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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inception_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inception_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inception and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inception_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expo_58_and_posterity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expo_58_and_posterity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Expo 58 and posterity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expo_58_and_posterity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renovation_(2004–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renovation_(2004–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Renovation (2004–2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renovation_(2004–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_copyright_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_copyright_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worldwide copyright claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_copyright_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atomium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أتوميوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتوميوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Атомиум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомиум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC" title="Ατόμιουμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατόμιουμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="اتمیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتمیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%86%A0%EB%AF%B8%EC%9B%80" title="아토미움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아토미움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ատոմիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատոմիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אטומיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטומיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ატომიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატომიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Атомиум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атомиум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomiums" title="Atomiums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atomiums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആറ്റോമിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആറ്റോമിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アトミウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アトミウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Атомиум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомиум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Атомијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атомијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அட்டோமியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அட்டோமியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Атоміум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атоміум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoniom" title="Atoniom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Atoniom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atomium" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atomium&params=50_53_41_N_4_20_28_E_type:landmark_region:BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°53′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°20′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.89472°N 4.34111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.89472; 4.34111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Landmark building in Brussels, Belgium</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Atomium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg/250px-Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg/375px-Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg/500px-Brussels_-_Atomium_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="2984" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align: center">General view of the Atomium</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_c8b40d31defc85992c98db7b632716f3a8ce2299"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Atomium&revid=1247892722&groups=_c8b40d31defc85992c98db7b632716f3a8ce2299" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Atomium&revid=1247892722&groups=_c8b40d31defc85992c98db7b632716f3a8ce2299 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Open</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Square de l'Atomium</span></span> / <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Atomiumsquare</span></span> 1<sup id="cite_ref-Address_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Address-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Town or city</th><td class="infobox-data">1020 <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atomium&params=50_53_41_N_4_20_28_E_type:landmark_region:BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°53′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°20′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.89472°N 4.34111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.89472; 4.34111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">1956<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1956</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1958<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1958</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Renovated</th><td class="infobox-data">2004–2006</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Height</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Antenna spire</th><td class="infobox-data">102 m (335 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_et_Jean_Polak" class="extiw" title="fr:André et Jean Polak">André and Jean Polak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Engineer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Waterkeyn" title="André Waterkeyn">André Waterkeyn</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Renovating team</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Renovating firm</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacques Delens and <a href="/wiki/Besix" title="Besix">BESIX</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Other information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Metro</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Heysel/Heizel_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Heysel/Heizel metro station">Heysel/Heizel</a> (line <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_6" title="Brussels Metro line 6">6</a>)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brussels" title="Trams in Brussels">Tram</a></b>: Lines 3, 7, 9, 51 and 93</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels_buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels buses">Bus</a></b>: Line 83</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomium.be">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">References</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Atomium</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">TOH</span>-mee-əm</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[atɔmjɔm]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[aːˈtoːmijəm]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmark</a><sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium, originally constructed as the centrepiece of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (<a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 58</a>). Designed by the engineer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Waterkeyn" title="André Waterkeyn">André Waterkeyn</a> and the architects <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_et_Jean_Polak" class="extiw" title="fr:André et Jean Polak">André and Jean Polak</a> as a tribute to scientific progress, as well as to symbolise Belgian engineering skills at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-Official_website_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_website-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is located on the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Plateau" title="Heysel Plateau">Heysel/Heizel Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a> (northern part of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>), where the exhibition took place. It is the city's most popular tourist attraction, and serves as a museum, an art centre and a cultural destination.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_website_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_website-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atomium stands 102 metres (335 ft) tall, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Belgium" title="List of tallest structures in Belgium">tallest structures in Belgium</a>. Its nine 18-metre-diameter (59 ft) <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> clad <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">spheres</a> are connected in the shape of a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">unit cell</a> that could represent an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> magnified 165 billion times.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel tubes connecting the spheres enclose stairs, <a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalators</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> (in the central, vertical tube) to allow access to the six visitable spheres, which contain exhibit halls and other public spaces. The top sphere includes a restaurant with a <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> view of Brussels. The building was completely renovated between 2004 and 2006 by the companies Jacques Delens and <a href="/wiki/Besix" title="Besix">BESIX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building is located on the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Square de l'Atomium</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Atomiumsquare</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Address_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Address-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the intersection of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Boulevard du Centenaire</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Eeuwfeestlaan</span></span> with the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue de l'Atomium</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Atomiumlaan</span></span> and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Avenue de Bouchout</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Boechoutlaan</span></span>, and opposite the Centenary Palace of the Brussels Exhibition Centre (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_Expo" title="Brussels Expo">Brussels Expo</a>). It is served by <a href="/wiki/Heysel/Heizel_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Heysel/Heizel metro station">Heysel/Heizel metro station</a> on <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_6" title="Brussels Metro line 6">line 6</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels Metro</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Atomium</i> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">TOH</span>-mee-əm</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> combining the words <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, the metal with which the spheres were initially covered. The Brussels-Capital Region is <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a>; hence, both the monument's French and Dutch names—<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Atomium</i></span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">het Atomium</i></span>—are official. In French, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Atomium</i></span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[atɔmjɔm]</a></span>) is used both in the masculine and in the feminine, even if the monument's official team prefers the feminine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Dutch, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">het Atomium</i></span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[aːˈtoːmijəm]</a></span>) is neuter. In English, it is usually referred to with the definite article 'the' in front: <i>the Atomium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_website_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_website-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inception_and_construction">Inception and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inception and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (<a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 58</a>). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> was chosen to highlight humanity's advance in science, including <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, which Belgium itself was an avid practitioner ever since the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> became the dominant source of material used for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, including that used for the world's first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Atomium, Belgium wanted to highlight and promote the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> ideal to peacefully apply atomic research and other advancements in technology in order to improve lives and serve the betterment of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atomium's nine 18-metre-diameter (59 ft) <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> clad <a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">spheres</a> depict nine <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">unit cell</a> that could for example represent α-iron (<a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron#Alpha_iron_(α-Fe)" title="Allotropes of iron">ferrite</a>) <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a>, magnified 165 billion times.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg/170px-Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg/255px-Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg/340px-Andre_WATERKEYN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Waterkeyn" title="André Waterkeyn">André Waterkeyn</a>, the Atomium's engineer, in front of a model of his creation</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. In January 1955, a first project was presented by the engineer <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Waterkeyn" title="André Waterkeyn">André Waterkeyn</a>, director of the economic department of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrim%C3%A9tal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrimétal (page does not exist)">Fabrimétal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoria_(organization)" class="extiw" title="fr:Agoria (organization)">fr</a>]</span>, the Federation of Companies in the Metal Fabricating Industry (now known as <a href="/wiki/Agoria" title="Agoria">Agoria</a>). The architects André and Jean Polak were responsible for the architectural transposition of the concept, drawing up numerous sketches to do so. The company received assistance from consulting engineers Artémy S. Joukoff and André Beckers, assisted by the design office V. Daniel. The foundations were launched in March 1956 and the building, erected by the Jambes-Namur Construction Workshops, was completed less than a month before the inauguration of Expo 58, on 17 April 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel,_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The start of the erection of the frame (11 April 1957)"><img alt="The start of the erection of the frame (11 April 1957)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg/215px-Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg/322px-Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg/430px-Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-4943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="3474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The start of the erection of the frame (11 April 1957)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel,_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Construction of the supports, first tube and sphere (21 August 1957)"><img alt="Construction of the supports, first tube and sphere (21 August 1957)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg/341px-Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg/511px-Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg/681px-Opbouw_wereldtentoonstelling_in_Brussel%2C_Bestanddeelnr_908-8852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Construction of the supports, first tube and sphere (21 August 1957)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Completion of the upper spheres (early 1958)"><img alt="Completion of the upper spheres (early 1958)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg/266px-1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg/399px-1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg/532px-1_-2018-www_atomium_be-sofam-belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Completion of the upper spheres (early 1958)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expo_58_and_posterity">Expo 58 and posterity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expo 58 and posterity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since opening, only six of the nine spheres are accessible to the public, the three of the central axis and the three lower outer ones,<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. Tubes of 3 metres (10 ft) diameter connect the spheres along the twelve edges of the cube and all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains the fastest <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> in Europe of the time with a speed of 5 m/s (20 ft/s),<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm <a href="/wiki/Schweizerische_Wagons-_und_Aufz%C3%BCgefabrik_AG_Schlieren-Z%C3%BCrich" title="Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich">Schlieren</a> (subsequently taken over by <a href="/wiki/Schindler_Group" title="Schindler Group">Schindler</a>). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The <a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalators</a> installed in the oblique tubes are also among the longest in Europe. The biggest is 35 metres (100 ft) long. </p><p>The three upper outer spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons (to minimise foot traffic in the sphere). The original design called for no leg supports on the three lower outer spheres; the structure was simply to rest on the singular mid-bottom sphere. However, <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> tests proved that such a structure would have toppled in an 80 km/h (50 mph) wind, whilst up to 140 km/h (90 mph) winds have been recorded in Belgium. Support columns were thus added under the three spheres in question to achieve enough resistance against overturning.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World's Fair, but its popularity and success made it a major element of Brussels' landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done. Still, the building continued serving as the backdrop for major events and competitions. In 1960, the <a href="/wiki/1960_Tour_de_France" title="1960 Tour de France">47th Tour de France</a> passed in front of it on its inaugural stages. From 1960 to 1962, the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_automobile_de_Bruxelles" class="extiw" title="fr:Grand Prix automobile de Bruxelles">Brussels Motor Grand Prix</a> automobile race was organised not far from it. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_(27751784452).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Atomium and gondola lift during the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58)"><img alt="The Atomium and gondola lift during the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2827751784452%29.jpg/222px-Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2827751784452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2827751784452%29.jpg/333px-Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2827751784452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2827751784452%29.jpg/444px-Ev._Pavillon_auf_der_EXPO_in_Br%C3%BCssel_%2827751784452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Atomium and <a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">gondola lift</a> during the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (<a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 58</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo,_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the main avenue towards the Atomium during Expo 58"><img alt="View of the main avenue towards the Atomium during Expo 58" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg/373px-Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg/560px-Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg/746px-Haarlemse_bloemenmeisjes_brengen_bezoek_aan_de_Expo%2C_Bestanddeelnr_909-5043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="3304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the main avenue towards the Atomium during Expo 58</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cyclists pass the Atomium during the 47th Tour de France (28 June 1960)"><img alt="Cyclists pass the Atomium during the 47th Tour de France (28 June 1960)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg/349px-AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg/523px-AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg/697px-AtomiumTourDeFrance1960_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cyclists pass the Atomium during the <a href="/wiki/1960_Tour_de_France" title="1960 Tour de France">47th Tour de France</a> (28 June 1960)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renovation_(2004–2006)"><span id="Renovation_.282004.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Renovation (2004–2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renovation (2004–2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the turn of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">millennium</a>, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium, carried by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and <a href="/wiki/Besix" title="Besix">BESIX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October of that year, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> sheets on the spheres with <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, as well as building a new reception pavilion with a <a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">boomerang</a>-shaped roof. At the foot of the building, the <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> was redeveloped into a concrete <a href="/wiki/Esplanade" title="Esplanade">esplanade</a> lined with continuous benches and a large step leading to the north-east.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 December 2005, the Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lighting</a> was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> around its core.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the German industrial designer <a href="/wiki/Ingo_Maurer" title="Ingo Maurer">Ingo Maurer</a> created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-Hof_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hof-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-<a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Prince Philippe</a>, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Belgium" title="Federal Government of Belgium">Belgian Government</a> financed the other two thirds. To help finance the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about 2 metres (7 ft) long sold for €1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2006, a <a href="/wiki/2_euro_commemorative_coins#2006_coinage" title="2 euro commemorative coins">2 euro commemorative coin</a> depicting the building was issued to celebrate the renovation and reopening. </p><p>Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the spheres were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–2006 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron.<sup id="cite_ref-monument_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monument-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a>, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Atomium at the start of the 2004–2006 renovation (5 February 2004)"><img alt="The Atomium at the start of the 2004–2006 renovation (5 February 2004)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg/407px-Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg/610px-Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg/813px-Brussels_Atomium_under_construction_-0395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Atomium at the start of the 2004–2006 renovation (5 February 2004)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_pic-007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of the central sphere during the renovation (25 February 2005)"><img alt="Closeup of the central sphere during the renovation (25 February 2005)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atomium_pic-007.JPG/360px-Atomium_pic-007.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atomium_pic-007.JPG/540px-Atomium_pic-007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Atomium_pic-007.JPG/720px-Atomium_pic-007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of the central sphere during the renovation (25 February 2005)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illuminated spheres with LED lighting after renovation (11 September 2007)"><img alt="Illuminated spheres with LED lighting after renovation (11 September 2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Atomium_2007.jpg/405px-Atomium_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Atomium_2007.jpg/608px-Atomium_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Atomium_2007.jpg/810px-Atomium_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3819" data-file-height="2546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illuminated spheres with <a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lighting</a> after renovation (11 September 2007)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atomium, with over 600,000 visitors per year, is the most popular tourist attraction in Brussels, and acts as an international symbol of both the city and country.<sup id="cite_ref-visit.brussels_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit.brussels-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its heritage value, it is also a cultural place and an art centre.<sup id="cite_ref-visit.brussels_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visit.brussels-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over half of the building is dedicated to exhibitions with themes about Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_website_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_website-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the six spheres accessible to the public: the bottom sphere is reserved for permanent exhibitions dedicated to the 1950s, Expo 58 and the building's construction; the second sphere hosts temporary exhibitions; the third and central spheres have flexible spaces that can be rented for events, such as film showings, concerts, parties or conferences; the top sphere, in addition to the panorama, holds a restaurant; and the sixth sphere is the kids' sphere, intended for the organisation of workshops of urban pedagogy, allowing children from six to twelve years to spend the night there.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_copyright_claims">Worldwide copyright claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Worldwide copyright claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama#Belgium" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama § Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_010-censored.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Atomium_010-censored.png/220px-Atomium_010-censored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Atomium_010-censored.png/330px-Atomium_010-censored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Atomium_010-censored.png/440px-Atomium_010-censored.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of the Atomium, censored due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a> rights at the time</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/SABAM" title="SABAM">SABAM</a>, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States <a href="/wiki/Artists_Rights_Society" title="Artists Rights Society">Artists Rights Society</a> (ARS).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages.<sup id="cite_ref-macuser_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macuser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue any individual or group if they show the photographs to anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-macuser_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macuser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SABAM confirmed that permission is required.<sup id="cite_ref-macuser_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macuser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralf Ziegermann remarked<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the complicated <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> instructions on the Atomium's website specific to "private pictures".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a> announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photoshoppers</a> to paint over the balls.<sup id="cite_ref-embe_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-embe_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechelen's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Somers" title="Bart Somers">Bart Somers</a>, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is the case where photographs are taken by private individuals and shown on private websites for no commercial purpose (the current trend for photo albums).<br />In accordance with legislation, usage rights for the image of the Atomium would naturally extend to 1 January 2076, in other words, the seventieth anniversary of André Waterkeyn's death.</p></blockquote> <p>In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Vld</a>, part of the then-ruling <a href="/wiki/Michel_I_Government" title="Michel I Government">Michel I Government</a>, proposed a bill to enable <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a> in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_(DSCF1135).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Atomium during civil twilight"><img alt="The Atomium during civil twilight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg/143px-The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg/214px-The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg/286px-The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="2831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Atomium during civil twilight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Atomium by night"><img alt="The Atomium by night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg/180px-Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg/270px-Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg/360px-Atomium_by_night_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Atomium by night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_sphere_(DSCF1211).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central sphere"><img alt="Central sphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Atomium_sphere_%28DSCF1211%29.jpg/180px-Atomium_sphere_%28DSCF1211%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Atomium_sphere_%28DSCF1211%29.jpg/270px-Atomium_sphere_%28DSCF1211%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Atomium_sphere_%28DSCF1211%29.jpg/360px-Atomium_sphere_%28DSCF1211%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="3228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central sphere</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Several spheres"><img alt="Several spheres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg/135px-Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg/202px-Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg/270px-Atomium-Brussels-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Several spheres</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_Escalator_(4347819911).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the escalators connecting the spheres"><img alt="One of the escalators connecting the spheres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Atomium_Escalator_%284347819911%29.jpg/180px-Atomium_Escalator_%284347819911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Atomium_Escalator_%284347819911%29.jpg/270px-Atomium_Escalator_%284347819911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Atomium_Escalator_%284347819911%29.jpg/360px-Atomium_Escalator_%284347819911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the <a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalators</a> connecting the spheres</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stairway_to_earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairwell"><img alt="Stairwell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stairway_to_earth.jpg/180px-Stairway_to_earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stairway_to_earth.jpg/270px-Stairway_to_earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stairway_to_earth.jpg/360px-Stairway_to_earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairwell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior (emergency) staircase"><img alt="Exterior (emergency) staircase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg/120px-Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg/180px-Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg/240px-Atomium_Exterior_Staircase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3265" data-file-height="4898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior (emergency) staircase</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_Restaurant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Restaurant above the main observation deck"><img alt="Dining table and chairs from the restaurant atop Atomium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Atomium_Restaurant.jpg/180px-Atomium_Restaurant.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Atomium_Restaurant.jpg/270px-Atomium_Restaurant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Atomium_Restaurant.jpg/360px-Atomium_Restaurant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restaurant above the main observation deck</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomium_Staircase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior stairs to ground level"><img alt="Interior stairs to ground level" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Atomium_Staircase.jpg/120px-Atomium_Staircase.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Atomium_Staircase.jpg/180px-Atomium_Staircase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Atomium_Staircase.jpg/240px-Atomium_Staircase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3265" data-file-height="4898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior stairs to ground level</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Belgium" title="List of tallest structures in Belgium">List of tallest structures in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Museum_Brussels" title="Design Museum Brussels">Design Museum Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brussels">History of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture of Belgium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Address-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Address_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Address_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/0/Square_de_l_Atomium/10208237">"Square de l'Atomium – Inventaire du patrimoine architectural"</a>. <i>monument.heritage.brussels</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monument.heritage.brussels&rft.atitle=Square+de+l%27Atomium+%E2%80%93+Inventaire+du+patrimoine+architectural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonument.heritage.brussels%2Ffr%2F0%2FSquare_de_l_Atomium%2F10208237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monument-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monument_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRégion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monument.heritage.brussels/fr/Bruxelles_Laeken/Square_de_l_Atomium/A001/38328">"Atomium"</a> (in French). Brussels<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomium&rft.place=Brussels&rft.date=2018&rft.au=R%C3%A9gion+de+Bruxelles-Capitale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonument.heritage.brussels%2Ffr%2FBruxelles_Laeken%2FSquare_de_l_Atomium%2FA001%2F38328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Official_website-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Official_website_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Official_website_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Official_website_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Official_website_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomium.be/#/History.aspx">Official website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Monde.fr. 2005. André Waterkeyn, concepteur de l'Atomium à Bruxelles. [online] Available at: <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2005/10/07/andre-waterkeyn-concepteur-de-l-atomium-a-bruxelles_696852_3382.html">https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2005/10/07/andre-waterkeyn-concepteur-de-l-atomium-a-bruxelles_696852_3382.html</a>> [Accessed 25 May 2022]. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atomium.be/the_shape_of_the_atomium#b247">"The Atomium's Shape"</a>. <i>Atomium.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006192826/https://atomium.be/the_shape_of_the_atomium">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Atomium is shaped like a cube on its tip and represents an elementary iron crystal magnified 165 billion times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atomium.be&rft.atitle=The+Atomium%27s+Shape&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatomium.be%2Fthe_shape_of_the_atomium%23b247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meed.com/belgium-expo2020-pavilion">"Belgium pavilion to serve up 'belgitude' (with fries)"</a>. <i>MEED</i>. 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEED&rft.atitle=Belgium+pavilion+to+serve+up+%27belgitude%27+%28with+fries%29&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meed.com%2Fbelgium-expo2020-pavilion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.brussels/en/place/Atomium">"Atomium"</a>. <i>visit.brussels</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visit.brussels&rft.atitle=Atomium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.brussels%2Fen%2Fplace%2FAtomium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erZWWN-qFMY"><i>Atomium : masculin ou féminin? / "de" of "het"?</i></a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomium+%3A+masculin+ou+f%C3%A9minin%3F+%2F+%22de%22+of+%22het%22%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DerZWWN-qFMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFatomium2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">@atomium (28 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/atomium/status/405987608884699136">"@wielerman @_libu_ Masculin ET féminin comme un ou une après-midi ensoleillé(e) nous disons une Atomium mais chacun est libre #atomium"</a> [Masculine AND feminine like one or a sunny afternoon we say an Atomium but everyone is free #atomium] (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%40wielerman+%40_libu_+Masculin+ET+f%C3%A9minin+comme+un+ou+une+apr%C3%A8s-midi+ensoleill%C3%A9%28e%29+nous+disons+une+Atomium+mais+chacun+est+libre+%23atomium&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.au=atomium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fatomium%2Fstatus%2F405987608884699136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain" class="citation web cs1">Swain, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200803-the-forgotten-mine-that-built-the-atomic-bomb">"The forgotten mine that built the atomic bomb"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+forgotten+mine+that+built+the+atomic+bomb&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20200803-the-forgotten-mine-that-built-the-atomic-bomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/blog/entry/atomium-the-beginning-of-the-nuclear-era">"Atomium: The Beginning of the Nuclear era"</a>. <i>bie-paris.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bie-paris.org&rft.atitle=Atomium%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+Nuclear+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bie-paris.org%2Fsite%2Fen%2Fblog%2Fentry%2Fatomium-the-beginning-of-the-nuclear-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atomium.be/History.aspx">"History"</a>. Atomium Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Atomium+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatomium.be%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000887">"Atomium (1958) | Structurae"</a> (in German). structurae.de. 24 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomium+%281958%29+%26%23124%3B+Structurae&rft.pub=structurae.de&rft.date=2006-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.structurae.de%2Fstructures%2Fdata%2Findex.cfm%3FID%3Ds0000887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliris.be/projets/atomium.html">"Restauration de l'Atomium"</a>. <i>Beliris</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beliris&rft.atitle=Restauration+de+l%27Atomium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliris.be%2Fprojets%2Fatomium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hof-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hof_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHof2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hof, Elisa von (22 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/ingo-maurer-der-lichtdesigner-ist-tot-a-1292711.html">"Lichtdesigner Ingo Maurer ist tot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Lichtdesigner+Ingo+Maurer+ist+tot&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.aulast=Hof&rft.aufirst=Elisa+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2Fingo-maurer-der-lichtdesigner-ist-tot-a-1292711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194316/http://veerle-v2.duoh.com/blog/comments/the_atomium_restored/">"The Atomium restored"</a>. Veerle Pieters. 16 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veerle-v2.duoh.com/blog/comments/the_atomium_restored/">the original</a> on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomium+restored&rft.pub=Veerle+Pieters&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveerle-v2.duoh.com%2Fblog%2Fcomments%2Fthe_atomium_restored%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-visit.brussels-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visit.brussels_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-visit.brussels_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visit.brussels/en/visitors/agenda/event-detail.Visit-Atomium-Mini-Europe-Design-Museum-Brussels.544250#:~:text=over%20600%2C000%20visitors%20per%20year%2C%20the%20most%20popular%20tourist%20attraction%20in%20the%20capital%20of%20Europe">"Visit Atomium - Mini-Europe - Design Museum Brussels"</a>. <i>Visit Brussels</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Brussels&rft.atitle=Visit+Atomium+-+Mini-Europe+-+Design+Museum+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit.brussels%2Fen%2Fvisitors%2Fagenda%2Fevent-detail.Visit-Atomium-Mini-Europe-Design-Museum-Brussels.544250%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dover%2520600%252C000%2520visitors%2520per%2520year%252C%2520the%2520most%2520popular%2520tourist%2520attraction%2520in%2520the%2520capital%2520of%2520Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atomium.be/Plan.aspx?lang=en">"Atomium"</a>. <i>atomium.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atomium.be&rft.atitle=Atomium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatomium.be%2FPlan.aspx%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723004918/http://www.chillingeffects.org/fairuse/notice.cgi?NoticeID=760">"Such unlicensed reproduction and use of artwork on any Internet site with public access is considered in violation of the worldwide intellectual property rights of the rightsholders, including without limitation, copyright, trademark rights and moral rights"</a>. Chillingeffects.org. 14 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chillingeffects.org/fairuse/notice.cgi?NoticeID=760">the original</a> on 23 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Such+unlicensed+reproduction+and+use+of+artwork+on+any+Internet+site+with+public+access+is+considered+in+violation+of+the+worldwide+intellectual+property+rights+of+the+rightsholders%2C+including+without+limitation%2C+copyright%2C+trademark+rights+and+moral+rights&rft.pub=Chillingeffects.org&rft.date=2003-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chillingeffects.org%2Ffairuse%2Fnotice.cgi%3FNoticeID%3D760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macuser-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macuser_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macuser_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macuser_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Aughton2008" class="citation news cs1">Simon Aughton (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080525235525/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/news/190266/100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html">"100 'photoshoppers' wanted to erase copyright building"</a>. <i>MacUser News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcpro.co.uk/macuser/news/190266/100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html">the original</a> on 25 May 2008. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Since its creation, the Atomium is a copyrighted monument and any reproduction of its image in a publication or on a website must be accompanied by a prior authorisation request to the rightholders or to Sabam,' a spokeswoman said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MacUser+News&rft.atitle=100+%27photoshoppers%27+wanted+to+erase+copyright+building&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.au=Simon+Aughton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcpro.co.uk%2Fmacuser%2Fnews%2F190266%2F100-photoshoppers-wanted-to-erase-copyright-building.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060313135640/http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/42.php">"Atomium, The :: Boulevard du Centenaire, Brussels, Belgium"</a>. Glass Steel and Stone. Archived from the original on 13 March 2006. <q>Even if you are an American and think you are protected by U.S. copyright law Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 120, you will still be sued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomium%2C+The+%3A%3A+Boulevard+du+Centenaire%2C+Brussels%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Glass+Steel+and+Stone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glasssteelandstone.com%2FBuildingDetail%2F42.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalf_Ziegermann2008" class="citation web cs1">Ralf Ziegermann (5 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512204759/http://zeigermann.com/cartoonist/2008/01/05/atomium-and-expo-58/">"Atomium and Expo '58"</a>. <i>The Cartoonist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeigermann.com/cartoonist/2008/01/05/atomium-and-expo-58">the original</a> on 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cartoonist&rft.atitle=Atomium+and+Expo+%2758&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft.au=Ralf+Ziegermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeigermann.com%2Fcartoonist%2F2008%2F01%2F05%2Fatomium-and-expo-58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701230956/http://blog.atomium.be/page/Copyright-photo---Foto-copyright.aspx">"Copyright photo"</a>. Official blog of the Atomium & Expo 58. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.atomium.be/page/Copyright-photo---Foto-copyright.aspx">the original</a> on 1 July 2008. <q>In the precise and exclusive case of information articles related to the festivities of the fiftieth birthday of the Atomium and of Expo 58, private pictures intended for non-commercial and non-promotional purposes, published in low resolution (max. 600 pixels wide / 72 dpi), are free from copyrights. However, the copyright © Sabam 2008 – www.atomium.be must be mentioned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+photo&rft.pub=Official+blog+of+the+Atomium+%26+Expo+58&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.atomium.be%2Fpage%2FCopyright-photo---Foto-copyright.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-embe-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-embe_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-embe_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905231141/http://netlabelism.net/node/287">"The balls of Brussels"</a>. <i>embe</i>. 10 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netlabelism.net/node/287">the original</a> on 5 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=embe&rft.atitle=The+balls+of+Brussels&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetlabelism.net%2Fnode%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anno-expo.eu/">www<wbr />.anno-expo<wbr />.eu</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514034145/http://www.anno-expo.eu/nl/news/88">"Belangrijk bericht aan de bezoekers / inzenders / photoshoppers / lezers"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anno-expo.eu/nl/news/88">the original</a> on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belangrijk+bericht+aan+de+bezoekers+%2F+inzenders+%2F+photoshoppers+%2F+lezers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anno-expo.eu%2Fnl%2Fnews%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Callewaert2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christophe Callewaert (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indymedia.be/nl/node/26964">"Sabam in het nauw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Indymedia Belgium</a></i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indymedia+Belgium&rft.atitle=Sabam+in+het+nauw&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.au=Christophe+Callewaert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indymedia.be%2Fnl%2Fnode%2F26964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomium.be/Search.aspx?search=photo#/AuthorsRights.aspx">Atomium.be copyright</a>, retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/selfies-aan-atomium-weldra-helemaal-legaal-b7cd1c16/">"Selfies aan Atomium weldra helemaal legaal"</a>. demorgen.be. 10 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selfies+aan+Atomium+weldra+helemaal+legaal&rft.pub=demorgen.be&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demorgen.be%2Fbinnenland%2Fselfies-aan-atomium-weldra-helemaal-legaal-b7cd1c16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi/article_body.pl?language=nl&caller=summary&pub_date=2016-07-05&numac=2016011277">"Moniteur Belge – Belgisch Staatsblad"</a>. ejustice.just.fgov.be<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moniteur+Belge+%E2%80%93+Belgisch+Staatsblad&rft.pub=ejustice.just.fgov.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejustice.just.fgov.be%2Fcgi%2Farticle_body.pl%3Flanguage%3Dnl%26caller%3Dsummary%26pub_date%3D2016-07-05%26numac%3D2016011277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttasProvost2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Attas, David; Provost, Michel (2011). <i>Bruxelles, sur les traces des ingénieurs bâtisseurs</i> (in French). Brussels: CIVA. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930391-39-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-930391-39-7"><bdi>978-2-930391-39-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruxelles%2C+sur+les+traces+des+ing%C3%A9nieurs+b%C3%A2tisseurs&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=CIVA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-930391-39-7&rft.aulast=Attas&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Provost%2C+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevosDe_Kooning2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Devos, Rika; De Kooning, Mil (2006). <i>L'architecture moderne à l'Expo 58</i> (in French). Brussels: Dexia Banque – Fonds Mercator. pp. 48–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6153-642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6153-642-0"><bdi>978-90-6153-642-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+moderne+%C3%A0+l%27Expo+58&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=48-50&rft.pub=Dexia+Banque+%E2%80%93+Fonds+Mercator&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-6153-642-0&rft.aulast=Devos&rft.aufirst=Rika&rft.au=De+Kooning%2C+Mil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribot2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tribot, Pierre-Jean (2008). <i>Bruxelles 58 année-lumière</i> (in French). Brussels: CFC Éditions. pp. 89–95, 165–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-91-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-91-1"><bdi>978-2-930018-91-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruxelles+58+ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=89-95%2C+165-169&rft.pub=CFC+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-930018-91-1&rft.aulast=Tribot&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtomium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atomium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atomium">Atomium</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomium.be/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conixarchitects.com/#/projects/all/by_name/atomium">Atomium renovation and interior design by Conix Architects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118003736/http://www.conixarchitects.com/#/projects/all/by_name/atomium">Archived</a> 18 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20000887">Atomium</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724013016/http://www.brussels.be/artdet.cfm/5678">Webcam Atomium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilotsacre.be/images/virtualvisit/heysel-heizel-atomium.htm">Atomium: virtual visit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constructalia.com/en_EN/gallery/galeria_detalle.jsp?idProyec=807603">Atomium's architecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902093501/http://www.constructalia.com/en_EN/gallery/galeria_detalle.jsp?idProyec=807603">Archived</a> 2 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artevelde_Tower" title="Artevelde Tower">Artevelde Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro_Tower" title="Astro Tower">Astro Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgacom_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgacom Towers">Belgacom Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilia" title="Brusilia">Brusilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Tower" title="Finance Tower">Finance Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerentoren" title="Boerentoren">KBC Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madou_Plaza_Tower" title="Madou Plaza Tower">Madou Plaza Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Galaxy_Towers" title="North Galaxy Towers">North Galaxy Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogier_Tower" title="Rogier Tower">Rogier Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tower_(Brussels)" title="South Tower (Brussels)">South Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(Brussels)" title="World Trade Center (Brussels)">World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Tower" title="Antwerp Tower">Antwerp Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio and TV towers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen-Zuid_water_tower" title="Mechelen-Zuid water tower">Mechelen-Zuid water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint-Pieters-Leeuw_Tower" title="Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower">Sint-Pieters-Leeuw Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRT_Zendstation_Egem" title="VRT Zendstation Egem">VRT Zendstation Egem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavre_transmitter" title="Wavre transmitter">Wavre transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zendmast_Ruiselede" title="Zendmast Ruiselede">Zendmast Ruiselede</a> <i>(destroyed)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Courts_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Courts of Brussels">Brussels Justice Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall" title="Brussels Town Hall">Brussels Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)">Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady,_Bruges" title="Church of Our Lady, Bruges">Church of Our Lady, Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_Wandre" title="Pont de Wandre">Pont de Wandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Ypres" title="St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres">St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Rumbold%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Rumbold's Cathedral">St. Rumbold's Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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