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A good example of remote code execution is Log4Shell, an RCE vulnerability in Apache Log4j.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.invicti.com\/support\/detecting-log4j-vulnerability-invicti\/\">Read more about how to effectively detect the Log4Shell RCE vulnerability.<\/a><\/p>\n"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"How dangerous is an RCE vulnerability?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<p>Successful exploitation of an RCE vulnerability in a web application can let the attacker execute any code and execute commands on the web server. 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menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is DAST? A Guide to Dynamic Application Security Testing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">What is DAST? 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The term <em>remote</em> means that the attacker can do that from a location different than the system running the application. Remote code execution is also known as <em>code injection</em> and <em>remote code evaluation</em>.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-default" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0px"> <table class="has-text-color" style="color:var(--color-nsdark)"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Severity:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">very severe</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Prevalence:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">discovered regularly</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Scope:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">may appear in all computer software</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Technical impact:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">command shell access</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Worst-case consequences:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">full system compromise</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Quick fix:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">do not evaluate code based on user input</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="more">How does code injection/remote code execution work?</h2> <p>RCE vulnerabilities may appear in any type of computer software, in almost every programming language, and on any platform. There are RCE vulnerabilities, for example, in standalone Windows applications written in C#, web applications and APIs written in PHP, mobile applications written in Java, and even in operating systems themselves.</p> <p>Other vulnerabilities may lead to remote arbitrary code execution. For example, <a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/buffer-overflow-attacks/">buffer overflow</a> vulnerabilities in languages such as C/C++ may allow the attacker to execute arbitrary code within the application. <a href="https://www.acunetix.com/blog/articles/what-is-insecure-deserialization/">Deserialization vulnerabilities</a> may also allow attackers to provide a payload that, when deserialized, includes code that the application executes. There are even known cases of <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli">SQL injection</a> and <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss">cross-site scripting (XSS)</a> vulnerabilities leading to remote code execution in a vulnerable application.</p> <p>Some RCE attacks may happen after a delay. For example, the application may first store the RCE payload in a configuration file and only execute it later, maybe even multiple times. This type of RCE vulnerability is called a <em>stored RCE</em>.</p> <p>Note that RCE/code injection is often confused with <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection">OS command injection</a>. In the case of RCE, executed code is in the language of the application and runs within the application context. For OS command injection, the attacker executes an operating system command. Also, note that while the term <em>code injection</em> is preferred by <a href="https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Code_Injection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">OWASP</a> and defined in <a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/94.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CWE-94</a>, the term <em>remote code execution</em> is much more widespread.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">RCE vulnerabilities in web applications</h3> <p>Every common programming language used in web development has functions for evaluating (executing) code in that language at runtime. Whenever developers use such functions in web apps, they introduce the possibility of web server-side remote code execution. An example of such a function in PHP and JavaScript is <em>eval</em>.</p> <p>If the developer allows a function such as <em>eval</em> to process unsanitized user input, a malicious attacker may be able to inject code by including it in user input. Examples of user-controllable inputs include text from web forms, the content of HTTP headers, files uploaded by the user, or even modified cookies.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Example of a web remote code execution attack</h2> <p>Below is a simple example of PHP source code with code injection vulnerabilities (RCE) and a code injection attack vector on applications that include this code.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vulnerable code</h3> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code><?php eval("echo ".$_GET["user"].";"); ?></code></pre> <p>The developer assumes that the user will only provide a valid user name as the parameter of a URL:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code"><code>http://www.example.com/index.php?user=admin</code></pre> <p>As a result, the application evaluates the parameter value as code:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code language-bash is-style-default"><code>echo admin;</code></pre> <p>and prints out the name of the user.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The attack vector</h3> <p>The attacker may inject malicious code by entering a semicolon followed by the payload. The semicolon makes the <em>eval</em> function process the remainder of the payload as if it was a new instruction in PHP:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-default"><code>http://www.example.com/index.php?user=admin;phpinfo();</code></pre> <p>As a result, the <em>eval</em> function executes the code:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code language-bash is-style-default"><code>echo admin;<br> phpinfo();</code></pre> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="consequences">Potential consequences of a web RCE attack</h2> <p>Remote code execution is one of the highest severity vulnerabilities because RCE cyberattack consequences are virtually unlimited, especially in the case of web applications.</p> <p>The most common way that attackers follow up on exploiting web RCE vulnerabilities is by installing <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">web shells</a>. Such an RCE exploit payload includes code that allows the attacker to obtain shell access on the target machine in order to run system commands. The shell may be a <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">reverse shell</a>, which allows the attacker to avoid most firewalls.</p> <p>The web shell has the same privileges as the web server, which are usually limited. However, once the attacker has access to the shell on the remote machine, they may try to find other vulnerabilities and use <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">privilege escalation</a> (privilege elevation) to obtain root access.</p> <p>If successful, the attacker will have unlimited access to the target machine and may follow up with any of the following common types of attacks:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/5-reasons-why-web-security-is-important-to-avoid-ransomware/">Ransomware</a> or other malware: The attacker may install a ransomware agent on the machine, which will then use other methods to spread to other assets owned by the victim.</li> <li>Cryptocurrency mining: Attackers often install cryptocurrency miners on compromised machines. Mining consumes your computing resources to provide cybercriminals with funding for more malicious activities.</li> <li>Sensitive data theft: The attacker may use privilege escalation to access SQL database servers containing sensitive data such as credit card numbers.</li> </ul> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-1024x749.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-300x219.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-768x561.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-1536x1123.webp 1536w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce.webp 1562w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-1024x749.png" height="749" width="1024" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-1024x749.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-300x219.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-768x561.png 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce-1536x1123.png 1536w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/18112453/learn_diagram_remote_code_execution_rce.png 1562w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" class="wp-image-30631 sp-no-webp" alt="remote code execution (RCE)" > </picture><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Remote code execution (RCE) with a reverse shell</figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of known RCE vulnerabilities</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-44228" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2021-44228</a> (Log4Shell) in Apache Log4j 2.x (followed up by <a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45046" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2021-45046</a> and a <a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45105" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2021-45105</a> denial of service vulnerability) is an example of an RCE in a non-web application. This Log4j vulnerability, which does not require the attacker to have any authentication, affects multiple Log4j versions and resides specifically in the <em>JndiLookup</em> class of this popular open-source logging library. Many popular apps and services were initially found to be vulnerable to it, including Steam, Apple iCloud, Minecraft, and more.</li> <li><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1844" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2021-1844</a> in Apple iOS, macOS, watchOS, and Safari is another example of an RCE in an operating system module. If a victim uses a vulnerable device to visit a URL controlled by the attacker, the operating system will execute a malicious payload on that device.</li> <li><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17051" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2020-17051</a> in Microsoft Windows NFSv3 is an example of an RCE in an operating system module. An attacker may connect to a vulnerable NFS server and send a payload that the target endpoint will then execute.</li> <li><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8942" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">CVE-2019-8942</a> in WordPress 5.0.0 is an example of an RCE in a popular web application. An attacker can execute arbitrary code within WordPress by uploading a specially crafted image file that contains PHP code in its Exif metadata.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect RCE vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>The best way to detect RCE vulnerabilities depends on whether they are already known or unknown.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If you only use commercial or open-source software and do not develop software of your own, it may be enough to identify the exact version of the system or application you are using. If the identified version is susceptible to RCE, you can assume that your software is vulnerable. You can identify the version manually or use a suitable security tool, such as a <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">software composition analysis (SCA)</a> solution for web applications or a network scanner for networked systems and applications.</li> <li>If you develop your own software or want the ability to potentially find previously unknown RCE vulnerabilities (zero-days) in known applications, you must be able to successfully exploit the RCE vulnerability to be certain that it exists. This requires either performing manual penetration testing with the help of security researchers or using a vulnerability scanner tool that can automatically exploit web vulnerabilities. Examples of such tools are <a href="https://www.invicti.com/">Invicti</a> and <a href="https://acunetix.com/">Acunetix by Invicti</a>. We recommend using this method even for known vulnerabilities.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent RCE vulnerabilities in web applications?</h2> <p>The only fully effective way to prevent RCE vulnerabilities in web applications is to avoid using language functions and constructs that are susceptible to RCE with untrusted data. For example, the <em>eval</em> function in PHP/JavaScript.</p> <p>If you must use the <em>eval</em> function with untrusted data (direct or indirect user input) and there is no way to achieve your application goal without evaluating user input, you must accept the risk that your code will be susceptible to remote code execution attacks. Even with the best input sanitization, attackers might always find a way to get through.</p> <p>While you cannot fully avoid RCE vulnerabilities in such cases, you can minimize the risk of attacks and mitigate their consequences by using proper input/output data validation and sanitization based on whitelists (not blacklists).</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="mitigate">How to mitigate RCE attacks?</h2> <p>Possible methods to mitigate RCE attacks will vary depending on the type of vulnerable software:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>In the case of custom software, such as web applications, the only way to permanently mitigate the RCE is to eliminate evaluation functions that process user-controlled input from your application code.</li> <li>In the case of known RCEs in third-party software, you must check the latest security advisories for a fix and update to a non-vulnerable version (usually the latest version).</li> <li>In the case of zero-day RCEs in third-party software, you can only rely on temporary <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/">WAF (web application firewall)</a> rules for mitigation. However, this only makes the RCE harder to exploit and does not eliminate the root cause of the problem.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_67b322d05c389"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is a remote code execution vulnerability?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Remote code execution (RCE) vulnerabilities in web applications let the attacker execute arbitrary code on the web server hosting the web application. A good example of remote code execution is Log4Shell, an RCE vulnerability in Apache Log4j.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/detecting-log4j-vulnerability-invicti/">Read more about how to effectively detect the Log4Shell RCE vulnerability.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How dangerous is an RCE vulnerability?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Successful exploitation of an RCE vulnerability in a web application can let the attacker execute any code and execute commands on the web server. The attacker can, for example, exploit an RCE vulnerability to install a web shell on the web server and continue the attack from there.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">Read more about web shells and what attackers can do with them.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to detect remote code execution vulnerabilities?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Dynamic application security testing (DAST) tools are the best way to detect remote code execution vulnerabilities in web applications. They provide the best coverage and some of them, like Invicti, are able to prove that the vulnerability is real and not a false positive.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">Find out more about dynamic application security testing (DAST).</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes ccfg-unique-a3a532-a5"><table><thead><tr><th>Classification</th><th>ID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CAPEC</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>CWE</td><td>95</td></tr><tr><td>OWASP 2021</td><td>A3</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Related blog posts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/remote-code-evaluation-execution/">What is remote code evaluation?</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/code-injection/">What is code injection?</a></li> </ul> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> 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Prism.languages.aspnet=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@\s*(?:Assembly|Control|Implements|Import|Master(?:Type)?|OutputCache|Page|PreviousPageType|Reference|Register)?|%>/i,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside}},directive:{pattern:/<%.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{directive:{pattern:/<%\s*?[$=%#:]{0,2}|%>/,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.csharp}}}),Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.pattern=/<(?!%)\/?[^\s>\/]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/,Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","punctuation",{directive:Prism.languages.aspnet.directive},Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.inside["attr-value"]),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet","comment",{"asp-comment":{pattern:/<%--[\s\S]*?--%>/,alias:["asp","comment"]}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet",Prism.languages.javascript?"script":"tag",{"asp-script":{pattern:/(<script(?=.*runat=['"]?server\b)[^>]*>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:["asp","script"],inside:Prism.languages.csharp||{}}}); Prism.languages.c=Prism.languages.extend("clike",{comment:{pattern:/\/\/(?:[^\r\n\\]|\$?:\r\n?|\n|(?![\r\n])))*|\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,greedy:!0},string:{pattern:/"(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|struct)\s+(?:__attribute__\s*\(\([\s\S]*?$\)\s*)?)\w+|\b[a-z]\w*_t\b/,lookbehind:!0},keyword:/\b(?:_Alignas|_Alignof|_Atomic|_Bool|_Complex|_Generic|_Imaginary|_Noreturn|_Static_assert|_Thread_local|__attribute__|asm|auto|break|case|char|const|continue|default|do|double|else|enum|extern|float|for|goto|if|inline|int|long|register|return|short|signed|sizeof|static|struct|switch|typedef|typeof|union|unsigned|void|volatile|while)\b/,function:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*\()/i,number:/(?:\b0x(?:[\da-f]+(?:\.[\da-f]*)?|\.[\da-f]+)(?:p[+-]?\d+)?|(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?)[ful]{0,4}/i,operator:/>>=?|<<=?|->|([-+&|:])\1|[?:~]|[-+*/%&|^!=<>]=?/}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("c","string",{char:{pattern:/'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n]){0,32}'/,greedy:!0}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("c","string",{macro:{pattern:/(^[\t ]*)#\s*[a-z](?:[^\r\n\\/]|\/(?!\*)|\/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!\/))*\*\/|\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S]))*/im,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,alias:"property",inside:{string:[{pattern:/^(#\s*include\s*)<[^>]+>/,lookbehind:!0},Prism.languages.c.string],char:Prism.languages.c.char,comment:Prism.languages.c.comment,"macro-name":[{pattern:/(^#\s*define\s+)\w+\b(?!\()/i,lookbehind:!0},{pattern:/(^#\s*define\s+)\w+\b(?=$)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"}],directive:{pattern:/^(#\s*)[a-z]+/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"keyword"},"directive-hash":/^#/,punctuation:/##|\\(?=[\r\n])/,expression:{pattern:/\S[\s\S]*/,inside:Prism.languages.c}}}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("c","function",{constant:/\b(?:EOF|NULL|SEEK_CUR|SEEK_END|SEEK_SET|__DATE__|__FILE__|__LINE__|__TIMESTAMP__|__TIME__|__func__|stderr|stdin|stdout)\b/}),delete Prism.languages.c.boolean; Prism.languages.graphql={comment:/#.*/,description:{pattern:/(?:"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")(?=\s*[a-z_])/i,greedy:!0,alias:"string",inside:{"language-markdown":{pattern:/(^"(?:"")?)(?!\1)[\s\S]+(?=\1$)/,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages.markdown}}},string:{pattern:/"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},number:/(?:\B-|\b)\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,variable:/\$[a-z_]\w*/i,directive:{pattern:/@[a-z_]\w*/i,alias:"function"},"attr-name":{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*(?:\((?:[^()"]|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")*$)?:)/i,greedy:!0},"atom-input":{pattern:/\b[A-Z]\w*Input\b/,alias:"class-name"},scalar:/\b(?:Boolean|Float|ID|Int|String)\b/,constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]*\b/,"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|implements|interface|on|scalar|type|union)\s+|&\s*|:\s*|\[)[A-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0},fragment:{pattern:/(\bfragment\s+|\.{3}\s*(?!on\b))[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-mutation":{pattern:/(\bmutation\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-query":{pattern:/(\bquery\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},keyword:/\b(?:directive|enum|extend|fragment|implements|input|interface|mutation|on|query|repeatable|scalar|schema|subscription|type|union)\b/,operator:/[!=|&]|\.{3}/,"property-query":/\w+(?=\s*$)/,object:/\w+(?=\s*\{)/,punctuation:/[!(){}\[\]:=,]/,property:/\w+/},Prism.hooks.add("after-tokenize",(function(n){if("graphql"===n.language)for(var t=n.tokens.filter((function(n){return"string"!=typeof n&&"comment"!==n.type&&"scalar"!==n.type})),e=0;e<t.length;){var a=t[e++];if("keyword"===a.type&&"mutation"===a.content){var r=[];if(c(["definition-mutation","punctuation"])&&"("===l(1).content){e+=2;var i=f(/^\($/,/^$$/);if(-1===i)continue;for(;e<i;e++){var o=l(0);"variable"===o.type&&(b(o,"variable-input"),r.push(o.content))}e=i+1}if(c(["punctuation","property-query"])&&"{"===l(0).content&&(e++,b(l(0),"property-mutation"),r.length>0)){var s=f(/^\{$/,/^\}$/);if(-1===s)continue;for(var u=e;u<s;u++){var p=t[u];"variable"===p.type&&r.indexOf(p.content)>=0&&b(p,"variable-input")}}}}function l(n){return t[e+n]}function c(n,t){t=t||0;for(var e=0;e<n.length;e++){var a=l(e+t);if(!a||a.type!==n[e])return!1}return!0}function f(n,a){for(var r=1,i=e;i<t.length;i++){var o=t[i],s=o.content;if("punctuation"===o.type&&"string"==typeof s)if(n.test(s))r++;else if(a.test(s)&&0==--r)return i}return-1}function b(n,t){var e=n.alias;e?Array.isArray(e)||(n.alias=e=[e]):n.alias=e=[],e.push(t)}})); !function(e){var n=/\b(?:abstract|assert|boolean|break|byte|case|catch|char|class|const|continue|default|do|double|else|enum|exports|extends|final|finally|float|for|goto|if|implements|import|instanceof|int|interface|long|module|native|new|non-sealed|null|open|opens|package|permits|private|protected|provides|public|record(?!\s*[(){}[\]<>=%~.:,;?+\-*/&|^])|requires|return|sealed|short|static|strictfp|super|switch|synchronized|this|throw|throws|to|transient|transitive|try|uses|var|void|volatile|while|with|yield)\b/,t="(?:[a-z]\\w*\\s*\\.\\s*)*(?:[A-Z]\\w*\\s*\\.\\s*)*",s={pattern:RegExp("(^|[^\\w.])"+t+"[A-Z](?:[\\d_A-Z]*[a-z]\\w*)?\\b"),lookbehind:!0,inside:{namespace:{pattern:/^[a-z]\w*(?:\s*\.\s*[a-z]\w*)*(?:\s*\.)?/,inside:{punctuation:/\./}},punctuation:/\./}};e.languages.java=e.languages.extend("clike",{string:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])"(?:\\.|[^"\\\r\n])*"/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},"class-name":[s,{pattern:RegExp("(^|[^\\w.])"+t+"[A-Z]\\w*(?=\\s+\\w+\\s*[;,=()]|\\s*(?:\\[[\\s,]*\\]\\s*)?::\\s*new\\b)"),lookbehind:!0,inside:s.inside},{pattern:RegExp("(\\b(?:class|enum|extends|implements|instanceof|interface|new|record|throws)\\s+)"+t+"[A-Z]\\w*\\b"),lookbehind:!0,inside:s.inside}],keyword:n,function:[e.languages.clike.function,{pattern:/(::\s*)[a-z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0}],number:/\b0b[01][01_]*L?\b|\b0x(?:\.[\da-f_p+-]+|[\da-f_]+(?:\.[\da-f_p+-]+)?)\b|(?:\b\d[\d_]*(?:\.[\d_]*)?|\B\.\d[\d_]*)(?:e[+-]?\d[\d_]*)?[dfl]?/i,operator:{pattern:/(^|[^.])(?:<<=?|>>>?=?|->|--|\+\+|&&|\|\||::|[?:~]|[-+*/%&|^!=<>]=?)/m,lookbehind:!0},constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]+\b/}),e.languages.insertBefore("java","string",{"triple-quoted-string":{pattern:/"""[ \t]*[\r\n](?:(?:"|"")?(?:\\.|[^"\\]))*"""/,greedy:!0,alias:"string"},char:{pattern:/'(?:\\.|[^'\\\r\n]){1,6}'/,greedy:!0}}),e.languages.insertBefore("java","class-name",{annotation:{pattern:/(^|[^.])@\w+(?:\s*\.\s*\w+)*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"punctuation"},generics:{pattern:/<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&)|<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&)|<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&)|<(?:[\w\s,.?]|&(?!&))*>)*>)*>)*>/,inside:{"class-name":s,keyword:n,punctuation:/[<>(),.:]/,operator:/[?&|]/}},import:[{pattern:RegExp("(\\bimport\\s+)"+t+"(?:[A-Z]\\w*|\\*)(?=\\s*;)"),lookbehind:!0,inside:{namespace:s.inside.namespace,punctuation:/\./,operator:/\*/,"class-name":/\w+/}},{pattern:RegExp("(\\bimport\\s+static\\s+)"+t+"(?:\\w+|\\*)(?=\\s*;)"),lookbehind:!0,alias:"static",inside:{namespace:s.inside.namespace,static:/\b\w+$/,punctuation:/\./,operator:/\*/,"class-name":/\w+/}}],namespace:{pattern:RegExp("(\\b(?:exports|import(?:\\s+static)?|module|open|opens|package|provides|requires|to|transitive|uses|with)\\s+)(?!<keyword>)[a-z]\\w*(?:\\.[a-z]\\w*)*\\.?".replace(/<keyword>/g,(function(){return n.source}))),lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/\./}}})}(Prism); Prism.languages.json={property:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"(?=\s*:)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},string:{pattern:/(^|[^\\])"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"(?!\s*:)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},comment:{pattern:/\/\/.*|\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,greedy:!0},number:/-?\b\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,punctuation:/[{}[\],]/,operator:/:/,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,null:{pattern:/\bnull\b/,alias:"keyword"}},Prism.languages.webmanifest=Prism.languages.json; !function(n){var e=/("|')(?:\\(?:\r\n?|\n|.)|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/;n.languages.json5=n.languages.extend("json",{property:[{pattern:RegExp(e.source+"(?=\\s*:)"),greedy:!0},{pattern:/(?!\s)[_$a-zA-Z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[$\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/,alias:"unquoted"}],string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},number:/[+-]?\b(?:NaN|Infinity|0x[a-fA-F\d]+)\b|[+-]?(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+\b)?/})}(Prism); Prism.languages.jsonp=Prism.languages.extend("json",{punctuation:/[{}[\]();,.]/}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("jsonp","punctuation",{function:/(?!\s)[_$a-zA-Z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[$\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*\()/}); !function(e){function n(e,n){return"___"+e.toUpperCase()+n+"___"}Object.defineProperties(e.languages["markup-templating"]={},{buildPlaceholders:{value:function(t,a,r,o){if(t.language===a){var c=t.tokenStack=[];t.code=t.code.replace(r,(function(e){if("function"==typeof o&&!o(e))return e;for(var r,i=c.length;-1!==t.code.indexOf(r=n(a,i));)++i;return c[i]=e,r})),t.grammar=e.languages.markup}}},tokenizePlaceholders:{value:function(t,a){if(t.language===a&&t.tokenStack){t.grammar=e.languages[a];var r=0,o=Object.keys(t.tokenStack);!function c(i){for(var u=0;u<i.length&&!(r>=o.length);u++){var g=i[u];if("string"==typeof g||g.content&&"string"==typeof g.content){var l=o[r],s=t.tokenStack[l],f="string"==typeof g?g:g.content,p=n(a,l),k=f.indexOf(p);if(k>-1){++r;var m=f.substring(0,k),d=new e.Token(a,e.tokenize(s,t.grammar),"language-"+a,s),h=f.substring(k+p.length),v=[];m&&v.push.apply(v,c([m])),v.push(d),h&&v.push.apply(v,c([h])),"string"==typeof g?i.splice.apply(i,[u,1].concat(v)):g.content=v}}else g.content&&c(g.content)}return i}(t.tokens)}}}})}(Prism); !function(e){var n=/\$(?:\w[a-z\d]*(?:_[^\x00-\x1F\s"'\$)$]*)?|\{[^}\s"'\\]+\})/i;e.languages.nginx={comment:{pattern:/(^|[\s{};])#.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},directive:{pattern:/(^|\s)\w(?:[^;{}"'\\\s]|\\.|"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*"|'(?:[^'\\]|\\.)*'|\s+(?:#.*(?!.)|(?![#\s])))*?(?=\s*[;{])/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:{string:{pattern:/((?:^|[^\\])(?:\\\$*)(?:"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*"|'(?:[^'\\]|\\.)*')/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:{escape:{pattern:/\\["'\\nrt]/,alias:"entity"},variable:n}},comment:{pattern:/(\s)#.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},keyword:{pattern:/^\S+/,greedy:!0},boolean:{pattern:/(\s)(?:off|on)(?!\S)/,lookbehind:!0},number:{pattern:/(\s)\d+[a-z]*(?!\S)/i,lookbehind:!0},variable:n}},punctuation:/[{};]/}}(Prism); !function(e){var 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