in 1853 and 1862 respectively, a brick factory built in 1865, and two sugar factories built in 1873, among others. In 1857, the first oil refinery in the world was built at <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, after several railways were built, the <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne" title="Căile Ferate Române">CFR</a> was founded. After proclamation of the Kingdom, the pre-established industrial facilities began to be highly developed: 6 more, larger, sugar factories were built and the railway network was expanded more. Another, more modern brick factory was built in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-rumaniamilitary.ro_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rumaniamilitary.ro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite all of these industrial achievements, the overwhelming majority of Romania's economy remained agricultural.<sup id="cite_ref-rumaniamilitary.ro_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rumaniamilitary.ro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, a staggering 72% of Romanians were engaged in agriculture. The Romanian peasantry was among the poorest in the region, a situation aggravated by one of Europe's highest birth rates. Farming was primitive and machinery and chemical fertilizers almost unheard of. The Regat (prewar Romania) was traditionally a land of large estates worked by peasants who either had little or no land of their own. The situation in Transylvania and Bessarabia was marginally better. After peasant calls for land reform snowballed into an avalanche, King Ferdinand had to oblige, especially once the Russian Revolution had encouraged peasants to take the matter in their own hands. <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Romania#1921_reform" title="Land reform in Romania">The land reform</a> passed in 1921 accomplished little however. Large landowners still controlled up to 30% of Romania's land, including the forests peasants depended on for fuel. The redistributed plots were invariably too small to feed their owners and most peasants could not overcome their tradition of growing grain over cash crops. Nothing was done to remedy basic problems such as rural overpopulation and technological backwardness. Draft animals were rare, to say nothing of machinery, actual productivity was worse than before. Romanian agriculture struggled in the international market,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and with the onset of <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">the Great Depression</a>, collapsed completely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_and_growth">Expansion and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Expansion and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romania's 1913 GDP at the 1990 exchange rate amounted to $11.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 1990 dollar was 9.27 times weaker than the 1938 dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Romania's 1913 GDP at the 1938 exchange rate amounted to $1.262 billion. </p><p>The 1938 Romanian GDP amounted to 387.204 billion lei, with a GDP per capita of 20,487 lei at an estimated population of 18.9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1938 average exchange rate was of 1 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">leu</a> for US$0.00732.<sup id="cite_ref-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania's 1938 GDP thus amounted to $2.834 billion. </p><p>Romania's public debt as of 1 April 1938 amounted to 112,267,290,144 lei, of which 78,398,078,964 lei consisted of external debt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total public debt thus amounted to 29% of Romania's 1938 GDP, while public external debt amounted to just over 20%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_development">Industrial development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Industrial development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG/220px-Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG/330px-Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG/440px-Romania_CFR_151.002_2-10-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>The Malaxa Prime, a Romanian-made steel-wrought locomotive</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the destruction provoked by the First World War, Romanian industry managed significant growth, as a result of new establishments and development of the older ones. The <a href="/wiki/FAUR" title="FAUR">MALAXA</a> industrial engineering and manufacturing company was established in 1921 by Romanian industrialist <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Malaxa" title="Nicolae Malaxa">Nicolae Malaxa</a> and dealt especially with rolling stock maintenance and manufacturing. It developed rapidly, and by 1930 Romania had managed to cease importing locomotives altogether, all required rolling stock being supplied by the local industry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial facilities acquired along with the new provinces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Reșița works">Reșița works</a>, also contributed to the rapid development of Romanian heavy industry. Other important establishments were the <a href="/wiki/Cop%C8%99a_Mic%C4%83_works" title="Copșa Mică works">Copșa Mică works</a>, producing non-ferrous metals and the <a href="/wiki/I.O.R." title="I.O.R.">Romanian Optical Enterprise</a>. Construction also developed, as great monuments like the <a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Cross_on_Caraiman_Peak" title="Heroes' Cross on Caraiman Peak">Caraiman Cross</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Arcul_de_Triumf" title="Arcul de Triumf">Arcul de Triumf</a> (1936), and the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Mausoleum of Mărășești">Mausoleum of Mărășești</a> (1938) were erected. The oil industry was also greatly expanded, making Romania one of the top oil exporters by the late 1930s, which also attracted German and Italian <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Romanian_Treaty_for_the_Development_of_Economic_Relations_between_the_Two_Countries_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries (1939)">interest</a>. </p><p>In 1938, Romania produced 6.6 million tons of crude oil, 284,000 tons of crude steel, 133,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>, 510,000 tons of cement, and 289,000 tons of rolled steel.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament_industry">Armament industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Armament industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG/220px-Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG/330px-Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG/440px-Mortier_Negrei_250_mm_Model_1916.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>250 mm Negrei mortar</figcaption></figure> <p>Romanian military industry during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was mainly focused on converting various fortification guns into field and anti-aircraft artillery. Up to 334 German 53 mm <a href="/wiki/Fahrpanzer" title="Fahrpanzer">Fahrpanzer</a> guns, 93 French 57 mm Hotchkiss guns, 66 Krupp 150 mm guns and dozens more 210 mm guns were mounted on Romanian-built <a href="/wiki/Gun_carriage" title="Gun carriage">carriages</a> and transformed into mobile field artillery, with 45 Krupp 75 mm guns and 132 Hotchkiss 57 mm guns being transformed into anti-aircraft artillery. The Romanians also <a href="/wiki/10.5_cm_Feldhaubitze_M.12" title="10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12">upgraded</a> 120 German Krupp 105 mm howitzers, the result being the most effective field howitzer in Europe at that time. Romania even managed to design and build from scratch its own model of mortar, the 250 mm Negrei Model 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Romanian technological assets include the building of <a href="/wiki/A_Vlaicu_III" title="A Vlaicu III">Vlaicu III</a>, the world's first aircraft made of metal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian Navy possessed the largest warships on the Danube. They were a class of 4 river monitors, built locally at the <a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi_shipyard" title="Galați shipyard">Galați shipyard</a> using parts manufactured in Austria-Hungary, and the first one launched was <i>Lascăr Catargiu</i>, in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian monitors displaced almost 700 tons, were armed with three 120 mm naval guns in 3 turrets, two 120 mm naval howitzers, four 47 mm anti-aircraft guns and two 6.5 machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monitors took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turtucaia" title="Battle of Turtucaia">Battle of Turtucaia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cobadin" title="First Battle of Cobadin">First Battle of Cobadin</a>. The Romanian-designed Schneider 150 mm Model 1912 howitzer was considered one of the most modern field guns on the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAR80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IAR80.jpg/220px-IAR80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IAR80.jpg/330px-IAR80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IAR80.jpg/440px-IAR80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>A formation of IAR-80 fighter aircraft</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiral_Murgescu_(side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Amiral_Murgescu_%28side%29.jpg/220px-Amiral_Murgescu_%28side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Amiral_Murgescu_%28side%29.jpg/330px-Amiral_Murgescu_%28side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Amiral_Murgescu_%28side%29.jpg/440px-Amiral_Murgescu_%28side%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Minelayer <a href="/wiki/NMS_Amiral_Murgescu" title="NMS Amiral Murgescu">NMS <i>Amiral Murgescu</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Romanian armament industry was expanded greatly during the Interwar period and World War II. New factories were constructed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Industria_Aeronautic%C4%83_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Industria Aeronautică Română">Industria Aeronautică Română</a> and <a href="/wiki/Societatea_Pentru_Exploat%C4%83ri_Tehnice" title="Societatea Pentru Exploatări Tehnice">Societatea Pentru Exploatări Tehnice</a> aircraft factories, which produced hundreds of indigenous aircraft, such as <a href="/wiki/IAR_37" title="IAR 37">IAR 37</a>, <a href="/wiki/IAR_80" title="IAR 80">IAR 80</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SET_7" title="SET 7">SET 7</a>. Before the war, Romania acquired from France the licence to produce hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Brandt_Mle_27/31" title="Brandt Mle 27/31">Brandt Mle 27/31</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandt_Mle_1935" title="Brandt Mle 1935">Brandt Mle 1935</a> mortars, with hundreds more produced during the war,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the licence to produce 140 French 47 mm Schneider anti-tank guns at the Concordia factory, with 118 produced between 26 May 1939 and 1 August 1940 and hundreds more produced during the war;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these guns were to be towed by <a href="/wiki/Renault_UE_Chenillette" title="Renault UE Chenillette">Malaxa Tip UE</a> armored carriers, built since late 1939 at the Malaxa factory under French licence, eventually 126 being built until March 1941. Czechoslovak licence was acquired in 1938 to produce the <a href="/wiki/ZB_vz._30" title="ZB vz. 30">ZB vz. 30</a> machine gun, with 5,000 being built at the Cugir gun factory until the start of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romania also acquired the licence to produce the <a href="/wiki/R-1_tank" title="R-1 tank">R-1</a> tankette, but ultimately only one prototype was built locally.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German licence was acquired in 1938 to produce 360 <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_Flak_18/36/37/43" class="mw-redirect" title="3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43">37 mm Rheinmetall anti-aircraft guns</a>, but only 102 were produced until May 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British licence was acquired to produce 100 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Model_1931" title="Vickers Model 1931">Vickers Model 1931</a> 75 mm anti-aircraft guns at the <a href="/wiki/Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Reșița works">Reșița works</a>, with the first battery of 6 guns entering service on 1 August 1939, and 100 more guns were built during the war for a total production of 200.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 June, Romania launched the first locally-built warship, the minelayer <a href="/wiki/NMS_Amiral_Murgescu" title="NMS Amiral Murgescu">NMS <i>Amiral Murgescu</i></a>. </p><p>During the war, Romania copied and produced hundreds of Soviet <a href="/wiki/M1938_mortar" title="M1938 mortar">M1938 mortars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as designing and producing up to 400 <a href="/wiki/75_mm_Re%C8%99i%C8%9Ba_Model_1943" title="75 mm Reșița Model 1943">75 mm Reșița Model 1943</a> anti-tank guns. Infantry weapons designed and produced by Romania during the war include the <a href="/wiki/Ori%C8%9Ba_M1941" title="Orița M1941">Orița M1941</a> sub-machinegun and the <a href="/wiki/Arge%C8%99_(flamethrower)" title="Argeș (flamethrower)">Argeș flamethrower</a>. Romania also built 30 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R-35#Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R-35">Vănătorul de care R-35</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 34 <a href="/wiki/TACAM_T-60" title="TACAM T-60">TACAM T-60</a>, 21 <a href="/wiki/TACAM_R-2" title="TACAM R-2">TACAM R-2</a> tank destroyers and rebuilt 34 captured Soviet <a href="/wiki/Komsomolets_armored_tractor" title="Komsomolets armored tractor">Komsomolets armored tractors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few prototype vehicles were also built, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_tank_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mareșal tank destroyer">Mareșal tank destroyer</a>, which is credited with being the inspiration for the German <a href="/wiki/Hetzer" title="Hetzer">Hetzer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Renault_R-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault R-35">Renault R-35</a> tank with a <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a> turret<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an artillery tractor known as <a href="/wiki/T-1_tractor" title="T-1 tractor">T-1</a>. Warships built include the submarines <a href="/wiki/NMS_Rechinul" title="NMS Rechinul">NMS <i>Rechinul</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/NMS_Marsuinul" title="NMS Marsuinul">NMS <i>Marsuinul</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bia-class_minesweeper" title="Democrația-class minesweeper">a class of 4 minesweepers</a>, 6 Dutch-designed torpedo boats<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2 gunboats.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png/220px-Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png/330px-Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png/440px-Romania_1930_ethnic_map_EN.png 2x" data-file-width="2325" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map (1930 census)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/1930_Romanian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Romanian Census">1930 Romanian Census</a>, Romania had a population of 18,057,028. <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> made up 71.9% of the population and 28.1% of the population were <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">ethnic minorities</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:5"> <caption> <b>Population of Romania according to ethnic group in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <th>Ethnicity</th> <th>number</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a></td> <td align="right">12,981,324</td> <td align="right">71.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></td> <td align="right">1,425,507</td> <td align="right">7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></td> <td align="right">745,421</td> <td align="right">4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jews</td> <td align="right">728,115</td> <td align="right">4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></td> <td align="right">582,115</td> <td align="right">3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></td> <td align="right">409,150</td> <td align="right">2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a></td> <td align="right">366,384</td> <td align="right">2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></td> <td align="right">262,501</td> <td align="right">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a></td> <td align="right">154,772</td> <td align="right">0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauzes</a></td> <td align="right">105,750</td> <td align="right">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></td> <td align="right">51,842</td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></td> <td align="right">51,062</td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></td> <td align="right">48,310</td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></td> <td align="right">26,495</td> <td align="right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td> <td align="right">22,141</td> <td align="right">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></td> <td align="right">15,544</td> <td align="right">0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></td> <td align="right">12,456</td> <td align="right">0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></td> <td align="right">4,670</td> <td align="right">0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td align="right">56,355</td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Undeclared</td> <td align="right">7,114</td> <td align="right">0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>18,057,028</td> <td>100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania1939physical.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Romania1939physical.jpg/220px-Romania1939physical.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Romania1939physical.jpg/330px-Romania1939physical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Romania1939physical.jpg/440px-Romania1939physical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Physical map of Romania in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Largest cities as per 1930 census: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td> <td align="center">570,881<br />(639,040<sup><b>1</b></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> (now located in <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>)</td> <td align="center">114,896 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Cernăuți</a> (now located in Ukraine)</td> <td align="center">112,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a></td> <td align="center">102,872 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj</a></td> <td align="center">100,844 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">6</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galați</a></td> <td align="center">100,611 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">7</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></td> <td align="center">91,580 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>Notes: <b>1</b> - including 12 suburban communities.</small> </p><p>Two of Romania's seven largest cities in 1930 are currently located outside of Romania as a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_border_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II border changes">World War II border changes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg/220px-Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg/330px-Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg/440px-Romania_1930_literacy_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">Literacy rate</a> in interwar Romania (1930)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Romanian nobility had a long tradition of sending their sons to Europe's finest schools, the educated were otherwise a tiny minority. Transylvania had the most educated population in Greater Romania, while Bessarabia fared the worst. While legally all Romanians were required to undergo at least four years of schooling, in practice few actually did and the system was designed to separate those who would go on to higher education from those who would not. While this was partially necessary due to limited resources, it ensured that peasants had almost no chance of becoming educated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>High school and college education in Romania was modeled after the French system. Students undertook a rigid curriculum based around the liberal arts. Romania suffered from the same problem as the rest of Eastern Europe, which was that most students, coming from aristocratic backgrounds, preferred to study subjects such as theology, philosophy, literature and the fine arts over science, business, and engineering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_administrative_divisions_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical administrative divisions of Romania">Historical administrative divisions of Romania</a></div> <p>After Independence, the Romanian Old Kingdom was divided into 33 counties. </p><p>After World War I, as a result of the 1925 administrative unification law, the territory was divided into 71 counties, 489 districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">plăși</a></i>) and 8,879 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Romania" title="Communes of Romania">communes</a>. </p><p>In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a> promulgated a new <a href="/wiki/1938_Constitution_of_Romania" title="1938 Constitution of Romania">Constitution</a>, and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. Ten <i>ținuturi</i> (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by <i>rezidenți regali</i> (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") - appointed directly by the King. This administrative reform did not last and the counties were re-established after the fall of Carol's regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_Judete_Antebelice_(RO).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative map of Romania in 1881–1913"><img alt="Administrative map of Romania in 1881–1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Romania_Judete_Antebelice_%28RO%29.svg/256px-Romania_Judete_Antebelice_%28RO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Romania_Judete_Antebelice_%28RO%29.svg/384px-Romania_Judete_Antebelice_%28RO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Romania_Judete_Antebelice_%28RO%29.svg/511px-Romania_Judete_Antebelice_%28RO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Administrative map of Romania in 1881–1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative map of Romania in 1925–1938"><img alt="Administrative map of Romania in 1925–1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg/308px-Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg/463px-Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg/617px-Romania_1930_counties.500px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2207" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Administrative map of Romania in 1925–1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinuturi_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regions (Ținuturi) of Romania in 1938–1940"><img alt="Regions (Ținuturi) of Romania in 1938–1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tinuturi_Romania.svg/309px-Tinuturi_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tinuturi_Romania.svg/464px-Tinuturi_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tinuturi_Romania.svg/618px-Tinuturi_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regions (Ținuturi) of Romania in 1938–1940</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Romania in 1942"><img alt="Romania in 1942" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png/327px-ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png/492px-ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png/655px-ROMANIA_MAI_1942.png 2x" data-file-width="4263" data-file-height="2931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romania in 1942</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Romania in 1947"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania in 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romania_1948.jpg/307px-Romania_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romania_1948.jpg/460px-Romania_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Romania_1948.jpg/613px-Romania_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="2166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Romania in 1947</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_(1859–1940)"><span id="Timeline_.281859.E2.80.931940.29"></span>Timeline (1859–1940)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Timeline (1859–1940)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif/220px-Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif/330px-Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif/440px-Romania_territory_during_20th_century.gif 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Romanian territory during the 20th century: purple indicates the Old Kingdom before 1913, orange indicates Greater Romania areas that joined or were annexed after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but were lost after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and rose indicates areas that joined Romania after World War I and remained so after World War II.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif/220px-RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif/330px-RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif/440px-RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation_1859-2010.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of the borders of Romania between 1859 and 2010</figcaption></figure> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top">• 1859 – </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Cuza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander John Cuza">Alexander John Cuza</a> unites <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> under his personal rule. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1862 – </td> <td>Formal union of Moldavia and Wallachia to form principality of Romania. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1866 – </td> <td>Cuza forced to abdicate and a foreign dynasty is established. Carol I signed the first modern Constitution. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1877 – </td> <td>16 April. Treaty by which the Russian troops are allowed to pass through Romanian territory<br />24 April. Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire and its troops enter Romania<br />9 May. Romanian independence declared by the Romanian parliament, start of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a><br />10 May. <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a> ratifies independence declaration </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1878 – </td> <td>Under <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin, 1878">Treaty of Berlin</a>, Ottoman Empire recognizes Romanian independence. Romania ceded southern Bessarabia to Russia. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1881 – </td> <td>Carol I was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King of Romania</a> on 14 March. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1894 – </td> <td>Leaders of the Transylvanian Romanians who sent <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Memorandum" title="Transylvanian Memorandum">a Memorandum</a> to the Austrian Emperor demanding national rights for the Romanians are found guilty of treason. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1907 – </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1907_Romanian_Peasants%27_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt">Violent peasant revolts</a> crushed throughout Romania, thousands of persons killed. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1914 – </td> <td>Death of Carol I, succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Romania">Ferdinand</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1916 – </td> <td>August. Romania enters <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> side.<br />December. <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Treasure" title="Romanian Treasure">Romanian Treasure</a> sent to Russia for safekeeping but was seized by Soviets after the Romanian army refused to withdraw from Bessarabia. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1918 – </td> <td>27 March. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">union of Bessarabia with Romania</a> is proclaimed. <p>28 November. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">union of Bukovina with Romania</a> is declared. </p><p>1 December. The <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">union of Transylvania with Romania</a> is declared. This day concludes a series of unifications between the Kingdom of Romania and its claimed <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">historical regions</a>. However, the terms of these proclamations (and, subsequently, the materialization of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a> ideal) would only be de facto recognized 2 years later, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> </td> <td>By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, Romania agreed to grant citizenship to the former citizens of Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires living in the new Romanian territories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2013)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kingdom_of_Romania#Dubious" title="Talk:Kingdom of Romania">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1919 – </td> <td>A military conflict occurs between Romania and Hungarian Soviet Republic led by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>. The Romanian Army takes over <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> on 4 August 1919. The city is ruled by a military administration until 16 November 1919.<br />The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> officially assigns Bukovina to Romania. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1920 – </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> officially assigns Transylvania, Banat and Partium to Romania.<br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a> alliance with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> initiated. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1921 – </td> <td>A major and radical <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Romanian_alliance" title="Polish–Romanian alliance">Polish–Romanian alliance</a> established. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1923 – </td> <td>The 1923 Constitution is adopted based on a National Liberal Party project.<br /><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a> (LANC) founded. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1924 – </td> <td>LANC member (later <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> founder) <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> assassinates the Prefect of Police in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, but is acquitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1926 – </td> <td>Liberal Electoral Law adopted.<br />Franco-Romanian Treaty. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1927 – </td> <td>The National Peasants' Party takes over the government from the National Liberal Party.<br />The Legion of the Archangel Michael, later the Iron Guard, splits from LANC.<br /><a href="/wiki/Mihai_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihai of Romania">Michael</a> (Mihai) becomes king under a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regency</a> regime. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1929 – </td> <td>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the world and <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">in Romania</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1930 – </td> <td>Carol II crowned King. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1931 – </td> <td>First ban on Iron Guard. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1933 – </td> <td>16 February. Grivița Railcar Workshops strike violently put down by police.<br />10 December. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ion_Duca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Duca">Ion Duca</a> "dissolves" the Iron Guard, arresting thousands; 19 days later he is assassinated by Iron Guard legionnaires. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1935 – </td> <td>LANC and National Agrarian Party merge to form the fascist National Christian Party (NCP). </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1937 – </td> <td>Electoral "non-aggression pact" between the National Peasants' Party and Iron Guard, later adding the Agrarian Union. Romanian Communist Party denounces pact, but, in practice, supports the National-Peasants.<br />LANC forms government, but is rapidly in conflict with Carol II over <a href="/wiki/Magda_Lupescu" title="Magda Lupescu">his Jewish mistress</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1938 – </td> <td>10 February. Royal dictatorship declared. New constitution adopted 27 February.<br />29–30 November. Iron Guard leader Codreanu and other legionnaires shot on the King's orders. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1939 – </td> <td>7 March. <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a> forms government.<br />23 August. <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> stipulates Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia.<br />1 September. <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">Germany and Soviet Union invades Poland</a>. Start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<br />21 September. Călinescu assassinated by Iron Guard legionnaires. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">• 1940 – </td> <td>6 September. After the forced abdication of King Carol II, his 19-year-old son Michael I assumes the throne, being obliged to grant dictatorial powers to Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>.<br />14 September. The Kingdom of Romania is supplanted by a short-lived dictatorship called the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 788px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Selection of newspapers of the Kingdom of Romania</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23,_nr._001.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Alegătorul liber, January 23, 1875"><img alt="Alegătorul liber, January 23, 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23%2C_nr._001.pdf/page1-129px-Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23%2C_nr._001.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23%2C_nr._001.pdf/page1-194px-Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23%2C_nr._001.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23%2C_nr._001.pdf/page1-259px-Aleg%C4%83torul_liber_1875-01-23%2C_nr._001.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="2902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Alegătorul liber</i>, January 23, 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10,_nr._001.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Bukarester Tagblatt, August 10, 1880 (in German)"><img alt="Bukarester Tagblatt, August 10, 1880 (in German)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10%2C_nr._001.pdf/page1-148px-Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10%2C_nr._001.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10%2C_nr._001.pdf/page1-222px-Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10%2C_nr._001.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10%2C_nr._001.pdf/page1-296px-Bukarester_Tagblatt_1880-08-10%2C_nr._001.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bukarester Tagblatt</i>, August 10, 1880 (in German)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Voința naționala, November 1, 1884"><img alt="Voința naționala, November 1, 1884" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf/page1-145px-Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf/page1-218px-Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf/page1-290px-Voin%C8%9Ba_na%C8%9Bionala_1884-11-01.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="3575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Voința naționala</i>, November 1, 1884</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opinia_1913-08-22,_nr._01966.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Opinia, August 22, 1913"><img alt="Opinia, August 22, 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Opinia_1913-08-22%2C_nr._01966.pdf/page1-137px-Opinia_1913-08-22%2C_nr._01966.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Opinia_1913-08-22%2C_nr._01966.pdf/page1-206px-Opinia_1913-08-22%2C_nr._01966.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Opinia_1913-08-22%2C_nr._01966.pdf/page1-275px-Opinia_1913-08-22%2C_nr._01966.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Opinia</i>, August 22, 1913</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monarchs">Monarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King of Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Romania" title="List of heads of state of Romania">List of heads of state of Romania</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Carol I (1881–1914)"><img alt="King Carol I (1881–1914)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg/87px-Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg/131px-Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg/175px-Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">King Carol I</a> (1881–1914)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)"><img alt="King Ferdinand I (1914–1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg/85px-King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg/128px-King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg/171px-King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">King Ferdinand I</a> (1914–1927)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1903Nicholas-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Nicholas (Regent) (1927–1930)"><img alt="Prince Nicholas (Regent) (1927–1930)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1903Nicholas-09.jpg/85px-1903Nicholas-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1903Nicholas-09.jpg/127px-1903Nicholas-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1903Nicholas-09.jpg/169px-1903Nicholas-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania" title="Prince Nicholas of Romania">Prince Nicholas</a> (Regent) (1927–1930)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_al_II-lea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Carol II (1930–1940)"><img alt="King Carol II (1930–1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Carol_al_II-lea.jpg/89px-Carol_al_II-lea.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Carol_al_II-lea.jpg/134px-Carol_al_II-lea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Carol_al_II-lea.jpg/178px-Carol_al_II-lea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a> (1930–1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Michael I (1927–1930; 1940–1947)"><img alt="King Michael I (1927–1930; 1940–1947)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/90px-Mihai.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/135px-Mihai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/180px-Mihai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">King Michael I</a> (1927–1930; 1940–1947)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kings_of_Romania_(1881–1947)"><span id="Kings_of_Romania_.281881.E2.80.931947.29"></span><span id="List_of_Romanian_monarchs"></span>Kings of Romania (1881–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kings of Romania (1881–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="succession-table-monarch wikitable" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Lifespan</th><th>Reign start</th><th>Reign end</th><th>Notes</th><th>Family</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Charles I</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align: center"><li>Carol</li></ul></div></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1839-04-20</span>)</span>20 April 1839 – 10 October 1914<span style="display:none">(1914-10-10)</span> (aged 75)</td><td>15 March 1881</td><td>10 October 1914</td><td>Prince Karl of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Domnitor" title="Domnitor">Sovereign Prince</a> of Romania 20 April 1866</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romania" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carol I of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg/80px-Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg/120px-Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg/160px-Carol_I_King_of_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align: center"><li>Ferdinand</li></ul></div></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1865-08-24</span>)</span>24 August 1865 – 20 July 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-07-20)</span> (aged 61)</td><td>10 October 1914</td><td>20 July 1927</td><td>Nephew of Carol I</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romania" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ferdinand I of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg/80px-King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg/120px-King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg/160px-King_Ferdinand_of_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a></b><br /><small>(1st reign)</small><br /><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align: center"><li>Mihai</li></ul></div></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1921-10-25</span>)</span>25 October 1921 – 5 December 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-12-05)</span> (aged 96)</td><td>20 July 1927</td><td>8 June 1930</td><td>Grandson of Ferdinand I</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romania" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_I_of_Romania_(1927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael I of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_I_of_Romania_%281927%29.jpg/80px-Michael_I_of_Romania_%281927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_I_of_Romania_%281927%29.jpg/120px-Michael_I_of_Romania_%281927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_I_of_Romania_%281927%29.jpg/160px-Michael_I_of_Romania_%281927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Charles II</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align: center"><li>Carol II</li></ul></div></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-10-15</span>)</span>15 October 1893 – 4 April 1953<span style="display:none">(1953-04-04)</span> (aged 59)</td><td>8 June 1930</td><td>6 September 1940</td><td>Son of Ferdinand I</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romania" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carol II of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg/80px-Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg/120px-Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg/160px-Carol_II_of_Romania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a></b><br /><small>(2nd reign)</small><br /><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="text-align: center"><li>Mihai</li></ul></div></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1921-10-25</span>)</span>25 October 1921 – 5 December 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-12-05)</span> (aged 96)</td><td>6 September 1940</td><td>30 December 1947</td><td>Son of Carol II; Restored</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen#Romania" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael I of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/80px-Mihai.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/120px-Mihai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mihai.jpg/160px-Mihai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lifespan_Timeline_of_Kings_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifespan Timeline of Kings of Romania">Lifespan Timeline of Kings of Romania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queens-consort_of_Romania">Queens-consort of Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Queens-consort of Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="succession-table-monarch wikitable" style="text-align:center"><tbody><tr><th>Name</th><th>Lifespan</th><th>Reign start</th><th>Reign end</th><th>Notes</th><th>Family</th><th>Image</th></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Wied" title="Elisabeth of Wied">Elisabeth</a></b></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1843-12-29</span>)</span>29 December 1843 – 2 March 1916<span style="display:none">(1916-03-02)</span> (aged 72)</td><td>15 March 1881</td><td>10 October 1914</td><td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">King Carol I</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/County_of_Wied" title="County of Wied">Wied</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elisabeta of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg/80px-Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg/120px-Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg/160px-Elisabeth_of_Wied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="2216" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie</a></b></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-10-29</span>)</span>29 October 1875 – 18 July 1938<span style="display:none">(1938-07-18)</span> (aged 62)</td><td>10 October 1914</td><td>20 July 1927</td><td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Romania">King Ferdinand</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha#Romania" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Maria of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg/80px-Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg/120px-Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg/160px-Queen_Mary_of_Romania_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5238" data-file-height="8163" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td><b><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Helen of Greece and Denmark">Helen</a></b></td><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-05-02</span>)</span>2 May 1896 – 28 November 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-11-28)</span> (aged 86)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Consort of <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Crown Prince Carol</a><br />Queen Mother on Michael I's 2nd accession</td><td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg#Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">Greece (Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg)</a></td><td><span class="photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elena of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg/80px-HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg/120px-HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg/160px-HelenGreeceDenmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a <a href="/wiki/Bar_chart" title="Bar chart">graphical</a> lifespan <b>timeline of Kings</b> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_4s4tiavjgzeyc5wehkuir39y4zb8o73"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" coords="511,430,610,454" title="Michael I of Romania" alt="Michael I of Romania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania" coords="432,400,570,424" title="Prince Nicholas of Romania" alt="Prince Nicholas of Romania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" coords="389,370,481,394" title="Carol II of Romania" alt="Carol II of Romania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" coords="237,340,349,364" title="Ferdinand I of Romania" alt="Ferdinand I of Romania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/William%2C_Prince_of_Hohenzollern" coords="132,280,377,304" title="William, Prince of Hohenzollern" alt="William, Prince of Hohenzollern" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Leopold%2C_Prince_of_Hohenzollern" coords="58,220,303,244" title="Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern" alt="Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" coords="101,190,186,214" title="Carol I of Romania" alt="Carol I of Romania" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" coords="1,130,166,154" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza" alt="Alexandru Ioan Cuza" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_4s4tiavjgzeyc5wehkuir39y4zb8o73" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/4s4tiavjgzeyc5wehkuir39y4zb8o73.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Standards">Royal Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Royal Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_flags" title="List of Romanian flags">List of Romanian flags</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_standard_of_Romania_(King,_1881_model).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard (1881–1922)"><img alt="Royal Standard (1881–1922)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1881_model%29.svg/120px-Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1881_model%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1881_model%29.svg/180px-Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1881_model%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1881_model%29.svg/240px-Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1881_model%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Standard (1881–1922)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_standard_of_Romania_(King,_1922_model).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard (1922–1947)"><img alt="Royal Standard (1922–1947)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1922_model%29.svg/120px-Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1922_model%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1922_model%29.svg/180px-Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1922_model%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1922_model%29.svg/240px-Royal_standard_of_Romania_%28King%2C_1922_model%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Standard (1922–1947)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danubian Vilayet">Danubian Vilayet</a> (1864–1878), Ottoman administrative division that included Northern Dobruja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_administrative_divisions_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical administrative divisions of Romania">Historical administrative divisions of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Kingdom of Romania under Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchism in Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Treaty of Paris – recognizing the union with Bessarabia – never came into effect because one of its signatories, Japan, refused to ratify it. This meant that the union was not recognized by the international community, making it – unlike the other provinces – more of a <i>de facto</i> union than an official, <i>de jure</i> one.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> left the peace conference to emphasize his disagreements earlier in 1919, and because the U.S. Congress did not ratify the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, the United States of America and the Kingdom of Hungary signed a separate peace treaty on 29 August 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislatie.resurse-pentru-democratie.org/const_1923.php">"Constitutiunea din 1923"</a> (in Romanian). Legislatie pentru Democratie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140117054858/http://legislatie.resurse-pentru-democratie.org/const_1923.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutiunea+din+1923&rft.pub=Legislatie+pentru+Democratie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislatie.resurse-pentru-democratie.org%2Fconst_1923.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2011" class="citation book cs1">Bataković, Dušan T. (2011). <i>Minorities in the Balkans: State policy and interethnic relations (1804 - 2004): Les minorites dans les Balkans</i>. Balkanološki institut SANU. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788671790680" title="Special:BookSources/9788671790680"><bdi>9788671790680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Balkans%3A+State+policy+and+interethnic+relations+%281804+-+2004%29%3A+Les+minorites+dans+les+Balkans&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Balkanolo%C5%A1ki+institut+SANU&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788671790680&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Dennis Deletant</a>, <i>Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, London, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-9341-6">1-4039-9341-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AreaPop-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AreaPop_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoan_Scurtu2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ioan Scurtu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/8031827/Scurtu-Ioan-Istoria-a-a-Romaniei-19182005">"Istoria contemporana a României (1918-2005)"</a> (in Romanian). Bucharest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921115216/https://api.intentiq.com/profiles_engine/ProfilesEngineServlet?at=39&mi=10&dpi=793790479&pt=17&dpn=1&jsver=5.09&iiqidtype=2&iiqpcid=f65143b4-903f-45d1-97a3-a1de6b8cb882&iiqpciddate=1726919526396&iiqcallcount=0&iiqfailcount=0&iiqnodata=false&iiqlocalstorageenabled=true&tsrnd=541_1726919526397&fbp=3488738477&cttl=43200000&rrtt=0&dud=0&abtg=A&iiqppcc=0&ref=www.scribd.com">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istoria+contemporana+a+Rom%C3%A2niei+%281918-2005%29&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Ioan+Scurtu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F8031827%2FScurtu-Ioan-Istoria-a-a-Romaniei-19182005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indicator41-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indicator41_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitutul_Central_de_Statistică1943" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Institutul Central de Statistică (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202804/http://www.cimec.ro/pdf/dl.asp?filename=indicatorul-localitatilor-din-Romania-1941.pdf">"Indicatorul localităților din România"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cimec.ro/pdf/dl.asp?filename=indicatorul-localitatilor-din-Romania-1941.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicatorul+localit%C4%83%C8%9Bilor+din+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Institutul+Central+de+Statistic%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cimec.ro%2Fpdf%2Fdl.asp%3Ffilename%3Dindicatorul-localitatilor-din-Romania-1941.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg-SchlosserMitchell2016" class="citation book cs1">Berg-Schlosser, D.; Mitchell, J. (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUVaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392"><i>D. Berg-Schlosser, J. Mitchell, Springer, Feb 23, 2000, </i>The Conditions of Democracy in Europe 1919-39: Systematic Case Studies<i>, p. 392</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-99377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-99377-4"><bdi>978-0-333-99377-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921115150/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUVaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA392#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.+Berg-Schlosser%2C+J.+Mitchell%2C+Springer%2C+Feb+23%2C+2000%2C+The+Conditions+of+Democracy+in+Europe+1919-39%3A+Systematic+Case+Studies%2C+p.+392&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-333-99377-4&rft.aulast=Berg-Schlosser&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUVaCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H_vNAAAAMAAJ_1944,_p._4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_vNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA10-PA4">"United States - Bureau of Mines, Economics and Statistics Branch, December 1944, <i>Foreign Minerals Survey - The Mineral Resources of Rumania</i>, p. 4"</a>. 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921115041/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_vNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA10-PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+-+Bureau+of+Mines%2C+Economics+and+Statistics+Branch%2C+December+1944%2C+Foreign+Minerals+Survey+-+The+Mineral+Resources+of+Rumania%2C+p.+4&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_vNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA10-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219231851/http://www.uaic.ro/en/university-2/university/timeline/">"Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaic.ro/en/university-2/university/timeline/">the original</a> on 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaic.ro%2Fen%2Funiversity-2%2Funiversity%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11119.html">"Romania - The Crimean War and Unification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041113181700/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11119.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2004-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romania+-+The+Crimean+War+and+Unification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-11119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeju2018" class="citation journal cs1">Deju, Elena (18 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/lcls/article/view/1701">"Aspecte ale influenţei limbii franceze asupra limbii române"</a>. <i>Analele Universității "Dunărea de Jos" din Galați. Fascicula XXIV, Lexic comun / Lexic specializat</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 139–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35219%2Flcls.2018.1.08">10.35219/lcls.2018.1.08</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1844-9476">1844-9476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216956637">216956637</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215205402/https://www.gup.ugal.ro/ugaljournals/index.php/lcls/article/view/1701">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analele+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+%22Dun%C4%83rea+de+Jos%22+din+Gala%C8%9Bi.+Fascicula+XXIV%2C+Lexic+comun+%2F+Lexic+specializat&rft.atitle=Aspecte+ale+influen%C5%A3ei+limbii+franceze+asupra+limbii+rom%C3%A2ne&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-146&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216956637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1844-9476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35219%2Flcls.2018.1.08&rft.aulast=Deju&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gup.ugal.ro%2Fugaljournals%2Findex.php%2Flcls%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=821715">"Unele consideraţii privind impactul dreptului francez asupra celui românesc, în contextul formării României moderne"</a>. <i>Conferința Internațională de Drept, Studii Europene și Relații Internaționale</i> (in Romanian). <b>I</b> (I): 668–675. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2668-0645">2668-0645</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921115055/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=821715">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conferin%C8%9Ba+Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83+de+Drept%2C+Studii+Europene+%C8%99i+Rela%C8%9Bii+Interna%C8%9Bionale&rft.atitle=Unele+considera%C5%A3ii+privind+impactul+dreptului+francez+asupra+celui+rom%C3%A2nesc%2C+%C3%AEn+contextul+form%C4%83rii+Rom%C3%A2niei+moderne&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=668-675&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=2668-0645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D821715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon">"Text of the Treaty of Trianon"</a>. World War I Document Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204035603/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.pub=World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Trianon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Anthony_Cook2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Anthony Cook (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&q=treaty+of+st+germain+text+bukovina&pg=PA162"><i>Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor&Francis. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5"><bdi>0-8153-4057-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921115042/https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&q=treaty+of+st+germain+text+bukovina&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q=treaty%20of%20st%20germain%20text%20bukovina&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Taylor%26Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-4057-5&rft.au=Bernard+Anthony+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox_gXq2jpdYC%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bst%2Bgermain%2Btext%2Bbukovina%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalbone_W._Graham1944" class="citation journal cs1">Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/legal-status-of-the-bukovina-and-bessarabia/576B0E04C9D1064F6E124C44E190D4E1">"The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>38</b> (4). American Society of International Law: 667–673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192802">10.2307/2192802</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192802">2192802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146890589">146890589</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183737/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/legal-status-of-the-bukovina-and-bessarabia/576B0E04C9D1064F6E124C44E190D4E1">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Status+of+the+Bukovina+and+Bessarabia&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667-673&rft.date=1944-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146890589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192802&rft.au=Malbone+W.+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-journal-of-international-law%2Farticle%2Flegal-status-of-the-bukovina-and-bessarabia%2F576B0E04C9D1064F6E124C44E190D4E1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Petre, <i>Hotarele românismului în date</i> (Ed. Litera Internațional, București, 2005), pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Jordan (1989), <i>Atlas Ost- und Südosteuropa: aktuelle Karten zu Ökologie, Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft</i>, Issue 2, Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Takako Ueta, Eric Remacle, Peter Lang (2005), <i>Japan and Enlarged Europe: Partners in Global Governance</i>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1921. évi XLVIII. törvénycikk az Amerikai Egyesült-Államokkal 1921. évi augusztus hó 29. napján Budapesten kötött békeszerződés becikkelyezéséről - XLVIII. Act of 1921 about the enactment the peace treaty signed in Budapest on 29. August 1921 with the United States of America - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7504">http://www.1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7504</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921040629/https://1000ev.hu/index.php?a=3&param=7504">Archived</a> 21 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108060819/http://media.ici.ro/history/ist08.htm">"Statul național unitar (România Mare 1919–1940)"</a>. <i>Media.ici.ro</i> (in Romanian). 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Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slavonic_and_East_European_Review" title="The Slavonic and East European Review">The Slavonic and East European Review</a></i> (2007): 105-134. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2247/1/2247.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707220817/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/2247/1/2247.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William A. Hoisington Jr, "The Struggle for Economic Influence in Southeastern Europe: The French Failure in Romania, 1940." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 43.3 (1971): 468-482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoan_ScurtuTheodora_Stănescu-StanciuGeorgiana_Margareta_Scurtu" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ioan Scurtu; Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu; Georgiana Margareta Scurtu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002052125/http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-15.htm">"Decret regal privind investirea generalului Ion Antonescu cu depline puteri"</a>. <i>Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940</i> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/istorie1918-1940/13-15.htm">the original</a> on 2 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istoria+rom%C3%A2nilor+%C3%AEntre+anii+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.atitle=Decret+regal+privind+investirea+generalului+Ion+Antonescu+cu+depline+puteri&rft.au=Ioan+Scurtu&rft.au=Theodora+St%C4%83nescu-Stanciu&rft.au=Georgiana+Margareta+Scurtu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.unibuc.ro%2Fistorie%2Fistorie1918-1940%2F13-15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm">"WORLD EVENTS: 1844-1856"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413183141/https://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2009</span>. <q>world's first oil refinery</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WORLD+EVENTS%3A+1844-1856&rft.pub=PBS.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Feakins%2Fwe_1844.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rumaniamilitary.ro-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rumaniamilitary.ro_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rumaniamilitary.ro_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rumaniamilitary.ro/tag/industria-romana-inainte-de-primul-razboi-mondial">"industria romana inainte de primul razboi mondial Archives - Romania Military"</a>. 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=industria+romana+inainte+de+primul+razboi+mondial+Archives+-+Romania+Military&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rumaniamilitary.ro%2Ftag%2Findustria-romana-inainte-de-primul-razboi-mondial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpBbX3kdnhgC&pg=PA7">Stephen Broadberry, Mark Harrison, Cambridge University Press, Sep 29, 2005, <i>The Economics of World War I</i>, pp. 7-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1938?endYear=1990&amount=1">"Inflation calculator"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921083744/https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1938?endYear=1990&amount=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inflation+calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in2013dollars.com%2Fus%2Finflation%2F1938%3FendYear%3D1990%26amount%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2016" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, M. (23 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIzJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1275"><i>M. Epstein, Springer, Dec 23, 2016, </i>The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1939<i>, p. 1275</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-27068-8"><bdi>978-0-230-27068-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030203247/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIzJDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1275">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.+Epstein%2C+Springer%2C+Dec+23%2C+2016%2C+The+Statesman%27s+Year-Book%3A+Statistical+and+Historical+Annual+of+the+States+of+the+World+for+the+Year+1939%2C+p.+1275&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0-230-27068-8&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIzJDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faur.ro/en.html">"Metallic Welded Constructions. Faur Bucharest Romania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205164200/http://www.faur.ro/en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metallic+Welded+Constructions.+Faur+Bucharest+Romania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faur.ro%2Fen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1XuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Revolutionary Breakthroughs and National Development: The Case of Romania, 1944-1965</i>, p. 82</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921115149/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1XuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 2024-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ken Jowitt, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 8 January 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Storea, Gheorghe Băjenaru, <i>Artileria română în date și imagini (Romanian artillery in data and pictures)</i>, pp. 40, 49, 50, 54, 59, 61, 63, 65 and 66 (in Romanian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jozef Wilczynski, <i>Technology in Comecon: Acceleration of Technological Progress Through Economic Planning and the Market</i>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Naval Research Organization, <i>Warship International, Volume 21</i>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Thomas Jane, <i>Jane's Fighting Ships</i>, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Gardiner, <i>Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1906–1921</i>, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adrian Storea, Gheorghe Băjenaru, <i>Artileria română în date și imagini (Romanian artillery in data and pictures)</i>, p. 53 (in Romanian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945</i>, pp. 29, 30, 75 and 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Ovidiu Pintilie, <i>Istoricul societății Concordia 1907-1948</i>, p. 142 (in Romanian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945</i>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945</i>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles K. Kliment, Vladimir Francev, <i>Czechoslovak Armored Fighting Vehicles</i>, pp. 113-134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven J. Zaloga, <i>Tanks of Hitler's Eastern Allies 1941-45</i>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Third Axis. Fourth Ally. Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941-1945</i>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer C. Tucker, <i>World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</i>, p. 633</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cristian Crăciunoiu, <i>Romanian Navy torpedo boats</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Recensamant1930-II-XXIV.jpg"><i>Populaţia pe Neamuri</i></a> (in Romanian). Institutul Central de Statistică. 16 July 2008. pp. XXIV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302052623/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Recensamant1930-II-XXIV.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popula%C5%A3ia+pe+Neamuri&rft.pages=XXIV&rft.pub=Institutul+Central+de+Statistic%C4%83&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ARecensamant1930-II-XXIV.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicholas_of_Romania" title="Prince Nicholas of Romania">Nicholas</a> ruling as <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i>, from 6 September 1940 to 23 August 1944.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Great Britain. Admiralty. <i>A handbook of Roumania</i> (1920) primary source that focuses on prewar economy and society <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028553232">online free</a></li> <li>Treptow, Kurt W. <i>A history of Romania</i> (1996).</li> <li>Raluca Goleșteanu-Jacobs, <i>Habsburg Galicia and the Romanian Kingdom Sociocultural Development, 1866–1914</i> (2023), Routledge, Poland-Transnational Histories</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kingdom_of_Romania" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kingdom of Romania">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kingdom_of_Romania" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Kingdom of Romania">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kingdom_of_Romania" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kingdom of Romania">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kingdom_of_Romania" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kingdom of Romania">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampe1982" class="citation book cs1">Lampe, John R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OtW2axOSn10C&q=%22Romanian+Old+Kingdom%22&pg=PA350"><i>Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-30368-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-30368-0"><bdi>0-253-30368-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Economic+History%2C+1550%E2%80%931950%3A+From+Imperial+Borderlands+to+Developing+Nations&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-253-30368-0&rft.aulast=Lampe&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtW2axOSn10C%26q%3D%2522Romanian%2BOld%2BKingdom%2522%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romania_topics" title="Template:Romania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romania_topics" title="Template talk:Romania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Timeline of ancient Romania">ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Romania">Prehistoric Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Romania (1989–present)">Since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania" title="List of cities and towns in Romania">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Romania" title="Counties of Romania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Romania" title="List of earthquakes in Romania">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Romania" title="Fauna of Romania">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Romania" title="Flora of Romania">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Romania" title="List of islands of Romania">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Romania" title="List of lakes of Romania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Romania" title="List of mountains in Romania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Romania" title="List of rivers of Romania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Romania" title="Territorial evolution of Romania">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Romania" title="Topography of Romania">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Romania" title="Administrative divisions of Romania">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Romania" title="Government of Romania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Romania" title="Human rights in Romania">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Romania">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Romania" title="Judiciary of Romania">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Romania">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Romanian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Romanian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Romania" title="Agriculture in Romania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Romania" title="List of exports of Romania">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Romania" title="Foreign direct investment in Romania">Foreign investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Romania" title="Foreign trade of Romania">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Romania" title="Industry of Romania">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Romania" title="Mining industry of Romania">mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry_in_Romania" title="Petrochemical industry in Romania">petrochemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Leu <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Romania" title="Pensions in Romania">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Romania" title="Science and technology in Romania">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_in_Romania" title="Services in Romania">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Romania" title="Squatting in Romania">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Stock_Exchange" title="Bucharest Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Romania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Romania" title="Transport in Romania">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Romania" title="Category:Society of Romania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Romania" title="Crime in Romania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Romania" title="Demographics of Romania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Romania" title="Healthcare in Romania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Romania" title="Immigration to Romania">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Romania" title="Minorities in Romania">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Romania" title="Prostitution in Romania">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Romania" title="Public holidays in Romania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Romania" title="Racism in Romania">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Romania" title="Refugees in Romania">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Gypsies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematization_(Romania)" title="Systematization (Romania)">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Romania" title="Welfare in Romania">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_architecture" title="Romanian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_art" title="Romanian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_humour" title="Romanian humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature" title="Romanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Romania" title="Mass media in Romania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Romania" title="Sport in Romania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Romania" title="Outline of Romania">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romania" title="Category:Romania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Romania&params=44.44_N_26.10_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">26°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.44°N 26.10°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.44; 26.10</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&oldid=1260785439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Romania&oldid=1260785439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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title="Category:1920s in Romania">1920s in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930s_in_Romania" title="Category:1930s in Romania">1930s in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Romania" title="Category:1940s in Romania">1940s in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascist_states" title="Category:Fascist states">Fascist states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Axis_powers" title="Category:Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_establishments_in_Romania" title="Category:1881 establishments in Romania">1881 establishments in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1947_disestablishments_in_Romania" title="Category:1947 disestablishments in Romania">1947 disestablishments in Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_dictatorships" title="Category:Military dictatorships">Military dictatorships</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: 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