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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Nri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Nri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kingdom of Nri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Nri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igbo-Ukwu_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igbo-Ukwu_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Igbo-Ukwu archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igbo-Ukwu_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aro_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aro_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Aro Confederacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aro_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aro-Ibibio_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aro-Ibibio_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Aro-Ibibio Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aro-Ibibio_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Igbo-Igala_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Igbo-Igala_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Igbo-Igala Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Igbo-Igala_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Jaja_of_Opobo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Jaja_of_Opobo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 King Jaja of Opobo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Jaja_of_Opobo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Traditional society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transatlantic_slave_trade_and_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transatlantic_slave_trade_and_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Transatlantic slave trade and diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transatlantic_slave_trade_and_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Nigerian Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history_(1970_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history_(1970_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Recent history (1970 to present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history_(1970_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_Igbo_architecture_and_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Igbo_architecture_and_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Traditional Igbo architecture and designs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Igbo_architecture_and_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_rites_of_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_rites_of_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Religion and rites of passage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_rites_of_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Burials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Igbo people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_(volk)" title="Igbo (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Igbo (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A8%D9%88" title="شعب الإيغبو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الإيغبو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_igbo" title="Pueblu igbo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu igbo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qbo_(xalq)" title="İqbo (xalq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqbo (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Ігба (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ігба (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Игбо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Игбо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbos" title="Igbos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Igbos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaigbho" title="Vaigbho – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vaigbho" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igboaid" title="Igboaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Igboaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_(Ethnie)" title="Igbo (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Igbo (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF_(%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE)" title="Ίγκμπο (φυλή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίγκμπο (φυλή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_igbo" title="Pueblo igbo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo igbo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igboj" title="Igboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Igboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A8%D9%88" title="مردم ایگبو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم ایگبو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_(peuple)" title="Igbo (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Igbo (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht_na_nIob%C3%B3ch" title="Lucht na nIobóch – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lucht na nIobóch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="이보족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이보족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamurai" title="Inyamurai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Inyamurai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="इगबो लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इगबो लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_%C3%8Cgb%C3%B2" title="Ndị Ìgbò – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndị Ìgbò" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Igbo" title="Orang Igbo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Igbo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95" title="איגבו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגבו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иболар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иболар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waigbo" title="Waigbo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waigbo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Игбовлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Игбовлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Игбо халкь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Игбо халкь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbai" title="Igbai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Igbai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igb%C3%B3k" title="Igbók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Igbók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igb%C3%B4_(vahoaka)" title="Igbô (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Igbô (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ايجبو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايجبو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Igbo" title="Orang Igbo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Igbo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_pipul" title="Igbo pipul – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Igbo pipul" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_(volk)" title="Igbo (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Igbo (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="イボ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イボ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iboer" title="Iboer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iboer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibo" title="Ibo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ibo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibos" title="Ibos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poporul_igbo" title="Poporul igbo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poporul igbo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Игбо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Игбо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_fowk" title="Igbo fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Igbo fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Igbo people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iboji" title="Iboji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iboji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Игбо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Игбо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo" title="Igbo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Igbo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbos&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbos">Igbos</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group in Southern Nigeria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ndigbo" redirects here. For the pan-Igbo organization, see <a href="/wiki/Ohanaeze_Ndigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohanaeze Ndigbo">Ohanaeze Ndigbo</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Igbomina</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba people</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Igbo people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Igboland_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Igboland_Map.png/220px-Igboland_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Igboland_Map.png/330px-Igboland_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Igboland_Map.png/440px-Igboland_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="846" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Complete map of Igboland</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg/220px-Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg/330px-Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg/440px-Igbo_family_in_traditional_attire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="748" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Igbo family in traditional attire</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> ≈ 37,985,000 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,088,096 (15.2% of total population)<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">117,000<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">114,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">72,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,035 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,000<a href="#cite_note-auto1-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,700<a href="#cite_note-auto1-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin" title="Nigerian Pidgin">Nigerian Pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Omenala/Odinala</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang people">Annang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahumono" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahumono">Bahumono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogoja" title="Ogoja">Ogoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamileke_people" title="Bamileke people">Bamileke</a> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">(Diaspora)</a> : <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro Caribbean</a> • <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> • <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo Liberian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Krio</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Àlà Ị̀gbò</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Igbo people (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈiːboʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EE-boh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪɡboʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">IG-boh</a>;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> also spelled Ibo<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-15">[15]</a> and historically also Iboe, Ebo, Eboe,<a href="#cite_note-jamaicaigbo-16">[16]</a> Eboans,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Heebo;<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. They are primarily found in <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Ethnic Igbo populations are found in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forrest_1994_2722-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, as migrants<a href="#cite_note-Mwakikagile_2006_862-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Igbo_Defender2-22">[22]</a> as well as outside Africa. There has been much speculation about the origins of the Igbo people,<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-23">[23]</a> which are largely unknown.<a href="#cite_note-faculty.ucr.edu-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.faculty.ucr.edu-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Igbo people are one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">ethnic groups in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo language</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-23">[23]</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo language family</a>. Its regional dialects are somewhat mutually intelligible amidst the larger "<a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a>" cluster.<a href="#cite_note-dialect-28">[28]</a> The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River, east and south of the <a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a> groups, and west of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cross_River_languages" title="Lower Cross River languages">Ibibioid</a> (Cross River) cluster. Before the period of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British colonial rule</a> in the 20th century, the Igbo were politically fragmented by the centralized chiefdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agbor" title="Agbor">Agbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Frederick Lugard</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Eze" title="Eze">Eze</a> system of "warrant chiefs".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Igbos became <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">overwhelmingly Christian</a> during the evangelism of the missionaries in the colonial era in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the wake of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation</a>, the Igbo developed a strong sense of ethnic identity, with Christianity being the major religion and Islamic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-brit1-32">[32]</a> After ethnic tensions following the independence of Nigeria in 1960, the Igbos seceded from Nigeria and attempted to establish a new independent country called <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a>, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> (1967–1970).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Millions of Biafran civilians died from starvation after the Nigerian military formed a blockade around Biafra, an event that led to international media promoting <a href="/wiki/Biafran_airlift" title="Biafran airlift">humanitarian aid for Biafra</a>. Biafra was eventually defeated by Nigeria and reintegrated into the country. The <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra</a> and the now Nigerian government proscribed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People_of_Biafra" title="Indigenous People of Biafra">Indigenous People of Biafra</a> (IPOB), two organizations formed after 1999, continue to struggle for an independent Igbo state.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_subgroups">Definition and subgroups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and subgroups">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png/193px-Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png" decoding="async" width="193" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png/290px-Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png/386px-Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1027" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Subgroups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anioma_people" title="Anioma people">Anioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda_people" title="Edda people">Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezza">Ezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_people" title="Ika people">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwo_people" title="Ikwo people">Ikwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishielu" title="Ishielu">Ishielu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzi_people" title="Izzi people">Izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mgbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mgbo">Mgbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwa">Ngwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkalu" title="Nkalu">Nkalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nri-Igbo" title="Nri-Igbo">Nri-Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohafia" title="Ohafia">Ohafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohuhu_people" title="Ohuhu people">Ohuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omuma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Omuma people">Omuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha-Ado" title="Onitsha-Ado">Onitsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oratta">Oratta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibani_tribe" title="Ibani tribe">Ubani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Igbo_people" title="List of Igbo people">List of Igbo people</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture" title="Igbo culture">Igbo culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Performing_arts">Performing arts</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_cuisine" title="Igbo cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_music" title="Igbo music">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ogene" title="Ogene">Ogene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Highlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Highlife">Igbo Highlife</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a> (religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo" title="New Yam Festival of the Igbo">New Yam Festival</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Diaspora</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Japan" title="Nigerians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saro (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Languages and dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anioma_people#Languages" title="Anioma people">Delta Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuani_dialect" title="Enuani dialect">Enuani Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwa_dialect" title="Ngwa dialect">Ngwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people#Language" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo_names" title="Category:Igbo names">names</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Politics (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Igbo_history" title="Timeline of Igbo history">History</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Nri" title="List of rulers of Nri">List of rulers of Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Anti-Igbo sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Geography</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>States (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>): </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a> </li> <li>Major cities: </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Ugwu Ọcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaba,_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaba, Delta">Ahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abakaliki" title="Abakaliki">Abakiliki</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igbo_people" title="Template:Igbo people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igbo_people" title="Template talk:Igbo people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igbo_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igbo people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> "Igbo" as an ethnic identity developed comparatively recently, in the context of decolonisation and the Nigerian Civil War. The various Igbo-speaking communities were historically fragmented and decentralised;<a href="#cite_note-pg120_encyclo-35">[35]</a> in the opinion of Nigerian novelist <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, Igbo identity should be placed somewhere between a "tribe" and a "nation".<a href="#cite_note-exile-36">[36]</a> Since the defeat of the Republic of Biafra in 1970, the Igbo are sometimes classed as a "<a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless nation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-stateless-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Forms of the name Igbo – (formerly also spelled Heebo, Eboe, or Ibo) have been used in Western literature at least since the 18th century. The name may originate from the verb gboo (to protect, to shelter), meaning "a protected people or a community of peace".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Other theories give it the meaning "forest dwellers", connect it to "the ancients" (Ndi-gbo), or suggest that it simply refers to "a community of people".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo homeland">Niger–Congo homeland</a></div> The Igboid languages form a cluster within the <a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a> phylum, most likely grouped with <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The greatest differentiation within the Igboid group is between the <a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a>, and the rest. Williamson (2002) argues that based on this pattern, proto-Igboid migration would have moved down the Niger from a more northern area in the savannah and first settled close to the delta, with a secondary center of Igbo proper more to the north, in the <a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Genetic studies have shown the Igbo to cluster most closely with other Niger-Congo-speaking peoples.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The predominant Y-chromosomal haplogroup is <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E1b1a1-M2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Pottery dated from around 3,000–2,500 BC<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> showing similarities with later Igbo work was found at <a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a>, and Afikpo regions of Igboland in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> along with pottery and tools at nearby Ibagwa; the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Umuleri" title="Umuleri">Umueri</a> clan have as their source the <a href="/wiki/Anambra_River" title="Anambra River">Anambra valley</a>. In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okigwe" title="Okigwe">Okigwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlu,_Imo" title="Orlu, Imo">Orlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awgu" title="Awgu">Awgu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> divisions were determined to constitute "an Igbo heartland" from the linguistic and cultural evidence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the Nsukka region of Igboland, evidence of early iron smelting has been excavated, dating to 750 BC at the site of <a href="/wiki/Opi_(archaeological_site)" title="Opi (archaeological site)">Opi</a> and 2,000 BC at the site of <a href="/wiki/Lejja" title="Lejja">Lejja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holl-2009-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Nri">Kingdom of Nri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Nri">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monument of Prince regent of Nri kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg/190px-Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg/285px-Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg/380px-Monument_of_Prince_regent_of_Nri_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Monument of Prince regent of Nri kingdom</figcaption></figure> The Nri people of Igbo land have a <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a> which is one of the many creation myths that exist in various parts of Igbo land. The Nri and Aguleri people are in the territory of the Umueri clan who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure <a href="/wiki/Eri_(king)" title="Eri (king)">Eri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isichei246-51">[51]</a> Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by <a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a> (God).<a href="#cite_note-isichei246-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uzukwu-52">[52]</a> He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uzukwu-52">[52]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Isichei" title="Elizabeth Isichei">Elizabeth Allo Isichei</a> says "Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, [are] a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">influence</a> in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and royal burials at the <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a> sites have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. <a href="/wiki/Eri_(king)" title="Eri (king)">Eri</a>, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following after in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-lovejoy62-55">[55]</a> The first Eze Nri (King of Nri) <a href="/wiki/Eze_Nri_%C3%8Cfiku%C3%A1nim" title="Eze Nri Ìfikuánim">Ìfikuánim</a> followed directly after him. According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At least one historian puts Ìfikuánim's reign much later, around 1225 AD:<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <blockquote>Each king traces his origin back to the founding ancestor, Eri. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming <a href="/wiki/Eze" title="Eze">Eze</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a> (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. <dl><dd>— E. Elochukwu Uzukwu<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></dd></dl></blockquote>The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region.<a href="#cite_note-lovejoy62-55">[55]</a> The Nri had seven types of taboos which included human (such as the birth of <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twins</a>), animal (such as killing or eating of pythons),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> object, temporal, behavioral, speech and place taboos.<a href="#cite_note-Nritaboo-60">[60]</a> The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. This meant that, while certain Igbo may have lived under different formal administration, all followers of the <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Igbo religion</a> had to abide by the rules of the faith and obey its representative on earth, the Eze Nri.<a href="#cite_note-Nritaboo-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igbo-Ukwu_archaeology">Igbo-Ukwu archaeology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Igbo-Ukwu archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg/113px-Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg/170px-Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg/226px-Glass_beads_from_Igbo-Ukwu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Glass beads from <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg/170px-Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg/255px-Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg/340px-Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>An Igbo man with facial <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarifications</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Ichi_(scarification)" title="Ichi (scarification)">ichi</a>, early 20th century<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a> is a historically significant archaeological site located in southeastern Nigeria, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a> State. The site is renowned for its remarkable discoveries of ancient artifacts that date back to the 9th and 10th centuries AD. The archaeological findings at Igbo-Ukwu have provided valuable insights into the early history and cultural achievements of the Igbo people and their interactions with other civilizations in the region. The artifacts may be associated with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a> and its priest-king, the Eze Nri.<a href="#cite_note-:0-63">[63]</a> The significance of Igbo-Ukwu lies in the following aspects: Sophisticated Artifacts: The excavations at Igbo-Ukwu revealed a collection of highly sophisticated and elaborately crafted artifacts, including intricately designed bronze, copper, and iron objects. These artifacts demonstrate the advanced metallurgical skills of the ancient Igbo people and their ability to work with various metals. The Igbo-Ukwu artifacts predate certain other well-known Nigerian bronze sculpture traditions such as those of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Kingdom">Benin Kingdom</a> and have contributed to our understanding of the development of metallurgical techniques in Africa. Cultural exchange and trade: The presence of exotic materials like glass beads and imported ceramics at the site suggests that the people of Igbo-Ukwu were engaged in trade and had connections with other cultures and civilizations, both within and outside of Africa. Evidence of social complexity: The intricate and finely crafted artifacts found at Igbo-Ukwu suggest the existence of a sophisticated and socially complex society. The level of craftsmanship and the variety of artifacts indicate the presence of skilled artisans and a hierarchical social structure. Influence on Igbo art and culture: The artifacts discovered at Igbo-Ukwu have had a profound impact on the understanding and appreciation of Igbo art and culture. They have inspired contemporary Igbo artists and craftsmen and contributed to a sense of cultural identity and heritage. Recognition of African achievements: The discoveries at Igbo-Ukwu challenged the outdated notion of Africa as a continent with no significant history or cultural achievements. The site's findings have demonstrated the richness and complexity of ancient African civilizations. The archaeological site of Igbo-Ukwu was first discovered in 1939 when a group of villagers accidentally came across the artifacts while digging a trench. Subsequent excavations conducted in the 1950s and 1970s uncovered a wealth of cultural treasures. The Igbo-Ukwu artifacts are now housed in various museums, including the Nigerian National Museum in Lagos. Glass production: Igbo-Ukwu has one of the oldest glass productions in West Africa. The archeology of Igbo-Ukwu had over 600 prestige objects including complex cast copper-alloy sculptures and more than 165,000 glass and carnelian beads.<a href="#cite_note-:1-64">[64]</a> The most common glass among the 138 analytical results for Igbo-Ukwu beads is soda-lime glass produced using plant ash.<a href="#cite_note-:2-65">[65]</a> Overall, Igbo-Ukwu remains a vital archaeological site that continues to contribute to our understanding of ancient African civilizations and their contributions to human history.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of artifacts found in Igbo-Ukwu</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_egg_pendant,_leaded_bronze,_9th-10th_century,_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu,_Anambra,.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Double egg pendant, leaded bronze, 9th-10th century, unearthed in Igbo-Ukwu, Anambra"><img alt="Double egg pendant, leaded bronze, 9th-10th century, unearthed in Igbo-Ukwu, Anambra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Double_egg_pendant%2C_leaded_bronze%2C_9th-10th_century%2C_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu%2C_Anambra%2C.png/180px-Double_egg_pendant%2C_leaded_bronze%2C_9th-10th_century%2C_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu%2C_Anambra%2C.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Double_egg_pendant%2C_leaded_bronze%2C_9th-10th_century%2C_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu%2C_Anambra%2C.png/270px-Double_egg_pendant%2C_leaded_bronze%2C_9th-10th_century%2C_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu%2C_Anambra%2C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Double_egg_pendant%2C_leaded_bronze%2C_9th-10th_century%2C_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu%2C_Anambra%2C.png/360px-Double_egg_pendant%2C_leaded_bronze%2C_9th-10th_century%2C_unearthed_in_Igbo_Ukwu%2C_Anambra%2C.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="821" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Double egg pendant, leaded bronze, 9th-10th century, unearthed in Igbo-Ukwu, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png" class="mw-file-description" title="9th-century face pendant"><img alt="9th-century face pendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png/131px-Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png/197px-Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png/263px-Igbo_ukwu_face_pendant.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1027" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">9th-century face pendant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_ornamental_staff_head,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century"><img alt="Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/132px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/198px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG/264px-Bronze_ornamental_staff_head%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze ornamental staff head, 9th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu,.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shell Vessel with Leopard"><img alt="Shell Vessel with Leopard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu%2C.png/180px-Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu%2C.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu%2C.png/270px-Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu%2C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu%2C.png/360px-Shell_Vessel_with_Leopard_from_Igbo-Ukwu%2C.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="746" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shell Vessel with Leopard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png" class="mw-file-description" title="9th-century bowl or pot"><img alt="9th-century bowl or pot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png/180px-Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png/270px-Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png/360px-Igbo-ukwu_bowl.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="945" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">9th-century bowl or pot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu,_Nigeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intricate bronze ceremonial pot with glass beads, 9th century"><img alt="Intricate bronze ceremonial pot with glass beads, 9th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu%2C_Nigeria.jpg/131px-Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu%2C_Nigeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu%2C_Nigeria.jpg/196px-Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu%2C_Nigeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu%2C_Nigeria.jpg/262px-Intricate_bronze_ceremonial_pot%2C_9th_century%2C_Igbo-Ukwu%2C_Nigeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2740" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intricate bronze ceremonial pot with <a href="/wiki/Glass_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beads">glass beads</a>, 9th century</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aro_Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aro Confederacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the Aro Confederacy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg/190px-Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg/285px-Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg/380px-Flag_of_the_Aro_Confederacy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Aro Confederacy</figcaption></figure> The Aro Confederacy (1690–1902) was a political union orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro people</a>, Igbo subgroup, centered in <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> in present-day southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The Aro Confederacy kingdom was founded after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Aro-Ibibio_Wars" title="Aro-Ibibio Wars">Aro-Ibibio Wars</a>. Their influence and presence was all over <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a>, lower <a href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">Middle Belt</a>, and parts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> Kingdom was an economic, political, and an oracular center as it was home of the <a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Ibini Ukpabi</a> oracle, High Priests, the Aro King Eze Aro, and central council (Okpankpo). The Aro Confederacy was a powerful and influential political and economic alliance of various Igbo-speaking communities in southeastern Nigeria.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It emerged during the 17th century and played a significant role in the region until the late 19th century. The exact origins of the Aro Confederacy are not precisely documented, but it is believed to have been established around the mid-17th century. The <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Aro</a> people, who were part of the Igbo ethnic group, inhabited the region around present-day Arochukwu in Abia State, Nigeria. They were skilled traders and missionaries who played a pivotal role in connecting various Igbo communities. This migration and their military power, and wars with neighboring kingdoms like supported by their alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states (particularly <a href="/wiki/Ohafia" title="Ohafia">Ohafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afikpo_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Afikpo South">Edda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abam" title="Abam">Abam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abiriba" title="Abiriba">Abiriba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afikpo" title="Afikpo">Afikpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahumono" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahumono">Bahumono</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amasiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amasiri (page does not exist)">Amasiri</a> etc.), quickly established the Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power. The Aro Confederacy's strength came from its well-organized network of Aro agents who were dispersed across different communities in the region. These agents acted as intermediaries in trade, diplomacy, and religious matters. They facilitated commerce, resolved disputes, and spread the worship of the Aro deity known as the "<a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Long Juju</a>" oracle. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria,_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_(.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria%2C_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_%28.png/190px-%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria%2C_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_%28.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria%2C_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_%28.png/285px-%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria%2C_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_%28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria%2C_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_%28.png/380px-%22The_Opening_Up_of_Nigeria%2C_the_Expedition_Against_the_Aros_by_Richard_Caton_Woodville_II%22_1901_%28.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>"The Opening Up of Nigeria, the Expedition Against the Aros" – by Richard Caton Woodville II, 1901</figcaption></figure> The "<a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Long Juju</a>" oracle was the spiritual centerpiece of the Aro Confederacy. It was housed in <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> and considered a potent source of political authority and religious guidance. The <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a> people used the oracle to enforce their influence and control over surrounding communities. It also served as a means to administer justice and settle disputes, often attracting pilgrims seeking solutions to their problems. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_swords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Igbo_swords.png/250px-Igbo_swords.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Igbo_swords.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Igbo-made swords acquired by Jean Barbot, 1699</figcaption></figure> The Aro Confederacy gained significant economic power through trade and commerce. Their economy was primarily based on agriculture, with the cultivation of crops like palm oil, yams, and cassava. They were also involved in trade with neighboring communities and European merchants. They controlled trade routes that passed through their territories, collecting tolls and taxes from traders. The <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a> also engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> by capturing and selling slaves to European traders. <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a> activities on the coast helped the growth of city-states in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, and these city states became important centres for the export of palm oil and slaves. Such <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> included <a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny" title="Kingdom of Bonny">Bonny</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Nembe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Nembe (page does not exist)">Nembe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>, as well as other slave trading city-states controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a>, and Igbo. The Aros formed a strong trading network, colonies, and incorporated hundreds of communities that formed into powerful kingdoms. The <a href="/wiki/Ajalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajalli">Ajalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arondizuogu" title="Arondizuogu">Arondizuogu</a>, Ndikelionwu, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbene (page does not exist)">Igbene</a> Kingdoms were some of the most powerful Aro states in the Confederacy after Arochukwu. Some were founded and named after commanders and chiefs like <a href="/wiki/Izuogu_Mgbokpo" title="Izuogu Mgbokpo">Izuogu Mgbokpo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iheme" title="Iheme">Iheme</a> who led Aro/Abam forces to conquer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikpa_Ora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikpa Ora (page does not exist)">Ikpa Ora</a> and founded Arondizuogu. Later Aro commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Okoro_Idozuka" title="Okoro Idozuka">Okoro Idozuka</a> (also of Arondizuogu) expanded the state's borders through warfare at the start of the 19th century. Aro migrations also played a large role in the expansion of Ozizza, Afikpo, Amasiri, Izombe, and many other city-states. For example, Aro soldiers founded at least three villages in Ozizza. The Aro Confederacy's power, however, derived mostly from its economic and religious position. With European colonists on their way at the end of the 19th century, things changed. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png/220px-Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png/330px-Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png/440px-Burning_of_Arochukwu_1901.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Burning of Arochukwu, 1901</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge,_Arochuku-,_late_19th_century_(imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/-Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge%2C_Arochuku-%2C_late_19th_century_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041%29.jpg/220px--Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge%2C_Arochuku-%2C_late_19th_century_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/-Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge%2C_Arochuku-%2C_late_19th_century_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041%29.jpg/330px--Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge%2C_Arochuku-%2C_late_19th_century_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/-Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge%2C_Arochuku-%2C_late_19th_century_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041%29.jpg/440px--Remains_of_Long_Juju_Gorge%2C_Arochuku-%2C_late_19th_century_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS2-041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3629" /></a><figcaption>Remains of Long JuJu Shrine</figcaption></figure> During the 1890s, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> bore friction with the Aros because of their economic dominance. The Aro resisted British penetration in the hinterland because their economic and religious influence was being threatened. The Aro and their allies launched offensives against British allies in <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibibioland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibibioland">Ibibioland</a>. After failed negotiations, the British attempted to conquer the Aro Confederacy in 1899. By 1901, the tensions were especially intensified when British prepared for the Aro Expedition. The invasion of <a href="/wiki/Obegu" title="Obegu">Obegu</a> (in Igboland) was the last major Aro offensive before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a>. In November 1901, the British launched the Aro Expedition and after strong Aro resistance, Arochukwu was captured on 28 December 1901. By early 1902, the war was over, and the Aro Confederacy collapsed. Contrary to the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Ibini Ukpabi</a> was destroyed, the <a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi#Shrine" title="Ibini Ukpabi">shrine</a> still exists, and is intact in Arochukwu and serves mainly as a tourist site. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aro-Ibibio_Wars">Aro-Ibibio Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aro-Ibibio Wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aro-Ibibio_Wars" title="Aro-Ibibio Wars">Aro-Ibibio Wars</a></div> The Aro-Ibibio Wars were a series of conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro people</a> (subgroup of the Igbo) and a <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a> in present-day Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ibom_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibom Kingdom">Ibom Kingdom</a> from 1630 to 1902. These wars led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> kingdom. Before Igbo arrival in the Aro territory, a group of proto <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a> migrated to the area and established the <a href="/wiki/Ibom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibom">Ibom</a> Kingdom. This proto-Ibibio group originally came from Usak Edet (<a href="/wiki/Isanguele" title="Isanguele">Isanguele</a>), a segment of the <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ejagham</a> in present-day Southern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eze_Agwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Eze Agwu">Eze Agwu</a> clan from <a href="/wiki/Abiriba" title="Abiriba">Abiriba</a>, initiated Igbo migration into the region around the mid-17th century. The Ibibio clan welcomed all until some started rebelling against the ruling house. The Eze Awgu group who lead the rebellion against the ruling family aligned with several outside forces like the Priest <a href="/wiki/Nnachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nnachi">Nnachi</a> from the Edda group near <a href="/wiki/Afikpo" title="Afikpo">Afikpo</a>, was called by their king Awgu Inobia (Eze Agwu) for help. When he arrived, Nnachi and Eze Agwu allied with prince <a href="/wiki/Akakpokpo_Okon" title="Akakpokpo Okon">Akakpokpo Okon</a> of the Ibibio kingdom of Ibom Kingdom. Akakpokpo Okon was the son of a marriage between an Igbo woman of the Eze Agwu clan and the King <a href="/wiki/Obong_Okon_Ita" title="Obong Okon Ita">Obong Okon Ita</a> in an attempt of a peace treaty for a war that have been fought between the Igbo subgroup and Ibibio. The Eze Agwu/Nnachi faction decided to help Akakpokpo attempt to overthrow his brother king <a href="/wiki/Akpan_Okon" title="Akpan Okon">Akpan Okon</a>. The coup was heavily resisted which called for even more help. Through Nnachi, an Eastern Cross river group answered the call for help. They were known as the <a href="/wiki/Akpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Akpa">Akpa</a> who were living at today <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Akpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwa Akpa">Akwa Akpa</a> before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik people</a> in that region. These warriors and traders may have had <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Guns">guns</a> which were new to the territory. Being the Igbo allies, the Akpas were led by the royal Nnubi family. <a href="/wiki/Osim_and_Akuma_Nnubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osim and Akuma Nnubi">Osim and Akuma Nnubi</a> led Akpa soldiers to help fight against the ruling household. Together with Igbo forces and rebels, they fought against the <a href="/wiki/Ibom_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibom Kingdom">Ibom Kingdom</a> forces (1690). During the final battles, Osim Nnubi was slain in Oror city state making it the capital of Arochukwu. But at the end of the war, Osim and Akakpokpo were dead. In order to honor Osim's legacy, his brother Akuma was crowned the first EzeAro (king). After his death, Nnachi's descendants took the throne starting with his first son <a href="/wiki/Oke_Nnachi" title="Oke Nnachi">Oke Nnachi</a>. The Arochukwu kingdom, was founded. After Arochukwu was formed, it began to expand because of the growing population and territorial protection. Aro forces formed vigilante camps which eventually grew into communities on the Arochukwu-Ibibio boundaries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Igbo-Igala_Wars"><a href="/wiki/Igbo-Igala_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo-Igala Wars">Igbo-Igala Wars</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Igbo-Igala Wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igboland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Igboland.png/250px-Igboland.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Igboland.png/375px-Igboland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Igboland.png/500px-Igboland.png 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The area often described as "Igboland"</figcaption></figure> The Igbo-Igala Wars refer to a series of conflicts that took place between the Igbo people and the <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a> people of Nigeria during the 18th and 19th centuries. These wars were characterized by intense military engagements, territorial disputes, and clashes over resources and political dominance. The conflicts occurred in the southeastern region of Nigeria, primarily in the areas now known as <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a> states. These wars led to the drastic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nsukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nsukka">Battle of Nsukka</a>. Background: In the 16th century a large Igala migration occurred across the Niger River following a defeat to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</a>. Shortly after, a <a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a> migration from <a href="/wiki/Wukari" title="Wukari">Wukari</a> conquered and established a royal dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Idah" title="Idah">Idah</a>, bringing them into contact with <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> speaking groups. Conquest of Nsukka: The Nsukka-Igala wars occurred in the 18th to 19th century following an Igala invasion and left most of Nsukka under Igala control. Nsukka is the most notable Igbo subgroup to be involved in these wars as the Igala people conquered and installed priest-kings to govern the district for almost a century. The Nsukka people have continuously inhabited northern Igboland since the 3rd millennium BCE as shown through archeological continuity and <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a>. They are considered to be one of the first Igbo subgroups by historian and archeologist Edwin Eme Okafor. During the period of the Igbo-Igala Wars, marked by a scarcity of labor and insecurity resulting from slave raiding and the Nsukka-Igala conflicts, notable changes occurred in the iron smelting practices of the Nsukka people. Due to urgency, some iron smelters resorted to using wood directly in their smelting process, bypassing the usual practice of burning it to produce charcoal. This adaptation in smelting techniques demonstrates the impact of the war on the traditional methods employed by the Nsukka community, as they incorporated wood into their process to sustain their iron production amidst the challenging conditions. The conflicts started with the arrival of a figure named Onọjọ Ogboni whose background is surrounded in mystery. One of the 18th-century conflicts was the Battle of Nsukka in 1794, which resulted in a Nsukka military victory, but with significant losses including the Eze's eldest son, and three of his wives. The battle was witnessed by Sailor, Joseph B. Hawkins. Ebonyi conflicts: During the early 19th century, the Eastern Igbo subgroups located in <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebonyi">Ebonyi State</a> underwent a significant migration towards the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</a> areas, this in turn manifested in boundary disputes between several Eastern Igbo groups with her neighbors such as Ikwo-Nsobo and Osopo of Cross River State, Izzi – Osopo and Yala of Cross River State and Mgbo-Igala of Benue State. A similar migration skirmish towards <a href="/wiki/Abia_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Abia state">Abia State</a> in the 17th century established the <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Ezza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezza">Ezza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izzi_people" title="Izzi people">Izzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikwo">Ikwo</a> subgroups moved northward, all who are said to descend from siblings whose patriarch hailed from <a href="/wiki/Afikpo" title="Afikpo">Afikpo</a>, the Ezza encountered the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Korring" title="Korring">Orri</a> people and protected them from extinction in exchange for farming rights. The Ikwo people encountered the Okum eventually displacing them and assimilated the rest. the Okum do not exist as an identifiable group anymore but there is archeological and cultural proof of their existence, as there are non-Igbo dances and masquerades in modern <a href="/wiki/Ikwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikwo">Ikwo</a> culture. The southern Ikwo displaced the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Adadama" title="Adadama">Adadama</a> group far to modern <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River State</a>. Conflict with <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a>: As the Igala already lived in the area with the Orri they sought friendship with the Ezza and gave them land for farming. However, betrayed by the Ezza whose true intent was expansion and to address their ongoing land scarcity. It led to a conflict between the two groups, resulting in the Igala's defeat and expulsion from their occupied territory which the Ezza then took control of. The Agba community, located in Ebo Ndiagu, Ochuhu Agba, and Orie Agba Elu, faced defeat as the Ezza's territory expanded. Some rallied, but despite putting up a spirited but brief defense, the Agba were compelled to retreat southwards, leaving their abandoned lands to be later settled by Umunwagu and Ikwuate (Idembia). Seeking safety and security, the Agba people sought refuge in Ishielu Division, departing from their original mainland settlements. The Ezza met them again in 1850 and again conquered and displaced the remnants, naming the new territory Ezzagu. Western Igbo influence: The Western Igbo people consist of the <a href="/wiki/Anioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anioma">Anioma</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta State</a> and the riverine side of <a href="/wiki/Anambra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anambra">Anambra state</a>. While specific conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Enuani_dialect" title="Enuani dialect">Enuani</a> and Igala people remain poorly documented, there is one Igala-speaking community in Enuaniland known as Ebu. The <a href="/wiki/Igala_Kingdom" title="Igala Kingdom">Idah Kingdom</a> conquered some significant riverine trading centers, but just as quickly as they were conquered, most came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Aboh" title="Aboh">Aboh</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ukwuani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukwuani">Ukwuani</a> kingdom, while the others were significant trading partners to both kingdoms, supplying the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> <a href="/wiki/Aboh" title="Aboh">Aboh</a> traded. Although some Igala dances continue to be performed in Anioma, there is no evidence of any lasting military conquests; instead, it appears that cultural traditions were exchanged mostly through trade and interactions between the neighboring communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Jaja_of_Opobo">King Jaja of Opobo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: King Jaja of Opobo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg/190px-Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg/285px-Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg/380px-Jaja_of_Opobo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>King Jaja of Opobo</figcaption></figure> King Jaja of Opobo (full name: Jubo Jubogha; 1821–1891) was the first king (amanyanabo) of Opobo. He was also the founder of <a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a> city-state in present day <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo" title="Jaja of Opobo">King Jaja of Opobo</a> is listed as an <a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Africa" title="Legends of Africa">African legend</a>, because of the hardships he overcame, and persistency to rise, even despite all the odds against him. He became a merchant, and a general, becoming one of the richest and most influential <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-colonial">Pre-colonial</a> Africans in history. At an indeterminate date, Jaja was kidnapped and sold into <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, most likely by a rival Igbo warring state, or by the <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro's</a>.He was then brought to Ijawland thereafter. As was customary amongst the Ijaw, Jaja earned his way out of slavery after serving his master for a number of years. At the death of his master, he took charge of the trade and went on to head the Anna Pepple House merchant faction of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny" title="Kingdom of Bonny">Bonny</a>. Under him, Anna Pepple absorbed other trade houses until a war with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fubara_Manilla_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fubara Manilla People (page does not exist)">Manilla Pepple House</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Oko_Jumbo" title="Oko Jumbo">Oko Jumbo</a> compelled Jaja to break away to form the Opobo city-state (26 miles east of Bonny) in 1869. Opobo came to be a prominent trading post in the region's <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> trade. Jaja barred entry to European and African middlemen, effectively monopolizing <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, and by 1870 was selling eight thousand tons of palm oil directly to the British. Opobo also shipped palm oil directly to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. Despite his trade rivalry with the Europeans, Jaja sent his children to schools in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and enlisted whites to staff the secular school he built in Opobo. He barred any missionaries from entering Opobo. At the 1884 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>, the Europeans designated Opobo as British territory. When Jaja refused to cease taxing the British traders, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hamilton Johnston">Henry Hamilton Johnston</a>, a British vice consul, invited Jaja for negotiations in 1887. Jaja was arrested on arrival aboard a British vessel; he was tried in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) then exiled, first to London, and later to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>. His presence in the West Indies was alleged to be the cause of civil unrest, as the people of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> descent, were upset at the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a> treatment of a King from their homeland. In 1891, Jaja was granted permission to return to Opobo, but died en route. Following his <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> and death, the power of the Opobo state rapidly declined. In 1903, the <a href="/wiki/King_Jaja_of_Opobo_Memorial" title="King Jaja of Opobo Memorial">King Jaja of Opobo Memorial</a> was erected in his honor in Opobo town centre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_society">Traditional society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditional society">edit</a>]</div> Traditional Igbo political organization was based on a quasi-democratic <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> system of government. In tight knit communities, this system guaranteed its citizens equality, as opposed to a feudalist system with a king ruling over subjects.<a href="#cite_note-society-67">[67]</a> This government system was witnessed by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> who first arrived and met with the Igbo people in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> With the exception of a few notable Igbo towns such as <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>, which had kings called <a href="/wiki/Obi_(ruler)" title="Obi (ruler)">Obi</a> and places like the Nri Kingdom and Arochukwu, which had priest kings; Igbo communities and area governments were overwhelmingly ruled by a republican consultative assembly of the common people.<a href="#cite_note-society-67">[67]</a> Communities were usually governed and administered by a council of <a href="/wiki/Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">elders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Many Igbo towns however, were also partly governed the high council known as the <a href="/wiki/Nze_na_Ozo" title="Nze na Ozo">Ozo</a> society, whose titles could be both earned and inherited. And the spiritual (though not political) authority of the king of Nri was recognized all over Igboland<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._(church_members.)%22_G._F._Packer,_1880s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Rich Women. Onitsha. (church members.)" G. F. Packer, 1880s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._%28church_members.%29%22_G._F._Packer%2C_1880s.png/220px-%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._%28church_members.%29%22_G._F._Packer%2C_1880s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._%28church_members.%29%22_G._F._Packer%2C_1880s.png/330px-%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._%28church_members.%29%22_G._F._Packer%2C_1880s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._%28church_members.%29%22_G._F._Packer%2C_1880s.png/440px-%22Rich_Women._Onitsha._%28church_members.%29%22_G._F._Packer%2C_1880s.png 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>"Rich Women. Onitsha. (church members.)" G. F. Packer, 1880s</figcaption></figure> Although title holders were respected because of their accomplishments and capabilities, they were not revered as kings but often performed special functions given to them by such assemblies. This way of governing was different from most other communities of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western Africa</a> and only shared by the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. Umunna are a form of <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineage</a> maintained by the Igbo. Law starts with the Umunna which is a male line of descent from a founding ancestor (who the line is sometimes named after) with groups of compounds containing closely related families headed by the eldest male member. The Umunna can be seen as the most important pillar of Igbo society.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It was also a culture in which gender was re-constructed and performed according to social need; "The flexibility of Igbo gender construction meant that gender was separate from biological sex. Daughters could become sons and consequently male."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Mathematics in indigenous Igbo society is evident in their calendar, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking system</a> and strategic betting game called Okwe.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In their <a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">indigenous calendar</a>, a week had four days, a month consisted of seven weeks, and 13 months made a year. In the last month, an extra day was added.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> This calendar is still used in indigenous Igbo villages and towns to determine market days.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> They settled law matters via mediators, and their banking system for loans and savings, called Isusu, is also still used.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Igbo new year, starting with the month Ọ́nwạ́ M̀bụ́ (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>: First Moon) occurs on the third week of February,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> although the traditional start of the year for many Igbo communities is around springtime in Ọ́nwạ́ Ágwụ́ (June).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Used as a ceremonial script by secret societies, the Igbo have an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideographic</a> set of symbols called <a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a>, whose origin is now generally attributed to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ejagham</a> people,<a href="#cite_note-nsibidi-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> though in the 1900s J. K. Macgregor recorded a native tradition attributing it to the Uguakima or Uyanga section of the Igbo.<a href="#cite_note-macgregor-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENwosu2010301_(note&nbsp;2)-90">[90]</a> Igbo people produced bronzes from as early as the 9th century, some of which have been found at the town of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo Ukwu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-igboukwu-91">[91]</a> A system of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> existed among the Igbo before and after the encounter with Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-africanhistory-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Olaudah1-93">[93]</a> Indentured service in Igbo areas was described by <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">his memoir</a>. He describes the conditions of the slaves in his community of Essaka and points out the difference between the treatment of slaves under the Igbo in Essaka and those in the custody of Europeans in West Indies: <blockquote>...but how different was their condition from that of the slaves in the West Indies! With us, they do no more work than other members of the community,... even their master;... (except that they were not permitted to eat with those... free-born;) and there was scarce any other difference between them,... Some of these slaves have... slaves under them as their own property... for their own use.<a href="#cite_note-Olaudah1-93">[93]</a></blockquote> Prior to European contact, Igbo trade routes stretched as far as <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> on the African continent and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transatlantic_slave_trade_and_diaspora">Transatlantic slave trade and diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transatlantic slave trade and diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Igbo_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade">The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:535px;max-width:535px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bussa_statue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bussa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/131px-Bussa_statue.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/197px-Bussa_statue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/262px-Bussa_statue.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bussa's Rebellion">Bussa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Barbadian">Barbadian</a> slave revolt leader of Igbo descent<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_(c._1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edward Wilmot Blyden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_%28c._1900%29.jpg/125px-Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_%28c._1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_%28c._1900%29.jpg/188px-Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_%28c._1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_%28c._1900%29.jpg/250px-Edward_Wilmot_Blyden_%28c._1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="818" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilmot_Blyden" title="Edward Wilmot Blyden">Edward Blyden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Americo-Liberian">Americo-Liberian</a> educator, writer and politician of Igbo descent<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Paul Robeson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg/141px-Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg/212px-Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg/282px-Paul_Robeson_1942_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9300" data-file-height="11591" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">American</a> actor and writer whose father was of Igbo descent<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aimé Césaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg/122px-Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg/183px-Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg/244px-Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="653" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martiniquais</a> poet and politician who claimed Igbo descent<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Chambers (2002) argues that many of the slaves taken from the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a> would have been Igbo.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> These slaves were usually sold to Europeans by the <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>, who kidnapped or bought slaves from Igbo villages in the hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Igbo <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> may have not been victims of slave-raiding wars or expeditions but perhaps debtors or Igbo people who committed within their communities alleged crimes.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> With the goal for freedom, enslaved Igbo people were known to European <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> as being rebellious and having a high rate of suicide to escape slavery.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> There is evidence that traders sought Igbo women.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Igbo women were paired with <a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>) men to subdue the men because of the belief that the women were bound to their first-born sons' birthplace. It is alleged that European slave traders were fairly well informed about various African ethnicities, leading to slavers targeting certain ethnic groups which plantation owners preferred. Particular desired ethnic groups consequently became fairly concentrated in certain parts of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The Igbo were dispersed to colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jamaicaigbo-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jamaicaigbo-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jamaicaigbo-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-yorku-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> among others. Elements of Igbo culture can still be found in these places. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Patois" title="Jamaican Patois">Jamaican Patois</a>, the Igbo word unu, meaning "you" plural, is still used.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> "Red Ibo" (or "red eboe") describes a <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black person</a> with fair or "yellowish" skin. This term had originated from the reported prevalence of these <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin tones</a> among the Igbo, but eastern Nigerian influences may not be strictly Igbo.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The word Bim, a colloquial term for <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, was commonly used among enslaved <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian people">Barbadians</a> (Bajans). This word is said to have derived from bém in the Igbo language meaning 'my place or people', but may have other origins (see: <a href="/wiki/Barbados#Etymology" title="Barbados">Barbados etymology</a>).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A section of <a href="/wiki/Belize_City" title="Belize City">Belize City</a> was named Eboe Town after its Igbo inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In the United States, the Igbo were imported to the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Bay colonies</a> and states of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where they constituted the largest group of Africans.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Since the late 20th century, a wave of Nigerian immigrants, mostly English and Igbo-speaking, have settled in Maryland, attracted to its strong professional job market.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> They were also imported to the southern borders of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> considered the low country and where <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gulluh</a> culture still preserves African traditions of its ancestors. Today, there is an area called <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Landing" title="Igbo Landing">Igbo Landing</a>, where a group of Igbo had tried to drown themselves, rather than become slaves, when they disembarked the slave ship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonial period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></div> The establishment of British colonial rule in present-day Nigeria and increased encounters between the Igbo and other ethnicities near the Niger River led to a deepening sense of a distinct Igbo ethnic identity. The Igbo proved decisive and enthusiastic in their embrace of Christianity and Western-style education.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Because of the incompatibility of the Igbo decentralized style of government and the centralized system including the appointment of warrant chiefs required for British system of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a>, the period <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">colonial rule</a> was marked with numerous conflicts and tension.<a href="#cite_note-africanhistory-92">[92]</a> During the colonial era, the diversity within each of Nigeria's major ethnic groups slowly decreased, and distinctions between the Igbo and other large ethnic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, became sharper.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The establishment of British colonial rule transformed Igbo society, as portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a>. Colonial rule brought about changes in culture, such as the introduction of warrant chiefs as <a href="/wiki/Eze" title="Eze">Eze</a> (indigenous rulers) where there were no such monarchies.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Christian missionaries introduced aspects of European ideology into Igbo society and culture, sometimes shunning parts of the culture.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The rumours that the Igbo women were being assessed for taxation sparked off the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Igbo Women's War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a> (also known as the 1929 Aba Riots), a massive revolt of women never encountered before in Igbo history.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Aspects of Igbo culture such as construction of houses, education and religion changed following colonialism. The tradition of building houses out of mud walls and <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatched</a> roofs ended as the people shifted to materials such as concrete blocks for houses and metal roofs. Roads for vehicles were built. Buildings such as hospitals and schools were erected in many parts of Igboland. Along with these changes, electricity and running water were installed in the early 20th century. With electricity, new technology such as radios and televisions were adopted, and have become commonplace in most Igbo households.<a href="#cite_note-modern-127">[127]</a> A series of black and white, silent films about the Igbo people made by <a href="/wiki/George_Basden" title="George Basden">George Basden</a> in the 1920s and 1930s are held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Museum" title="British Empire and Commonwealth Museum">British Empire and Commonwealth Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Archives" title="Bristol Archives">Bristol Archives</a> (Ref. 2006/070).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian_Civil_War">Nigerian Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nigerian Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Biafra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/220px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/330px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Biafra.svg/440px-Flag_of_Biafra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Biafra" title="Flag of Biafra">Flag</a> of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> (1967–1970)<a href="#cite_note-stateless-37">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> A series of ethnic clashes between Northern <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and the Igbo, and other ethnic groups of Eastern Nigeria Region living in Northern Nigeria took place between 1966 and 1967. Elements in the army had assassinated the Nigerian military head of state General <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi</a> on 29 July 1966,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and peace negotiations failed between the military government that deposed Ironsi and the regional government of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aburi" title="Aburi">Aburi</a> Talks in Ghana in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> These events led to a regional council of the peoples of Eastern Nigeria deciding that the region should secede and proclaim the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967.<a href="#cite_note-biafradate-131">[131]</a> General <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu</a> made this declaration and became the head of state of the new republic.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The resultant war, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> or the Nigerian-Biafran War, lasted from 6 July 1967 until 15 January 1970, after which the federal government re-absorbed Biafra into Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-biafradate-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Several million Eastern Nigerians died from the <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against them, such as the <a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> where between 10,000 and 30,000 Igbo people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Diamond-1967-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keil-1970-135">[135]</a> Many homes, schools, and hospitals were destroyed in the conflict. The federal government of Nigeria denied Igbo people access to their savings placed in Nigerian banks and provided them with little compensation. The war also led to a great deal of discrimination against the Igbo people at the hands of other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-136">[136]</a> In their struggle, the people of Biafra earned the respect of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>, who returned his <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a>, partly in protest against British support for the Nigerian government in the Biafran War.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Odumegwu Ojukwu">Odumegwu-Ojukwu</a>, stated that the three years of freedom allowed his people to become the most civilized and most technologically advanced black people in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-136">[136]</a> In July 2007, Odumegwu-Ojukwu renewed calls for the secession of the Biafran state as a sovereign entity.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history_(1970_to_present)">Recent history (1970 to present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recent history (1970 to present)">edit</a>]</div> Some Igbo subgroups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a>, started dissociating themselves from the larger Igbo population after the war.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In the post-war era, Nigeria changed the names of places to non-Igbo-sounding words. For instance, the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo-uzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igbo-uzo (page does not exist)">Igbo-uzo</a> was anglicized to Ibusa.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Because of discrimination, many Igbo had trouble finding employment, and during the early 1970s, the Igbo became one of the poorest ethnic groups in Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-discrim-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Igbo rebuilt their cities by themselves without any contribution from the federal government of Nigeria. This led to the establishment of new factories in southern Nigeria. Many Igbo people eventually took government positions,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> although many were engaged in private business.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Since the early 21st century, there has been a wave of Nigerian Igbo immigration to other African countries, Europe, and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture" title="Igbo culture">Igbo culture</a> includes various customs, practices and traditions of the Igbo people. It comprises archaic practices as well as new concepts that entered Igbo culture either through evolution or outside influences. These customs and traditions include the Igbo people's visual art, use of language, music and dance forms, as well as their attire, cuisine and language variation. Due to the various <a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo_subgroups" title="Category:Igbo subgroups">subgroupings</a> of Igbo society, Igbo culture is quite diverse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Igbo_architecture_and_designs">Traditional Igbo architecture and designs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Traditional Igbo architecture and designs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Igbo_architecture" title="Igbo architecture">Igbo architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekpe_(leopard_society)_meeting_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ekpe_%28leopard_society%29_meeting_house.jpg/220px-Ekpe_%28leopard_society%29_meeting_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ekpe_%28leopard_society%29_meeting_house.jpg/330px-Ekpe_%28leopard_society%29_meeting_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ekpe_%28leopard_society%29_meeting_house.jpg/440px-Ekpe_%28leopard_society%29_meeting_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ekpe" title="Ekpe">Ekpe</a> (leopard society) meeting house.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png/250px-Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png/375px-Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png/500px-Traditional_Igbo_high_building_house.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>An "Ógwa", an ancestral meeting and reception shrine hall of household patriarchs photographed by P. Talbot</figcaption></figure> Traditional Igbo architecture predominantly uses locally sourced materials such as mud, clay, wood, bamboo, thatch, and palm fronds.<a href="#cite_note-eneorji-147">[147]</a> These materials are abundant and well-suited to the local climate. The traditional Igbo dwelling is often organized within a compound, which includes several houses for extended family members arranged around a central courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-eneorji-147">[147]</a> The courtyard serves as a communal space for gatherings and interactions. Igbo architecture is modular, with structures being added or expanded as family needs grow.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This flexibility allows for adaptability over time. Most traditional Igbo houses feature steeply pitched thatched roofs made from palm fronds or grass.<a href="#cite_note-eneorji-147">[147]</a> The roofs provide insulation, natural ventilation, and protection from rain. Houses may be adorned with decorative patterns and motifs, often carved into wooden beams, walls, and doors. Such designs hold cultural and symbolic significance. Some Igbo houses have elevated floors, which serve multiple purposes, including protection against flooding, improved ventilation, and storage space underneath.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Verandas and raised platforms are common features, offering shaded outdoor spaces for relaxation, socializing, and various activities.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Many Igbo houses incorporate sacred spaces, such as shrines or altars, for religious practices, ancestor veneration, and community rituals.<a href="#cite_note-eneorji-147">[147]</a> Architectural elements often carry cultural and religious symbolism, reflecting the Igbo worldview and values. Building and maintaining structures involve collective effort, highlighting the communal nature of Igbo society.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Igbo architecture takes into account the region's climate and natural surroundings, using design elements that promote comfort and harmony with the environment. In some Igbo communities, wooden communication towers called "<a href="/wiki/Ogene" title="Ogene">ogene</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Isokwe" title="Isokwe">isiokwe</a>" are erected for signaling and communication during events or gatherings. Towers were common, in Igbo architecture, often <a href="/wiki/Multi-storey" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey">Two-storey buildings</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which disproves the popular western myth that Africans didn't have multi-story buildings prior to Colonization.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nsude_pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nsude_pyramids.jpg/250px-Nsude_pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nsude_pyramids.jpg/375px-Nsude_pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Nsude_pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">Nsude Pyramids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a></figcaption></figure> One of the unique structures of Igbo culture were the <a href="/wiki/Nsude_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nsude pyramids">Nsude pyramids</a>, which was a form of <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">step pyramid</a> built at the town of <a href="/wiki/Udi,_Enugu" title="Udi, Enugu">Nsude</a>, in modern day <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a>. Ten pyramidal structures were built of clay and mud. The first base section was 60 ft (18 m) in circumference and 3 ft (0.91 m) in height. The next stack was 45 ft (14 m) in circumference. Circular stacks continued, until it reached the top. The structures were temples for the god Ala/Uto, who was believed to reside at the top. A stick was placed at the top to represent the god's residence. The structures were laid in groups of five parallel to each other. Because it was built of clay/mud, time has taken its toll requiring periodic reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAAI_645.3_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RAAI_645.3_%282%29.jpg/250px-RAAI_645.3_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RAAI_645.3_%282%29.jpg/375px-RAAI_645.3_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RAAI_645.3_%282%29.jpg/500px-RAAI_645.3_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="2303" /></a><figcaption>A scene in an <a href="/wiki/Mbari_(art)" title="Mbari (art)">Mbari</a> house c. 1904</figcaption></figure> Igbo art is noted for <a href="/wiki/Mbari_(art)" title="Mbari (art)">Mbari</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-reading-152">[152]</a> Mbari houses of the <a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a>-Igbo are large opened-sided square planned shelters. They house many life-sized, painted figures (sculpted in mud to appease the <a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> (deity) and <a href="/wiki/Ala_(odinani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (odinani)">Ala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earth_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth goddess">earth goddess</a>, with other deities of thunder and water).<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-153">[153]</a> Other sculptures are of officials, craftsmen, foreigners (mainly Europeans), animals, legendary creatures and ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-153">[153]</a> Mbari houses take years to build in what is regarded as a sacred process. When new ones are constructed, old ones are left to decay.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-153">[153]</a> Everyday houses were made of mud with thatched roofs and bare earth floors with carved design doors. Some houses had elaborate designs both in the interior and exterior. These designs could include <a href="/wiki/Uli_(design)" title="Uli (design)">Uli art</a> designed by Igbo women.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Examples of Igbo architecture</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of Igbo building"><img alt="Exterior of Igbo building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png/180px-Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png/270px-Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png/360px-Igbo_Architecture_Exterior.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="786" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of Igbo building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants,_c._1912.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A building photographed in the western Igbo area (filed under Onicha Olona by the MAA Cambridge, but possibly from another nearby Igbo town)"><img alt="A building photographed in the western Igbo area (filed under Onicha Olona by the MAA Cambridge, but possibly from another nearby Igbo town)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants%2C_c._1912.png/180px-Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants%2C_c._1912.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants%2C_c._1912.png/270px-Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants%2C_c._1912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants%2C_c._1912.png/360px-Igbo_PreColonial_Architecture_by_Northcote_Thomas_and_assistants%2C_c._1912.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="833" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A building photographed in the western Igbo area (filed under <a href="/wiki/Onicha_Olona" title="Onicha Olona">Onicha Olona</a> by the MAA Cambridge, but possibly from another nearby Igbo town)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Igbo_compound_entrance,_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley,_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Igbo compound entrance, in or near Önïcha. Photographed by Herbert Wimberley, c. 1903"><img alt="An Igbo compound entrance, in or near Önïcha. Photographed by Herbert Wimberley, c. 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_Igbo_compound_entrance%2C_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley%2C_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg/180px-An_Igbo_compound_entrance%2C_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley%2C_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_Igbo_compound_entrance%2C_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley%2C_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg/270px-An_Igbo_compound_entrance%2C_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley%2C_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_Igbo_compound_entrance%2C_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley%2C_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg/360px-An_Igbo_compound_entrance%2C_in_or_near_%C3%96n%C3%AFcha._Photographed_by_Herbert_Wimberley%2C_c._1903-18._Cambridge_University_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1380" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Igbo compound entrance, in or near <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Önïcha</a>. Photographed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Wimberley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Wimberley (page does not exist)">Herbert Wimberley</a>, c. 1903</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture,_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Igbo house with tower in the background"><img alt="Igbo house with tower in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture%2C_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png/180px-Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture%2C_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture%2C_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png/270px-Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture%2C_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture%2C_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png/360px-Igbo_Pre-Colonial_Architecture%2C_House_%26_Tower_Behind.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="842" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Igbo house with tower in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_decorated_wall_(of_a_house%3F)_at_Ila_(Illah),_in_the_western_Igbo_area,_photographed_by_British_colonial_government_anthropologist_Northcote_Thomas,_October-November_1912._MAA,_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of Igbo building – art and design"><img alt="Exterior of Igbo building – art and design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_decorated_wall_%28of_a_house%3F%29_at_Ila_%28Illah%29%2C_in_the_western_Igbo_area%2C_photographed_by_British_colonial_government_anthropologist_Northcote_Thomas%2C_October-November_1912._MAA%2C_Cambridge.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_decorated_wall_%28of_a_house%3F%29_at_Ila_%28Illah%29%2C_in_the_western_Igbo_area%2C_photographed_by_British_colonial_government_anthropologist_Northcote_Thomas%2C_October-November_1912._MAA%2C_Cambridge.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_decorated_wall_%28of_a_house%3F%29_at_Ila_%28Illah%29%2C_in_the_western_Igbo_area%2C_photographed_by_British_colonial_government_anthropologist_Northcote_Thomas%2C_October-November_1912._MAA%2C_Cambridge.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="851" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of Igbo building – art and design</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png" class="mw-file-description" title=""Okoli Ijeoma Ada" war tower"><img alt=""Okoli Ijeoma Ada" war tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png/180px-Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png/270px-Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png/360px-Okoli_ijeoma_ada_war_tower.png 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="622" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Okoli Ijeoma Ada" war tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Awka_watch_tower_1909.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Awka watch tower"><img alt="Awka watch tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Awka_watch_tower_1909.png/132px-Awka_watch_tower_1909.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Awka_watch_tower_1909.png/197px-Awka_watch_tower_1909.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Awka_watch_tower_1909.png/263px-Awka_watch_tower_1909.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1272" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> watch tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Nsude pyramids in Enugu"><img alt="Three Nsude pyramids in Enugu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg/180px-Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg/270px-Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg/360px-Three_nsude_pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="587" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three <a href="/wiki/Step_pyramid" title="Step pyramid">Nsude pyramids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language and literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">Igbo literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg/220px-Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg/330px-Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg/440px-Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a> is the most popular and renowned novel that deals with the Igbo and their traditional life.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo language</a> was used by <a href="/wiki/John_Goldsmith_(linguist)" title="John Goldsmith (linguist)">John Goldsmith</a> as an example to justify deviating from the classical linear model of <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> as laid out in <a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a>. It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman script</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a> formalized ideograms, which is used by the <a href="/wiki/Ekpe" title="Ekpe">Ekpe</a> society and Okonko fraternity but is no longer widely used.<a href="#cite_note-si-nsibidi-155">[155]</a> Nsibidi ideography existed among the Igbo before the 16th century but died out after it became popular among secret societies, who made Nsibidi a secret form of communication.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Igbo language is difficult because of the huge number of dialects, its richness in prefixes and suffixes and its heavy intonation.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Igbo is a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal language</a>, and there are hundreds of different Igbo dialects and Igboid languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-dialect-28">[28]</a> In 1939, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ida_C._Ward" title="Ida C. Ward">Ida C. Ward</a> led a research expedition on Igbo dialects which could possibly be used as a basis of a standard Igbo dialect, also known as Central Igbo. This dialect included that of the <a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a> groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Ohuhu_people" title="Ohuhu people">Ohuhu</a> dialect. This proposed dialect was gradually accepted by missionaries, writers, publishers, and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 1789, <a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a> was published in London, England, written by <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a>, a former slave. The book features 79 Igbo words.<a href="#cite_note-Oraka21-159">[159]</a> In the first and second chapter, the book illustrates various aspects of Igbo life based on Olaudah Equiano's life in his hometown of Essaka.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Although the book was one of the first books published to include Igbo material, Geschichte der <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Mission der evangelischen Brüder</a> auf den caraibischen Inseln <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">St. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">St. Croix</a> und <a href="/wiki/St._John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands">S. Jan</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: History of the Evangelical Brothers' Mission in the Caribbean Islands St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. John),<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> published in 1777, written by the German missionary C. G. A. Oldendorp, was the first book to publish any Igbo material.<a href="#cite_note-Oraka21-159">[159]</a> Perhaps the most popular and renowned novel that deals with the Igbo and their traditional life was the 1959 book by Chinua Achebe, <a href="/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a>. The novel concerns the influence of British colonial rule and Christian missionaries on a traditional Igbo community during an unspecified time in the late nineteenth or early 20th century. Most of the novel is set in Iguedo, one of nine villages on the lower Niger.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Igbo_music" title="Igbo music">Igbo music</a></div> The Igbo people have a musical style into which they incorporate various percussion instruments: the <a href="/wiki/Udu" title="Udu">udu</a>, which is essentially designed from a clay jug; an <a href="/wiki/Ekwe" title="Ekwe">ekwe</a>, which is formed from a hollowed log; and the <a href="/wiki/Ogene" title="Ogene">ogene</a>, a hand bell designed from forged iron. Other instruments include opi, a wind instrument similar to the flute, <a href="/wiki/Igba" title="Igba">igba</a>, and ichaka.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Another popular musical form among the Igbo is <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>. A widely popular musical genre in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, highlife is a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and traditional music. The modern <a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Igbo highlife</a> is seen in the works of <a href="/wiki/Dr_Sir_Warrior" title="Dr Sir Warrior">Dr Sir Warrior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_De_Coque" title="Oliver De Coque">Oliver De Coque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bright_Chimezie" title="Bright Chimezie">Bright Chimezie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Stephen_Osita_Osadebe" title="Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe">Chief Osita Osadebe</a>, who were among the most popular Igbo highlife musicians of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ceremony" title="Masquerade ceremony">Masking</a> is one of the most common art styles in Igboland and is linked strongly with Igbo traditional music. A mask can be made of wood or fabric, along with other materials including iron and vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-165">[165]</a> Masks have a variety of uses, mainly in social satires, religious rituals, secret society initiations (such as the Ekpe society) and public festivals, which now include Christmas time celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-christmas-166">[166]</a> Some of the best known include the <a href="/wiki/Agbogho_Mmuo" title="Agbogho Mmuo">Agbogho Mmuo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>: Maiden spirit) masks of the northern Igbo which represent the spirits of deceased maidens and their mothers with masks symbolizing beauty.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-165">[165]</a> Other impressive masks include northern Igbo <a href="/wiki/Ijele_Masquerade" title="Ijele Masquerade">Ijele</a> masks. At 12 feet (3.7 m) high, Ijele masks consist of platforms 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-165">[165]</a> supporting figures made of coloured cloth and representing everyday scenes with objects such as leopards. Ijele masks are used for honoring the dead to ensure the continuity and well-being of the community and are only seen on rare occasions such as the death of a prominent figure in the community.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-165">[165]</a> There are many Igbo dance styles, but perhaps, Igbo dance is best known for its <a href="/wiki/Atilogwu" title="Atilogwu">atilogwu</a> dance troops. These performances include acrobatic stunts such as high kicks and <a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_(gymnastics)" title="Cartwheel (gymnastics)">cartwheels</a>, with each rhythm from the indigenous instruments indicating a movement to the dancer.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egedege_Dance" title="Egedege Dance">Egedege Dance</a> is an Igbo traditional Royal-styled cultural dance of South Eastern Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_rites_of_passage">Religion and rites of passage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion and rites of passage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion in Nigeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_masculine_ikenga,_Nigeria,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/170px-Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/255px-Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/340px-Statuette_masculine_ikenga%2C_Nigeria%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Wooden sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Ikenga" title="Ikenga">Ikenga</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" title="Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du Quai Branly</a></figcaption></figure> The Igbo traditional religion is known as <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isichei246-51">[51]</a> The supreme deity is called <a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a> ("great spirit"); Chukwu created the world and everything in it and is associated with all things in the universe. They believe the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> is divided into four complex parts: creation, known as Okike; supernatural forces or deities called <a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Odinani#Spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Mmuo</a>, which are gods/spirits; and Uwa, the earthly world.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a> is the supreme deity in Odinani and considered the creator deity, and the Igbo people believe that all things ultimately came from him,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and that everything on earth, <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and the rest of the spiritual world is under his supervision.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Linguistic studies of the Igbo language suggest that the name Chukwu is a compound of the Igbo words Chi (spiritual being) and Ukwu (great in size).<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Each individual is born with a spiritual guide/guardian angel or guardian principle, "Chi", unique to each individual and the individual's fate and destiny is determined by their Chi. Thus, the Igbos say that the siblings may come of the same mother, but no two people have the same Chi and thus different destinies for all. <a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a>, alternatively known as Arusi or Arushi (depending on dialect), are minor <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> that are worshiped and served in Odinani. There are many different Alusi, each with its own purpose. When an individual deity is no longer needed, or becomes too violent, it is discarded.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The Igbo have traditionally believed in the possibility for <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of individuals within the family. People are believed to be able to reincarnate into families that they were part of while alive. Before a relative dies, it is said that the soon to be deceased relative sometimes give clues of who they will reincarnate as in the family. Once a child is born, he or she is believed to give signs of who they have reincarnated from. This can be through behavior, physical traits and statements by the child. A diviner can help in detecting who the child has reincarnated from. It is considered an insult if a male is said to have reincarnated as a female.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Children are not allowed to call elders by their names without using an <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> (as this is considered disrespectful). As a sign of respect, children are required to greet elders when seeing them for the first time in the day. Children usually add the Igbo honorifics Mazi or Dede before an elder's name when addressing them.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Njoku-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> Christianity was introduced to the Igbo people through European colonization in 1857. The Igbo people were hesitant to convert to Christianity initially because they believed the gods of their native religion would bring disaster to them. However, Christianity gradually gained converts in Igbo land, mainly through the work of church agents. These men built schools and focused on persuading the youth to adopt Christian values.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The Igbo people today are known as the ethnic group that has adopted Christianity the most in all of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall,Onitsha_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall%2COnitsha_2.jpg/220px-Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall%2COnitsha_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall%2COnitsha_2.jpg/330px-Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall%2COnitsha_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall%2COnitsha_2.jpg/440px-Art_at_Ime-Obi_Ezechima_wall%2COnitsha_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Ghost depicted as a dove on a relief in <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a></figcaption></figure> The Igbo people were unaffected by the Islamic jihad waged in Nigeria in the 19th century, but a small minority converted to Islam in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-UCHENDU_63–87-179">[179]</a> There is also a small population of <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> some of whom merely identifying as Jews, while others having converted to Judaism. These draw their inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a>, a Christian-educated freed slave who remarked in his autobiography of 1789 on "the strong analogy which... appears to prevail in the manners and customs of my countrymen and those of the Jews, before they reached the Land of Promise, and particularly the patriarchs while they were yet in that pastoral state which is described in Genesis—an analogy, which alone would induce me to think that the one people had sprung from the other." Equiano's speculation has given rise to a great debate on the origins of the Igbo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burials">Burials</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Burials">edit</a>]</div> After a death, the body of a prominent member of society is placed on a stool in a sitting posture and is clothed in the deceased's finest garments. Animal sacrifices may be offered, and the dead person is well perfumed.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Burial usually follows within 24 hours of death. In the 21st century, the head of a home is usually buried within the compound of his residence.<a href="#cite_note-Njoku-176">[176]</a> Different types of deaths warrant different types of burials. This is determined by an individual's age, gender and status in society. Children are buried in hiding and out of sight; their burials usually take place in the early mornings and late nights. A simple untitled man is buried in front of his house and a simple mother is buried in her place of origin: in a garden or a farm-area that belonged to her father.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In the 21st century, a majority of the Igbo bury their dead in the western way, although it is not uncommon for burials to be practiced in the traditional Igbo ways.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage">Marriage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> The process of marrying usually involves asking the young woman's consent, introducing the woman to the man's family and the same for the man to the woman's family, testing the bride's character, checking the woman's family background, and paying the brides' wealth.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Typically speaking, bride wealth is more symbolic. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</a>, wine, goats, and chickens, among other things, are listed in the proposal, as well. Negotiating the bride wealth can also take more than one day, giving both parties time for a ceremonial feast.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Marriages were sometimes arranged from birth through negotiation of the two families.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> However, after a series of interviews conducted in the 1990s with 250 Igbo women, it was found that 94.4% of that sample population disapproved of arranged marriages.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg/220px-Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg/330px-Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg/440px-Traditional_Wedding_Nnewi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A modern Igbo wedding, <a href="/wiki/Nnewi" title="Nnewi">Nnewi</a>, Nigeria</figcaption></figure> In the past, many Igbo men practiced <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. The polygamous family is made up of a man and his wives and all their children.<a href="#cite_note-Njoku-176">[176]</a> Men sometimes married multiple wives for economic reasons so as to have more people in the family, including children, to help on farms.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Christian and civil marriages have changed the Igbo family since colonization. Igbo people now tend to enter <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtships</a> and create <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear families</a>, mainly because of Western influence.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Some Western marriage customs, such as weddings in a <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a>, take place either before or after the lgbo cultural traditional marriage.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Attire">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, the attire of the Igbo generally consisted of little clothing, as the purpose of clothing originally was simply to conceal private parts. Because of this purpose, children were often nude from birth until the beginning of their adolescence—the time they were considered to have something to hide.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Uli body art was used to decorate both men and women in the form of lines forming patterns and shapes on the body.<a href="#cite_note-clothing2-192">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg/170px-Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Men wearing contemporary <a href="/wiki/Isiagu" title="Isiagu">Isiagu</a> with the ceremonial Igbo men's hat okpu agu</figcaption></figure> Women traditionally carry their babies on their backs with a strip of clothing binding the two with a knot at her chest, a practice used by many ethnic groups across Africa.<a href="#cite_note-clothing-193">[193]</a> This method has been modernized in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">child carrier</a>. Maidens usually wore a short wrapper with beads around their waist and other ornaments such as necklaces and beads.<a href="#cite_note-clothing-193">[193]</a> Both men and women wore wrappers.<a href="#cite_note-clothing2-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-clothing-193">[193]</a> Men would wear <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloths</a> that wrapped round their waist and between their legs to be fastened at their back, the type of clothing appropriate for the intense heat as well as jobs such as farming.<a href="#cite_note-clothing2-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-clothing-193">[193]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano's narrative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Equiano</a> describes fragrances that were used by the Igbo in the community of <a href="/wiki/Essakane" title="Essakane">Essaka</a>: <blockquote>Our principal luxury is in perfumes; one sort of these is an odoriferous wood of delicious fragrance: the other a kind of earth; a small portion of which thrown into the fire diffuses a most powerful odor. We beat this wood into powder, and mix it with <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>; with which both men and women perfume themselves. <dl><dd>— <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></dd></dl></blockquote> As colonialism became more influential, the Igbo adapted their dress customs.<a href="#cite_note-clothing3-195">[195]</a> Clothing worn before colonialism became "traditional" and worn on cultural occasions. Modern Igbo traditional attire, for men, is generally made up of the <a href="/wiki/Isiagu" title="Isiagu">Isiagu</a> top, which resembles the <a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">Dashiki</a> worn by other African groups. Isiagu (or ishi agu) is usually patterned with lions' heads embroidered over the clothing and can be a plain colour.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> It is worn with trousers and can be worn with either a ceremonial title holders hat or with the conventional <a href="/wiki/File:Little_world,_Aichi_prefecture_-_African_plaza_-_Hat_of_a_vassal_-_%C3%8Cgbo_people_in_Nigeria_-_Collected_in_2006.jpg" title="File:Little world, Aichi prefecture - African plaza - Hat of a vassal - Ìgbo people in Nigeria - Collected in 2006.jpg">striped men's hat</a> known as okpu agu.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> For women, a puffed sleeve <a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">blouse</a> along with two wrappers and a head tie are worn.<a href="#cite_note-clothing-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-clothing3-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yam_pottage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yam_pottage.jpg/220px-Yam_pottage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yam_pottage.jpg/330px-Yam_pottage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yam_pottage.jpg/440px-Yam_pottage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Yam porridge (or yam pottage) is an Igbo dish known as awaị.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Igbo_cuisine" title="Igbo cuisine">Igbo cuisine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> is very important to the Igbo as the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple crop</a>. It is known for its resiliency (a yam can remain fully edible for six months without refrigeration), but it can also be very versatile in terms of its incorporation into different dishes.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Yams can be fried, roasted, boiled, or made into a potage with <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a> and herbs. The cultivation of yams is most commonly carried out by men, as women tend to focus on other crops.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> There are celebrations such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo" title="New Yam Festival of the Igbo">New Yam festival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>: Iwaji) which are held for the harvesting of the yam.<a href="#cite_note-yam-201">[201]</a> During the festival, yam is eaten throughout the communities as celebration. Yam tubers are shown off by individuals as a sign of success and wealth.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Rice has replaced yam for many ceremonial occasions. Other indigenous foods include cassava, <a href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</a>, maize and plantains. Soups or stews are included in a typical meal, prepared with a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, of which the word derives from the Igbo language, okwuru)<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> to which pieces of fish, chicken, beef, or goat meat are added. <a href="/wiki/Jollof_rice" title="Jollof rice">Jollof rice</a> is popular throughout <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm wine</a> is a popular alcoholic traditional beverage.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_organization">Political organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political organization">edit</a>]</div> The 1930s saw the rise of Igbo unions in the cities of Lagos and Port Harcourt. Later, the Ibo Federal Union (renamed the Ibo State Union in 1948) emerged as an umbrella <a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">pan-ethnic</a> organization. Headed by <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>, it was closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons</a>, which he co-founded with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Macaulay" title="Herbert Macaulay">Herbert Macaulay</a>. The aim of the organization was the improvement and advancement (such as in education) of the Igbo and their indigenous land and included an Igbo "national anthem" with a plan for an Igbo bank.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In 1978, after <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>'s military regime lifted the ban on independent political activity, the <a href="/wiki/Ohanaeze_Ndigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohanaeze Ndigbo">Ohanaeze Ndigbo</a> organization was formed, an elite umbrella organization which speaks on behalf of the Igbo people.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Their main concerns are the marginalization of the Igbo people in Nigerian politics and the neglect of indigenous Igbo territory in social amenities and development of infrastructure. Other groups which protest the perceived marginalization of the Igbo people are the Igbo Peoples Congress.<a href="#cite_note-org-209">[209]</a> Even before the 20th century, there were numerous Igbo unions and organizations existing around the world, such as the Igbo union in <a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Bathurst, Gambia</a> in 1842, founded by a prominent Igbo trader and ex-soldier named Thomas Refell. Another was the union founded by the Igbo community in <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, Sierra Leone by 1860, of which <a href="/wiki/Africanus_Horton" title="Africanus Horton">Africanus Horton</a>, a surgeon, scientist and soldier, was an active member.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Decades after the Nigerian-Biafran war, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), a secessionist group, was founded in September 1999 by Ralph Uwazurike for the goal of an independent Igbo state. Since its creation, there have been several conflicts between its members and the Nigerian government, resulting in the death of members.<a href="#cite_note-org-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> After the 2015 Nigerian general elections a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_People_of_Biafra" title="Indigenous People of Biafra">Indigenous People of Biafra</a> became the most prominent vocal group for the agitation of the creation of an independent state of Biafra through a radio station named <a href="/wiki/Radio_Biafra" title="Radio Biafra">Radio Biafra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> For the promotion of the Igbo language and culture, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Igbo_Language_and_Culture" title="Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture">Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture</a> was founded in 1949 by Frederick Chidozie Ogbalu and has since created a standard dialect for Igbo.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics of Nigeria</a></div> The Igbo people are natively found in <a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The Igbo language is predominant spoken throughout the South-East, although <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian English</a> is spoken as well. Prominent towns and cities in Igboland include <a href="/wiki/Asaba" title="Asaba">Asaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aba,_Nigeria" title="Aba, Nigeria">Aba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abakaliki" title="Abakaliki">Abakaliki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nnewi" title="Nnewi">Nnewi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owerri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> A significant number of Igbo people have migrated to other regions of Nigeria for trades, works and investment, such as <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-modern-127">[127]</a> The official data on the population of ethnic groups in Nigeria continues to be controversial as a minority of these groups have claimed that the government deliberately deflates the official population of one group, to give the other numerical superiority.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> puts the Igbo population of Nigeria at 15.2% of a total population of 230 million, or approximately 35 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Nigeria_CIA-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Southeastern Nigeria</a>, which is inhabited primarily by the Igbo, is the most densely populated area in Nigeria and possibly in all of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Most ethnicities that inhabit southeastern Nigeria, such as the closely related <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio people</a>, are sometimes regarded as Igbo by other <a href="/wiki/Nigerians" title="Nigerians">Nigerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographers</a> who are not well informed about the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-Ibo-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Nigerian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">Igbo American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Canadian">Igbo Canadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Igbo_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade">The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg/220px-NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg/330px-NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg/440px-NewYam-IgboFestival-Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Igbo people celebrating the <a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo" title="New Yam Festival of the Igbo">New Yam festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a>, many Igbo people emigrated out of the indigenous Igbo homeland in southeastern Nigeria because of an absence of federal presence, lack of jobs, and poor infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In recent decades the Igbo region of Nigeria has suffered from frequent environmental damage mainly related to the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">oil industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Igbo people have moved to both <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_cities_by_population" title="List of Nigerian cities by population">Nigerian cities</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, and other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian British">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian American">United States</a>. Prominent Igbo communities outside <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> include those of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> About 21,000 Igbo people were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in 1969,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> while as small number (8,680) lived on <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Bioko island</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Small numbers live in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, making up the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Japan" title="Nigerians in Japan">Nigerian immigrant population</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> A large amount of the African population of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China, is Igbo-speaking and are mainly businessmen trading between factories in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Other Igbo immigrants are found in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Canadian">Igbo Canadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">Igbo American</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannibalism_in_Africa#West_Africa" title="Cannibalism in Africa">Cannibalism in Africa § West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Igbo_history" title="Timeline of Igbo history">Timeline of Igbo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Uzochukwu" title="Sam Uzochukwu">Sam Uzochukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States of Nigeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style 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Harbor House. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891799-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891799-06-8"><bdi>978-1-891799-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Realm+of+Ghosts+and+Hauntings&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Harbor+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-891799-06-8&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=E.+Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8p8OyMHWTYC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidyRobert_Brock_Le_Page2002" class="citation book cs1">Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Robert Brock Le Page (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lmFzFgsTZYC&pg=PA168">A Dictionary of Jamaican English</a> (2nd ed.). University of the West Indies Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-127-6"><bdi>978-976-640-127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Jamaican+English&rft.pages=168&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-976-640-127-6&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Gomes&rft.au=Robert+Brock+Le+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lmFzFgsTZYC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquiano1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Equiano, Olaudah</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXVkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA27">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a>. 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Edinburgh University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0492-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-0492-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advance+of+African+Capital%3A+The+Growth+of+Nigerian+Private+Enterprise&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0492-0&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0NinkShiHYC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mwakikagile_2006_862-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Mwakikagile_2006_862_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile2006" class="citation book cs1">Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE2iP2KSnmMC&pg=PA86">African Countries: An Introduction with Maps</a>. 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Transaction Publishers, USA. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4964-1"><bdi>978-3-8258-4964-1</bdi></a>. 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(1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3VSwvEG4QcC&pg=PA437">The End of slavery in Africa</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 437. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11554-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11554-8"><bdi>978-0-299-11554-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+slavery+in+Africa&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11554-8&rft.aulast=Miers&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3VSwvEG4QcC%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2003" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2003). Adebayo Oyebade (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5Lzf7s2M8EC&pg=PA476">The foundations of Nigeria: essays in honor of Toyin Falola</a>. Africa World Press. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-120-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-120-3"><bdi>978-1-59221-120-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+Nigeria%3A+essays+in+honor+of+Toyin+Falola&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-120-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5Lzf7s2M8EC%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkechi1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ekechi, Felix K. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=191394238#:~:text=Christian%20missionary%20attempts%20to%20convert,country%20that%20missionary%20evangelism%20prospered">"Colonialism and Christianity in West Africa: The Igbo Case, 1900-1915"</a>. The Journal of African History. 12 (1): 103–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700000098">10.1017/S0021853700000098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162515367">162515367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Colonialism+and+Christianity+in+West+Africa%3A+The+Igbo+Case%2C+1900-1915&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-115&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700000098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162515367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ekechi&rft.aufirst=Felix+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3D191394238%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChristian%2520missionary%2520attempts%2520to%2520convert%2Ccountry%2520that%2520missionary%2520evangelism%2520prospered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-brit1_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282215/Igbo">"Igbo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Online">Britannica Online</a>. Retrieved 1 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Igbo&rft.btitle=Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F282215%2FIgbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2006" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Frederick (2006). Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. Hikoki Publications. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902109-63-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902109-63-3"><bdi>978-1-902109-63-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows%3A+Airlift+and+Airwar+in+Biafra+and+Nigeria+1967%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Hikoki+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-902109-63-3&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdekson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adekson, Adedayo Oluwakayode (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilsocietyprob00adek">The "civil society" problematique: deconstructing civility and southern Nigeria's ethnic radicalization</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilsocietyprob00adek/page/n101">87</a>, 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94785-5"><bdi>978-0-415-94785-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22civil+society%22+problematique%3A+deconstructing+civility+and+southern+Nigeria%27s+ethnic+radicalization&rft.pages=87%2C+96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94785-5&rft.aulast=Adekson&rft.aufirst=Adedayo+Oluwakayode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilsocietyprob00adek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pg120_encyclo-35"><a href="#cite_ref-pg120_encyclo_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinsonTimothy_J_O'Leary1995" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David; Timothy J O'Leary (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9/page/120">Encyclopedia of World Cultures</a>. G.K. Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-1815-1"><bdi>978-0-8161-1815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Cultures&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8161-1815-1&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Timothy+J+O%27Leary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_q6n9%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exile-36"><a href="#cite_ref-exile_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchebe2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Achebe, Chinua</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeexile00ache">Home and Exile</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeexile00ache/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513506-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513506-0"><bdi>978-0-19-513506-0</bdi></a>. <q>...Igbo people might score poorly on the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford dictionary</a> test for tribe... Now, to call them a nation... This may not be perfect for the Igbo, but it is close.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+and+Exile&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513506-0&rft.aulast=Achebe&rft.aufirst=Chinua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeexile00ache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stateless-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stateless_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stateless_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K94wQ9MF2JsC&pg=PA762">Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32384-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+S-Z&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32384-3&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK94wQ9MF2JsC%26pg%3DPA762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdugna" class="citation web cs1">Adugna, Gabe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.bu.edu/igbo/Home">"Research: Language Learning: Igbo: Home"</a>. library.bu.edu. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Research%3A+Language+Learning%3A+Igbo%3A+Home&rft.aulast=Adugna&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.bu.edu%2Figbo%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOriji2011" class="citation book cs1">Oriji, John N. (2011). Political Organization in Nigeria since the Late Stone Age: A History of the Igbo People. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62193-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62193-0"><bdi>978-0-230-62193-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Organization+in+Nigeria+since+the+Late+Stone+Age%3A+A+History+of+the+Igbo+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62193-0&rft.aulast=Oriji&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1956" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffrey, M. D. W (1956). "The Umunri Tradition of Origin". African Studies. 15 (3): 119–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00020185608706990">10.1080/00020185608706990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Umunri+Tradition+of+Origin&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119-131&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00020185608706990&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=M.+D.+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Williamson & Blench (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine & Nurse, African Languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Kay Williamson in Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa, F. N. Anozie, Nwanna Nzewunwa (eds.), The Early History of the Niger Delta (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ7KylvsgYEC&pg=PA92">92f</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellTishkoff2008" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Michael C.; Tishkoff, Sarah A. (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953791">"African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping"</a>. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 9 (1): 403–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164258">10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8204">1527-8204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953791">2953791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18593304">18593304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Genomics+and+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=African+Genetic+Diversity%3A+Implications+for+Human+Demographic+History%2C+Modern+Human+Origins%2C+and+Complex+Disease+Mapping&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=403-433&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2953791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1527-8204&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18593304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.9.081307.164258&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft.au=Tishkoff%2C+Sarah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2953791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> M191/P86 positive samples occurred in tested populations of <a href="/wiki/Annang" class="mw-redirect" title="Annang">Annang</a> (38.3%), <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a> (45.6%), <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a> (45%), and Igbo (54.3%). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeeramahBruce_A_ConnellNaser_Ansari_PourAdam_Powell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Veeramah, Krishna R; Bruce A Connell; Naser Ansari Pour; Adam Powell; Christopher A Plaster; David Zeitlyn; Nancy R Mendell; Michael E Weale; Neil Bradman; Mark G Thomas (31 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2867817">"Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria"</a>. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BMCEE..10...92V">2010BMCEE..10...92V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-92">10.1186/1471-2148-10-92</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2867817">2867817</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20356404">20356404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Little+genetic+differentiation+as+assessed+by+uniparental+markers+in+the+presence+of+substantial+language+variation+in+peoples+of+the+Cross+River+region+of+Nigeria&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2867817%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20356404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-92&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010BMCEE..10...92V&rft.aulast=Veeramah&rft.aufirst=Krishna+R&rft.au=Bruce+A+Connell&rft.au=Naser+Ansari+Pour&rft.au=Adam+Powell&rft.au=Christopher+A+Plaster&rft.au=David+Zeitlyn&rft.au=Nancy+R+Mendell&rft.au=Michael+E+Weale&rft.au=Neil+Bradman&rft.au=Mark+G+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2867817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkonkwoIbeanu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Okonkwo, Emeka E.; Ibeanu, A. 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SAGE Open. 6 (2): 215824401665111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244016651111">10.1177/2158244016651111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147944354">147944354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Nigeria%27s+Archaeological+Heritage%3A+Resource+Exploitation+and+Technology&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215824401665111&rft.date=2016-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147944354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244016651111&rft.aulast=Okonkwo&rft.aufirst=Emeka+E.&rft.au=Ibeanu%2C+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244016651111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChikezie-Anuka2018" class="citation book cs1">Chikezie-Anuka, Adolphus (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9N59DwAAQBAJ&q=Nsukka+neolithic+pottery&pg=PA19">Mmanwu and Mission among the Igbo People of Nigeria: An Inculturative Dialogue</a>. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91063-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91063-9"><bdi>978-3-643-91063-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mmanwu+and+Mission+among+the+Igbo+People+of+Nigeria%3A+An+Inculturative+Dialogue&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-643-91063-9&rft.aulast=Chikezie-Anuka&rft.aufirst=Adolphus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9N59DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNsukka%2Bneolithic%2Bpottery%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth1976" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth, Isichei (1976). A History of the Igbo People. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-18556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-18556-8"><bdi>978-0-333-18556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Igbo+People&rft.pub=London%3A+Macmillan&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-333-18556-8&rft.aulast=Elizabeth&rft.aufirst=Isichei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988">; excerpted in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingthi0000ogba/page/75">Cultural Harmony I: Igboland—the World of Man and the World of Spirits</a>", section 4 of Kalu Ogbaa, ed., Understanding Things Fall Apart (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30294-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30294-4">0-313-30294-4</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingthi0000ogba/page/83">pp. 83–85</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eze-Uzomaka-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Eze-Uzomaka_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEze–Uzomaka" class="citation journal cs1">Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4103707">"Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja"</a>. Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Iron+and+its+influence+on+the+prehistoric+site+of+Lejja&rft.aulast=Eze%E2%80%93Uzomaka&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4103707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl-2009-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Holl-2009_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll2009" class="citation journal cs1">Holl, Augustin F. C. (6 November 2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy". 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Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4725-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-4725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+in+the+Shadow+of+Slavery&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4725-8&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEHVCsSFRUcC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnwuejeogwu1981" class="citation book cs1">Onwuejeogwu, M. 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London: Zed Books Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maledaughtersfem00amad/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-335-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-335-0"><bdi>978-1-78360-335-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+Daughters%2C+Female+Husbands%3A+Gender+and+Sex+in+an+African+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-78360-335-0&rft.aulast=Amadiume&rft.aufirst=Ifi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaledaughtersfem00amad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2005" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PrPxWLSrp78C&pg=RA1-PA183">Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia</a> (illustrated ed.). Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-706-0"><bdi>978-1-57806-706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+at+Montpelier%3A+Igbo+Africans+in+Virginia&rft.pages=183&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-706-0&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPrPxWLSrp78C%26pg%3DRA1-PA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiamputtong2007" class="citation book cs1">Liamputtong, Pranee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBnfqWtXDRwC&pg=PA155">Childrearing and Infant Care Issues: A Cross-cultural Perspective</a>. Nova Publishers. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-610-7"><bdi>978-1-60021-610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Childrearing+and+Infant+Care+Issues%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Perspective&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-610-7&rft.aulast=Liamputtong&rft.aufirst=Pranee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBnfqWtXDRwC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrookR._Thebe_MedupeJohnson_O._Urama2008" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Jarita C.; R. Thebe Medupe; Johnson O. Urama (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJpDW6IAukC&pg=PA235">African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa</a>. Springer, 2007. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-6638-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Cultural+Astronomy%3A+Current+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy+Research+in+Africa&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Springer%2C+2007&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6638-2&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Jarita+C.&rft.au=R.+Thebe+Medupe&rft.au=Johnson+O.+Urama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DJpDW6IAukC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook2007" class="citation book cs1">Holbrook, Jarita C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJpDW6IAukC&pg=PA235">African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa</a>. Springer. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-6638-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Cultural+Astronomy%3A+Current+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy+Research+in+Africa&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6638-2&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Jarita+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DJpDW6IAukC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoku2002" class="citation book cs1">Njoku, Onwuka N. (2002). Pre-colonial economic history of Nigeria. Ethiope Publishing Corporation, Benin City, Nigeria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-2979-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-2979-36-0"><bdi>978-978-2979-36-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-colonial+economic+history+of+Nigeria&rft.pub=Ethiope+Publishing+Corporation%2C+Benin+City%2C+Nigeria&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-978-2979-36-0&rft.aulast=Njoku&rft.aufirst=Onwuka+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnwuejeogwu1981" class="citation book cs1">Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu (1981). An Igbo civilization: Nri kingdom & hegemony. Ethnographica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-123-105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-123-105-6"><bdi>978-978-123-105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Igbo+civilization%3A+Nri+kingdom+%26+hegemony&rft.pub=Ethnographica&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-978-123-105-6&rft.aulast=Onwuejeogwu&rft.aufirst=M.+Angulu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguwa1995" class="citation book cs1">Aguwa, Jude C. U. (1995). The Agwu deity in Igbo religion. Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-156-399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-156-399-7"><bdi>978-978-156-399-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Agwu+deity+in+Igbo+religion&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Fourth+Dimension+Publishing+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-978-156-399-7&rft.aulast=Aguwa&rft.aufirst=Jude+C.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2006" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Jill (2006). The Jewish book of days: a companion for all seasons. Jewish Publication Society. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0831-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0831-3"><bdi>978-0-8276-0831-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+book+of+days%3A+a+companion+for+all+seasons&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0831-3&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsibidi-85"><a href="#cite_ref-nsibidi_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2004" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Amanda (2004). "Nsibidi: An Indigenous Writing System". In Peek, Philip M.; Yankah, Kwesi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pOcWLGktIYoC">African Folklore: An Encyclopedia</a> (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93933-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93933-1</bdi></a>. <q>Scholars believe that nsibidi originated among the Ejagham, who use it more extensively than any other group in the region. The spread of nsibidi may have been a result of Ejagham migrations or their practice of selling the secrets of the Ejagham men's Leopard Society (Ngbe) to their neighbors (the Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, Efut, Banyang, and others).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nsibidi%3A+An+Indigenous+Writing+System&rft.btitle=African+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=599&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93933-1&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOcWLGktIYoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlogar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Slogar, Christopher (2007). "Early Ceramics from Calabar, Nigeria: Towards a History of Nsibidi". African Arts. 40 (1): 18–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fafar.2007.40.1.18">10.1162/afar.2007.40.1.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933">0001-9933</a>. <q>Nsibidi is generally thought to have originated among the Ejagham peoples of the northern Cross River region, in large part because colonial investigators found the greatest number and variety of signs among them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=Early+Ceramics+from+Calabar%2C+Nigeria%3A+Towards+a+History+of+Nsibidi&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fafar.2007.40.1.18&rft.issn=0001-9933&rft.aulast=Slogar&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Farris_Thompson" title="Robert Farris Thompson">Thompson, Robert Farris</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flashofspiritafr00thom">Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy</a>. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 227, 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72369-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-72369-3"><bdi>978-0-394-72369-3</bdi></a>. <q>The Ejagham developed a unique form of ideographic writing, signs representing ideas and called nsibidi, signs embodying many powers, including the essence of all that is valiant, just, and ordered ... The late king of Oban in southern Ejagham told me in the summer of 1978 that nsibidi emerged in the dreams of certain men who thus received its secrets and later 'presented it outside'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flash+of+the+Spirit%3A+African+and+Afro-American+Art+and+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=227%2C+244&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-394-72369-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Farris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflashofspiritafr00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwosu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nwosu, Maik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/semi.2010.061/html">"In the Name of the Sign: The Nsibidi Script as the Language and Literature of the Crossroads"</a>. Semiotica (182): 286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsemi.2010.061">10.1515/semi.2010.061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-3692">1613-3692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Semiotica&rft.atitle=In+the+Name+of+the+Sign%3A+The+Nsibidi+Script+as+the+Language+and+Literature+of+the+Crossroads&rft.issue=182&rft.pages=286&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fsemi.2010.061&rft.issn=1613-3692&rft.aulast=Nwosu&rft.aufirst=Maik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fsemi.2010.061%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macgregor-89"><a href="#cite_ref-macgregor_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacgregor1909" class="citation journal cs1">Macgregor, J. K. (January–June 1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449627">"Some Notes on Nsibidi"</a>. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 39. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843292">10.2307/2843292</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843292">2843292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+Nsibidi.&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1909-01%2F1909-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Macgregor&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENwosu2010301_(note&nbsp;2)-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENwosu2010301_(note&nbsp;2)_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNwosu2010">Nwosu 2010</a>, p. 301 (note 2). </li> <li id="cite_note-igboukwu-91"><a href="#cite_ref-igboukwu_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApley" class="citation web cs1">Apley, Apley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm">"Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century)"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Igbo-Ukwu+%28ca.+9th+century%29&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.aulast=Apley&rft.aufirst=Apley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Figbo%2Fhd_igbo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-africanhistory-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africanhistory_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-africanhistory_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA674">Encyclopedia of African History</a>. CRC Press. p. 674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-245-6&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtz_gtO-pngC%26pg%3DPA674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olaudah1-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olaudah1_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olaudah1_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquiano1837" class="citation book cs1">Equiano, Olaudah (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXVkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a>. 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Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761587404/blyden_edward_wilmot.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+Wilmot+Blyden&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761587404%2Fblyden_edward_wilmot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025073245/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_2005148.shtml">"Edward Wilmot Blyden:- Father of Pan Africanism (August 3, 1832 to February 7, 1912)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_2005148.shtml">the original</a> on 25 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Wilmot+Blyden%3A-+Father+of+Pan+Africanism+%28August+3%2C+1832+to+February+7%2C+1912%29&rft.pub=Awareness+Times+%28Sierra+Leone%29&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sl%2Fdrwebsite%2Fpublish%2Farticle_2005148.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeson_II2001" class="citation book cs1">Robeson II, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undiscoveredpaul00robe/page/3">The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: An Artist's Journey, 1898–1939</a>. Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undiscoveredpaul00robe/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24265-9"><bdi>978-0-471-24265-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 December 2008. <q>A dark-skinned man descended from the Ibo tribe of Nigeria, Reverend Robeson was of medium height with broad shoulders, and had an air of surpassing dignity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undiscovered+Paul+Robeson%3A+An+Artist%27s+Journey%2C+1898%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24265-9&rft.aulast=Robeson+II&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundiscoveredpaul00robe%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzuonye1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Azuonye, Chukwuma (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umb.edu/africana_faculty_pubs/8/">"Igbo Names in the Nominal Roll of Amelié, An Early 19th Century Slave Ship from Martinique: Reconstructions, Interpretations and Inferences"</a>. 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History Now. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynow.org/03_2005/historian3.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2008. <q>(paragraph 11) Preferences on both side of the Atlantic determined, to a considerable degree, which enslaved Africans went where and when, populating the mainland with unique combinations of African peoples and creating distinctive regional variations in the Americas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Immigration+to+Colonial+America&rft.pub=History+Now&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynow.org%2F03_2005%2Fhistorian3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganSean_Hawkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Philip D.; Sean Hawkins (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kG824iVy1BsC&pg=PA82">Black Experience and the Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926029-4"><bdi>978-0-19-926029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Experience+and+the+Empire&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926029-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Sean+Hawkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkG824iVy1BsC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yorku-110"><a href="#cite_ref-yorku_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/nhp/areas/ethnic.htm">"Ethnic Identity in the Diaspora and the Nigerian Hinterland"</a>. Toronto, Canada: York university. Retrieved 23 November 2008. <q>As is now widely known, enslaved Africans were often concentrated in specific places in the diaspora...USA (Igbo)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+the+Diaspora+and+the+Nigerian+Hinterland&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=York+university&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorku.ca%2Fnhp%2Fareas%2Fethnic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahHenry_Louis_Gates1999" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates (27 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/212">Africana</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/212">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1999-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00071-5&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraton1979" class="citation book cs1">Craton, Michael (1979). Roots and Branches. University of Waterloo Dept. of History. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-025367-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-025367-1"><bdi>978-0-08-025367-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+and+Branches&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=University+of+Waterloo+Dept.+of+History&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-08-025367-1&rft.aulast=Craton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2005" class="citation book cs1">McWhorter, John H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdxJJVY54nYC&pg=PA217">Defining Creole</a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516670-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516670-5"><bdi>978-0-19-516670-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+Creole&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516670-5&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdxJJVY54nYC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobotham2008" class="citation web cs1">Robotham, Don (13 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226220329/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080113/focus/focus4.html">"Jamaica and Africa (Part II)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gleaner_Company" title="Gleaner Company">Gleaner Company</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20080113/focus/focus4.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008. <q>...It is not possible to declare that the Eastern Nigerian influence in Jamaica – apparent in expressions such as 'red ibo' – is Igbo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamaica+and+Africa+%28Part+II%29&rft.pub=Gleaner+Company&rft.date=2008-01-13&rft.aulast=Robotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaica-gleaner.com%2Fgleaner%2F20080113%2Ffocus%2Ffocus4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsoppJeannette_Allsopp2003" class="citation book cs1">Allsopp, Richard; Jeannette Allsopp (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmvSk13sIc0C&pg=PA101">Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage</a>. Contributor Richard Allsopp. University of the West Indies Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-145-0"><bdi>978-976-640-145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Caribbean+English+Usage&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-976-640-145-0&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Jeannette+Allsopp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmvSk13sIc0C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington,_Sean2007" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Sean (2007). A~Z of Barbados Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean Publishers Limited. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92068-8"><bdi>978-0-333-92068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A~Z+of+Barbados+Heritage&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Macmillan+Caribbean+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-333-92068-8&rft.au=Carrington%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1883" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, Archibald Robertson (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishhondurash00gibbuoft">British Honduras: an historical and descriptive account of the colony from its settlement, 1670</a>. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. <q>Eboe Town, a section of the town of Belize reserved for that African tribe, was destroyed by fire</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Honduras%3A+an+historical+and+descriptive+account+of+the+colony+from+its+settlement%2C+1670&rft.pub=S.+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle+%26+Rivington&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishhondurash00gibbuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerKelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett; Kelly, James C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFa7KVPWmKwC&pg=PA62">Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement</a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1774-0"><bdi>978-0-8139-1774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bound+Away%3A+Virginia+and+the+Westward+Movement&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1774-0&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft.au=Kelly%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGFa7KVPWmKwC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpie2008" class="citation book cs1">Opie, Frederick Douglass (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lAl8f11qngC&pg=PA18">Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14638-8"><bdi>978-0-231-14638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hog+and+Hominy%3A+Soul+Food+from+Africa+to+America&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14638-8&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Douglass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lAl8f11qngC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220090800/http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/languages_of_the_usa.pdf">"List of languages – #25 along with Kru and Yoruba"</a> (PDF). U.S. English Foundation, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/languages_of_the_usa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+languages+%E2%80%93+%2325+along+with+Kru+and+Yoruba&rft.pub=U.S.+English+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usefoundation.org%2Fuserdata%2Ffile%2FResearch%2Flanguages_of_the_usa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkechi1972" class="citation book cs1">Ekechi, Felix K. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNwgU_0wQukC&pg=PA146">Missionary Enterprise and Rivalry in Igboland, 1857–1914</a> (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2778-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2778-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-2778-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Enterprise+and+Rivalry+in+Igboland%2C+1857%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=146&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-2778-6&rft.aulast=Ekechi&rft.aufirst=Felix+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNwgU_0wQukC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuku2005" class="citation book cs1">Chuku, Gloria (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&pg=PA145">Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960: 1900–1960</a> (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97210-9"><bdi>978-0-415-97210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igbo+Women+and+Economic+Transformation+in+Southeastern+Nigeria%2C+1900%E2%80%931960%3A+1900%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=145&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97210-9&rft.aulast=Chuku&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3jouPZxPC4C%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfigbo1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adiele_Afigbo" title="Adiele Afigbo">Afigbo, A. E.</a> (1992). Groundwork of Igbo history. Lagos: Vista Books. pp. 522–541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-134-400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-134-400-8"><bdi>978-978-134-400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundwork+of+Igbo+history&rft.place=Lagos&rft.pages=522-541&rft.pub=Vista+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-978-134-400-8&rft.aulast=Afigbo&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurnissElizabeth_GunnerLiz_Gunner1995" class="citation book cs1">Furniss, Graham; Elizabeth Gunner; Liz Gunner (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8ZDWbwIwdQC&pg=PA67">Power, Marginality and African Oral Literature</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48061-1"><bdi>978-0-521-48061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Marginality+and+African+Oral+Literature&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48061-1&rft.aulast=Furniss&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Elizabeth+Gunner&rft.au=Liz+Gunner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG8ZDWbwIwdQC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlogu1974" class="citation book cs1">Ilogu, Edmund (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uMUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA63">Christianity and Ibo Culture</a>. Brill Archive. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04021-2"><bdi>978-90-04-04021-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Ibo+Culture&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04021-2&rft.aulast=Ilogu&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0uMUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanday1981" class="citation book cs1">Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femalepowermaled00sand">Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/femalepowermaled00sand/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28075-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28075-4"><bdi>978-0-521-28075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Power+and+Male+Dominance%3A+On+the+Origins+of+Sexual+Inequality&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28075-4&rft.aulast=Sanday&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Reeves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffemalepowermaled00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-modern-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modern_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modern_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, April A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H26pO3vwmHoC&pg=PA87">Nigeria's Diverse Peoples</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-682-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-682-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-682-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%27s+Diverse+Peoples&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-682-8&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=April+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH26pO3vwmHoC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museums.bristol.gov.uk/details.php?irn=229315">online catalogue</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1970" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Neville (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=orH4bpOCYSkC&pg=PA20">Annual Survey of African Law</a>. Routledge, 1970. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2601-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-2601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Survey+of+African+Law&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+1970&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-2601-7&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DorH4bpOCYSkC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldingJohn_W._Young2003" class="citation book cs1">Fielding, Steven; John W. 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Manchester University Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4365-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-4365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Labour+Governments+1964%E2%80%931970%3A+International+Policy&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4365-9&rft.aulast=Fielding&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=John+W.+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D21fItelgxnwC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-biafradate-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biafradate_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-biafradate_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2002" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Martin P. 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Nova Publishers. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-316-7"><bdi>978-1-59033-316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+Current+Issues+and+Historical+Background&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-316-7&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Martin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTs6GpM4zDMC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinogueJudith_Molloy1974" class="citation book cs1">Minogue, Martin; Judith Molloy (1974). "General C. O. 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CUP Archive. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20426-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+C.+O.+Ojukwu&rft.btitle=African+Aims+%26+Attitudes%3A+Selected+Documents&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20426-2&rft.aulast=Minogue&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Judith+Molloy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBk7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocquenéOumarou_NdoudiGordeen_Gorder2002" class="citation book cs1">Bocquené, Henri; Oumarou Ndoudi; Gordeen Gorder (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gY6_WbmfK0C&pg=PA285">Memoirs of a Mbororo: The Life of Ndudi Umaru, Fulani Nomad of Cameroon</a>. 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He says it is to protest the British government's involvement in Biafra, its support of the U.S. in Vietnam and the poor chart performance of his latest single, 'Cold Turkey'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Lennon&rft.pub=Rock+and+Roll+Hall+of+Fame+%2B+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhall.com%2Finductees%2Fjohn-lennon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6276820.stm">"Call for Biafra to leave Nigeria"</a>. BBC. 6 July 2007. 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Universal-Publishers. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-958-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-958-8"><bdi>978-1-58112-958-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tri-Generational+Study+of+Language+Choice+%26+Shift+in+Port+Harcourt&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-958-8&rft.aulast=Ihemere&rft.aufirst=Kelechukwu+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duwk5IkralBAC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmenanjọ1985" class="citation book cs1">Emenanjọ, Nọlue (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CuQtAAAAMAAJ&q=Igbuzo+ibusa">Auxiliaries in Igbo Syntax: A Comparative Study</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7433-6"><bdi>978-0-8476-7433-6</bdi></a>. 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SAGE Open. 7 (2): 2158244017709322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244017709322">10.1177/2158244017709322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Conflicts+Between+African+Traditional+Religion+and+Christianity+in+Eastern+Nigeria%3A+The+Igbo+Example&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2158244017709322&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244017709322&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft.aulast=Okeke&rft.aufirst=Chukwuma+O.&rft.au=Ibenwa%2C+Christopher+N.&rft.au=Okeke%2C+Gloria+Tochukwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244017709322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkwueme1973" class="citation journal cs1">Ekwueme, Lazarus Nnanyelu (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/download/1655/771">"African Music in Christian Liturgy: The Igbo Experiment"</a>. 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LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4964-1"><bdi>978-3-8258-4964-1</bdi></a>. 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Indiana University Press. pp. 38–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34628-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34628-5"><bdi>978-0-253-34628-5</bdi></a>. 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International Reading Assoc. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87207-609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87207-609-9"><bdi>978-0-87207-609-9</bdi></a>. 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Lexington Books. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0033-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inter-ethnic+and+religious+conflict+resolution+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0033-2&rft.aulast=Uwazie&rft.aufirst=Ernest+E.&rft.au=Albert%2C+Isaac+Olawale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmmA9dcYaGgC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwogu2007" class="citation book cs1">Nwogu, Nneoma V. (2007). 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Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2249-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-2249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+truth%2C+reshaping+justice%3A+sectarian+politics+and+the+Nigerian+truth+commission&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2249-5&rft.aulast=Nwogu&rft.aufirst=Nneoma+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParijs2004" class="citation book cs1">Parijs, Philippe van (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDCc9Y8oCM0C&pg=PA122">Cultural Diversity Versus Economic Solidarity</a>. De Boeck Université. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8041-4660-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8041-4660-3"><bdi>978-2-8041-4660-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Diversity+Versus+Economic+Solidarity&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Universit%C3%A9&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-8041-4660-3&rft.aulast=Parijs&rft.aufirst=Philippe+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDCc9Y8oCM0C%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-org-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-org_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-org_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgbu2004" class="citation book cs1">Agbu, Osita (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-95">Ethnic militias and the threat to democracy in post-transition Nigeria</a>. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-525-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-525-4"><bdi>978-91-7106-525-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+militias+and+the+threat+to+democracy+in+post-transition+Nigeria&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-91-7106-525-4&rft.aulast=Agbu&rft.aufirst=Osita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%253Anbn%253Ase%253Anai%253Adiva-95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObichere1982" class="citation book cs1">Obichere, Boniface I. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYFxE8-uSa4C&pg=PA173">Studies in Southern Nigerian history</a>. Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3106-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-3106-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Southern+Nigerian+history&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3106-6&rft.aulast=Obichere&rft.aufirst=Boniface+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYFxE8-uSa4C%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Daniel Jordan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3zd2SFAy8EC&pg=PA193">A culture of corruption: everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12722-4"><bdi>978-0-691-12722-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+culture+of+corruption%3A+everyday+deception+and+popular+discontent+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=193-194&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12722-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3zd2SFAy8EC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdekson2004" class="citation book cs1">Adekson, Adedayo Oluwakayode (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swljpMQ9XBgC&pg=PA106">The "civil society" problematique: deconstructing civility and southern Nigeria's ethnic radicalization</a>. Routledge. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94785-5"><bdi>978-0-415-94785-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22civil+society%22+problematique%3A+deconstructing+civility+and+southern+Nigeria%27s+ethnic+radicalization&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94785-5&rft.aulast=Adekson&rft.aufirst=Adedayo+Oluwakayode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswljpMQ9XBgC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-33536252">"Nigeria vows to shut down Radio Biafra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nigeria+vows+to+shut+down+Radio+Biafra&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-33536252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/07/16/world/africa/ap-af-nigeria-radio-biafra.html?_r=0">"Nigeria Blocks Radio Biafra Station Aimed at Breakaway State"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Blocks+Radio+Biafra+Station+Aimed+at+Breakaway+State&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fap-af-nigeria-radio-biafra.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/monitoring/nigerian-pirate-radio-biafra-returns">"Nigerian pirate Radio Biafra returns"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nigerian+pirate+Radio+Biafra+returns&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmonitoring%2Fnigerian-pirate-radio-biafra-returns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGikandi2003" class="citation book cs1">Gikandi, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFuWQmsM0HsC&pg=PA328">Encyclopedia of African literature</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23019-3"><bdi>978-0-415-23019-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+literature&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23019-3&rft.aulast=Gikandi&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFuWQmsM0HsC%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabus2007" class="citation book cs1">Zabus, Chantal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv27dpnZeWAC&pg=PA33">The African palimpsest: indigenization of language in the West African europhone novel</a>. Rodopi. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2224-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2224-9"><bdi>978-90-420-2224-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+palimpsest%3A+indigenization+of+language+in+the+West+African+europhone+novel&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2224-9&rft.aulast=Zabus&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSv27dpnZeWAC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchem2001" class="citation book cs1">Uchem, Rose N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Zhfu363kfkC&pg=PA36">Overcoming Women's Subordination in the Igbo African Culture and in the Catholic Church: Envisioning an Inclusive Theology with Reference to Women</a>. Universal-Publishers. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-133-9"><bdi>978-1-58112-133-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Women%27s+Subordination+in+the+Igbo+African+Culture+and+in+the+Catholic+Church%3A+Envisioning+an+Inclusive+Theology+with+Reference+to+Women&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-133-9&rft.aulast=Uchem&rft.aufirst=Rose+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Zhfu363kfkC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwachukuG._N._Uzoigwe2004" class="citation book cs1">Nwachuku, Levi Akalazu; G. N. Uzoigwe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MvR4mE54QUC&pg=PA8">Troubled Journey: Nigeria Since the Civil War</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2712-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2712-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-2712-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troubled+Journey%3A+Nigeria+Since+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2712-2&rft.aulast=Nwachuku&rft.aufirst=Levi+Akalazu&rft.au=G.+N.+Uzoigwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MvR4mE54QUC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnuah2006" class="citation news cs1">Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm">"Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nigeria+gives+census+result%2C+avoids+risky+details&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.aulast=Onuah&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FL29819278.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&pg=PA132">Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06980-4"><bdi>978-0-472-06980-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06980-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuberu2001" class="citation book cs1">Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&pg=PA154">Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria</a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-28-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-28-2"><bdi>978-1-929223-28-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-28-2&rft.aulast=Suberu&rft.aufirst=Rotimi+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKeUMmDlPkEC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nigeria_CIA-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Nigeria_CIA_223-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/">Nigeria country profile</a> at CIA's <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>: "Igbo 15.2%" out of a population of 230,842,743 (2023 estimate). </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QypgAAAAMAAJ">IITA Annual Report</a>. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 1988. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-131-048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-131-048-5"><bdi>978-978-131-048-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IITA+Annual+Report&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tropical+Agriculture&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-978-131-048-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQypgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarmon1988" class="citation book cs1">Jarmon, Charles (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7I4stctWmYC&pg=PA113">Nigeria</a>. BRILL. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08340-0"><bdi>978-90-04-08340-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08340-0&rft.aulast=Jarmon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7I4stctWmYC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibo-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Ibo_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdeani2007" class="citation book cs1">Udeani, Chibueze (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGjKp-7FyGIC&pg=PA7">Inculturation as Dialogue: Igbo Culture and the Message of Christ</a>. Rodopi. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2229-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2229-4"><bdi>978-90-420-2229-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inculturation+as+Dialogue%3A+Igbo+Culture+and+the+Message+of+Christ&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2229-4&rft.aulast=Udeani&rft.aufirst=Chibueze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGjKp-7FyGIC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1996" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, William H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjqqzE4ByhMC&pg=PA31">Mission to Educate: A History of the Educational Work of the Scottish Presbyterian Mission in East Nigeria, 1846–1960</a>. BRILL. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10713-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10713-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10713-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+to+Educate%3A+A+History+of+the+Educational+Work+of+the+Scottish+Presbyterian+Mission+in+East+Nigeria%2C+1846%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10713-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvjqqzE4ByhMC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPojmann2006" class="citation book cs1">Pojmann, Wendy Ann (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4tNyw1J9Z08C&pg=PA35">Immigrant Women and Feminism in Italy</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4674-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-4674-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrant+Women+and+Feminism+in+Italy&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4674-7&rft.aulast=Pojmann&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4tNyw1J9Z08C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219184152/http://www.wief.net/wiefpresentation.pdf">"World Igbo Environmental Federation"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wief.net/wiefpresentation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Igbo+Environmental+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wief.net%2Fwiefpresentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaNiyi_Afolabi2008" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Niyi Afolabi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yJq1K33Cz4C&pg=PA35">Trans-Atlantic Migration: The Paradoxes of Exile</a>. Routledge. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96091-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96091-5"><bdi>978-0-415-96091-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans-Atlantic+Migration%3A+The+Paradoxes+of+Exile&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96091-5&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Niyi+Afolabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yJq1K33Cz4C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile2004" class="citation book cs1">Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L9HV5wk0dVAC&pg=PA82">Africa Is In A Mess What Went Wrong And What Should Be Done</a>. Fultus Corporation. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9744339-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9744339-7-4"><bdi>978-0-9744339-7-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+Is+In+A+Mess+What+Went+Wrong+And+What+Should+Be+Done&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Fultus+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9744339-7-4&rft.aulast=Mwakikagile&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL9HV5wk0dVAC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiment2001" class="citation book cs1">Ciment, James (2001). Encyclopedia of American Immigration. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1075. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8028-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8028-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-8028-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Immigration&rft.pages=1075&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8028-0&rft.aulast=Ciment&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr2004" class="citation book cs1">Farr, Marcia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=165139lWrMEC&pg=PA182">Ethnolinguistic Chicago: Language and Literacy in the City's Neighborhoods</a>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4345-3"><bdi>978-0-8058-4345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnolinguistic+Chicago%3A+Language+and+Literacy+in+the+City%27s+Neighborhoods&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-4345-3&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D165139lWrMEC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresser2005" class="citation book cs1">Dresser, Norine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Brrmm0cDHz0C&pg=PA212">Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century</a> (revised, illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-68428-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-68428-2"><bdi>978-0-471-68428-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Manners%3A+Essential+Rules+of+Etiquette+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=212&rft.edition=revised%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-68428-2&rft.aulast=Dresser&rft.aufirst=Norine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBrrmm0cDHz0C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEades1993" class="citation book cs1">Eades, Jeremy Seymour (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bIzHacPHmgC&pg=PA200">Strangers and Traders: Yoruba Migrants, Markets and the State in Northern Ghana</a> (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0386-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0386-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-0386-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+and+Traders%3A+Yoruba+Migrants%2C+Markets+and+the+State+in+Northern+Ghana&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0386-2&rft.aulast=Eades&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bIzHacPHmgC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K94wQ9MF2JsC&pg=PA330">Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32384-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32384-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+S-Z&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32384-3&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK94wQ9MF2JsC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2011" class="citation news cs1">Richard, Dreux (19 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20110719zg.html">"Japan's Nigerians pay price for prosperity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 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Retrieved 21 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Nigerians+see+symbol+of+change+in+masquerade&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Dreux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcommunity%2F2013%2F06%2F11%2Fissues%2Fjapans-nigerians-see-symbol-of-change-in-masquerade%2F%23.UevxcGSgk0s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21538700">"Migration and business: Weaving the world together"</a>. The Economist. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Migration+and+business%3A+Weaving+the+world+together&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21538700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818195955/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">the original</a> on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+origins%2C+2006+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt%2F97-562%2Fpages%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D01%26Table%3D2%26Data%3DCount%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll%26CSDFilter%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988">. 19,520 identify as Nigerian, 61,430 identify as <a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">black</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> General <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordeJones,_G._I.1950" class="citation book cs1">Forde, Cyril Daryll; Jones, G. I. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/02/cyril-daryll-forde-and-g-i-jones-ibo.html">The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of South-Eastern Nigeria</a>. International African Institute by Oxford Unive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ibo+and+Ibibio-Speaking+Peoples+of+South-Eastern+Nigeria&rft.pub=International+African+Institute+by+Oxford+Unive&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Daryll&rft.au=Jones%2C+G.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensourceguinea.org%2F2013%2F02%2Fcyril-daryll-forde-and-g-i-jones-ibo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjoku1990" class="citation book cs1">Njoku, John Eberegbulam (1990). The Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-173-4"><bdi>978-0-88946-173-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Igbos+of+Nigeria%3A+Ancient+Rites%2C+Changes%2C+and+Survival&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-173-4&rft.aulast=Njoku&rft.aufirst=John+Eberegbulam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chuku, Gloria. "Igbo historiography: Parts I, II, and III." History Compass 16.10 (2018): e12489.</li></ul> Art <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttenberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Ottenberg, Simon (2006). Toyin Falola (ed.). Igbo Art & Culture. Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-442-6"><bdi>978-1-59221-442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igbo+Art+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-442-6&rft.aulast=Ottenberg&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Music <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackingKealiinohomoku1979" class="citation book cs1">Blacking, John; Kealiinohomoku, Joann W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/performingartsmu0000cong">The Performing arts: music and dance</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7870-7"><bdi>978-90-279-7870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Performing+arts%3A+music+and+dance&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7870-7&rft.aulast=Blacking&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kealiinohomoku%2C+Joann+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperformingartsmu0000cong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgawu2003" class="citation book cs1">Agawu, Kofi (2003). Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94390-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94390-1"><bdi>978-0-415-94390-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+African+Music%3A+Postcolonial+Notes%2C+Queries%2C+Positions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94390-1&rft.aulast=Agawu&rft.aufirst=Kofi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Economy <ul><li>Chidi Leonard Ilechukwu: Igbo: Indigenous Economy and the Search for Sustainable Development in Post Colonial African Society. Cidjap Press, Enugu, Nigeria 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-087-181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-087-181-9">978-978-087-181-9</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 50%;"> Politics <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmock1971" class="citation book cs1">Smock, Audrey C. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibopoliticsroleo0000smoc">Ibo Politics: The Role Of Ethnic Unions In Eastern Nigeria</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44025-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44025-8"><bdi>978-0-674-44025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibo+Politics%3A+The+Role+Of+Ethnic+Unions+In+Eastern+Nigeria&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-674-44025-8&rft.aulast=Smock&rft.aufirst=Audrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibopoliticsroleo0000smoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjaka1974" class="citation book cs1">Njaka, Elechukwu Nnadibuagha (1974). Igbo political culture. Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-0428-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-0428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igbo+political+culture&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-0428-0&rft.aulast=Njaka&rft.aufirst=Elechukwu+Nnadibuagha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Society <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRwomire2001" class="citation book cs1">Rwomire, Apollo (2001). Social Problems in Africa: New Visions. Praeger/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96343-9"><bdi>978-0-275-96343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Problems+in+Africa%3A+New+Visions&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96343-9&rft.aulast=Rwomire&rft.aufirst=Apollo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmenyonu,_Ernest2003" class="citation book cs1">Emenyonu, Ernest, ed. (2003). Emerging Perspectives on Chinua Achebe. Africa World Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-876-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-876-7"><bdi>978-0-86543-876-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Perspectives+on+Chinua+Achebe&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86543-876-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David Jordan (2004). "Igbo". Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. Volume I: Topics and Cultures A–K. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47770-6"><bdi>978-0-306-47770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Igbo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sex+and+Gender%3A+Men+and+Women+in+the+World%27s+Cultures.+Volume+I%3A+Topics+and+Cultures+A%E2%80%93K&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47770-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkpala2003" class="citation book cs1">Okpala, Benneth (2003). Toasting the Bride: Memoirs of Milestones to Manhood (2nd ed.). Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-0777-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-0777-1"><bdi>978-1-4120-0777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toasting+the+Bride%3A+Memoirs+of+Milestones+to+Manhood&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-0777-1&rft.aulast=Okpala&rft.aufirst=Benneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>P.E. Aligwekwe, The Continuity of Traditional Values in the African Societies (the Igbo of Nigeria), Xlibris Publishing Company, IN, USA, 2008.</li></ul> Diaspora <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2005" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-706-0"><bdi>978-1-57806-706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+at+Montpelier%3A+Igbo+Africans+in+Virginia&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-706-0&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganOmohundro_Institute_of_Early_American_History_&_Culture1998" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Philip D.; Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavecounterpoin00morg">Slave counterpoint: Black culture in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry</a>. UNC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4717-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-4717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+counterpoint%3A+Black+culture+in+the+eighteenth-century+Chesapeake+and+Lowcountry&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4717-6&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Omohundro+Institute+of+Early+American+History+%26+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavecounterpoin00morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIgbo+people" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Igbo_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Igbo people">Igbo people</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q244157" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q244157">Igbo people</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015034453/http://mccoy.lib.siu.edu/jmccall/jones/">GI Jones Photographic Archive of southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igboguide.org/">Igboguide.org – Insight into Igbo Culture and Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naijagists.com/igbo-weddings-how-to-do-igbo-traditional-marriage-wedding-igboland">Wedding Tradition In Igboland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Igbo_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igbo_topics" title="Template:Igbo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igbo_topics" title="Template talk:Igbo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igbo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igbo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Igbo_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Igbo_history" title="Timeline of Igbo history">History</a> (chronological order)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Igbo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Igbo people">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejja" title="Lejja">Lejja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opi_(archaeological_site)" title="Opi (archaeological site)">Opi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekumeku_Movement" title="Ekumeku Movement">Ekumeku Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian-Biafran War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anioma_people" title="Anioma people">Anioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edda_people" title="Edda people">Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezaa_people" title="Ezaa people">Ezaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_people" title="Ika people">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwo_people" title="Ikwo people">Ikwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isu_people" title="Isu people">Isu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzi_people" title="Izzi people">Izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mgbo_people" title="Mgbo people">Mgbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndoki,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndoki, Nigeria">Ndoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwa">Ngwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nri-Igbo" title="Nri-Igbo">Nri-Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohafia" title="Ohafia">Ohafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohuhu_people" title="Ohuhu people">Ohuhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha-Ado" title="Onitsha-Ado">Onitsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waawa" title="Waawa">Waawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Anti-Igbo sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Eastern Region, Nigeria">Eastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohanaeze_Ndigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohanaeze Ndigbo">Ohanaeze Ndigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Nri" title="List of rulers of Nri">Rulers of Nri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Geography (<a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aba,_Abia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aba, Abia">Aba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaba,_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaba, Delta">Ahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enugu" title="Enugu">Énugwú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Ọnịcha Mmili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owerri" title="Owerri">Owèrrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Ugwu Ọcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nnewi" title="Nnewi">Nnewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awka-Etiti" title="Awka-Etiti">Awka-Etiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abakaliki" title="Abakaliki">Abakaliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umuahia" title="Umuahia">Umuahia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Igbo_people" title="List of Igbo people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Barbadian">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou, China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Japan" title="Nigerians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saro (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo American">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigerian_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of Nigerian Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igbo_culture" title="Igbo culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_cuisine" title="Igbo cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikeji_festival" title="Ikeji festival">Ikeji festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_music" title="Igbo music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odumodu_music" title="Odumodu music">Odumodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogene" title="Ogene">Ogene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_literature" title="Igbo literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Yam_Festival_of_the_Igbo" title="New Yam Festival of the Igbo">New Yam Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofala_Festival" title="Ofala Festival">Ofala Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a> (religion)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo_names" title="Category:Igbo names">Names</a> - <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Igbo_Language_and_Culture" title="Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture">SPILC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anioma_people" title="Anioma people">Delta Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuani_dialect" title="Enuani dialect">Enuani Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izi_language" title="Izi language">Izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwa language">Ngwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waawa" title="Waawa">Waawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;;width:1%">Wikipedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ih%C3%BC_Mbu" class="extiw" title="ig:Ihü Mbu">Igbo Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ACE1AF;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Igbo" title="Category:Igbo">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups" title="Nigeria">Ethnic groups in Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_people" title="Anaang people">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afusari" class="mw-redirect" title="Afusari">Afusari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede" class="mw-redirect" title="Igede">Igede</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bille_tribe" title="Bille tribe">Bille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_people" title="Engenni people">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibani_tribe" title="Ibani tribe">Ibani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Rivers_State)" title="Kula tribe (Rivers State)">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoro_tribe" title="Nkoro tribe">Nkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_people" title="Nkoroo people">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Obolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuku_people" title="Kamuku people">Kamuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilba_people" title="Kilba people">Kilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_people" title="Kofyar people">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_people" title="Longuda people">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_people" title="Mumuye people">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_people" title="Tera people"> Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_people" title="Tangale people"> Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_people" title="Tarok people">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_people" title="Waja people"> Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak%C3%B6_people" title="Yakö people">Yakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_people" title="Ijebu people">Ijebu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Equatorial_Guinea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Equatorial_Guinea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Equatorial_Guinea#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Equatorial Guinea">Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benga_people" title="Benga people">Benga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti-Pahuin_peoples" title="Beti-Pahuin peoples">Beti-Pahuin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beti_people" title="Beti people">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubi_people" title="Bubi people">Bubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernandino_people" title="Fernandino people">Fernandino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombe_people" title="Kombe people">Kombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasio_people" title="Kwasio people">Kwasio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengue_people" title="Lengue people">Lengue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_diaspora_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Spanish diaspora in Equatorial Guinea">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244157#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244157#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244157#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/966996/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4072706-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064199">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941639m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941639m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph323773&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX547272">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Template:Sfn"," 4.33% 105.177 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.09% 99.430 1 Template:Igbo_people"," 3.97% 96.542 1 Template:Ethnic_group_sidebar"," 3.85% 93.512 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.659","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21827006,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAchebe1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchebe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdekson2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAdugna\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfigbo1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgawu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgbasiere2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAgbasiereShirley_Ardener2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgbu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAguwa1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgwu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllsoppJeannette_Allsopp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmadiume1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmadiume2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAniakor1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahHenry_Louis_Gates1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzuonye1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBah2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasden1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasden1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasdenJohn_Ralph_Willis1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackingKealiinohomoku1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBocquenéOumarou_NdoudiGordeen_Gorder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruder2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellTishkoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington,_Sean2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidyRobert_Brock_Le_Page2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFChigere2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChigere2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChikezie-Anuka2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChuku2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCiment2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraton1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDresser2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEades1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkechi1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkechi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkwueme1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElechi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEltisDavid_Richardson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeka2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmenanjọ1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmenanjọ1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmenyonu,_Ernest2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEne-Orji2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEquiano1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEquiano1837\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFEzekwugo1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEze–Uzomaka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalolaNiyi_Afolabi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFardonFurniss1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldingJohn_W._Young2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerKelly2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloyd2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordeJones,_G._I.1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsythe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurnissElizabeth_GunnerLiz_Gunner1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGikandi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGikandi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlasgowLinda_J._Rice2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenny2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGroveStanley_Sadie1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodder1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrook2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbrookR._Thebe_MedupeJohnson_O._Urama2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoll2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward-Hassmann1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHrbekFāsī1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIhemere2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlogu1974\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIsichei,_Elizabeth_Allo1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsichei1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsichei1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsichei1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsichei2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarmon1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeil1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirch1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinsonTimothy_J_O\u0026#039;Leary1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiamputtong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovejoy2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLovejoy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacgregor1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasquelier2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhorter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiersRoberts1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMinogueJudith_Molloy1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganOmohundro_Institute_of_Early_American_History_\u0026amp;_Culture1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganSean_Hawkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurtagh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMwakikagile2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMwakikagile2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNdukaiheFonk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewell1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjaka1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNjoku1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNjoku2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwachuku2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwachukuG._N._Uzoigwe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwangwa2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwogu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNwosu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyangOlupona1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Halloran1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOKONJO1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObichere1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOdi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOheneba-Sakyi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkeke-Ihejirika2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkekeIbenwaOkeke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkonkwoIbeanu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkpala2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldendorp1777\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOluikpe1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnuah2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnwuejeogwu1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnwuejeogwu1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOpie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOraka1983\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFOriji2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttenberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParijs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilips2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPojmann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitzer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeson_II2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobotham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRucker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRwomire2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanday1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSare2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlattery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlogar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmock1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuberu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSucher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotMulhall1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUchem2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUchendu1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUchendu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdeani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUdogu2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkwu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUwazieAlbert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUzukwu1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVeeramahBruce_A_ConnellNaser_Ansari_PourAdam_Powell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidjaja\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabus2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"CMR\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 168,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EST\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Nigeria\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"GBR\"] = 1,\n [\"GHA\"] = 1,\n [\"GMB\"] = 1,\n [\"GNQ\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"IRE\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Igbo people\"] = 1,\n [\"Igbo topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnonym\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NGA\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"USA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","16.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","7.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.5"],["date","40","2.4"],["[others]","460","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-fbndc","timestamp":"20241130013757","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Igbo people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Igbo_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q244157","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q244157","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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