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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Memory limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memory_limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Memory limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Memory_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Current limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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title="X64 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="X64" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_largo" title="Modo largo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modo largo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="حالت طولانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت طولانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%B1_%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%9C" title="롱 모드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롱 모드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_mode" title="Long mode – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Long mode" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="长模式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长模式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1153184#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Long_mode" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Long_mode" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a> modes for the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">Real mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> emulation mode (<a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20/V30</a> only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">Protected mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreal_mode" title="Unreal mode">Unreal mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">Virtual 8086 mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Mode" title="System Management Mode">System Management Mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80386#80386SL" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 386SL</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Long mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/AMD_Athlon_64" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Athlon 64">AMD Athlon 64</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86_virtualization" title="X86 virtualization">x86 virtualization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_Pentium_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Pentium 4">Intel Pentium 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Athlon_64" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Athlon 64">AMD Athlon 64</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_Instruction_Set" title="Alternate Instruction Set">AIS</a> mode (<a href="/wiki/VIA_C3" title="VIA C3">VIA C3</a> only)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic"> First supported platform shown in parentheses</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:X86_processor_modes" title="Template:X86 processor modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:X86_processor_modes" title="Template talk:X86 processor modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:X86_processor_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:X86 processor modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <b>long mode</b> is the mode where a <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> can access 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction (computer science)">instructions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a>. 64-bit programs are run in a sub-mode called 64-bit mode, while <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> programs are executed in a sub-mode called compatibility mode. <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">Real mode</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a> programs cannot be natively run in long mode. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An x86-64 processor acts identically to an <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> processor when running in real mode or protected mode, which are supported modes when the processor is <i>not</i> in long mode. </p><p>A bit in the <a href="/wiki/CPUID" title="CPUID">CPUID</a> extended attributes field informs programs in real or protected modes if the processor can go to long mode, which allows a program to detect an x86-64 processor. This is similar to the CPUID attributes bit that <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a> processors use to allow programs to detect if they are running under IA-32 emulation. </p><p>With a computer running legacy <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, the BIOS and the <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loader</a> run in <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a>. After execution passes to an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">operating system kernel</a> which supports x86-64, the kernel verifies CPU support for long mode and then executes the instructions to enter it. With a computer running <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a>, the UEFI firmware (except CSM and legacy <a href="/wiki/Option_ROM" title="Option ROM">Option ROM</a>), any UEFI boot loader, and the operating system kernel all run in Long mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory_limitations">Memory limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Memory limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/X86-64_virtual_address_space" class="mw-redirect" title="X86-64 virtual address space">x86-64 virtual address space</a></div> <p>While register sizes have increased to 64 bits from the previous <a href="/wiki/X86_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="X86 architecture">x86 architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory_addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory addressing">memory addressing</a> has not yet been increased to the full 64 bits. For the time being, it is impractical to equip computers with sufficient memory to require a full 64 bits. As long as that remains the case, load/store unit(s), <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">cache</a> tags, <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">TLBs</a> can be simplified without any loss of usable memory. Despite this limitation, software is programmed using full 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a>, and will therefore be able to use progressively larger address spaces as they become supported by future processors and operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_limits">Current limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first CPUs implementing the x86-64 architecture, namely the AMD <a href="/wiki/Athlon_64" title="Athlon 64">Athlon 64</a> / <a href="/wiki/Opteron" title="Opteron">Opteron</a> (K8) CPUs, had <a href="/wiki/48-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="48-bit">48-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual address">virtual</a><sup id="cite_ref-amd-24593_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amd-24593-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129–130">: 129–130 </span></sup> and 40-bit <a href="/wiki/Physical_address" title="Physical address">physical addressing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amd-24593_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amd-24593-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>The virtual address space of these processors is divided into two 47-bit regions, one starting at the lowest possible address, the other extending down from the largest. Attempting to use addresses falling outside this range will cause a <a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">general protection fault</a>. </p><p>The limit of physical addressing constrains how much installed <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> is able to be accessed by the computer. On a <a href="/wiki/CcNUMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CcNUMA">ccNUMA</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor">multiprocessor</a> system (Opteron) this includes the memory which is installed in the remote nodes, because the CPUs can directly address (and cache) all memory regardless if it is on the home node or remote. The 1 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> limit (40-bit) for physical memory for the K8 is huge by typical personal computer standards, but might have been a limitation for use in supercomputers. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/AMD_K10" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD K10">K10</a> (or "10h") <a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a> implements 48-bit physical addresses and so can address up to 256 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">TB</a> of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-amd10h_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amd10h-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When there is need, the microarchitecture can be expanded step by step without side-effects from software and simultaneously save cost with its implementation. For future expansion, the architecture supports expanding virtual address space to 64 bits, and physical memory addressing to 52 bits (limited by the <a href="/wiki/Page_table" title="Page table">page table</a> entry format).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAMD201624_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAMD201624-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would allow the processor to address 2<sup>64</sup> bytes (16 <a href="/wiki/Exabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exabyte">exabytes</a>) of virtual address space and 2<sup>52</sup> bytes (4 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a>) of physical address space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_compatibility_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit compatibility mode">64-bit compatibility mode</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-amd-24593-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amd-24593_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amd-24593_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAMD2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/24593.pdf">"AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMD64+Architecture+Programmer%27s+Manual+Volume+2%3A+System+Programming&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.amd.com%2FTechDocs%2F24593.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amd10h-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amd10h_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.amd.com/TechDocs/31116.pdf">"BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide (BKDG) For AMD Family 10h Processors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-09</span></span>. <q>Physical address space increased to 48 bits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIOS+and+Kernel+Developer%27s+Guide+%28BKDG%29+For+AMD+Family+10h+Processors&rft.pages=30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.amd.com%2FTechDocs%2F31116.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAMD201624-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAMD201624_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAMD2016">AMD 2016</a>, p. 24: "The AMD64 architecture enhances this support to allow translation of 64-bit virtual addresses into 52-bit physical addresses, although processor implementations can support smaller virtual-address and physical-address spaces."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeichick2003" class="citation web cs1">Zeichick, Alan (2003-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214231920/http://developer.amd.com/pages/123200367.aspx">"Platforms and Tools for the AMD Athlon 64 Processor"</a>. Developer. AMD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.amd.com/pages/123200367.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-02-14. <q>A guide to the new features of long mode</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platforms+and+Tools+for+the+AMD+Athlon+64+Processor&rft.series=Developer&rft.pub=AMD&rft.date=2003-12-03&rft.aulast=Zeichick&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.amd.com%2Fpages%2F123200367.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+mode" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChourdakis2015" class="citation web cs1">Chourdakis, Michael (2015-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/45788/The-Real-Protected-Long-mode-assembly-tutorial-for">"The Real, Protected, Long mode assembly tutorial for PCs"</a>. <i>Code Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+Project&rft.atitle=The+Real%2C+Protected%2C+Long+mode+assembly+tutorial+for+PCs&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft.aulast=Chourdakis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codeproject.com%2FArticles%2F45788%2FThe-Real-Protected-Long-mode-assembly-tutorial-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+mode" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&oldid=1242899247">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_mode&oldid=1242899247</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:X86_operating_modes" title="Category:X86 operating modes">X86 operating modes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_language_implementation" title="Category:Programming language implementation">Programming language implementation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2023">Articles needing additional references from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2019">Use dmy dates from May 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 August 2024, at 10:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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