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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#64-bit_and_VMX_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>64-bit and VMX support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-64-bit_and_VMX_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_8086_virtual" title="Mode 8086 virtual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mode 8086 virtual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%BEim_virtu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_8086" title="Režim virtuální 8086 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Režim virtuální 8086" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_8086_Mode" title="Virtual 8086 Mode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virtual 8086 Mode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_8086_virtual" title="Modo 8086 virtual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modo 8086 virtual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF_%DB%B8%DB%B0%DB%B8%DB%B6_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مد ۸۰۸۶ مجازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مد ۸۰۸۶ مجازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_virtuel_8086" title="Mode virtuel 8086 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mode virtuel 8086" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81_86%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%9C" title="가상 86모드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가상 86모드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modalit%C3%A0_8086_virtuale" title="Modalità 8086 virtuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modalità 8086 virtuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/V86_mode" title="V86 mode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="V86 mode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E6%83%B386%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="仮想86モード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仮想86モード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuell_8086_modus" title="Virtuell 8086 modus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virtuell 8086 modus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryb_wirtualny" title="Tryb wirtualny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tryb wirtualny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_8086" title="Режим виртуального 8086 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Режим виртуального 8086" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F8086%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="虚拟8086模式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虚拟8086模式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1196217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a> modes for the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> architecture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">Real mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> emulation mode (<a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20/V30</a> only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">Protected mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreal_mode" title="Unreal mode">Unreal mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual 8086 mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Mode" title="System Management Mode">System Management Mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_80386#80386SL" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 386SL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_mode" title="Long mode">Long mode</a> (<a href="/wiki/AMD_Athlon_64" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Athlon 64">AMD Athlon 64</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86_virtualization" title="X86 virtualization">x86 virtualization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intel_Pentium_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Pentium 4">Intel Pentium 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Athlon_64" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Athlon 64">AMD Athlon 64</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_Instruction_Set" title="Alternate Instruction Set">AIS</a> mode (<a href="/wiki/VIA_C3" title="VIA C3">VIA C3</a> only)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic"> First supported platform shown in parentheses</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:X86_processor_modes" title="Template:X86 processor modes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:X86_processor_modes" title="Template talk:X86 processor modes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:X86_processor_modes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:X86 processor modes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">80386</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> and later, <b>virtual 8086 mode</b> (also called <b>virtual real mode</b>, <b>V86-mode</b>, or <b>VM86</b>) allows the execution of <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a> applications that are <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode#Real_mode_application_compatibility" title="Protected mode">incapable of running</a> directly in <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> while the processor is running a protected mode operating system. It is a <a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">hardware virtualization</a> technique that allowed multiple 8086 processors to be emulated by the 386 chip. It emerged from the painful experiences with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286#Protected_mode" title="Intel 80286">80286 protected mode</a>, which by itself was not suitable to run concurrent real-mode applications well.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_(engineer)" title="John Crawford (engineer)">John Crawford</a> developed the Virtual Mode bit at the register set, paving the way to this environment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VM86 mode uses a <a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">segmentation</a> scheme identical to that of real mode (for compatibility reasons), which creates 20-bit linear addresses in the same manner as 20-bit physical addresses are created in real mode, but are subject to protected mode's memory <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">paging</a> mechanism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The virtual 8086 mode is a mode for a <a href="/wiki/Task_state_segment" title="Task state segment">protected-mode task</a>. Consequently, the processor can switch between VM86 and non-VM86 tasks, enabling multitasking legacy (<a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>) applications. </p><p>To use virtual 8086 mode, an operating system sets up a virtual 8086 mode monitor, which is a program that manages the real-mode program and emulates or filters access to system hardware and software resources. The monitor must run at <a href="/wiki/Privilege_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege level">privilege level</a> 0 and in protected mode. Only the 8086 program runs in VM86 mode and at privilege level 3. When the real-mode program attempts to do things like access certain I/O ports to use hardware devices or access certain regions in its memory space, the CPU traps these events and calls the V86 monitor, which examines what the real mode program is trying to do and either acts as a proxy to interface with the hardware, emulates the intended function the real-mode program was trying to access, or terminates the real-mode program if it is trying to do something that cannot either be allowed or be adequately supported (such as reboot the machine, set a video display into a mode that is not supported by the hardware and is not emulated, or write over operating system code). </p><p>The V86 monitor can also deny permission gently by emulating the failure of a requested operation—for example, it can make a disk drive always appear not ready when in fact it has not even checked the drive but simply will not permit the real-mode program to access it. Also, the V86 monitor can do things like map memory pages, intercept calls and interrupts, and preempt the real-mode program, allowing real-mode programs to be multitasked like protected-mode programs. By intercepting the hardware and software I/O of the real-mode program and tracking the state that the V86 program expects, it can allow multiple programs to share the same hardware without interfering with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So V86 mode provides a way for real-mode programs designed for a single-tasking environment (like DOS<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to run concurrently in a multitasking environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is used to execute certain <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> programs in <a href="/wiki/FlexOS_386" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexOS 386">FlexOS 386</a> (since 1987), <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_DOS_386" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent DOS 386">Concurrent DOS 386</a> (since 1987), <a href="/wiki/Windows/386_2.10" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows/386 2.10">Windows/386 2.10</a> (since 1987), <a href="/wiki/DESQview#DESQview_and_QEMM" title="DESQview">DESQview 386</a> (since 1988), <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.x</a> (since 1990), <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS" title="Multiuser DOS">Multiuser DOS</a> (since 1991), <a href="/wiki/Windows_for_Workgroups" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows for Workgroups">Windows for Workgroups 3.1x</a> (since 1992), <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> 2.x (since 1992), <a href="/wiki/4690_Operating_System" title="4690 Operating System">4690 OS</a> (since 1993), <a href="/wiki/Multiuser_DOS#REAL/32" title="Multiuser DOS">REAL/32</a> (since 1995) running in <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">386 Enhanced Mode</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_98_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 98 SE">98 SE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows ME">ME</a> through <a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">virtual DOS machines</a>, in <a href="/wiki/SCO_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="SCO UNIX">SCO UNIX</a> through <a href="/wiki/Merge_(software)" title="Merge (software)">Merge</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> through <a href="/wiki/DOSEMU" title="DOSEMU">DOSEMU</a>. (Other <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> programs which use protected mode execute using user mode under the emulator.) <a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine#NTVDM" title="Virtual DOS machine">NTVDM</a> in <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> Windows NT-based operating systems also use VM86 mode,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but with very limited direct hardware access. Some boot loaders (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>) use the <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a>, and execute the <a href="/wiki/BIOS_interrupt_calls" class="mw-redirect" title="BIOS interrupt calls">BIOS interrupt calls</a> in Virtual 8086 mode.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory_addressing_and_interrupts">Memory addressing and interrupts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Memory addressing and interrupts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common problem by running 8086 code from protected mode is <a href="/wiki/Memory_addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory addressing">memory addressing</a> which is totally different between <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">real mode</a>. As mentioned, by working under VM86 mode the <a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">segmentation</a> mechanism is reconfigured to work just like under real mode, but the <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">paging</a> mechanism is still active, and it is transparent to the real mode code; thus, <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a> is still applicable, and so is the isolation of the address space. </p><p>When interrupts (hardware, software and int instruction) occur, the processor switches off the VM86 mode and returns to work in full protected mode to handle the interrupt. Also, before servicing the interrupt, the DS, ES, FS, and GS registers are pushed on the new stack and zeroed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virtual-8086_mode_extensions_(VME)"><span id="Virtual-8086_mode_extensions_.28VME.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="VME"></span>Virtual-8086 mode extensions (VME)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Virtual-8086 mode extensions (VME)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pentium architecture added a number of enhancements to the virtual 8086 mode. These were however documented by Intel only starting with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6 (microarchitecture)</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanley1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their more recent formal name is Virtual-8086 Mode Extensions, abbreviated VME<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (older documentation may use "Virtual 8086 mode enhancements" as the VME acronym expansion).<sup id="cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanley1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later Intel 486 chips also support it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pvi1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvi1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enhancements address mainly the 8086 virtualization overhead, with a particular focus on (virtual) interrupts.<sup id="cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanley1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the extensions were publicly documented in the P6 documentation, the official documentation referred to the famed <a href="/wiki/Appendix_H" title="Appendix H">Appendix H</a>, which was omitted from the public documentation and shared only with selected partners under <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">NDA</a>. </p><p>Activating VME is done by setting bit number 0 (0x1 in value) of <a href="/wiki/Control_register#CR4" title="Control register">CR4</a>. Because the VME interrupt speed-up enhancements were found useful for non-VM86 protected tasks, they can also be enabled separately by setting only bit number 1 (0x2 in value), which is called PVI (Protected Mode Virtual Interrupts).<sup id="cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanley1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pvi1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pvi1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detecting whether a processor supports VME (including PVI) is done using the <a href="/wiki/CPUID" title="CPUID">CPUID</a> instruction, with an initial EAX value of 0x1, by testing the value of second bit (bit number 1, 0x2 in value) in EDX register, which is set if VME is supported by the processor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shanley1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Linux, this latter bit is reported as the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">vme</span> <a href="/wiki/CPU_flag_(x86)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU flag (x86)">flag</a> in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">/proc/<a href="/wiki/Cpuinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cpuinfo">cpuinfo</a></span> file, under the "flags" section. </p><p>In virtual 8086 mode, the basic idea is that when IOPL is less than 3, PUSHF/POPF/STI/CLI/INT/IRET instructions will treat the value of VIF in the real 32-bit EFLAGS register as the value of IF in the simulated 16-bit FLAGS register (32-bit PUSHFD/POPFD continues to GP fault). VIP will cause a GP fault on the setting of simulated IF, directing the OS to process any pending interrupts. PVI is the same idea but only affects CLI/STI instructions. </p><p>First generation <a href="/wiki/AMD_Ryzen" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Ryzen">AMD Ryzen</a> CPUs have been found to feature a broken VME implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second generation Ryzen (2000 series) has fixed this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="64-bit_and_VMX_support">64-bit and VMX support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 64-bit and VMX support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtual 8086 mode is not available in <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_mode" title="Long mode">long mode</a>, although it is still present on x86-64 capable processors running in <a href="/wiki/X86-64#Legacy_mode" title="X86-64">legacy mode</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intel_VT-x" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel VT-x">Intel VT-x</a> brings back the ability to run virtual 8086 mode from x86-64 long mode, but it has to be done by transitioning the (physical) processor to VMX root mode and launching a logical (virtual) processor itself running in virtual 8086 mode.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a> and later Intel processors usually<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can start the virtual processor directly in real mode using the "unrestricted guest" feature (which itself requires <a href="/wiki/Extended_Page_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Page Table">Extended Page Tables</a>); this method removes the need to resort to the nested virtual 8086 mode simply to run the legacy BIOS for booting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/AMD-V" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD-V">AMD-V</a> can do virtual 8086 mode in guests, too, but it can also just run the guest in "paged real mode" using the following steps: you create a SVM (Secure Virtual Machine) mode guest with CR0.PE=0, but CR0.PG=1 (that is, with protected mode disabled but paging enabled), which is ordinarily impossible, but is allowed for SVM guests if the host intercepts page faults.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86_assembly_language" title="X86 assembly language">x86 assembly language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, if one program writes to a display, then another program gets control and writes to the same display, and then the first program gets control back, it will try to use the display as if the second program had not changed it. The V86 monitor can intercept the display writes, keep track of the display state for each program, and switch the real display between them according to which program the user has selected to interact with presently. The V86 monitor emulates independent displays for each program using only one real display.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> is mentioned because it was especially the extensive library of existing DOS programs that Intel had in mind when they designed V86 mode.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_8086_mode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYager2004" class="citation web cs1">Yager, Tom (November 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/2664741/computer-hardware/sending-software-to-do-hardware-s-job.html">"Sending software to do hardware's job"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sending+software+to+do+hardware%27s+job&rft.pub=InfoWorld&rft.date=2004-11-05&rft.aulast=Yager&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F2664741%2Fcomputer-hardware%2Fsending-software-to-do-hardware-s-job.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gnomes, Lee; "Behind The Scenes: The Making of the 386", Intel Corporation, Special 32-Bit Issue Solutions, November/December 1985, page 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windowsnt/4/workstation/reskit/en-us/archi.mspx?pf=true#E5PAE">"Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft&rft.atitle=Windows+NT+4.0+Workstation+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fresources%2Fdocumentation%2Fwindowsnt%2F4%2Fworkstation%2Freskit%2Fen-us%2Farchi.mspx%3Fpf%3Dtrue%23E5PAE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Wang2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mike Wang (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/MikeWang45/grub2-booting-process">"Grub2 Booting Process"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grub2+Booting+Process&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.au=Mike+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FMikeWang45%2Fgrub2-booting-process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.osdev.org/Virtual_8086_Mode">"Virtual 8086 Mode - OSDev Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.osdev.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.osdev.org&rft.atitle=Virtual+8086+Mode+-+OSDev+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.osdev.org%2FVirtual_8086_Mode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanley1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanley1998_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Shanley1998" class="citation book cs1">T. Shanley (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLJClvCYh34C&pg=PA427"><i>Pentium Pro and Pentium II System Architecture</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. pp. 427, 465–480. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-30973-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-30973-7"><bdi>978-0-201-30973-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentium+Pro+and+Pentium+II+System+Architecture&rft.pages=427%2C+465-480&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-201-30973-7&rft.au=T.+Shanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLJClvCYh34C%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/download/intel-64-and-ia-32-architectures-sdm-combined-volumes-3a-3b-3c-and-3d-system-programming-guide.html"><i>Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3 (3A, 3B, 3C & 3D): System Programming Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. May 2020. p. 2-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intel+64+and+IA-32+Architectures+Software+Developer%27s+Manual%2C+Volume+3+%283A%2C+3B%2C+3C+%26+3D%29%3A+System+Programming+Guide&rft.pages=2%26%2345%3B17&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoftware.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fwww%2Fus%2Fen%2Fdevelop%2Fdownload%2Fintel-64-and-ia-32-architectures-sdm-combined-volumes-3a-3b-3c-and-3d-system-programming-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/linux/kernel/585146?do=post_view_threaded#585146">"Mailing List Archive: Re: 2.6.14: CR4 not needed to be inspected on the 486 anymore?"</a>. Gossamer-threads.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mailing+List+Archive%3A+Re%3A+2.6.14%3A+CR4+not+needed+to+be+inspected+on+the+486+anymore%3F&rft.pub=Gossamer-threads.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gossamer-threads.com%2Flists%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2F585146%3Fdo%3Dpost_view_threaded%23585146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvi1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvi1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvi1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcollins.org/articles/pvi1/pvi1.html">"Pentium Protected Mode Virtual Interrupts (PVI)"</a>. Rcollins.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentium+Protected+Mode+Virtual+Interrupts+%28PVI%29&rft.pub=Rcollins.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcollins.org%2Farticles%2Fpvi1%2Fpvi1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcollins.org/articles/vme1/">"Virtual Mode Extensions on the Pentium Processor"</a>. Rcollins.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Mode+Extensions+on+the+Pentium+Processor&rft.pub=Rcollins.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcollins.org%2Farticles%2Fvme1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/download/intel-64-and-ia-32-architectures-sdm-combined-volumes-2a-2b-2c-and-2d-instruction-set-reference-a-z.html"><i>Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 2 (2A, 2B, 2C & 2D): Instruction Set Reference, A-Z</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. May 2020. pp. 3–199, 3–221, 3–222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intel+64+and+IA-32+Architectures+Software+Developer%27s+Manual%2C+Volume+2+%282A%2C+2B%2C+2C+%26+2D%29%3A+Instruction+Set+Reference%2C+A-Z&rft.pages=3-199%2C+3-221%2C+3-222&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoftware.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fwww%2Fus%2Fen%2Fdevelop%2Fdownload%2Fintel-64-and-ia-32-architectures-sdm-combined-volumes-2a-2b-2c-and-2d-instruction-set-reference-a-z.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichal_Necasek2017" class="citation web cs1">Michal Necasek (May 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os2museum.com/wp/vme-broken-on-amd-ryzen/">"VME Broken on AMD Ryzen"</a>. <i>OS/2 Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OS%2F2+Museum&rft.atitle=VME+Broken+on+AMD+Ryzen&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.au=Michal+Necasek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os2museum.com%2Fwp%2Fvme-broken-on-amd-ryzen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.amd.com/TechDocs/55449_Fam_17h_M_00h-0Fh_Rev_Guide.pdf">"Revision Guide for AMD Family 17h Models 00h-0Fh Processors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a></i>. June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AMD&rft.atitle=Revision+Guide+for+AMD+Family+17h+Models+00h-0Fh+Processors&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.amd.com%2FTechDocs%2F55449_Fam_17h_M_00h-0Fh_Rev_Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105142519/http://www.intel.com/Assets/en_US/PDF/manual/253669.pdf"><i>Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3B: System Programming Guide, Part 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. September 2009. p. 29-1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/Assets/en_US/PDF/manual/253669.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 5, 2010. <q>a VM entry is allowed only to guests with paging enabled that are in protected mode or in virtual-8086 mode. Guest execution in other processor operating modes need to be specially handled by the VMM</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intel+64+and+IA-32+Architectures+Software+Developer%27s+Manual%2C+Volume+3B%3A+System+Programming+Guide%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=29%26%2345%3B1&rft.pub=Intel&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2FAssets%2Fen_US%2FPDF%2Fmanual%2F253669.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span>; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~cruse/cs686s07/">CS 686: Special Topic: Intel EM64T and VT Extensions (Spring 2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~cruse/cs686s07/lesson24.ppt">lesson 24</a> how to do this from Linux (not that the code is pretty dated, so might not work as-is with current kernels) more up-to-date code can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensecuritytraining.info/AdvancedX86-VTX.html">here</a>. Also beware that this sample code is more complicated than strictly booting the logical processor in virtual 8086 mode; its ultimate goal is make some real-mode BIOS calls.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210004823/http://ark.intel.com/Products/VirtualizationTechnology">"Intel Virtualization Technology List"</a>. Ark.intel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.intel.com/Products/VirtualizationTechnology">the original</a> on 2014-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-20</span></span>. <q>A list of Intel processors that support VT-x but not EPT</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+Virtualization+Technology+List&rft.pub=Ark.intel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.intel.com%2FProducts%2FVirtualizationTechnology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2013.asiabsdcon.org/papers/abc2013-P5A-paper.pdf">"Intel added unrestricted guest mode on Westmere micro-architecture and later Intel CPUs, it uses EPT to translate guest physical address access to host physical address. With this mode, VMEnter without enable paging is allowed."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.intel.com/products/processor/manual/326019.pdf">"If the “unrestricted guest” VM-execution control is 1, the “enable EPT” VM-execution control must also be 1"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15.19 Paged Real Mode". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/24593.pdf#G21.1088365"><i>AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual, Volume 2: System Programming</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rev. 3.38. <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">Advanced Micro Devices</a>. November 2021. pp. 515–516. <q>To facilitate virtualization of real mode, the VMRUN instruction may legally load a guest CR0 value with PE = 0 but PG = 1. Likewise, the RSM instruction is permitted to return to paged real mode. This processor mode behaves in every way like real mode, with the exception that paging is applied. The intent is that the VMM run the guest in paged-real mode at CPL0, and with page faults intercepted. The VMM is responsible for setting up a shadow page table that maps guest physical memory to the appropriate system physical addresses. The behavior of running a guest in paged real mode without intercepting page faults to the VMM is undefined.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.19+Paged+Real+Mode&rft.btitle=AMD64+Architecture+Programmer%27s+Manual%2C+Volume+2%3A+System+Programming&rft.series=Rev.+3.38&rft.pages=515-516&rft.pub=Advanced+Micro+Devices&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amd.com%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FTechDocs%2F24593.pdf%23G21.1088365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirtual+8086+mode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="X25-M">X25-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Image_Platform_Program" title="Stable Image Platform Program">Stable Image Platform Program</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual 8086 mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiDi" title="WiDi">WiDi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intel_processors" title="Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intel_processors" title="Template talk:Intel processors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intel_processors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="List of Intel Pentium II processors">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium III processors">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium 4 processors">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium D processors">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_processors" title="List of Intel Core processors">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core 2 processors">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i3_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i3 processors">i3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i5_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i5 processors">i5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i7 processors">i7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i9_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i9 processors">i9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors" title="List of Intel Xeon processors">Xeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark#List_of_Intel_Quark_processors" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_processors" title="List of Intel Itanium processors">Itanium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets" title="List of Intel chipsets">Chipsets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">P6 variant (Pentium M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_(microprocessor)" title="Yonah (microprocessor)">P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_(microarchitecture)" title="Intel Core (microarchitecture)">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penryn_(microarchitecture)" title="Penryn (microarchitecture)">Penryn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)" title="Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)">Ivy Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Broadwell (microarchitecture)">Broadwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Cannon Lake (microprocessor)">Cannon Lake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Cove_(microarchitecture)" title="Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)">Sunny Cove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Cove_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress Cove (microarchitecture)">Cypress Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Cove" title="Willow Cove">Willow Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Cove" title="Golden Cove">Golden Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">ULV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Bonnell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwell (microarchitecture)">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermont" title="Silvermont">Silvermont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont" title="Goldmont">Goldmont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont_Plus" title="Goldmont Plus">Goldmont Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont_(microarchitecture)" title="Tremont (microarchitecture)">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracemont_(microarchitecture)" title="Gracemont (microarchitecture)">Gracemont</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="x86-64_(64-bit)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#12th_generation" title="Intel Core">12th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#13th_generation" title="Intel Core">13th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#14th_generation" title="Intel Core">14th gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD</a> oriented (<a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">4004</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">4040</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-x86 (<a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">8008</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> (<a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (external <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPUs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8/16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> (1980)</dd> <dt>16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80C187" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80C187">80C187</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">80287</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387SX" title="Intel 80387SX">80387SX</a></dd> <dt>32-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80387">80387DX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80487" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80487">80487</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386SX" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80376" title="Intel 80376">376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386EX" title="Intel 80386EX">EX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">i486</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I486SX" title="I486SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX2" title="Intel DX2">DX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX4" title="Intel DX4">DX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486SL" title="I486SL">SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidCAD" title="RapidCAD">RapidCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486_OverDrive" title="I486 OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealey" title="Stealey">A100/A110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_a_chip)" title="Atom (system on a chip)">SoC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#P6-based_Mobile_Celerons" title="Celeron">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a> (2004)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Original i586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive" title="Pentium OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_P6-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel P6-based Xeon microprocessors">P6-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_NetBurst-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel NetBurst-based Xeon microprocessors">NetBurst-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core-based Xeon microprocessors">Core-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolapai" title="Tolapai">Tolapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core" title="Celeron">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4#Prescott_2M_(Extreme_Edition)" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D" title="Pentium D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D#Smithfield_XE" title="Pentium D">Extreme Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_2" title="Intel Core 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#1st_generation" title="Intel Core">1st gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#2nd_generation" title="Intel Core">2nd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#3rd_generation" title="Intel Core">3rd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#4th_generation" title="Intel Core">4th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#5th_generation" title="Intel Core">5th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#6th_generation" title="Intel Core">6th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#7th_generation" title="Intel Core">7th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#8th_generation" title="Intel Core">8th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#9th_generation" title="Intel Core">9th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Nehalem-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Nehalem-based)">Nehalem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Sandy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Sandy Bridge-based)">Sandy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Ivy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Ivy Bridge-based)">Ivy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Haswell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Haswell-based)">Haswell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Broadwell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Broadwell-based)">Broadwell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Skylake-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Skylake-based)">Skylake-based</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">iAPX 432</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">i860</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process%E2%80%93architecture%E2%80%93optimization_model" title="Process–architecture–optimization model">Process–architecture–optimization model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel GPUs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_GMA" title="Intel GMA">GMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub" title="Platform Controller Hub">PCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Controller_Hub" title="System Controller Hub">SCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_Controller_Hub" title="I/O Controller Hub">ICHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_IDE_ISA_Xcelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI IDE ISA Xcelerator">PIIXs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratix" title="Stratix">Stratix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenames" title="List of Intel codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrabee_(microarchitecture)" title="Larrabee (microarchitecture)">Larrabee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices,_Inc._v._Intel_Corp." title="Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.">Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Corp._v._Advanced_Micro_Devices,_Inc." title="Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.">Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Corp._v._Hamidi" title="Intel Corp. v. Hamidi">Intel Corp. v. Hamidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation_Inc._v_CPM_United_Kingdom_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation Inc. v CPM United Kingdom Ltd">Intel Corporation Inc. v CPM United Kingdom Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvaco_Data_Systems_v._Intel_Corp." title="Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.">Silvaco Data Systems v. Intel Corp.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CEOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Robert Noyce</li> <li>Gordon Moore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Barrett_(chief_executive)" title="Craig Barrett (chief executive)">Craig Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Krzanich" title="Brian Krzanich">Brian Krzanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Swan" title="Bob Swan">Bob Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Gelsinger" title="Pat Gelsinger">Pat Gelsinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Foundation_Achievement_Award" title="Intel Foundation Achievement Award">Intel Foundation Achievement Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Mac transition to Intel processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Architecture_Labs" title="Intel Architecture Labs">Intel Architecture Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCI_Red" title="ASCI Red">ASCI Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiiN" title="BiiN">BiiN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classmate_PC" title="Classmate PC">Classmate PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convera_Corporation" title="Convera Corporation">Convera Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_Exactly!" title="Copy Exactly!">Copy Exactly!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Developer_Forum" title="Intel Developer Forum">Intel Developer Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_video_memory_technology" title="Dynamic video memory technology">Dynamic video memory technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Extreme_Masters" title="Intel Extreme Masters">Intel Extreme Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel microprocessors">List of Intel microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units_(2013_or_earlier)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel graphics processing units (2013 or earlier)">List of Intel graphics processing units (2013 or earlier)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_Acceleration_Technology" title="I/O Acceleration Technology">I/O Acceleration Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-32_Execution_Layer" title="IA-32 Execution Layer">IA-32 Execution Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM_Flash_Technologies" title="IM Flash Technologies">IM Flash Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Innovators_(book)" title="The Innovators (book)">The Innovators</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Films" title="Inside Films">Inside Films</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_(2011_film)" title="Inside (2011 film)">Inside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Inside_(web_series)" title="The Beauty Inside (web series)">The Beauty Inside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Inside" title="The Power Inside">The Power Inside</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_ADX" title="Intel ADX">Intel ADX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Capital" title="Intel Capital">Intel Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Cluster_Ready" title="Intel Cluster Ready">Intel Cluster Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Compute_Stick" title="Intel Compute Stick">Intel Compute Stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ireland" title="Intel Ireland">Intel Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Mobile_Communications" title="Intel Mobile Communications">Intel Mobile Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Outstanding_Researcher_Award" title="Intel Outstanding Researcher Award">Intel Outstanding Researcher Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_SHA_extensions" title="Intel SHA extensions">Intel SHA extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Teach" title="Intel Teach">Intel Teach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semiconductor_fabrication_plants" title="List of semiconductor fabrication plants">List of semiconductor fabrication plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_manufacturing_sites" title="List of Intel manufacturing sites">List of Intel manufacturing sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Intel" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Intel">List of mergers and acquisitions by Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Museum" title="Intel Museum">Intel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnCue" class="mw-redirect" title="OnCue">OnCue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_PRO/Wireless" title="Intel PRO/Wireless">Intel PRO/Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_International_Science_and_Engineering_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel International Science and Engineering Fair">Intel International Science and Engineering Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneron_Science_Talent_Search" title="Regeneron Science Talent Search">Regeneron Science Talent Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Firmware_Interface" title="Simple Firmware Interface">Simple Firmware Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-chip_Cloud_Computer" title="Single-chip Cloud Computer">Single-chip Cloud Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Guard_Extensions" title="Software Guard Extensions">Software Guard Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor_Mode_Access_Prevention" title="Supervisor Mode Access Prevention">Supervisor Mode Access Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarari_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarari (company)">Tarari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Tera-Scale" title="Intel Tera-Scale">Intel Tera-Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Intel" title="Timeline of Intel">Timeline of Intel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Memory_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Memory_management" title="Template:Memory management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Memory_management" title="Template talk:Memory management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory_management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Memory_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management as a function of an operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a> (IOMMU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_paging" title="Demand paging">Demand paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_table" title="Page table">Page table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory_compression" title="Virtual memory compression">Virtual memory compression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">Protected mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_mode" title="Real mode">Real mode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virtual 8086 mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">x86 memory segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_allocator" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory allocator">Memory allocator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dlmalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Dlmalloc">dlmalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoard_memory_allocator" title="Hoard memory allocator">Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemalloc">jemalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libumem" title="Libumem">libumem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptmalloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptmalloc">ptmalloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manual_memory_management" title="Manual memory management">Manual memory management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_variable" title="Static variable">Static memory allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_dynamic_memory_allocation" title="C dynamic memory allocation">C dynamic memory allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_and_delete_(C%2B%2B)" title="New and delete (C++)">new and delete (C++)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">Garbage collection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Reference_Counting" title="Automatic Reference Counting">Automatic Reference Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boehm_garbage_collector" title="Boehm garbage collector">Boehm garbage collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheney%27s_algorithm" title="Cheney's algorithm">Cheney's algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_mark_sweep_collector" title="Concurrent mark sweep collector">Concurrent mark sweep collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finalizer" title="Finalizer">Finalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_(computer_science)" title="Garbage (computer science)">Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage-first_collector" title="Garbage-first collector">Garbage-first collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93compact_algorithm" title="Mark–compact algorithm">Mark–compact algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">Reference counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_garbage_collection" title="Tracing garbage collection">Tracing garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_reference" title="Weak reference">Strong reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_reference" title="Weak reference">Weak reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">Memory safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_overflow" title="Buffer overflow">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_over-read" title="Buffer over-read">Buffer over-read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangling_pointer" title="Dangling pointer">Dangling pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_overflow" title="Stack overflow">Stack overflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(computing)" title="Fragmentation (computing)">Fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">Memory leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreachable_memory" title="Unreachable memory">Unreachable memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_variable" title="Automatic variable">Automatic variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Symposium_on_Memory_Management" title="International Symposium on Memory Management">International Symposium on Memory Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region-based_memory_management" title="Region-based memory management">Region-based memory management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_pool" title="Memory pool">Memory pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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