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id="toc-Early_settlement_to_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_to_the_late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_to_the_late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 World War II to the late 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_to_the_late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Early 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Flooding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_Houston_derecho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_Houston_derecho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 2024 Houston derecho </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_Houston_derecho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sexual orientation and gender identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Arts and theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roadways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Roadways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Houston</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 158 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" > 158 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ሂውስተን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂውስተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ABsest%C5%ABn" title="Hūsestūn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hūsestūn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="هيوستن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيوستن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Հիուսթըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիուսթըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyuston" title="Hyuston – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hyuston" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هیوستون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیوستون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="হিউস্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিউস্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Х’юстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Х’юстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Г’юстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Г’юстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Хюстън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хюстън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Texas)" title="Houston (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Texas) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Houston (kapital sa kondado sa Tinipong Bansa, Texas)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Χιούστον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιούστον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_(Teksaso)" title="Houston (Teksaso) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Houston (Teksaso)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هیوستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیوستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="休斯頓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="休斯頓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%DB%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="هيۊستن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="هيۊستن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8" title="હ્યુસ્ટન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હ્યુસ્ટન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌷𐍉𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐍉𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4" title="휴스턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휴스턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Kekeka" title="Houston, Kekeka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Houston, Kekeka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հյուստոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուստոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्युस्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ह्युस्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Teksas" title="Houston, Teksas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Houston, Teksas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יוסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹೂಸ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೂಸ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰიუსტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიუსტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Teksas" title="Houston, Teksas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Houston, Teksas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas" title="Houston, Texas – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Houston, Texas" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youst%C3%B2n,_Teksas" title="Youstòn, Teksas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Youstòn, Teksas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Teksas" title="Houston, Teksas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Houston, Teksas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustonia" title="Hustonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hustonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C5%ABstona" title="Hjūstona – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hjūstona" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiustonas" title="Hiustonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hiustonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_(Texas)" title="Houston (Texas) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Houston (Texas)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्युस्टन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ह्युस्टन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хјустон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хјустон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D)" title="ഹ്യൂസ്റ്റൺ (ടെക്സസ്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹ്യൂസ്റ്റൺ (ടെക്സസ്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्युस्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ह्युस्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰიუსტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიუსტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="هيوستن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيوستن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဟူစတန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟူစတန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्युस्टन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्युस्टन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ヒューストン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒューストン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyuston" title="Hyuston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hyuston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੂਸਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੂਸਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ہیوسٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیوسٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هیوستون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هیوستون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%86" title="ھوسٽن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھوسٽن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Teksas" title="Houston, Teksas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Houston, Teksas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ھیووستن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیووستن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хјустон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хјустон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹியூஸ்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹியூஸ்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюстон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хьюстон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హ్యూస్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హ్యూస్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ฮิวสตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิวสตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Ҳюстун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳюстун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husten" title="Husten – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Husten" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%27%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Х'юстон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Х'юстон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86" title="ہیوسٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیوسٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyuston" title="Hyuston – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Hyuston" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjuston" title="Hjuston – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hjuston" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6" title="休斯敦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="休斯敦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="היוסטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היוסטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="侯斯頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="侯斯頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston" title="Houston – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Houston" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6" title="休斯敦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="休斯敦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjuston_(Texas)" title="Hjuston (Texas) – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hjuston (Texas)" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16555#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houston&params=29_45_46_N_95_22_59_W_region:US-TX_type:city(2,300,000)">29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W / 29.76278; -95.38306</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston,_Texas&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest city in Texas, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in the U.S. state of Texas. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Houston_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Houston (disambiguation)">Houston (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas" title="Houston County, Texas">Houston County, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heuston" title="Heuston">Heuston</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Euston_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Euston (disambiguation)">Euston</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Texas, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Houston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg/288px-Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg/432px-Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg/576px-Buildings-city-houston-skyline-1870617.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3587" data-file-height="1202" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown Houston</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_medical_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Texas_medical_center.jpg/150px-Texas_medical_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Texas_medical_center.jpg/225px-Texas_medical_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Texas_medical_center.jpg/300px-Texas_medical_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Park,_Sam_Houston_monument,_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hermann_Park%2C_Sam_Houston_monument%2C_2012.JPG/134px-Hermann_Park%2C_Sam_Houston_monument%2C_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hermann_Park%2C_Sam_Houston_monument%2C_2012.JPG/201px-Hermann_Park%2C_Sam_Houston_monument%2C_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hermann_Park%2C_Sam_Houston_monument%2C_2012.JPG/268px-Hermann_Park%2C_Sam_Houston_monument%2C_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Monument" title="Sam Houston Monument">Sam Houston Monument</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:82px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg/288px-Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg/432px-Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg/576px-Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7239" data-file-height="2079" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown Houston</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_(40638280872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_%2840638280872%29.jpg/141px-Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_%2840638280872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_%2840638280872%29.jpg/212px-Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_%2840638280872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_%2840638280872%29.jpg/282px-Replica_Space_Shuttle_Orbiter_%E2%80%9CIndependence%E2%80%9D_%2840638280872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5188" data-file-height="3459" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MFA_houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MFA_houston.jpg/143px-MFA_houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MFA_houston.jpg/215px-MFA_houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MFA_houston.jpg/286px-MFA_houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Houston,_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Houston"><img alt="Flag of Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/120px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/180px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/240px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Houston" title="Flag of Houston">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Houston,_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Houston"><img alt="Official seal of Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/100px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/150px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/200px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="538" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Houston" title="Seal of Houston">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Space City (official), <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Houston" title="Nicknames of Houston">more ...</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 290px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="290" data-zoom="9" data-lat="29.7628" data-lon="-95.3831" data-overlays="["_dc91bc68bc0afc12e0df0785c5626d547ed78ad7"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/29.7628/-95.3831/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,29.7628,-95.3831,290x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Houston&revid=1259260100&groups=_dc91bc68bc0afc12e0df0785c5626d547ed78ad7" width="290" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,29.7628,-95.3831,290x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Houston&revid=1259260100&groups=_dc91bc68bc0afc12e0df0785c5626d547ed78ad7 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Houston</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Texas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Houston is located in Texas"><img alt="Houston is located in Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/250px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/375px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Relief_map_of_Texas.png/500px-Relief_map_of_Texas.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="989" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.276%;left:84.065%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Houston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Texas</div>Show map of Texas</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Houston is located in the United States"><img alt="Houston is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.542%;left:51.164%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Houston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houston&params=29_45_46_N_95_22_59_W_region:US-TX_type:city(2,300,000)">29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W / 29.76278; -95.38306</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 5, 1837; 187 years ago (1837-06-05)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strong_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Mayor">Strong Mayor-Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">Houston City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Houston" title="List of mayors of Houston">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Whitmire" title="John Whitmire">John Whitmire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2021-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">671.67 sq mi (1,740 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">640.44 sq mi (1,658.73 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">31.23 sq mi (80.89 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">80 ft (32 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,301,572</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2023)<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-2">[2]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,314,157</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">6th</a> in North America <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">4th</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Texas" title="List of municipalities in Texas">1st</a> in Texas</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,598.43/sq mi (1,389.36/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,853,575 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,339.8/sq mi (1,289.5/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,122,240 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Houstonian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$633.185 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Central_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Central Time Zone">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Central_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Central Time Zone">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">770xx, 772xx (<a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">P.O. Boxes</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_713,_281,_346,_and_832" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes 713, 281, 346, and 832">713, 281, 832, 346</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">48-35000<a href="#cite_note-GR2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">1380948<a href="#cite_note-GR3-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://houstontx.gov">houstontx.gov</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16555#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Houston (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhjuːstən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/En-us-Houston.ogg\/En-us-Houston.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Houston.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/En-us-Houston.ogg/En-us-Houston.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Houston.ogg" title="File:En-us-Houston.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HEW-stən</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Texas by population">most populous city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. Located in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">seat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a>; as well as the principal city of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> metropolitan area, the fifth-most populous <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical area</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">second-most populous in Texas</a> after <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>. With a population of 2,314,157 in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-2">[2]</a> Houston is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">fourth-most populous city in the United States</a> after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">sixth-most populous city in North America</a>. Houston is the southeast anchor of the greater megaregion known as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Triangle" title="Texas Triangle">Texas Triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Comprising a land area of 640.4 square miles (1,659 km2),<a href="#cite_note-:16-9">[9]</a> Houston is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_area" title="List of United States cities by area">ninth-most expansive city in the United States</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city-counties">consolidated city-counties</a>). It is the largest city in the United States by total area whose government is not consolidated with a county, parish, or borough. Though primarily in Harris County, small portions of the city extend into <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery</a> counties, bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>. Houston was founded by land investors on August 30, 1836,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> at the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Oak_Bayou" title="White Oak Bayou">White Oak Bayou</a> (a point now known as <a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_Landing" title="Allen's Landing">Allen's Landing</a>) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837.<a href="#cite_note-Allen's_Landing-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a> The city is named after former General <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, who was president of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> and had won <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas's independence from Mexico</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a> 25 miles (40 km) east of Allen's Landing.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a> After briefly serving as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s, Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-:8-13">[13]</a> The 20th century brought a convergence of economic factors that fueled rapid growth in Houston, including a burgeoning port and railroad industry, the decline of <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a> as Texas's primary port following <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">a devastating 1900 hurricane</a>, the subsequent construction of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-13">[13]</a> In the mid-20th century, Houston's economy diversified, as it became home to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a>—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a>. Since the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Houston" title="Economy of Houston">Houston's economy</a> has had a broad industrial base in <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Houston">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Houston">manufacturing</a>, aeronautics, and <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Houston" title="Transportation in Houston">transportation</a>. Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment, Houston has the second-most <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-kearney-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a> ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled.<a href="#cite_note-port_ranking-16">[16]</a> Nicknamed the "Bayou City", "Space City", "H-Town", and "the <a href="/wiki/713_area_code" class="mw-redirect" title="713 area code">713</a>", Houston has become a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>, with strengths in culture, medicine, and research. The city's population comprises various ethnic and religious backgrounds, as well as a large and growing international community. Houston is the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Houston" title="Demographics of Houston">most diverse metropolitan area</a> in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major city in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, such as the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Houston Museum District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Houston Theater District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ikvngd-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Houston" title="History of Houston">History of Houston</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Houston" title="Timeline of Houston">Timeline of Houston</a>.</div> Present-day Houston sits on land that was once occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapa</a> indigenous peoples for at least 2,000 years before the first known settlers arrived.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These tribes are almost nonexistent today; this was most likely caused by foreign disease, and competition with various settler groups in the 18th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, the land then remained largely <a href="/wiki/Uninhabited" class="mw-redirect" title="Uninhabited">uninhabited</a> from the late 1700s until settlement in the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement_to_the_20th_century">Early settlement to the 20th century</h3></div> The Allen brothers—<a href="/wiki/Augustus_Chapman_Allen" title="Augustus Chapman Allen">Augustus Chapman</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kirby_Allen" title="John Kirby Allen">John Kirby</a>—explored town sites on Buffalo Bayou and <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a>. According to historian David McComb, "[T]he brothers, on August 26, 1836, bought from Elizabeth E. Parrott, wife of T.F.L. Parrott and widow of John Austin, the south half of the lower league [2,214-acre (896 ha) tract] granted to her by her late husband. They paid $5,000 total, but only $1,000 of this in cash; notes made up the remainder." This was financed by assets inherited by Augustus's wife, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Baldwin_Allen" title="Charlotte Baldwin Allen">Charlotte Baldwin Allen</a>. <a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Allen brothers ran their first advertisement for Houston just four days later in the Telegraph and Texas Register, naming the notional town in honor of Sam Houston, who would become <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="President of the Republic of Texas">President</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a> They successfully lobbied the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Congress of the Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas Congress</a> to designate Houston as the temporary capital, agreeing to provide the new government with a state capitol building.<a href="#cite_note-tsha_AC-26">[26]</a> About a dozen persons resided in the town at the beginning of 1837, but that number grew to about 1,500 by the time the Texas Congress convened in Houston for the first time that May.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a> The Republic of Texas granted Houston incorporation on June 5, 1837, as <a href="/wiki/James_Sanders_Holman" title="James Sanders Holman">James S. Holman</a> became its first mayor.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a> In the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County (now Harris County).<a href="#cite_note-SHQa4-27">[27]</a> In 1839, the Republic of Texas relocated its capital to <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>. The town suffered another setback that year when a yellow fever epidemic claimed about one life for every eight residents, yet it persisted as a commercial center, forming a symbiosis with its Gulf Coast port, Galveston. Landlocked farmers brought their produce to Houston, using Buffalo Bayou to gain access to Galveston and the Gulf of Mexico. Houston merchants profited from selling staples to farmers and shipping the farmers' produce to Galveston.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a> The great majority of enslaved people in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but slave dealers were in Houston. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved</a> black people lived near the city before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce, in part to promote shipping and navigation at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg/220px-Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg/330px-Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg/440px-Old_map-Houston-1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9255" data-file-height="7194" /></a><figcaption>Houston, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1873</figcaption></figure> By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad hub</a> for the export of cotton.<a href="#cite_note-SHQa4-27">[27]</a> Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for Confederate Major General <a href="/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. Magruder</a>, who used the city as an organization point for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston" title="Battle of Galveston">Battle of Galveston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sabine-31">[31]</a> After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between Downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Hurricane_of_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Galveston Hurricane of 1900">hurricane</a>, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The following year, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil field</a> near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1902, President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910, the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, which was nearly one-third of Houston's residents.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> opened the deep-water Port of Houston in 1914, seven years after digging began. By 1930, Houston had become Texas's most populous city and Harris County the most populous county.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> reported Houston's population as 77.5% White and 22.4% black.<a href="#cite_note-census1-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_to_the_late_20th_century">World War II to the late 20th century</h3></div> When <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">World War II</a> started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war.<a href="#cite_note-shipchannel-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington Field</a>, initially built during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brown_Shipbuilding_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Shipbuilding Company">Brown Shipbuilding Company</a> was founded in 1942 to build ships for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both black, and white people competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">nondiscrimination</a> for defense contractors, and black people gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from white people and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of black people who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1945, the M.D. Anderson Foundation formed the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a>. After the war, Houston's economy reverted to being primarily port-driven. In 1948, the city annexed several unincorporated areas, more than doubling its size. Houston proper began to spread across the region.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1950, the availability of air conditioning provided impetus for many companies to relocate to Houston, where wages were lower than those in <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">the North</a>; this resulted in an economic boom and produced a key shift in the city's economy toward the energy sector.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The increased production of the expanded shipbuilding industry during World War II spurred Houston's growth,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> as did the establishment in 1961 of NASA's "Manned Spacecraft Center" (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> in 1973). This was the stimulus for the development of the city's aerospace industry. The <a href="/wiki/Astrodome" title="Astrodome">Astrodome</a>, nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Wonder_of_the_World" title="Eighth Wonder of the World">Eighth Wonder of the World</a>",<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> opened in 1965 as the world's first indoor domed sports stadium. During the late 1970s, Houston had a population boom as people from the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a> states moved to Texas in large numbers.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The new residents came for numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, created as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">Arab oil embargo</a>. With the increase in professional jobs, Houston has become a destination for many college-educated persons, most recently including African Americans in a <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">reverse Great Migration</a> from northern areas. In 1997, Houstonians elected <a href="/wiki/Lee_P._Brown" title="Lee P. Brown">Lee P. Brown</a> as the city's first African American mayor.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_21st_century">Early 21st century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Population">Population</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Houston § Demographics</a></div> Houston has continued to grow into the 21st century, with the population increasing 15.7% from 2000 to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h4></div> Oil and gas have continued to fuel Houston's economic growth, with major oil companies including <a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a>, <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> having their headquarters in the Houston area. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Enron_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enron Corporation">Enron Corporation</a>, a Houston company with $100 billion in revenue, became engulfed in an <a href="/wiki/Enron_scandal" title="Enron scandal">accounting scandal</a> which bankrupted the company in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Infrastructure#Healthcare">Houston § Infrastructure#Healthcare</a></div> Healthcare has emerged as a major industry in Houston. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> is now the largest medical complex in the world and employs over 120,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sports">Sports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture#Sports">Houston § Culture#Sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Houston" title="Sports in Houston">Sports in Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Houston" title="Soccer in Houston">Soccer in Houston</a></div> Three new sports stadiums opened downtown in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a> opened their new baseball stadium, <a href="/wiki/Daikin_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Daikin Park">Daikin Park</a>, in downtown adjacent to the old <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Houston)" title="Union Station (Houston)">Union Station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a> were formed in 2002 as an <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> expansion team, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Oilers" title="Houston Oilers">Houston Oilers</a>, which had left the city in 1996. <a href="/wiki/NRG_Stadium" title="NRG Stadium">NRG Stadium</a> opened the same year. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Center" title="Toyota Center">Toyota Center</a> opened as the home for the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a>. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Dynamo">Houston Dynamo</a> soccer team was formed. In <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Series" title="2017 World Series">2017</a>, the Houston Astros won their first <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flooding">Flooding</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvey_flooding_(36527844190).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Harvey_flooding_%2836527844190%29.jpg/220px-Harvey_flooding_%2836527844190%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Harvey_flooding_%2836527844190%29.jpg/330px-Harvey_flooding_%2836527844190%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Harvey_flooding_%2836527844190%29.jpg/440px-Harvey_flooding_%2836527844190%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> flooding</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg/220px-TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg/330px-TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg/440px-TS_Allison_Texas_flooding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">Tropical Storm Allison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Tropical_Storm_Allison_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of Tropical Storm Allison in Texas">effects in Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">Flooding</a> has been a recurring problem in the Houston area. In June 2001, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">Tropical Storm Allison</a> dumped up to 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain on parts of Houston, causing what was then the worst flooding in the city's history and billions of dollars in damage, and killed 20 people in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans, who evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> One month later, about 2.5 million Houston-area residents evacuated when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a> approached the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In May 2015, seven people died after 12 inches of rain fell in 10 hours during what is known as the Memorial Day Flood. Eight people died in April 2016 during a storm that dropped 17 inches of rain.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The worst came in late August 2017, when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> stalled over southeastern Texas, much like Tropical Storm Allison did sixteen years earlier, causing severe flooding in the Houston area, with some areas receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rain.<a href="#cite_note-gallons-56">[56]</a> The rainfall exceeded 50 inches in several areas locally, breaking the national record for rainfall. The damage for the Houston area was estimated at up to $125 billion <a href="/wiki/U.S._dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. dollars">U.S. dollars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and was considered to be one of the worst <a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="List of natural disasters in the United States">natural disasters in the history of the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hurricane_Harvey-58">[58]</a> with the death toll exceeding 70 people. Houston's lack of zoning laws allowed unregulated building of residential homes and other structures in flood-prone areas.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> However, it also resulted in more concentrated development in already urban areas than in wetlands and suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Mayor Sylvester Turner tweeted of Hurricane Harvey that "zoning wouldn't have changed anything. We would have been a city with zoning that flooded."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_Houston_derecho">2024 Houston derecho</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho" title="2024 Houston derecho">2024 Houston derecho</a></div> On May 16, 2024, a strong <a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">derecho</a> caused widespread damage across the city and surrounding metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Houston" title="Geography of Houston">Geography of Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-09-30_(small_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-30_%28small_version%29.jpg/220px-Houston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-30_%28small_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-30_%28small_version%29.jpg/330px-Houston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-30_%28small_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-30_%28small_version%29.jpg/440px-Houston_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-30_%28small_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10345" data-file-height="10683" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Houston, 2020</figcaption></figure> Houston is 165 miles (266 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> 88 miles (142 km) west of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> border,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and 250 miles (400 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The city has a total area of 637.4 square miles (1,651 km2);<a href="#cite_note-:16-9">[9]</a> this comprises over 599.59 square miles (1,552.9 km2) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km2) covered by water.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Most of Houston is on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Gulf_coastal_grasslands" title="Western Gulf coastal grasslands">gulf coastal plain</a>, and its vegetation is classified as <a href="/wiki/Western_Gulf_coastal_grasslands" title="Western Gulf coastal grasslands">Western Gulf coastal grasslands</a> while further north, it transitions into a subtropical jungle, the <a href="/wiki/Big_Thicket" title="Big Thicket">Big Thicket</a>. Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, or swamps, and all are still visible in surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Flat terrain and extensive greenfield development have combined to worsen flooding.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 150 feet (46 m) in elevation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Houston" title="Lake Houston">Lake Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Conroe" title="Lake Conroe">Lake Conroe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Livingston" title="Lake Livingston">Lake Livingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HouHTO-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS_Subsidence_Fault_Creep-73">[73]</a> The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion U.S. gallons (4.5 Gl) of water a day in addition to 150 million U.S. gallons (570 Ml) a day of groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Houston has four major <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a> passing through the city that accept water from the extensive drainage system. Buffalo Bayou runs through Downtown and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a>, and has three tributaries: White Oak Bayou, which runs through the Houston Heights community northwest of Downtown and then towards Downtown; <a href="/wiki/Brays_Bayou" title="Brays Bayou">Brays Bayou</a>, which runs along the Texas Medical Center;<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sims_Bayou" title="Sims Bayou">Sims Bayou</a>, which runs through the south of Houston and Downtown Houston. The ship channel continues past Galveston and then into the Gulf of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-shipchannel-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg/220px-Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg/330px-Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg/440px-Houston_Texas_14Mar2018_SkySat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of central Houston, showing Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods, March 2018</figcaption></figure> Houston is a flat, <a href="/wiki/Marshy" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshy">marshy</a> area where an extensive drainage system has been built. The adjoining prairie land drains into the city, which is prone to flooding.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Underpinning Houston's land surface are <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(geology)" title="Consolidation (geology)">unconsolidated</a> clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a>, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">salt dome</a> formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Houston area has over 150 active <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> (estimated to be 300 <a href="/wiki/Active_fault" title="Active fault">active faults</a>) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km),<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Long_Point%E2%80%93Eureka_Heights_fault_system" title="Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system">Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system</a> which runs through the center of the city. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "<a href="/wiki/Aseismic_creep" title="Aseismic creep">fault creep</a>",<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Subsidence_Fault_Creep-73">[73]</a> which further reduces the risk of an earthquake. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geographic_areas_of_Houston" title="Geographic areas of Houston">Geographic areas of Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Houston_neighborhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Houston neighborhoods">List of Houston neighborhoods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_superneighborhoods.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Houston_superneighborhoods.png/220px-Houston_superneighborhoods.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Houston_superneighborhoods.png/330px-Houston_superneighborhoods.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Houston_superneighborhoods.png/440px-Houston_superneighborhoods.png 2x" data-file-width="6800" data-file-height="4400" /></a><figcaption>Houston's superneighborhoods</figcaption></figure> The city of Houston was incorporated in 1837 and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">ward system</a> of representation shortly afterward, in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-Trapp-83">[83]</a> The six original wards of Houston are the progenitors of the 11 modern-day geographically oriented <a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">Houston City Council</a> districts, though the city abandoned the ward system in 1905 in favor of a <a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">commission government</a>, and, later, the existing <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council government</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg/220px-MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg/330px-MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg/440px-MidtownHoustonscene001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Intersection of Bagby and McGowen streets in western Midtown, 2016</figcaption></figure> Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_610_(Texas)" title="Interstate 610 (Texas)">Interstate 610 loop</a>. The "Inner Loop" encompasses a 97-square-mile (250 km2) area which includes Downtown, pre–World War II residential neighborhoods and <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburbs</a>, and newer high-density apartment and townhouse developments.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Outside the loop, the city's typology is more <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburban</a>, though many major business districts—such as <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westchase,_Houston" title="Westchase, Houston">Westchase</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Energy_Corridor" title="Houston Energy Corridor">Energy Corridor</a>—lie well outside the urban core. In addition to Interstate 610, two additional loop highways encircle the city: <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Beltway_8" title="Texas State Highway Beltway 8">Beltway 8</a>, with a radius of approximately 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_99" title="Texas State Highway 99">State Highway 99</a> (the Grand Parkway), with a radius of 25 miles (40 km). Approximately 470,000 people lived within the Interstate 610 loop, while 1.65 million lived between Interstate 610 and Beltway 8 and 2.25 million lived within Harris County outside Beltway 8 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> regulations, it has developed similarly to other <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> cities because the city's land use regulations and <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)#In_a_legal_context" title="Covenant (law)">legal covenants</a> have played a similar role.<a href="#cite_note-nytzoning-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-nozoning-87">[87]</a> Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. In 1998, Houston relaxed its mandatory lot sizes from 5,000 square feet to 3,500 square feet, which spurred housing construction in the city dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city's low density, <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, others have credited the city's land use patterns with providing significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing bubble">2008 real estate crisis</a>. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 2019, home sales reached a new record of $30 billion.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In referendums in 1948, 1962, and 1993, voters rejected efforts to establish separate residential and commercial land-use districts. Consequently, rather than a single central business district as the center of the city's employment, multiple districts and skylines have grown throughout the city in addition to <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown</a>, which include Uptown, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown, Houston, Texas">Midtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plaza" title="Greenway Plaza">Greenway Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial City">Memorial City</a>, the Energy Corridor, <a href="/wiki/Westchase,_Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchase, Houston, Texas">Westchase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenspoint,_Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenspoint, Houston, Texas">Greenspoint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1058px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Skyline_(5374518048).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown Houston skyline just after sunset"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Houston_Skyline_%285374518048%29.jpg/1050px-Houston_Skyline_%285374518048%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1050" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Houston_Skyline_%285374518048%29.jpg/1575px-Houston_Skyline_%285374518048%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Houston_Skyline_%285374518048%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="423" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Skyline_(5374518048).jpg" title="File:Houston Skyline (5374518048).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown Houston</a> skyline just after sunset</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1058px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uptown Houston skyline in 2013"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg/1050px-Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="1050" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg/1575px-Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg/2100px-Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7239" data-file-height="2079" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Uptown_Houston_North_of_Guilford_Ct._and_McCue_Rd._Panoramic_2_-_Dec_2013.jpg" title="File:Uptown Houston North of Guilford Ct. and McCue Rd. Panoramic 2 - Dec 2013.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown Houston</a> skyline in 2013</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1058px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston,_TX_-_December_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Texas Medical Center skyline in 2019"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston%2C_TX_-_December_2019.jpg/1050px-Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston%2C_TX_-_December_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="1050" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston%2C_TX_-_December_2019.jpg/1575px-Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston%2C_TX_-_December_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston%2C_TX_-_December_2019.jpg/2100px-Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston%2C_TX_-_December_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_the_Texas_Medical_Center_-_Houston,_TX_-_December_2019.jpg" title="File:Skyline of the Texas Medical Center - Houston, TX - December 2019.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> skyline in 2019</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Houston" title="Architecture of Houston">Architecture of Houston</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Houston" title="List of tallest buildings in Houston">List of tallest buildings in Houston</a></div> Houston had the fifth-tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>) and 36th-tallest in the world in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> A seven-mile (11 km) <a href="/wiki/Houston_Downtown_Tunnel_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Downtown Tunnel System">system of tunnels and skywalks</a> links Downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown Houston</a> consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry–led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers was built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer <a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Hines" title="Gerald D. Hines">Gerald D. Hines</a>—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_(Houston)" title="JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)">JPMorgan Chase Tower</a> (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest buildings in the United States">19th tallest</a> building in the United States, and was previously <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in the world">85th-tallest</a> skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Plaza_(Houston)" title="Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)">Wells Fargo Plaza</a> (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 21st-tallest in the United States. In 2007, Downtown had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m2) of office space.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown District</a> boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of midrise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along I-610 West. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an <a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">edge city</a>. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Burgee" title="John Burgee">John Burgee</a> designed landmark <a href="/wiki/Williams_Tower" title="Williams Tower">Williams Tower</a> (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world's tallest skyscraper outside a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and BBVA Compass Plaza<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pelli" title="César Pelli">César Pelli</a>, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a mini-boom of midrise and highrise <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">residential tower</a> construction occurred, with several over 30 stories tall.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Since 2000 over 30 skyscrapers have been developed in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m2) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m2) of <a href="/wiki/Class_A_office_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A office space">class A office space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929."><img alt="The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg/98px-Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg/147px-Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg/196px-Neils-Esperson_Building_Houston_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="3933" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world."><img alt="The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG/82px-JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG/124px-JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG/165px-JP_Morgan_Chase_Tower_in_Houston_-_Dec_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3370" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_(Houston)" title="JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)">JPMorgan Chase Tower</a> is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamstower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Williams Tower is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district."><img alt="The Williams Tower is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Williamstower.jpg/77px-Williamstower.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Williamstower.jpg/116px-Williamstower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Williamstower.jpg/154px-Williamstower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1759" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Williams_Tower" title="Williams Tower">Williams Tower</a> is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bank of America Center by Philip Johnson is an example of postmodern architecture."><img alt="The Bank of America Center by Philip Johnson is an example of postmodern architecture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg/127px-Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg/191px-Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg/255px-Bank_of_America_Center_Houston_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1094" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Center_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of America Center (Houston)">Bank of America Center</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Philip Johnson</a> is an example of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern architecture</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Houston" title="Climate of Houston">Climate of Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Harvey_(36561871944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hurricane_Harvey_%2836561871944%29.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Harvey_%2836561871944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hurricane_Harvey_%2836561871944%29.jpg/330px-Hurricane_Harvey_%2836561871944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hurricane_Harvey_%2836561871944%29.jpg/440px-Hurricane_Harvey_%2836561871944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>, August 2017</figcaption></figure> Houston's climate is classified as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (Cfa in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen climate classification system">Köppen climate classification system</a>), typical of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. While not in <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a>, like much of <a href="/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">Northern Texas</a>, spring <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell thunderstorms</a> sometimes bring tornadoes to the area.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Prevailing winds are from the south and southeast during most of the year, which bring heat and tropical moisture from the nearby Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> During the summer, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority of days from June to September. Additionally, an average of 4.6 days per year reach or exceed 100 °F (37.8 °C).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-103">[103]</a> Houston's characteristic subtropical humidity often results in a higher <a href="/wiki/Apparent_temperature" title="Apparent temperature">apparent temperature</a>, and summer mornings average over 90% <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a> is ubiquitous in Houston; in 1981, annual spending on electricity for interior cooling exceeded $600 million (equivalent to $2.01 billion in 2023), and by the late 1990s, approximately 90% of Houston homes featured air conditioning systems.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The record highest temperature recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C) at Bush Intercontinental Airport, on four occasions: September 4, 2000; August 27, 2011; and August 24 and August 27, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg/220px-Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg/330px-Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg/440px-Shuttle_Replica_Independence_covered_in_snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Independence" title="Space Shuttle Independence">Space Shuttle Independence</a> replica covered in snow, 2017</figcaption></figure> Houston has mild winters, with occasional cold spells. In January, the normal mean temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport is 53 °F (12 °C), with an average of 13 days per year with a low at or below 32 °F (0 °C), occurring on average between December 3 and February 20, allowing for a growing season of 286 days.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-103">[103]</a> Twenty-first century snow events in Houston include a storm on <a href="/wiki/2004_Christmas_Eve_Snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm">December 24, 2004</a>, which saw 1 inch (3 cm) of snow accumulate in parts of the metro area,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and an event on December 7, 2017, which precipitated 0.7 inches (2 cm) of snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Snowfalls of at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) on both December 10, 2008, and December 4, 2009, marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. Overall, Houston has seen measurable snowfall 38 times between 1895 and 2018. On February 14 and 15, 1895, Houston received 20 inches (51 cm) of snow, its largest snowfall from one storm on record.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-103">[103]</a> The last time Houston saw single digit temperatures was on December 23, 1989. The temperature dropped to 7 °F (−14 °C) at Bush Airport, marking the coldest temperature ever recorded there. 1.7 inches of snow fell at George Bush Intercontinental Airport the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Houston generally receives ample rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually based on records between 1981 and 2010. Many parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding due to flat topography,<a href="#cite_note-:7-112">[112]</a> ubiquitous low-<a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a> clay-silt prairie soils,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and inadequate infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:7-112">[112]</a> During the mid-2010s, Greater Houston experienced consecutive major flood events in 2015 (<a href="/wiki/2015_Texas%E2%80%93Oklahoma_flood_and_tornado_outbreak" title="2015 Texas–Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak">"Memorial Day"</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-114">[114]</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/April_2016_North_American_storm_complex" title="April 2016 North American storm complex">"Tax Day"</a>),<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Overall, there have been more casualties and property loss from floods in Houston than in any other locality in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Dart-117">[117]</a> The majority of rainfall occurs between April and October (the wet season of Southeast Texas), when the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico evaporates extensively over the city.<a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dart-117">[117]</a> Houston has excessive <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> levels and is routinely ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Ground-level ozone, or smog, is Houston's predominant air pollution problem, with the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a> rating the metropolitan area's ozone level twelfth on the "Most Polluted Cities by Ozone" in 2017, after major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The industries along the ship channel are a major cause of the city's air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-cleanhouston-120">[120]</a> The rankings are in terms of peak-based standards, focusing strictly on the worst days of the year; the average ozone levels in Houston are lower than what is seen in most other areas of the country, as dominant winds ensure clean, marine air from the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Excessive man-made emissions in the Houston area led to a persistent increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the city. Such an increase, often regarded as "CO2 urban dome", is driven by a combination of strong emissions and stagnant atmospheric conditions. Moreover, Houston is the only metropolitan area with less than ten million citizens where such a CO2 dome can be detected by satellites.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Houston (<a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">Intercontinental Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-123">[a]</a> extremes 1888–present<a href="#cite_note-125">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 (29) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95 (35) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107 (42) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105 (41) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">109 (43) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">109 (43) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 (29) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109 (43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.9 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.2 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.4 (29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.6 (31.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.8 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.8 (36.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.1 (37.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101.2 (38.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.3 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.2 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.9 (29.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">102.1 (38.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 (17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 (19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.0 (23.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.1 (26.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.9 (30.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.3 (33.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.9 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.8 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80.5 (26.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7 (14.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 (17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0 (21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.4 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.0 (28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.1 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.2 (29.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5 (26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.8 (22.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4 (13.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.5 (21.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7 (6.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.6 (8.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6 (12.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.8 (15.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 (19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.7 (23.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7 (24.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9 (16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.5 (10.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.6 (7.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.5 (15.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (−2.5) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.4 (6.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0 (21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.1 (6.7) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.0 (−3.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (−15) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (−14) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21 (−6) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 (−1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 (6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 (11) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 (17) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 (12) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 (7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (−2) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (−14) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 (−15) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.76 (96) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.97 (75) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.47 (88) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.95 (100) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.01 (127) </td> <td style="background: #14FF14; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.00 (152) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.77 (96) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.84 (123) </td> <td style="background: #46FF46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.71 (120) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.46 (139) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.87 (98) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.03 (102) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51.84 (1,317) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.1 (0.25) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.5 (5.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.2 (6.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.3 (10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7 (14.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (18.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3 (21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 (10.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8 (7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58.2 (14.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C1C11F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.4 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.5 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">209.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.2 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">281.3 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">293.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270.5 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">236.5 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.8 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.3 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,577.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1969–1990, sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-noaasun-127">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)<a href="#cite_note-UVIT-128">[126]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Houston (<a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">109 (43) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108 (42) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95 (35) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 (34) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109 (43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.2 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.8 (31.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.4 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.1 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.1 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.4 (33.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.5 (26.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">100.2 (37.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 (17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.4 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.3 (26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9 (29.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.0 (32.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.9 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.5 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.3 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1 (27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.7 (18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79.8 (26.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0 (12.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9 (14.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7 (18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.6 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.6 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.0 (28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.1 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.1 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.0 (22.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.2 (21.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1 (7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.1 (10.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9 (13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.8 (16.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9 (23.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.7 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9 (22.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9 (17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.0 (8.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62.5 (16.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 (−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.7 (3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.2 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.7 (20.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (22.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2 (16.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8 (2.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.4 (−2.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (−12) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (−10) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (−6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 (7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 (13) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 (18) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 (19) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (10) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 (1) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (−13) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9 (−13) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.09 (104) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.85 (72) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.28 (83) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.08 (104) </td> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.42 (138) </td> <td style="background: #10FF10; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.09 (155) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.59 (117) </td> <td style="background: #31FF31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.44 (138) </td> <td style="background: #1EFF1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.76 (146) </td> <td style="background: #23FF23; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.78 (147) </td> <td style="background: #66FF66; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.90 (99) </td> <td style="background: #5BFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.34 (110) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">55.62 (1,413) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">107.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<a href="#cite_note-NOAA2-129">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: National Weather Service<a href="#cite_note-NOWData-130">[128]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_(36032737983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_%2836032737983%29.jpg/220px-Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_%2836032737983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_%2836032737983%29.jpg/330px-Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_%2836032737983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_%2836032737983%29.jpg/440px-Hurricane-Tropical_Storm_Harvey_in_Houston_-_August_27_2017_AM_%2836032737983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Flooded parking lot during Hurricane Harvey, August 2017</figcaption></figure> Because of Houston's <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> and proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>, the city is prone to flooding from heavy rains; the most notable flooding events include <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">Tropical Storm Allison</a> in 2001 and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> in 2017, along with most recent <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Imelda" title="Tropical Storm Imelda">Tropical Storm Imelda</a> in 2019 and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Beta_(2020)" title="Tropical Storm Beta (2020)">Tropical Storm Beta</a> in 2020. In response to Hurricane Harvey, Mayor Sylvester Turner of Houston initiated plans to require developers to build homes that will be less susceptible to flooding by raising them two feet above the <a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">500-year floodplain</a>. Hurricane Harvey damaged hundreds of thousands of homes and dumped trillions of gallons of water into the city.<a href="#cite_note-regulations-131">[129]</a> In places this led to feet of standing water that blocked streets and flooded homes. The Houston City Council passed this regulation in 2018 with a vote of 9–7. Had these floodplain development rules had been in place all along, it is estimated that 84% of homes in the 100-year and 500-year floodplains would have been spared damage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Houston#Dubious" title="Talk:Houston">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-regulations-131">[129]</a> In a recent case testing these regulations, near the Brickhouse Gulley, an old golf course that long served as a floodplain and reservoir for floodwaters, announced a change of heart toward intensifying development.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> A nationwide developer, <a href="/wiki/Meritage_Homes" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritage Homes">Meritage Homes</a>, bought the land and planned to develop the 500-year floodplain into 900 new residential homes. Their plan would bring in $360 million in revenue and boost city population and tax revenue. In order to meet the new floodplain regulations, the developers needed to elevate the lowest floors two feet above the 500-year floodplain, equivalent to five or six feet above the 100-year base flood elevation, and build a channel to direct stormwater runoff toward detention basins. Before Hurricane Harvey, the city had bought $10.7 million in houses in this area specifically to take them out of danger. In addition to developing new streets and single-family housing within a floodplain, a flowing flood-water stream termed a floodway runs through the development area, a most dangerous place to encounter during any future flooding event.<a href="#cite_note-billion-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a>, like other more rural counties, cannot direct developers where to build or not build via land use controls such as a zoning ordinance by Texas law, and instead can only impose general floodplain regulations for enforcement during subdivision approvals and building permit approvals.<a href="#cite_note-billion-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Houston" title="Demographics of Houston">Demographics of Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Houston" title="Religion in Houston">Religion in Houston</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>2,396</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>4,845</td><td></td><td>102.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>9,382</td><td></td><td>93.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>16,513</td><td></td><td>76.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>27,557</td><td></td><td>66.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>44,633</td><td></td><td>62.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>78,800</td><td></td><td>76.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>138,276</td><td></td><td>75.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>292,352</td><td></td><td>111.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>384,514</td><td></td><td>31.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>596,163</td><td></td><td>55.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>938,219</td><td></td><td>57.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>1,232,802</td><td></td><td>31.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>1,595,138</td><td></td><td>29.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>1,630,553</td><td></td><td>2.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,953,631</td><td></td><td>19.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>2,099,451</td><td></td><td>7.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>2,301,572</td><td></td><td>9.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">2,314,157</td><td><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a></td><td>0.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">U.S. Decennial Census</a> 2010–2020<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-2">[2]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Houston.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of ethnic distribution in Houston, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Other</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a> determined Houston had a population of 2,304,580.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-2">[2]</a> In 2017, the census-estimated population was 2,312,717, and in 2018 it was 2,325,502.<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-2">[2]</a> An estimated 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">undocumented immigrants</a> resided in the Houston area in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> comprising nearly 9% of the city's metropolitan population.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 United States census</a>, Houston had a population of 2,100,263 residents,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> up from the city's 2,396 at the <a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850 census</a>. Per the 2019 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, Houston's age distribution was 482,402 under 15; 144,196 aged 15 to 19; 594,477 aged 20 to 34; 591,561 aged 35 to 54; 402,804 aged 55 to 74; and 101,357 aged 75 and older. The median age of the city was 33.4.<a href="#cite_note-:14-138">[136]</a> At the 2014-2018 census estimates, Houston's age distribution was 486,083 under 15; 147,710 aged 15 to 19; 603,586 aged 20 to 34; 726,877 aged 35 to 59; and 357,834 aged 60 and older.<a href="#cite_note-:13-139">[137]</a> The median age was 33.1, up from 32.9 in 2017 and down from 33.5 in 2014; the city's youthfulness has been attributed to an influx of an African American <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a>, Hispanic and Latino American, and Asian immigrants into Texas.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males.<a href="#cite_note-:13-139">[137]</a> There were 987,158 housing units in 2019 and 876,504 households.<a href="#cite_note-:14-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> An estimated 42.3% of Houstonians owned housing units, with an average of 2.65 people per household.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The median monthly owner costs with a mortgage were $1,646, and $536 without a mortgage. Houston's median gross rent from 2015 to 2019 was $1,041. The median household income in 2019 was $52,338 and 20.1% of Houstonians lived at or below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty line</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible mw-collapsed collapsible' style="> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical racial and ethnic composition </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-2010populationbyrace-146">[144]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-census2000-147">[145]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census1-37">[37]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census1-37">[37]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race) </td> <td>47.0%</td> <td>43.8%</td> <td>37.4%</td> <td>27.6%</td> <td>11.3%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-148">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Whites (Non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td>21.8%</td> <td>25.6%<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></td> <td>30.8%<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a></td> <td>40.6%</td> <td>62.4%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-148">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a> </td> <td>24.9%</td> <td>25.1%</td> <td>25.3%</td> <td>28.1%</td> <td>25.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> </td> <td>7.1%</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>4.1%</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> Houston is a <a href="/wiki/Majority_minority_in_the_United_States" title="Majority minority in the United States">majority-minority</a> city. The Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, has described Greater Houston as "one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse metropolitan areas in the country".<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Houston's diversity, historically fueled by large waves of Hispanic and Latino Americans, and Asian immigrants, has been attributed to its relatively lower <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> compared to most major cities, strong job market, and role as a hub for <a href="/wiki/Third_country_resettlement" title="Third country resettlement">refugee resettlement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Houston has long been known as a popular destination for African Americans due to the city's well-established and influential African American community. Houston has become known as a <a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">black mecca</a> akin to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> because it is a major living destination for black professionals and entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The Houston area is home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">largest African American community</a> in Texas and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_west_of_the_Mississippi_River" title="List of largest cities west of the Mississippi River">west</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haleyp412-157">[155]</a> A 2012 Kinder Institute report found that, based on the evenness of population distribution between the four major racial groups in the United States (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian), Greater Houston was the most ethnically diverse metropolitan area in the United States, ahead of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In 2019, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic whites</a> made up 23.3% of the population of Houston proper, Hispanics and Latino Americans 45.8%, blacks or African Americans 22.4%, and Asian Americans 6.5%.<a href="#cite_note-:14-138">[136]</a> In 2018, non-Hispanic whites made up 20.7% of the population, Hispanics or Latino Americans 44.9%, blacks or African Americans 30.3%, and Asian Americans 8.2%.<a href="#cite_note-:13-139">[137]</a> The largest Hispanic or Latino American ethnic groups in the city were <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> (31.6%), <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a> (0.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a> (0.8%) in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:13-139">[137]</a> As documented, Houston has a higher proportion of minorities than non-Hispanic whites; in 2010, <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">whites</a> (including Hispanic whites) made up 57.6% of the city of Houston's population; 24.6% of the total population was non-Hispanic white.<a href="#cite_note-:15-159">[157]</a> Blacks or African Americans made up 22.5% of Houston's population, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indians</a> made up 0.3% of the population, Asians made up 6.9% (1.7% <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a>, 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a>, 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a>, 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a> made up 0.1%. Individuals from some other race made up 15.69% of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-2010populationbyrace-146">[144]</a> Individuals from <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">two or more races</a> made up 2.1% of the city.<a href="#cite_note-:15-159">[157]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Census">2000 U.S. census</a>, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% black or African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 37.4% of Houston's population in 2000, while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The proportion of non-Hispanic whites in Houston has decreased significantly since 1970, when it was 62.4%.<a href="#cite_note-census1-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity">Sexual orientation and gender identity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Houston">LGBT culture in Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights in Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houston_Gay_Pride_Parade" title="Houston Gay Pride Parade">Houston Gay Pride Parade</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg/187px-LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg/280px-LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg/373px-LGBTbannersinMontrose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>LGBT banners in <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Houston" title="Montrose, Houston">Montrose</a></figcaption></figure> Houston is home to one of the largest <a href="/wiki/LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT community">LGBT communities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">pride parades</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> In 2018, the city scored a 70 out of 100 for LGBT friendliness.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Jordan Blum of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a> stated levels of LGBT acceptance and discrimination varied in 2016 due to some of the region's traditionally conservative culture.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Before the 1970s, the city's <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bars</a> were spread around Downtown Houston and what is now <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown Houston">midtown Houston</a>. LGBT Houstonians needed to have a place to socialize after the closing of the gay bars. They began going to Art Wren, a 24-hour restaurant in Montrose. LGBT community members were attracted to Montrose as a neighborhood after encountering it while patronizing Art Wren, and they began to <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrify</a> the neighborhood and assist its native inhabitants with property maintenance. Within Montrose, new gay bars began to open.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> By 1985, the flavor and politics of the neighborhood were heavily influenced by the LGBT community, and in 1990, according to Hill, 19% of Montrose residents identified as LGBT. <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Broussard" title="Murder of Paul Broussard">Paul Broussard</a> was murdered in Montrose in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Before the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage in the United States</a> the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_Billie_Ert_and_Antonio_Molina" title="Marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina">marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina</a>, considered the first same-sex marriage in Texas history, took place on October 5, 1972.<a href="#cite_note-:18-168">[166]</a> Houston elected the <a href="/wiki/Annise_Parker" title="Annise Parker">first openly lesbian mayor</a> of a major city in 2009, and she served until 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:18-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> During her tenure she authorized the <a href="/wiki/2015_Houston,_Texas_Proposition_1" title="2015 Houston, Texas Proposition 1">Houston Equal Rights Ordinance</a> which was intended to improve anti-discrimination coverage based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the city, specifically in areas such as housing and occupation where no anti-discrimination policy existed.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: #f8f9fa; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religious affiliation (2020)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:72%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">72%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:40%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">40%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:29%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">29%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faiths</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:1.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div>Houston and its metropolitan area are the third-most religious and Christian area by percentage of population in the United States, and second in Texas behind the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.<a href="#cite_note-:17-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Historically, Houston has been a center of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christianity</a>, being part of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Other Christian groups including <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christianity, and non-Christian religions did not grow for much of the city's history because immigration was predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> (which at the time was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> and favored by the quotas in federal immigration law). The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a> removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religions.<a href="#cite_note-:9-174">[172]</a> According to a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 73% of the population of the Houston area identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, about 50% of whom claimed Protestant affiliations and about 19% claimed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> affiliations. Nationwide, about 71% of respondents identified as Christians. About 20% of Houston-area residents claimed <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>, compared to about 23% nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-pew-175">[173]</a> The same study says area residents who identify with other religions (including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>) collectively made up about 7% of the area population.<a href="#cite_note-pew-175">[173]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> estimated 40% were Protestant and 29% Catholic; overall, Christianity represented 72% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> determined the Catholic Church numbered 1,299,901 for the metropolitan area; the second-largest single Christian denomination (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptists">Southern Baptists</a>) numbered 800,688; following, <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominational Protestant churches</a> represented the third-largest Christian cohort at 666,548.<a href="#cite_note-:19-177">[175]</a> Altogether, however, Baptists of the Southern Baptist Convention, the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Association" title="American Baptist Association">American Baptist Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel_Baptist_Church_Fellowship" title="Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship">Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention USA</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International,_Inc." title="National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.">National Baptist Convention of America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Missionary_Baptist_Convention_of_America" title="National Missionary Baptist Convention of America">National Missionary Baptist Convention</a> numbered 926,554. Non-denominational Protestants, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian Churches and Churches of Christ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> numbered 723,603 altogether according to this study. <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Church" title="Lakewood Church">Lakewood Church</a> in Houston, led by Pastor <a href="/wiki/Joel_Osteen" title="Joel Osteen">Joel Osteen</a>, is the largest church in the United States. A <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurch</a>, it had 44,800 weekly attendees in 2010, up from 11,000 weekly in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:10-178">[176]</a> Since 2005, it has occupied the former Compaq Center sports stadium. In September 2010, <a href="/wiki/Outreach_(magazine)" title="Outreach (magazine)">Outreach</a> magazine published a list of the 100 largest Christian churches in the United States, and on the list were the following Houston-area churches: Lakewood, <a href="/wiki/Second_Baptist_Church_Houston" title="Second Baptist Church Houston">Second Baptist Church Houston</a>, Woodlands Church, Church Without Walls, and First Baptist Church.<a href="#cite_note-:10-178">[176]</a> According to the list, Houston and Dallas were tied as the second-most popular city for megachurches.<a href="#cite_note-:10-178">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg/220px-Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg/330px-Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg/440px-Sacred_Heart_Co-Cathedral_Houston_2018b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Houston)" title="Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (Houston)">Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Galveston%E2%80%93Houston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston</a>, the largest Catholic jurisdiction in Texas and fifth-largest in the United States, was established in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-:11-179">[177]</a> The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston claimed approximately 1.7 million Catholics within its boundaries as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:11-179">[177]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Co-cathedral" title="Co-cathedral">co-cathedral</a> is located within the Houston city limits, while the diocesan see is in Galveston. Other prominent Catholic jurisdictions include the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_the_Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter">Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham_(Houston)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Walsingham (Houston)">whose cathedral</a> is also in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG/220px-EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG/330px-EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG/440px-EthiopianchurchHoustoncanemont.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church</figcaption></figure> A variety of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches can be found in Houston. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Ethiopia, India, and other areas have added to Houston's Eastern and Oriental Orthodox population. As of 2011 in the entire state, 32,000 people actively attended Orthodox churches.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In 2013 Father John Whiteford, the pastor of St. Jonah Orthodox Church near <a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a>, stated there were about 6,000-9,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The Association of Religion Data Archives numbered 16,526 Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Houstonians in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:19-177">[175]</a> The most prominent Eastern and Oriental Orthodox jurisdictions are the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese_of_North_America" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America">Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Houston's Jewish community, estimated at 47,000 in 2001, has been present in the city since the 1800s. Houstonian Jews have origins from throughout the United States, Israel, Mexico, Russia, and other places. As of 2016, over 40 synagogues were in Greater Houston.<a href="#cite_note-:9-174">[172]</a> The largest synagogues are <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Yeshurun_(Houston,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation Beth Yeshurun (Houston, Texas)">Congregation Beth Yeshurun</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Jewish</a> temple, and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Jewish</a> congregations <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(Houston)" title="Congregation Beth Israel (Houston)">Beth Israel</a> and Emanu-El. According to a study in 2016 by <a href="/wiki/Berman_Jewish_DataBank" class="mw-redirect" title="Berman Jewish DataBank">Berman Jewish DataBank</a>, 51,000 Jews lived in the area, an increase of 4,000 since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Houston has a large and diverse Muslim community; it is the largest in Texas and the Southern United States, as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-:12-188">[186]</a> It is estimated that Muslims made up 1.2% of Houston's population.<a href="#cite_note-:12-188">[186]</a> As of 2016, Muslims in the Houston area included <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Middle Easterners</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a>, as well as a growing population of Latino Muslim converts. In 2000 there were over 41 mosques and storefront religious centers, with the largest being the Al-Noor Mosque (Mosque of Light) of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Greater_Houston" title="Islamic Society of Greater Houston">Islamic Society of Greater Houston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a>, and Buddhist communities form a growing sector of the religious demographic after Judaism and Islam. Large <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in the metropolitan area include the <a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_Houston" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan Sampradaya</a> denomination in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend County</a>, near the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Stafford,_Texas" title="Stafford, Texas">Stafford</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">style</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Meenakshi_Temple_(Pearland,_Texas)" title="Sri Meenakshi Temple (Pearland, Texas)">Sri Meenakshi Temple</a> in suburban <a href="/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County</a>, which is the oldest Hindu temple in Texas and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_the_United_States" title="List of Hindu temples in the United States">third-oldest Hindu temple</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-192">[190]</a> Of the irreligious community 16% practiced nothing in particular, 3% were <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>, and 2% were <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:17-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Houston" title="Economy of Houston">Economy of Houston</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Houston" title="List of companies in Houston">List of companies in Houston</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:75%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9BDDFF;"><a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies based in Houston<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Company </th></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sysco" title="Sysco">Sysco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Plains_GP_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains GP Holdings">Plains GP Holdings</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Products_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise Products Partners">Enterprise Products Partners</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>129</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>142</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>148</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>186</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/EOG_Resources" title="EOG Resources">EOG Resources</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>207</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waste_Management_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste Management (corporation)">Waste Management</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>242</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Kinder_Morgan" title="Kinder Morgan">Kinder Morgan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>260</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/CenterPoint_Energy" title="CenterPoint Energy">CenterPoint Energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>261</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Services" title="Quanta Services">Quanta Services</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>264</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_1_Automotive" title="Group 1 Automotive">Group 1 Automotive</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>319</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Calpine" title="Calpine">Calpine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>329</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Cheniere_Energy" title="Cheniere Energy">Cheniere Energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>365</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/Targa_Resources" title="Targa Resources">Targa Resources</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>374</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>391</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westlake_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Westlake Chemical">Westlake Chemical</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>465</td> <td style="background:#afa;"><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>496</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crown_Castle" title="Crown Castle">Crown Castle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>501</td> <td><a href="/wiki/KBR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KBR (company)">KBR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#afa;">Companies in the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources—wind and solar—are also growing economic bases in the city,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> and the City Government purchases 90% of its annual 1 <a href="/wiki/Watt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt-hour">TWh</a> power mostly from wind, and some from solar.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Since the 2020s Houston has become a growing hub for technology startup firms and is the fastest growing sector of the city's economy.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Major technology and software companies within Greater Houston include <a href="/wiki/Crown_Castle" title="Crown Castle">Crown Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/KBR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KBR (company)">KBR</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlightAware" title="FlightAware">FlightAware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybersoft" title="Cybersoft">Cybersoft</a>, Houston Wire & Cable, and <a href="/wiki/HostGator" title="HostGator">HostGator</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aylo" title="Aylo">Aylo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_Daddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Go Daddy">Go Daddy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a> have offices in the Houston area. On April 4, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a> relocated its global headquarters from California to the Greater Houston area.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a> is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network</a> and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney.<a href="#cite_note-kearney-15">[15]</a> The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce's International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for roughly two-thirds of the metropolitan area's exports last year. The top three destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and 16th among the largest ports in the world.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Unlike most places, high oil and gasoline prices are beneficial for Houston's economy, as many of its residents are employed in the energy industry.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil, gas, and products pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metro area's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022 was $633 billion, making it the seventh-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>'s, or the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>' GDP.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Only 27 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's regional gross area product (GAP).<a href="#cite_note-imf2016gdp-report-208">[206]</a> In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3% of Houston's GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_System" title="University of Houston System">University of Houston System</a>'s annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit, and 24,000 local jobs generated.<a href="#cite_note-Economic_Impact-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-UH_System_Economic_Impact-211">[209]</a> This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region.<a href="#cite_note-UH_System_Economic_Impact-211">[209]</a> Ninety-one foreign governments have established consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third-highest in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here with 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> In 2013, Houston was identified as the number one U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but also after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston's success to the ability of the region's real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that "more than 100 foreign-owned companies relocated, expanded or started new businesses in Houston" between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low.<a href="#cite_note-One-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Houston" title="Culture of Houston">Culture of Houston</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo held inside the NRG Stadium, 2006"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg/700px-Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg/1050px-Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg/1400px-Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="1702" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliant_Stadium_Houston_Rodeo.jpg" title="File:Reliant Stadium Houston Rodeo.jpg"> </a></div>The annual <a href="/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo" title="Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo">Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo</a> held inside the <a href="/wiki/NRG_Stadium" title="NRG Stadium">NRG Stadium</a>, 2006</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_Car_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Art_Car_Parade.jpg/220px-Art_Car_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Art_Car_Parade.jpg/330px-Art_Car_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Art_Car_Parade.jpg/440px-Art_Car_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houston_Art_Car_Parade" title="Houston Art Car Parade">Houston Art Car Parade</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/220px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/330px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg/440px-Aerial_View_of_the_Johnson_Space_Center_-_GPN-2000-001112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg/220px-Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg/330px-Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg/440px-Downtown_Houston_Aquarium_in_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>Fountain of the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Aquarium,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Aquarium, Houston">Downtown Aquarium, Houston</a>, in 2012</figcaption></figure> Located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The Greater Houston metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">United States–Mexico border</a> since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-ytlzpc-217">[215]</a> Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia.<a href="#cite_note-ytlzpc-217">[215]</a> The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 92 countries.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest-running is the annual <a href="/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo" title="Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo">Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo</a>, held over 20 days from early to late March, and is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Another large celebration is the annual night-time <a href="/wiki/Houston_Gay_Pride_Parade" title="Houston Gay Pride Parade">Houston Gay Pride Parade</a>, held at the end of June.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Other notable annual events include the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Greek_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Greek Festival">Houston Greek Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houston_Art_Car_Parade" title="Houston Art Car Parade">Art Car Parade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Auto_Show" title="Houston Auto Show">Houston Auto Show</a>, the Houston International Festival,<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_City_Art_Festival" title="Bayou City Art Festival">Bayou City Art Festival</a>, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-AmericanStyle2004-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmericanStyle2005-224">[222]</a> Houston is highly regarded for its diverse food and restaurant culture.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Houston received the official nickname of "Space City" in 1967 because it is the location of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Houston" title="Nicknames of Houston">Other nicknames</a> often used by locals include "Bayou City", "<a href="/wiki/Clutch_City" title="Clutch City">Clutch City</a>", "Crush City", "Magnolia City", "H-Town", and "Culinary Capital of the South".<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_theater">Arts and theater</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobbycenter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hobbycenter.jpg/220px-Hobbycenter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hobbycenter.jpg/330px-Hobbycenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hobbycenter.jpg/440px-Hobbycenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hobby_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Hobby Center for the Performing Arts">Hobby Center for the Performing Arts</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MFA_houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MFA_houston.jpg/220px-MFA_houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MFA_houston.jpg/330px-MFA_houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MFA_houston.jpg/440px-MFA_houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Houston Theater District</a>, in Downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a Downtown area in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Houston is one of the few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (<a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>), ballet (<a href="/wiki/Houston_Ballet" title="Houston Ballet">Houston Ballet</a>), music (<a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony" title="Houston Symphony">Houston Symphony Orchestra</a>), and theater (<a href="/wiki/The_Alley_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alley Theatre">The Alley Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Under_The_Stars_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre Under The Stars (Houston)">Theatre Under the Stars</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ikvngd-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Houston is also home to <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Art groups">art groups</a> and various small progressive arts organizations.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Facilities in the Theater District include the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Hall" title="Jones Hall">Jones Hall</a>—home of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Symphony Orchestra">Houston Symphony Orchestra</a> and Society for the Performing Arts—and the <a href="/wiki/Hobby_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Hobby Center for the Performing Arts">Hobby Center for the Performing Arts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Museum District</a>'s cultural institutions and exhibits attract more than 7 million visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Notable facilities include <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">The Museum of Fine Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science" title="Houston Museum of Natural Science">Houston Museum of Natural Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Museum_Houston" title="Contemporary Arts Museum Houston">Contemporary Arts Museum Houston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Station_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Station Museum of Contemporary Art">Station Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Museum_Houston" title="Holocaust Museum Houston">Holocaust Museum Houston</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Houston" title="Children's Museum of Houston">Children's Museum of Houston</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Zoo" title="Houston Zoo">Houston Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Located near the Museum District are <a href="/wiki/Menil_Collection" title="Menil Collection">The Menil Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothko_Chapel" title="Rothko Chapel">Rothko Chapel</a>, the Moody Center for the Arts and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Fresco_Chapel_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum">Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Bend_Collection_and_Gardens" title="Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens">Bayou Bend</a> is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) facility of the Museum of Fine Arts that houses one of America's most prominent collections of decorative art, paintings, and furniture. Bayou Bend is the former home of Houston philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Ima_Hogg" title="Ima Hogg">Ima Hogg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> The National Museum of Funeral History is in Houston near the <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a>. The museum houses the original <a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in the 1980s along with numerous hearses, embalming displays, and information on famous funerals. Venues across Houston regularly host local and touring rock, blues, country, dubstep, and Tejano musical acts. While Houston has never been widely known for its music scene,<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houston_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston hip hop">Houston hip hop</a> has become a significant, independent music scene that is influential nationwide. Houston is the birthplace of the chopped and screwed remixing-technique in hip-hop which was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/DJ_Screw" title="DJ Screw">DJ Screw</a> from the city. Some other notable hip-hop artists from the area include <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Toliver" title="Don Toliver">Don Toliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slim_Thug" title="Slim Thug">Slim Thug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wall" title="Paul Wall">Paul Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Jones_(rapper)" title="Mike Jones (rapper)">Mike Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bun_B" title="Bun B">Bun B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geto_Boys" title="Geto Boys">Geto Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trae_tha_Truth" title="Trae tha Truth">Trae tha Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirko_Bangz" title="Kirko Bangz">Kirko Bangz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z-Ro" title="Z-Ro">Z-Ro</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Park_Mexican" title="South Park Mexican">South Park Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_Scott" title="Travis Scott">Travis Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion" title="Megan Thee Stallion">Megan Thee Stallion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Theater District</a> is a 17-block area in the center of Downtown Houston that is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Place" title="Bayou Place">Bayou Place</a> entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundance Cinema">Sundance Cinema</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Music_Center" title="Bayou Music Center">Bayou Music Center</a> stages live concerts, stage plays, and stand-up comedy. <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a> is the official visitors' center of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including <a href="/wiki/Moon_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon rocks">Moon rocks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> simulator, and presentations about the history of NASA's crewed space flight program. Other tourist attractions include the <a href="/wiki/The_Galleria_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Galleria (Houston)">Galleria</a> (Texas's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest shopping malls in the United States">largest</a> shopping mall, in the Uptown District), Old Market Square, the <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Aquarium,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Aquarium, Houston">Downtown Aquarium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Race_Park" title="Sam Houston Race Park">Sam Houston Race Park</a>. Houston's <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Houston" title="Chinatown, Houston">current Chinatown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi District">Mahatma Gandhi District</a> are two major <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a>, reflecting Houston's multicultural makeup. Restaurants, bakeries, traditional-clothing boutiques, and specialty shops can be found in both areas. Houston is home to 337 parks, including <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Park" title="Hermann Park">Hermann Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hershey_Park" title="Terry Hershey Park">Terry Hershey Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Houston" title="Lake Houston">Lake Houston Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park,_Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Park, Houston, Texas">Memorial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquility Park">Tranquility Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Park" title="Sesquicentennial Park">Sesquicentennial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Green" title="Discovery Green">Discovery Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou_Park" title="Buffalo Bayou Park">Buffalo Bayou Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Park" title="Sam Houston Park">Sam Houston Park</a>. Within Hermann Park are the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Zoo" title="Houston Zoo">Houston Zoo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science" title="Houston Museum of Natural Science">Houston Museum of Natural Science</a>. Sam Houston Park contains restored and reconstructed homes which were originally built between 1823 and 1905.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the largest total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km2).<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km2) that are managed by the city—including the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Arboretum_and_Nature_Center" title="Houston Arboretum and Nature Center">Houston Arboretum and Nature Center</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lee_and_Joe_Jamail_Skatepark" title="Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark">Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark</a> is a public <a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">skatepark</a> owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) in-ground facility. The <a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Hines_Waterwall_Park" title="Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park">Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park</a> in the Uptown District of the city serves as a popular tourist attraction and for weddings and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_2">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Houston" title="Sports in Houston">Sports in Houston</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soccer_in_Houston" title="Soccer in Houston">Soccer in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg/220px-Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg/330px-Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg/440px-Toyota_Center_Game_7_2018_playoffs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Center" title="Toyota Center">Toyota Center</a> is home of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a>.</figcaption></figure>Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_team" title="Expansion team">expansion team</a> formed in 1962 (known as the "Colt .45s" until 1965) that have won the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> in <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Series" title="2017 World Series">2017</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Series" title="2022 World Series">2022</a> and appeared in it in <a href="/wiki/2005_World_Series" title="2005 World Series">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_World_Series" title="2019 World Series">2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Series" title="2021 World Series">2021</a>. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a> are a <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> franchise based in the city since <a href="/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_NBA_season" title="1971–72 NBA season">1971</a>. They have won two <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions" title="List of NBA champions">NBA Championships</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/1994_NBA_Finals" title="1994 NBA Finals">1994</a> and another in <a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_Finals" title="1995 NBA Finals">1995</a>, under star players <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otis_Thorpe" title="Otis Thorpe">Otis Thorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Drexler" title="Clyde Drexler">Clyde Drexler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Maxwell" title="Vernon Maxwell">Vernon Maxwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Smith" title="Kenny Smith">Kenny Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a> are a <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> expansion team formed in <a href="/wiki/2002_NFL_season" title="2002 NFL season">2002</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Dynamo">Houston Dynamo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> franchise that has been based in Houston since <a href="/wiki/2006_Major_League_Soccer_season" title="2006 Major League Soccer season">2006</a>, winning two <a href="/wiki/List_of_MLS_Cup_finals" title="List of MLS Cup finals">MLS Cup</a> titles in <a href="/wiki/2006_MLS_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 MLS Cup">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_MLS_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 MLS Cup">2007</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dash" title="Houston Dash">Houston Dash</a> team plays in the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">National Women's Soccer League</a>, who won their first title in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_SaberCats" title="Houston SaberCats">Houston SaberCats</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> team that plays in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">Major League Rugby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Roughnecks_(2020)" title="Houston Roughnecks (2020)">Houston Roughnecks</a> are a future <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a> team starting operations in 2024. They were previously in the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a> before it was announced they were moving to the UFL in 2024.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliantstadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Reliantstadium.jpg/220px-Reliantstadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Reliantstadium.jpg/330px-Reliantstadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Reliantstadium.jpg/440px-Reliantstadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NRG_Stadium" title="NRG Stadium">NRG Stadium</a> is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Daikin_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Daikin Park">Daikin Park</a> (home of the Astros) and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Center_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Center (Houston)">Toyota Center</a> (home of the Rockets), are in Downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, <a href="/wiki/NRG_Stadium" title="NRG Stadium">NRG Stadium</a> (home of the Texans).<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> Daikin Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena's hosting of the <a href="/wiki/2013_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2013 NBA All-Star Game">2013 NBA All-Star Game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy_Stadium" title="Shell Energy Stadium">Shell Energy Stadium</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">soccer-specific stadium</a> for the Houston Dynamo, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_Tigers_football" title="Texas Southern Tigers football">Texas Southern Tigers football</a> team, and Houston Dash, in East Downtown. <a href="/wiki/Aveva_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aveva Stadium">Aveva Stadium</a> (home of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_SaberCats" title="Houston SaberCats">SaberCats</a>) is in south Houston. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Reliant_Astrodome" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliant Astrodome">NRG Astrodome</a> was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> Other sports facilities include <a href="/wiki/Hofheinz_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofheinz Pavilion">Hofheinz Pavilion</a> (Houston Cougars basketball), <a href="/wiki/Rice_Stadium_(Rice_University)" title="Rice Stadium (Rice University)">Rice Stadium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rice_Owls" title="Rice Owls">Rice Owls</a> football), and <a href="/wiki/NRG_Arena" title="NRG Arena">NRG Arena</a>. <a href="/wiki/TDECU_Stadium" title="TDECU Stadium">TDECU Stadium</a> is where the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Houston_Cougars" title="Houston Cougars">Cougars</a> football team plays.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Houston has hosted several major sports events: the <a href="/wiki/1968_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">1986</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game">2004</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">Major League Baseball All-Star Games</a>; the <a href="/wiki/1989_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="1989 NBA All-Star Game">1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2006 NBA All-Star Game">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2013 NBA All-Star Game">2013</a> <a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">NBA All-Star Games</a>; <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_VIII" title="Super Bowl VIII">Super Bowl VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVIII" title="Super Bowl XXXVIII">Super Bowl XXXVIII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI" title="Super Bowl LI">Super Bowl LI</a>, as well as hosting the <a href="/wiki/1981_NBA_Finals" title="1981 NBA Finals">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_NBA_Finals" title="1986 NBA Finals">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_NBA_Finals" title="1994 NBA Finals">1994</a> and <a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_Finals" title="1995 NBA Finals">1995 NBA Finals</a>, winning the latter two, and hosting the <a href="/wiki/2005_World_Series" title="2005 World Series">2005 World Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Series" title="2017 World Series">2017 World Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_World_Series" title="2019 World Series">2019 World Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_World_Series" title="2021 World Series">2021 World Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_World_Series" title="2022 World Series">2022 World Series</a>. The city won its first baseball championship during the 2017 event and won again 5 years later. NRG Stadium hosted <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI" title="Super Bowl LI">Super Bowl LI</a> on February 5, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> Houston will host multiple matches during the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>. The city has hosted several major professional and college sporting events, including the annual <a href="/wiki/Shell_Houston_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Houston Open">Houston Open</a> golf tournament. Houston hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Houston_College_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston College Classic">Houston College Classic</a> baseball tournament every February, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Kickoff" title="Texas Kickoff">Texas Kickoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Bowl" title="Texas Bowl">Bowl</a> in September and December, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Houston" title="Grand Prix of Houston">Grand Prix of Houston</a>, an annual auto race on the <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> circuit was held on a 1.7-mile temporary street circuit in <a href="/wiki/NRG_Park" title="NRG Park">NRG Park</a>. The October 2013 event was held using a tweaked version of the 2006–2007 course.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> The event had a five-year race contract through 2017 with IndyCar.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> In motorcycling, the Astrodome hosted an <a href="/wiki/AMA_Supercross_Championship" title="AMA Supercross Championship">AMA Supercross Championship</a> round from 1974 to 2003 and the NRG Stadium since 2003. Houston is also one of the first cities in the world to have a major <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a> team represent it, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Outlaws" title="Houston Outlaws">Houston Outlaws</a>. The Outlaws play in the <a href="/wiki/Overwatch_League" title="Overwatch League">Overwatch League</a> and are one of two Texan teams, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Fuel" title="Dallas Fuel">Dallas Fuel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Houston" title="Politics of Houston">Politics of Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG/170px-Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG/255px-Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG/340px-Houston_City_Hall_in_January_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Hall" title="Houston City Hall">Houston City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg/220px-Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg/330px-Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg/440px-Harris_County_Family_Law_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Harris County Family Law Center</figcaption></figure>The city of Houston has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">strong mayoral</a> form of municipal government.<a href="#cite_note-home_rule-259">[257]</a> Houston is a <a href="/wiki/Home_rule_in_the_United_States" title="Home rule in the United States">home rule</a> city and all municipal elections in Texas are <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">nonpartisan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-home_rule-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> The city's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">Houston City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_City_Council-261">[259]</a> The current mayor of Houston is <a href="/wiki/John_Whitmire" title="John Whitmire">John Whitmire</a>, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston's mayor serves as the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing all laws and ordinances are enforced.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_Mayor's_Office-262">[260]</a> The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> At-large council members represent the entire city.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_City_Council-261">[259]</a> Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections. The city <a href="/wiki/Comptroller" title="Comptroller">controller</a> is elected independently of the mayor and council. The controller's duties are to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city's fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Chris Brown is the city controller, serving his first term as of January 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston&action=edit">[update]</a>. As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a mayor is elected for a four-year term and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> The term limits were spearheaded in 1991 by conservative political activist <a href="/wiki/Clymer_Wright" title="Clymer Wright">Clymer Wright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> During 1991–2015, the city controller and city council members were subjected to a two-year, three-term limitation–the 2015 referendum amended term limits to two four-year terms. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston&action=edit">[update]</a> some councilmembers who served two terms and won a final term will have served eight years in office, whereas a freshman councilmember who won a position in 2013 can serve up to two additional terms under the previous term limit law–a select few will have at least 10 years of incumbency once their term expires. Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Texas">Democrats</a>. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent of Hispanics (of any nationality) in the area are declared or favor Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_Area_Survey_1982–2005-267">[265]</a> The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_Area_Survey_1982–2005-267">[265]</a> As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections.<a href="#cite_note-Houston_Area_Survey_1982–2005-267">[265]</a> In 2009, Houston became the first U.S. city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing <a href="/wiki/Annise_Parker" title="Annise Parker">Annise Parker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Texas has banned <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">sanctuary cities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> but Houston Mayor <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Turner" title="Sylvester Turner">Sylvester Turner</a> said Houston will not assist <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a> agents with immigration raids.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Houston" title="Crime in Houston">Crime in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG/220px-HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG/330px-HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG/440px-HoustonPoliceDeptHQ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Houston Police Department headquarters</figcaption></figure> Houston's crime rate is one of the top three in Texas and notably higher than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Houston's murder rate jumped significantly since 2020. In 2021, nearly 500 people were murdered in the city which was almost double the murdered count in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Rising gang activity is blamed for the increased crime rates in the city.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> Houston leaders are continually discussing and implementing strategies to combat crime in the city.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Houston is a significant hub for trafficking of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, heroin, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> due to its size and proximity to major illegal drug exporting nations.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> In the early 1970s, Houston, <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a> and several coastal towns were the site of the <a href="/wiki/Dean_Corll" title="Dean Corll">Houston mass murders</a>, which at the time were the deadliest case of <a href="/wiki/Serial_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial killing">serial killing</a> in American history.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> In 1853, the first execution in Houston took place in public at Founder's Cemetery in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ward,_Houston" title="Fourth Ward, Houston">Fourth Ward</a>; initially, the cemetery was the execution site, but post-1868 executions took place in the jail facilities.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> In 2023, the city of Houston made enforcement of an anti-food sharing ordinance a priority. This has resulted in volunteers receiving over 80 tickets, and a federal lawsuit to be filed against the city of Houston.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Houston" title="Education in Houston">Education in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg/220px-HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg/330px-HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg/440px-HoustonISDWhiteHQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The first Hattie Mae White Administration Building; it has been sold and demolished.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Houston" title="List of school districts in Houston">Nineteen school districts</a> exist within the city of Houston. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston Independent School District</a> (HISD) is the seventh-largest school district in the United States and the largest in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> HISD has over <a href="/wiki/List_of_Houston_Independent_School_District_schools" title="List of Houston Independent School District schools">100 campuses</a> that serve as magnet or vanguard schools—specializing in such disciplines as health professions, visual and performing arts, and the sciences. There are also many charter schools that are run separately from school districts. In addition, some public school districts also have their own charter schools. The Houston area encompasses more than 300 private schools,<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> many of which are accredited by Texas Private School Accreditation Commission recognized agencies. The Greater Houston metropolitan area's independent schools offer education from a variety of different religious as well as secular viewpoints.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> The Greater Houston area's Catholic schools are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Galveston-Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Houston" title="List of colleges and universities in Houston">List of colleges and universities in Houston</a></div> Houston has four state universities. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a> (UH) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States#Universities_classified_as_"R1:_Doctoral_Universities_–_Highest_Research_Activity"" title="List of research universities in the United States">research university</a> and the flagship institution of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_System" title="University of Houston System">University of Houston System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tier_One_Research-291">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tier_One_Research_2-292">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tier_One_Research_3-293">[291]</a> The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 44,000 students on its 667-acre (270-hectare) campus in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston" title="Third Ward, Houston">Third Ward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_University:_Fall_2011-294">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Clear_Lake" title="University of Houston–Clear Lake">University of Houston–Clear Lake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown" title="University of Houston–Downtown">University of Houston–Downtown</a> are stand-alone universities within the University of Houston System; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Slightly west of the University of Houston is <a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a> (TSU), one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black universities</a> in the United States with approximately 10,000 students. Texas Southern University is the first state university in Houston, founded in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> Several private institutions of higher learning are within the city. <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, the most selective university in Texas and one of the most selective in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> is a private, secular institution with a high level of research activity.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> Founded in 1912, Rice's historic, heavily wooded 300-acre (120-hectare) <a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Rice_University" title="Campus of Rice University">campus</a>, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Park" title="Hermann Park">Hermann Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a>, hosts approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 3,000 post-graduate students. To the north in <a href="/wiki/Neartown_Houston" title="Neartown Houston">Neartown</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Texas)" title="University of St. Thomas (Texas)">University of St. Thomas</a>, founded in 1947, is Houston's only Catholic university. St. Thomas provides a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts</a> curriculum for roughly 3,000 students at its historic 19-block campus along Montrose Boulevard. In southwest Houston, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a> (formerly Houston Baptist University), founded in 1960, offers bachelor's and graduate degrees at its <a href="/wiki/Sharpstown,_Houston" title="Sharpstown, Houston">Sharpstown</a> campus. The school is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas and has a student population of approximately 3,000. Three community college districts have campuses in and around Houston. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College" title="Houston Community College">Houston Community College System</a> (HCC) serves most of Houston proper; its main campus and headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Houston" title="Midtown, Houston">Midtown</a>. Suburban northern and western parts of the metropolitan area are served by various campuses of the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_College_System" title="Lone Star College System">Lone Star College System</a>, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_College" title="San Jacinto College">San Jacinto College</a>, and a northeastern portion is served by <a href="/wiki/Lee_College" title="Lee College">Lee College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_colleges_and_universities_by_enrollment#US_Department_of_Education_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States colleges and universities by enrollment">10 largest institutions of higher learning</a> in the United States. Houston also hosts a number of graduate schools in law and healthcare. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_Law_Center" title="University of Houston Law Center">University of Houston Law Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_School_of_Law" title="Thurgood Marshall School of Law">Thurgood Marshall School of Law</a> at Texas Southern University are public, <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">ABA-accredited</a> law schools, while the <a href="/wiki/South_Texas_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="South Texas College of Law">South Texas College of Law</a>, in Downtown, serves as a private, independent alternative. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> is home to a high density of health professions schools, including two <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical schools</a>: <a href="/wiki/McGovern_Medical_School" title="McGovern Medical School">McGovern Medical School</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston">The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</a>, a highly selective private institution. <a href="/wiki/Prairie_View_A%26M_University" title="Prairie View A&M University">Prairie View A&M University</a>'s nursing school is in the Texas Medical Center. Additionally, both Texas Southern University and the University of Houston have <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">pharmacy schools</a>, and the University of Houston hosts <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_College_of_Medicine" title="University of Houston College of Medicine">a medical school</a> and a college of <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_library_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Texas Southern University, in the Third Ward, is the first public institution of higher education in Houston and the most comprehensive HBCU in Texas.[297][298]"><img alt="Texas Southern University, in the Third Ward, is the first public institution of higher education in Houston and the most comprehensive HBCU in Texas.[297][298]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/New_library_35.jpg/160px-New_library_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/New_library_35.jpg/240px-New_library_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/New_library_35.jpg/320px-New_library_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston" title="Third Ward, Houston">Third Ward</a>, is the first public institution of higher education in Houston and the most comprehensive <a href="/wiki/HBCU" class="mw-redirect" title="HBCU">HBCU</a> in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The University of Houston–Downtown, in Downtown, is the second-largest institution of higher education in Houston.[299]"><img alt="The University of Houston–Downtown, in Downtown, is the second-largest institution of higher education in Houston.[299]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg/160px-University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg/240px-University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg/320px-University_of_Houston-Downtown_Commerce_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="2295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown" title="University of Houston–Downtown">University of Houston–Downtown</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown</a>, is the second-largest institution of higher education in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The University of Houston, in the Third Ward, is a public research university and the third-largest institution of higher education in Texas.[300]"><img alt="The University of Houston, in the Third Ward, is a public research university and the third-largest institution of higher education in Texas.[300]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG/160px-Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG/240px-Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG/320px-Roy_Gustav_Cullen_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>, in the Third Ward, is a public research university and the third-largest institution of higher education in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lovett_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rice University, near the Museum District and Texas Medical Center, is the most selective private institution in Texas.[301]"><img alt="Rice University, near the Museum District and Texas Medical Center, is the most selective private institution in Texas.[301]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/160px-Lovett_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/240px-Lovett_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Lovett_Hall.jpg/320px-Lovett_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="492" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Museum District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a>, is the most selective private institution in Texas.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Houston" title="List of newspapers in Houston">List of newspapers in Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">List of television stations in Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">List of radio stations in Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazines_in_Houston" title="Magazines in Houston">Magazines in Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featured_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films featured in Houston">List of films featured in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoustonPostHQ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HoustonPostHQ.JPG/220px-HoustonPostHQ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HoustonPostHQ.JPG/330px-HoustonPostHQ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HoustonPostHQ.JPG/440px-HoustonPostHQ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The current Houston Chronicle headquarters, formerly the Houston Post headquarters</figcaption></figure> The primary network-affiliated television stations are <a href="/wiki/KPRC-TV" title="KPRC-TV">KPRC-TV</a> channel 2 (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/KHOU" title="KHOU">KHOU</a> channel 11 (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/KTRK-TV" title="KTRK-TV">KTRK-TV</a> channel 13 (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), <a href="/wiki/KTXH" title="KTXH">KTXH</a> channel 20 (<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/KRIV_(TV)" title="KRIV (TV)">KRIV</a> channel 26 (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), <a href="/wiki/KIAH" title="KIAH">KIAH</a> channel 39 (<a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>), <a href="/wiki/KXLN-DT" title="KXLN-DT">KXLN-DT</a> channel 45 (<a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>), <a href="/wiki/KTMD-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="KTMD-TV">KTMD-TV</a> channel 47 (<a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>), <a href="/wiki/KPXB-TV" title="KPXB-TV">KPXB-TV</a> channel 49 (<a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a>), <a href="/wiki/KYAZ" title="KYAZ">KYAZ</a> channel 51 (<a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a>) and <a href="/wiki/KFTH-DT" title="KFTH-DT">KFTH-DT</a> channel 67 (<a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a>). KTRK-TV, KTXH, KRIV, KIAH, KXLN-DT, KTMD-TV, KPXB-TV, KYAZ and KFTH-DT operate as <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned-and-operated stations</a> of their networks.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. <a href="/wiki/KUHT" title="KUHT">KUHT</a> channel 8 (Houston Public Media) is a <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> member station, <a href="/wiki/KUHF" title="KUHF">KUHF</a> (News 88.7). The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT and KUHF. The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting on the campus of the University of Houston. Houston additionally is served by the <a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Foundation" title="Pacifica Foundation">Pacifica Foundation</a> public radio station <a href="/wiki/KPFT" title="KPFT">KPFT</a>. Commercial radio stations include <a href="/wiki/KKBQ" title="KKBQ">KKBQ</a> (92.9 FM), <a href="/wiki/KILT_(AM)" title="KILT (AM)">KILT</a> (610 AM), <a href="/wiki/KILT-FM" title="KILT-FM">KILT-FM</a> (100.3 FM), <a href="/wiki/KKHH" title="KKHH">KKHH</a> (95.7 FM), <a href="/wiki/KTRH" title="KTRH">KTRH</a> (740 AM), <a href="/wiki/KROI" title="KROI">KROI</a> (92.1 FM), <a href="/wiki/KODA" title="KODA">KODA</a> (99.1 FM), <a href="/wiki/KMJQ" title="KMJQ">KMJQ</a> (102.1 FM), and <a href="/wiki/KBXX" title="KBXX">KBXX</a> (97.9 FM). Houston and its metropolitan area are served by the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications" title="Hearst Communications">Hearst Communications</a>, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Post" title="Houston Post">Houston Post</a>—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Hobby">Bill Hobby</a> of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Press" title="Houston Press">Houston Press</a>—which was a free alternative weekly newspaper before the destruction caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> resulted in the publication switching to an online-only format on November 2, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> Other notable publications include <a href="/wiki/Houston_Forward_Times" title="Houston Forward Times">Houston Forward Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/OutSmart" title="OutSmart">OutSmart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Voz_de_Houston" title="La Voz de Houston">La Voz de Houston</a>. Houston Forward Times is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">black-owned newspapers</a> in the metropolitan area and owned by Forward Times Publishing Company.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> La Voz de Houston is the Houston Chronicle's Spanish-language newspaper and the largest in the area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_2">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Houston" title="List of hospitals in Houston">List of hospitals in Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Texas" title="List of hospitals in Texas">List of hospitals in Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UTMDA1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/UTMDA1.JPG/220px-UTMDA1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/UTMDA1.JPG/330px-UTMDA1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/UTMDA1.JPG/440px-UTMDA1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center" title="MD Anderson Cancer Center">MD Anderson Cancer Center</a></figcaption></figure> Houston is the seat of the Texas Medical Center, which is the largest medical center in the world,<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> and which describes itself as containing the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first—and still the largest—air emergency service, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hermann_Life_Flight" title="Memorial Hermann Life Flight">Life Flight</a>, was created, and an inter-institutional transplant program was developed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around 2007, more heart surgeries were performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> Some of the academic and research health institutions at the center include <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center">MD Anderson Cancer Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston" title="University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston">UT Health Science Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hermann-Texas_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center">Memorial Hermann Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Methodist_Hospital" title="Houston Methodist Hospital">Houston Methodist Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Texas Children's Hospital">Texas Children's Hospital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_College_of_Pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Houston College of Pharmacy">University of Houston College of Pharmacy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Menninger_Clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Menninger Clinic">Menninger Clinic</a>, a psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston Methodist Hospital System.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system was the third largest long term acute care provider nationally in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harris_Health_System" title="Harris Health System">Harris Health System</a> (formerly Harris County Hospital District), the hospital district for Harris County, operates public hospitals (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Taub_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Taub General Hospital">Ben Taub General Hospital</a> and Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital) and public clinics. The City of Houston Health Department also operates four clinics.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston&action=edit">[update]</a> the dental centers of Harris Health System take patients of ages 16 and up with patients under that age referred to the City of Houston's dental clinics.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> Montgomery County Hospital District (MCHD) serves as the hospital district for Houstonians living in Montgomery County. Fort Bend County, in which a portion of Houston resides, does not have a hospital district. OakBend Medical Center serves as the county's charity hospital which the county contracts with.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Houston" title="Transportation in Houston">Transportation in Houston</a></div> Houston is considered an <a href="/wiki/Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">automobile-dependent</a> city, with an estimated 77.2% of commuters driving alone to work in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-315">[313]</a> up from 71.7% in 1990<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> and 75.6% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> In 2016, another 11.4% of Houstonians <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpooled</a> to work, while 3.6% used public transit, 2.1% walked, and 0.5% bicycled.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-315">[313]</a> A commuting study estimated the median length of commute in the region was 12.2 miles (19.6 km) in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> According to the 2013 American Community Survey, the average work commute in Houston (city) takes 26.3 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> A 1999 <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a> study found Houston had both the lengthiest commute and lowest <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">urban density</a> of 13 large American cities surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> Harris County is one of the largest consumers of <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> in the United States, ranking second (behind <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a>) in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> Despite the region's high rate of automobile usage, attitudes towards transportation among Houstonians indicate a growing preference for <a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">walkability</a>. A 2017 study by the <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> Kinder Institute for Urban Research found 56% of Harris County residents have a preference for dense housing in a mixed-use, walkable setting as opposed to single-family housing in a low-density area.<a href="#cite_note-:0-322">[320]</a> A plurality of survey respondents also indicated traffic congestion was the most significant problem facing the metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-:0-322">[320]</a> In addition, many households in the city of Houston have no car. In 2015, 8.3 percent of Houston households lacked a car, which was virtually unchanged in 2016 (8.1 percent). The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Houston averaged 1.59 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadways">Roadways</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:45intoI-10_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/45intoI-10_2.jpg/220px-45intoI-10_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/45intoI-10_2.jpg/330px-45intoI-10_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/45intoI-10_2.jpg/440px-45intoI-10_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas" title="Interstate 10 in Texas">Interstate 10</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._Highway_90_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Highway 90 (Texas)">U.S. Route 90</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_45" title="Interstate 45">Interstate 45</a> <a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">stack interchange</a> northwest of Downtown Houston</figcaption></figure> The eight-county Greater Houston metropolitan area contains over 25,000 miles (40,000 km) of roadway, of which 10%, or approximately 2,500 miles (4,000 km), is <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">limited-access highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-324">[322]</a> The Houston region's extensive freeway system handles over 40% of the regional <a href="/wiki/Units_of_transportation_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of transportation measurement">daily vehicle miles traveled</a> (VMT).<a href="#cite_note-:1-324">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial roads</a> handle an additional 40% of daily VMT, while <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll roads</a>, of which Greater Houston has 180 miles (290 km), handle nearly 10%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-324">[322]</a> Greater Houston possesses a <a href="/wiki/Spoke%E2%80%93hub_distribution_paradigm" title="Spoke–hub distribution paradigm">hub-and-spoke</a> limited-access highway system, in which a number of freeways radiate outward from Downtown, with <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring roads</a> providing connections between these radial highways at intermediate distances from the city center. The city is crossed by three <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Texas" title="Interstate 10 in Texas">I-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_45" title="Interstate 45">I-45</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Texas" title="Interstate 69 in Texas">I-69</a> (commonly known as <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas" title="U.S. Route 59 in Texas">US 59</a>), as well as a number of other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System" title="United States Numbered Highway System">United States routes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_state_highway_system" title="Texas state highway system">state highways</a>. Major freeways in Greater Houston are often referred to by either the cardinal direction or geographic location they travel towards. Highways that follow the cardinal convention include <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_290" title="U.S. Route 290">US 290</a> (Northwest Freeway), I-45 north of Downtown (North Freeway), I-10 east of Downtown (East Freeway), <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_288" title="Texas State Highway 288">SH 288</a> (South Freeway), and I-69 south of Downtown (Southwest Freeway). Highways that follow the location convention include Interstate 10 west of Downtown (<a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a> Freeway), Interstate 69 north of Downtown (<a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">Eastex</a> Freeway), I-45 south of Downtown (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf</a> Freeway), and <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_225" title="Texas State Highway 225">SH 225</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a> Freeway). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three loop freeways provide north–south and east–west connectivity between Greater Houston's radial highways. The innermost loop is <a href="/wiki/Interstate_610_(Texas)" title="Interstate 610 (Texas)">I-610</a>, commonly known as the Inner Loop, which encircles Downtown, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plaza" title="Greenway Plaza">Greenway Plaza</a>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southside_Place,_Texas" title="Southside Place, Texas">Southside Place</a>, and many core neighborhoods. The 88-mile (142 km) <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Beltway_8" title="Texas State Highway Beltway 8">Beltway 8</a>, often referred to as the Beltway, forms the middle loop at a radius of roughly 10 miles (16 km). A third, 180-mile (290 km) loop with a radius of approximately 25 miles (40 km), <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_99" title="Texas State Highway 99">SH 99</a> (the Grand Parkway), is currently under construction, with eight of eleven segments completed as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-325">[323]</a> Completed segments D through I-2 provide a continuous 123-mile (198 km) limited-access tollway connection between <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypress,_Texas" title="Cypress, Texas">Cypress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porter,_Texas" title="Porter, Texas">Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caney,_Texas" title="New Caney, Texas">New Caney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Texas" title="Cleveland, Texas">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Texas" title="Dayton, Texas">Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Belvieu,_Texas" title="Mont Belvieu, Texas">Mont Belvieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a> .<a href="#cite_note-:3-325">[323]</a> A system of toll roads, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Harris_County_Toll_Road_Authority" title="Harris County Toll Road Authority">Harris County Toll Road Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County_Toll_Road_Authority" title="Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority">Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority</a>, provides additional options for regional commuters. The Sam Houston Tollway, which encompasses the mainlanes of Beltway 8 (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">frontage roads</a>, which are untolled), is the longest tollway in the system, covering the entirety of the Beltway with the exception of a free section between I-45 and I-69 near George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The region is serviced by four spoke tollways: a set of <a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">managed lanes</a> on the Katy Freeway; the <a href="/wiki/Hardy_Toll_Road" title="Hardy Toll Road">Hardy Toll Road</a>, which parallels I-45 north of Downtown up to <a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Westpark_Tollway" title="Westpark Tollway">Westpark Tollway</a>, which services Houston's western suburbs out to <a href="/wiki/Fulshear,_Texas" title="Fulshear, Texas">Fulshear</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Bend Parkway">Fort Bend Parkway</a>, which connects to <a href="/wiki/Sienna_Plantation,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sienna Plantation, Texas">Sienna Plantation</a>. Westpark Tollway and Fort Bend Parkway are operated conjunctly with the Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority. Greater Houston's freeway system is monitored by Houston TranStar, a partnership of four government agencies which is responsible for providing transportation and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a> services to the region.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> Greater Houston's <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial road</a> network is established at the municipal level, with the City of Houston exercising planning control over both its <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporated</a> area and <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" title="Extraterritorial jurisdiction">extraterritorial jurisdiction</a>. Therefore, Houston exercises transportation planning authority over a 2,000-square-mile (5,200 km2) area over five counties, many times larger than its corporate area.<a href="#cite_note-:2-327">[325]</a> The Major Thoroughfare and Freeway Plan, updated annually, establishes the city's <a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">street hierarchy</a>, identifies roadways in need of widening, and proposes new roadways in unserved areas. Arterial roads are organized into four categories, in decreasing order of intensity: major thoroughfares, transit corridor streets, collector streets, and local streets.<a href="#cite_note-:2-327">[325]</a> Roadway classification affects anticipated traffic volumes, roadway design, and <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (property access)">right of way</a> breadth. Ultimately, the system is designed to ferry traffic from neighborhood streets to major thoroughfares, which connect into the limited-access highway system.<a href="#cite_note-:2-327">[325]</a> Notable arterial roads in the region include <a href="/wiki/Westheimer_Road" title="Westheimer Road">Westheimer Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Drive_(Houston)" title="Memorial Drive (Houston)">Memorial Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_6" title="Texas State Highway 6">SH 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1960" title="Farm to Market Road 1960">FM 1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellaire_Boulevard" title="Bellaire Boulevard">Bellaire Boulevard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_Road" title="Telephone Road">Telephone Road</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/220px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/330px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/440px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> light rail</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transit_Authority_of_Harris_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County">Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County</a> (METRO) provides <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transportation</a> in the form of buses, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">paratransit</a> to fifteen municipalities throughout the Greater Houston area and parts of unincorporated Harris County. METRO's service area covers 1,303 square miles (3,370 km2) containing a population of 3.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-:4-328">[326]</a> METRO's local bus network services approximately 275,000 riders daily with a fleet of over 1,200 buses.<a href="#cite_note-:4-328">[326]</a> The agency's 75 local routes contain nearly 8,900 stops and saw nearly 67 million boardings during the 2016 fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-:4-328">[326]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a> system provides commuter bus service from 34 transit centers scattered throughout the region's suburban areas; these express buses operate independently of the local bus network and utilize the region's extensive system of HOV lanes.<a href="#cite_note-:5-329">[327]</a> Downtown and the Texas Medical Center have the highest rates of transit use in the region, largely due to the park and ride system, with nearly 60% of commuters in each district utilizing public transit to get to work.<a href="#cite_note-:5-329">[327]</a> METRO began light rail service in 2004 with the opening of the 8-mile (13 km) north-south <a href="/wiki/METRORail_Red_Line" title="METRORail Red Line">Red Line</a> connecting Downtown, Midtown, the Museum District, the Texas Medical Center, and <a href="/wiki/NRG_Park" title="NRG Park">NRG Park</a>. In the early 2010s, two additional lines—the <a href="/wiki/METRORail_Green_Line" title="METRORail Green Line">Green Line</a>, servicing the <a href="/wiki/East_End,_Houston" title="East End, Houston">East End</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/METRORail_Purple_Line" title="METRORail Purple Line">Purple Line</a>, servicing the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston" title="Third Ward, Houston">Third Ward</a>—opened, and the Red Line was extended northward to <a href="/wiki/Northline,_Houston" title="Northline, Houston">Northline</a>, bringing the total length of the system to 22.7 miles (36.5 km). Two light rail lines outlined in a five-line system approved by voters in a 2003 referendum have yet to be constructed.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> The <a href="/wiki/METRORail_Uptown_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="METRORail Uptown Line">Uptown Line</a>, which runs along Post Oak Boulevard in <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> was under construction as a <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> line—the city's first—while the <a href="/wiki/METRORail_University_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="METRORail University Line">University Line</a> has been postponed indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> The light rail system saw approximately 16.8 million boardings in fiscal year 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:4-328">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s thrice-weekly Los Angeles–New Orleans <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> serves Houston at a <a href="/wiki/Houston_station_(Texas)" title="Houston station (Texas)">station</a> northwest of Downtown. There were 14,891 boardings and alightings in FY2008,<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> 20,327 in FY2012,<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> and 20,205 in FY2018.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a> A daily <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a> connects Houston with Amtrak's Chicago–San Antonio <a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3></div> Houston has the largest number of bike commuters in Texas with over 160 miles of dedicated bikeways.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> In 2015, Downtown Houston added a cycle track on Lamar Street, running from <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Park" title="Sam Houston Park">Sam Houston Park</a> to <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Green" title="Discovery Green">Discovery Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lamar-338">[336]</a> Houston City Council approved the Houston Bike Plan in March 2017, at that time entering the plan into the Houston Code of Ordinances.<a href="#cite_note-bikeways-339">[337]</a> In August 2017, Houston City Council approved spending for construction of 13 additional miles of bike trails.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> Houston had a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle sharing system">bicycle sharing system</a> until June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houston_Bcycle" title="Houston Bcycle">Houston Bcycle</a> (also known as B-Cycle), a local non-profit, ran the subscription program, supplying bicycles and docking stations, while partnering with other companies to maintain the system.<a href="#cite_note-bikelaunch-342">[340]</a> The network expanded to 29 stations and 225 bicycles in 2014, registering over 43,000 checkouts of equipment during the first half of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> In 2017, Bcycle logged over 142,000 check outs while expanding to 56 docking stations.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_C_North_at_IAH_(37103365490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/New_C_North_at_IAH_%2837103365490%29.jpg/170px-New_C_North_at_IAH_%2837103365490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/New_C_North_at_IAH_%2837103365490%29.jpg/255px-New_C_North_at_IAH_%2837103365490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/New_C_North_at_IAH_%2837103365490%29.jpg/340px-New_C_North_at_IAH_%2837103365490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Newest part of <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport#Terminals" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">Terminal C</a>, used exclusively by <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, at George Bush Intercontinental Airport</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Airport_System" title="Houston Airport System">Houston Airport System</a>, a branch of the municipal government, oversees the operation of three major public airports in the city. Two of these airports, <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a>, offer <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a> service to a variety of domestic and international destinations and served 55 million passengers in 2016. The third, <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington Airport</a>, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field_Joint_Reserve_Base" title="Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base">Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> and the state of Texas selected the Houston Airport System as "Airport of the Year" in 2005, largely due to the implementation of a $3.1 billion airport improvement program for both major airports in Houston.<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> (IAH), 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston between Interstates 45 and 69, is the eighth busiest commercial airport in the United States (by total passengers and aircraft movements) and forty-third busiest globally.<a href="#cite_note-:6-346">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> The five-terminal, five-runway, 11,000-acre (4,500-hectare) airport served 40 million passengers in 2016, including 10 million international travelers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-346">[344]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Air_Route_Traffic_Control_Center" title="Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center">Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center</a> is at Bush Intercontinental. Houston was the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> until its 2010 merger with <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental is currently United Airlines' second largest <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> United Airlines' share of the Houston Airport System's commercial aviation market was nearly 60% in 2017 with 16 million enplaned passengers.<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model "port of entry" for international travelers by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a> (HOU), known as Houston International Airport until 1967, operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic and international flights to 60 destinations.<a href="#cite_note-:6-346">[344]</a> The four-runway, 1,304-acre (528-hectare) facility is approximately 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Downtown Houston. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and <a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean">the Caribbean</a>. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since the opening of Bush Intercontinental in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> Houston's aviation history is showcased in the <a href="/wiki/1940_Air_Terminal_Museum" title="1940 Air Terminal Museum">1940 Air Terminal Museum</a> in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. In 2009, Hobby Airport was recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports globally and for customer service by <a href="/wiki/Airports_Council_International" title="Airports Council International">Airports Council International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> In 2022 Hobby Airport was certified as the first 5-Star Airport in North America by Skytrax. It became the first Airport in North America to do so and just the 16th airport worldwide to receive the accomplishment.<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> Houston's third municipal airport is <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Airport_(Texas)" title="Ellington Airport (Texas)">Ellington Airport</a>, used by the military, government (including <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>) and general aviation sectors.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Houston" title="List of people from Houston">List of people from Houston</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> The Mayor's Office of Trade and International Affairs (MOTIA) is the city's liaison to Houston's sister cities and to the national governing organization, <a href="/wiki/Sister_Cities_International" title="Sister Cities International">Sister Cities International</a>. Through their official city-to-city relationships, these volunteer associations promote people-to-people diplomacy and encourage citizens to develop mutual trust and understanding through commercial, cultural, educational, and humanitarian exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> Houston's sister cities are:<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, United Arab Emirates (2001) <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan (1976) <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basrah</a>, Iraq (2015) <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Chiba_(city)" title="Chiba (city)">Chiba</a>, Japan (1972) <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Grampian" title="Grampian">Grampian Region</a>, Aberdeen, Scotland (1979) <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a><a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a>, Ecuador (1987) <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a>, Spain (1969) <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (1988) <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan (2009) <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany (1992) <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, Angola (2003) <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France (1973) <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia (1984) <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China (1986) <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, Norway (1988) <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan (1961) <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a><a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>, Mexico (2003) <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, Russia (1995) <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan Metropolitan City</a>, Republic of Korea (2021) </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Houston" title="List of diplomatic missions in Houston">List of diplomatic missions in Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Houston" title="List of people from Houston">List of people from Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Hispanic_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations">List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Houston" title="USS Houston">USS Houston</a>, 4 ships</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969, and at Intercontinental since June 1969.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2021_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_48.txt">"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2021_Gazetteer%2F2021_gaz_place_48.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuickFacts-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/houstoncitytexas/PST045222">"QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts%3A+Houston+city%2C+Texas&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fhoustoncitytexas%2FPST045222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-3"><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas"</a>. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviationblog.dallasnews.com/2015/10/southwest-launches-new-international-service-at-houston-hobby-airport-today.html/">the original</a> on December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Southwest+launches+new+international+service+at+Houston+Hobby+Airport+today&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviationblog.dallasnews.com%2F2015%2F10%2Fsouthwest-launches-new-international-service-at-houston-hobby-airport-today.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314202933/http://www.fly2houston.com/0/1650213/0/1906/">"William P. Hobby Airport Rated Among Top Five Performing Airports Worldwide"</a>. Houston Airport System. March 10, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fly2houston.com/0/1650213/0/1906/">the original</a> on March 14, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Airport+System&rft.atitle=William+P.+Hobby+Airport+Rated+Among+Top+Five+Performing+Airports+Worldwide&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fly2houston.com%2F0%2F1650213%2F0%2F1906%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaisted2022" class="citation web cs1">Plaisted, James (January 7, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skytraxratings.com/houston-hobby-airport-becomes-the-first-5-star-airport-in-north-america">"Houston William P. Hobby Airport is the first 5-Star Airport in North America"</a>. Skytrax. Retrieved August 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skytrax&rft.atitle=Houston+William+P.+Hobby+Airport+is+the+first+5-Star+Airport+in+North+America&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft.aulast=Plaisted&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskytraxratings.com%2Fhouston-hobby-airport-becomes-the-first-5-star-airport-in-north-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302010555/http://www.fly2houston.com/EllingtonAbout">"About Ellington Airport"</a>. Houston Airport System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fly2houston.com/EllingtonAbout">the original</a> on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Airport+System&rft.atitle=About+Ellington+Airport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fly2houston.com%2FEllingtonAbout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistercitieshouston.org/join-a-sister-cities-association/">"Our Sister Cities Associations"</a>. Sistercitieshouston.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807155155/http://www.sistercitieshouston.org/join-a-sister-cities-association/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sistercitieshouston.org&rft.atitle=Our+Sister+Cities+Associations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistercitieshouston.org%2Fjoin-a-sister-cities-association%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstontx.gov/abouthouston/sistercities.html">"Sister Cities"</a>. houstontx.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919143424/http://www.houstontx.gov/abouthouston/sistercities.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=houstontx.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstontx.gov%2Fabouthouston%2Fsistercities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonhistory.com/">174 Years of Historic Houston</a> Houstonhistory.com. 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-13.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1936" class="citation book cs1">Allen, O. Fisher (1936). City of Houston from Wilderness to Wonder. Self Published. NA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Houston+from+Wilderness+to+Wonder&rft.pub=Self+Published&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=O.+Fisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1991" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Marguerite (1991). Houston, The Unknown City, 1836–1946. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-476-7"><bdi>978-0-89096-476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houston%2C+The+Unknown+City%2C+1836%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-476-7&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcComb,_David_G.2017" class="citation web cs1">McComb, David G. (February 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HDH03">"Houston, Texas"</a>. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.series=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.au=McComb%2C+David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2FHDH03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Miller_(Texas_journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Miller (Texas journalist) (page does not exist)">Miller, Ray</a> (1984). Ray Miller's Houston. Gulf Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88415-081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88415-081-7"><bdi>978-0-88415-081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ray+Miller%27s+Houston&rft.pub=Gulf+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88415-081-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Phelps, Wesley G. A People's War on Poverty: Urban Politics and Grassroots Activists in Houston. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2014.</li> <li>Pruitt, Bernadette. The Other Great Migration: The Movement of Rural African-Americans to Houston, 1900–1941. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2013.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlotboom2003" class="citation book cs1">Slotboom, Oscar F. "Erik" (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonfreeways.com/">Houston Freeways</a>. Oscar F. Slotboom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9741605-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9741605-3-5"><bdi>978-0-9741605-3-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houston+Freeways&rft.pub=Oscar+F.+Slotboom&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9741605-3-5&rft.aulast=Slotboom&rft.aufirst=Oscar+F.+%22Erik%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonfreeways.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1982" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ann Quin (1982). Native Houstonian – A Collective Portrait. The Donning Company – Houston Baptist University Press. 80-27644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Houstonian+%E2%80%93+A+Collective+Portrait&rft.pub=The+Donning+Company+%E2%80%93+Houston+Baptist+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ann+Quin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_S.O.1912" class="citation book cs1">Young, S.O. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011192033/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-24649%3A1">A thumb-nail history of the city of Houston, Texas, from its founding in 1836 to the year 1912</a>. Houston: Rein and Sons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-24649%3A1">the original</a> on October 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+thumb-nail+history+of+the+city+of+Houston%2C+Texas%2C+from+its+founding+in+1836+to+the+year+1912&rft.place=Houston&rft.pub=Rein+and+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Young%2C+S.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fpermalink%2Fmeta-pth-24649%253A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> Digital republication by the Portal to Texas History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History</a>. Reprinted in 2007 by Copano Bay Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_S._O.1913" class="citation book cs1">Young, S. O. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth24646/m1/1/">True stories of old Houston and Houstonians: historical and personal sketches</a>. Galveston: Oscar Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+stories+of+old+Houston+and+Houstonians%3A+historical+and+personal+sketches&rft.place=Galveston&rft.pub=Oscar+Springer&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Young%2C+S.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetapth24646%2Fm1%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouston" class="Z3988"> Digital republication by the Portal to Texas History. Reprinted in 2007 by Copano Bay Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Houston at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houston" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Houston">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Houston" class="extiw" title="c:Houston">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Houston" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Houston">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Houston" class="extiw" title="q:Houston">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houston" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Houston">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houston" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Houston">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Houston" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Houston">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Houston" class="extiw" title="voy:Houston">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://houstontx.gov">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16555#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Houston" title="Template:Houston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Houston" title="Template talk:Houston"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houston"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_Houston_City_of_Houston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Houston,_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Houston"><img alt="Flag of Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/25px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/38px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/50px-Flag_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a> City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Houston" title="Nicknames of Houston">Nickname</a>: Space City</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Houston" title="Architecture of Houston">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Houston" title="Climate of Houston">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Houston" title="Culture of Houston">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Houston" title="Demographics of Houston">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Houston" title="Economy of Houston">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Houston" title="Geography of Houston">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Houston" title="History of Houston">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Houston" title="Timeline of Houston">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Houston" title="List of newspapers in Houston">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Houston" title="Transportation in Houston">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_cities_of_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities of Houston">Sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Houston,_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Houston"><img alt="Seal of Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/80px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/120px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg/160px-Seal_of_Houston%2C_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="538" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_Matsuri" title="Anime Matsuri">Anime Matsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Art_Car_Parade" title="Houston Art Car Parade">Art Car Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroworld_Festival" title="Astroworld Festival">Astroworld Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Place" title="Bayou Place">Bayou Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou_Park" title="Buffalo Bayou Park">Buffalo Bayou Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comicpalooza" title="Comicpalooza">Comicpalooza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Green" title="Discovery Green">Discovery Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Aquarium,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Aquarium, Houston">Downtown Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Galleria_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Galleria (Houston)">The Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Park" title="Hermann Park">Hermann Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo" title="Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo">Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Zoo" title="Houston Zoo">Houston Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemah_Boardwalk" title="Kemah Boardwalk">Kemah Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_and_Joe_Jamail_Skatepark" title="Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark">Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park,_Houston" title="Memorial Park, Houston">Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Museum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orange_Show" title="The Orange Show">The Orange Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site">San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Hurricane_Harbor_SplashTown" title="Six Flags Hurricane Harbor SplashTown">Splashtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Theater District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Hines_Waterwall_Park" title="Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park">Waterwall Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenway_Plaza" title="Greenway Plaza">Greenway Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Energy_Corridor" title="Houston Energy Corridor">Energy Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchase,_Houston" title="Westchase, Houston">Westchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_City,_Houston" title="Memorial City, Houston">Memorial City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenspoint,_Houston" title="Greenspoint, Houston">Greenspoint</a></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Houston" title="List of companies in Houston">List of companies in Houston</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acres_Homes,_Houston" title="Acres Homes, Houston">Acres Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addicks,_Houston" title="Addicks, Houston">Addicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alief,_Houston" title="Alief, Houston">Alief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeda,_Houston" title="Almeda, Houston">Almeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordersville,_Houston" title="Bordersville, Houston">Bordersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Oaks,_Houston" title="Boulevard Oaks, Houston">Boulevard Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn,_Houston" title="Braeburn, Houston">Braeburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeswood_Place,_Houston" title="Braeswood Place, Houston">Braeswood Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brays_Oaks,_Houston" title="Brays Oaks, Houston">Brays Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briargrove,_Houston" title="Briargrove, Houston">Briargrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge,_Houston" title="Blue Ridge, Houston">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Houston" title="Chinatown, Houston">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Lake_City_(Greater_Houston)" title="Clear Lake City (Greater Houston)">Clear Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_Harbor,_Houston" title="Denver Harbor, Houston">Denver Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Downtown_Houston" title="East Downtown Houston">East Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_End,_Houston" title="East End, Houston">East End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Houston,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="East Houston, Houston">East Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Houston" title="Fairbanks, Houston">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Corners_District" title="Five Corners District">Five Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Park,_Houston" title="Forum Park, Houston">Forum Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa,_Houston" title="Genoa, Houston">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbrook_Valley,_Houston" title="Glenbrook Valley, Houston">Glenbrook Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfton,_Houston" title="Gulfton, Houston">Gulfton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Houston" title="Harrisburg, Houston">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Clarke,_Houston" title="Hiram Clarke, Houston">Hiram Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights" title="Houston Heights">Houston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Heights,_Houston" title="Independence Heights, Houston">Independence Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwood_Forest,_Houston" title="Inwood Forest, Houston">Inwood Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingwood,_Houston" title="Kingwood, Houston">Kingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Valley,_Houston" title="Link Valley, Houston">Link Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Westheimer,_Houston" title="Lower Westheimer, Houston">Lower Westheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Park,_Houston" title="Magnolia Park, Houston">Magnolia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_District,_Houston" title="Mahatma Gandhi District, Houston">Mahatma Gandhi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_Houston" title="Maplewood, Houston">Maplewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial,_Houston" title="Memorial, Houston">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyerland,_Houston" title="Meyerland, Houston">Meyerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Houston" title="Midtown, Houston">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_District,_Houston" title="Montrose District, Houston">Montrose District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_District" title="Houston Museum District">Museum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neartown_Houston" title="Neartown Houston">Neartown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Northwest,_Texas" title="Near Northwest, Texas">Near Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore,_Houston" title="North Shore, Houston">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northside,_Houston" title="Northside, Houston">Northside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest,_Houston" title="Oak Forest, Houston">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Oaks,_Houston" title="River Oaks, Houston">River Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Terrace,_Houston" title="Riverside Terrace, Houston">Riverside Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Management_District" title="Southwest Management District">Southwest Management District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Houston" title="South Park, Houston">South Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Houston" title="Sunnyside, Houston">Sunnyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kirby" title="Upper Kirby">Upper Kirby</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Houston" title="Wards of Houston">Historic wards</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Ward,_Houston" title="First Ward, Houston">First Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Ward,_Houston" title="Second Ward, Houston">Second Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston" title="Third Ward, Houston">Third Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ward,_Houston" title="Fourth Ward, Houston">Fourth Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Ward,_Houston" title="Fifth Ward, Houston">Fifth Ward</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Ward,_Houston" title="Sixth Ward, Houston">Sixth Ward</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Houston" title="Education in Houston">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Health institutions</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baylor_College_of_Medicine" title="Baylor College of Medicine">Baylor College of Medicine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_College_of_Medicine" title="University of Houston College of Medicine">UH College of Medicine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Health_Science_Center_at_Houston" title="University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston">UTHealth</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MD_Anderson_Cancer_Center" title="MD Anderson Cancer Center">MD Anderson Cancer Center</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Health_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas A&M Health Science Center">Texas A&M Health Science Center</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>State universities</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Clear_Lake" title="University of Houston–Clear Lake">University of Houston–Clear Lake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston%E2%80%93Downtown" title="University of Houston–Downtown">University of Houston–Downtown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_University" title="Texas Southern University">Texas Southern University</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Private universities</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_University" title="Houston Christian University">Houston Christian University</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Texas)" title="University of St. Thomas (Texas)">University of St. Thomas</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Community colleges</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Community College System">Houston Community College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_College_System" title="Lone Star College System">Lone Star College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_College" title="San Jacinto College">San Jacinto College</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_College" title="Lee College">Lee College</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/K-12" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12">K-12</a> school districts</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houston_Independent_School_District" title="Houston Independent School District">Houston ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aldine_Independent_School_District" title="Aldine Independent School District">Aldine ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alief_Independent_School_District" title="Alief Independent School District">Alief ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch_Independent_School_District" title="Spring Branch Independent School District">Spring Branch ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clear_Creek_Independent_School_District" title="Clear Creek Independent School District">Clear Creek ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cypress-Fairbanks_Independent_School_District" title="Cypress-Fairbanks Independent School District">Cy-Fair ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_Independent_School_District" title="Fort Bend Independent School District">Fort Bend ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena_Park_Independent_School_District" title="Galena Park Independent School District">Galena Park ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Humble_Independent_School_District" title="Humble Independent School District">Humble ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katy_Independent_School_District" title="Katy Independent School District">Katy ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Independent_School_District" title="Pasadena Independent School District">Pasadena ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_Independent_School_District" title="Spring Independent School District">Spring ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huffman_Independent_School_District" title="Huffman Independent School District">Huffman ISD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caney_Independent_School_District" title="New Caney Independent School District">New Caney ISD</a></dd></dl> See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Houston" title="List of colleges and universities in Houston">List of colleges and universities in Houston</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Fire_Department" title="Houston Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Houston" title="List of mayors of Houston">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Police_Department" title="Houston Police Department">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Houston" title="Politics of Houston">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Houston_neighborhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Houston neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afton_Oaks,_Houston" title="Afton Oaks, Houston">Afton Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Houston" title="Brentwood, Houston">Brentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briargrove_Park,_Houston" title="Briargrove Park, Houston">Briargrove Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briarhills,_Houston" title="Briarhills, Houston">Briarhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadacres,_Houston" title="Broadacres, Houston">Broadacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Park,_Houston" title="City Park, Houston">City Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Park,_Houston" title="Clinton Park, Houston">Clinton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverland,_Houston" title="Cloverland, Houston">Cloverland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_Pointe,_Houston" title="Corinthian Pointe, Houston">Corinthian Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Grove,_Houston" title="Cottage Grove, Houston">Cottage Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestwood/Glen_Cove,_Houston" title="Crestwood/Glen Cove, Houston">Crestwood/Glen Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwood,_Houston" title="Eastwood, Houston">Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Oaks,_Houston" title="Garden Oaks, Houston">Garden Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenshire,_Houston" title="Glenshire, Houston">Glenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Village,_Houston" title="Highland Village, Houston">Highland Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Gardens,_Houston" title="Houston Gardens, Houston">Houston Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idylwood,_Houston" title="Idylwood, Houston">Idylwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmere_Gardens,_Houston" title="Kashmere Gardens, Houston">Kashmere Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knollwood_Village,_Houston" title="Knollwood Village, Houston">Knollwood Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Parkway,_Houston" title="Lakes of Parkway, Houston">Lakes of Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larchmont,_Houston" title="Larchmont, Houston">Larchmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Grove,_Houston" title="Magnolia Grove, Houston">Magnolia Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Houston" title="Montrose, Houston">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Place,_Houston" title="Morningside Place, Houston">Morningside Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Northside,_Houston" title="Near Northside, Houston">Near North Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Forest,_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Forest, Houston">Nottingham Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Braeswood,_Houston" title="Old Braeswood, Houston">Old Braeswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway_Villages,_Houston" title="Parkway Villages, Houston">Parkway Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_Park,_Houston" title="Pecan Park, Houston">Pecan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Houston" title="Port Houston">Port Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Military,_Houston" title="Rice Military, Houston">Rice Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Strip" title="Richmond Strip">Richmond Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robindell,_Houston" title="Robindell, Houston">Robindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oaks_Country_Club" title="Royal Oaks Country Club">Royal Oaks Country Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagemont,_Houston" title="Sagemont, Houston">Sagemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Woods,_Houston" title="Scenic Woods, Houston">Scenic Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settegast,_Houston" title="Settegast, Houston">Settegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadyside,_Houston" title="Shadyside, Houston">Shadyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpstown,_Houston" title="Sharpstown, Houston">Sharpstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah,_Houston" title="Shenandoah, Houston">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Green,_Houston" title="Somerset Green, Houston">Somerset Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton,_Houston" title="Southampton, Houston">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbelt/Ellington,_Houston" title="Southbelt/Ellington, Houston">Southbelt/Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southcrest,_Houston" title="Southcrest, Houston">Southcrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southgate,_Houston" title="Southgate, Houston">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stablewood,_Houston" title="Stablewood, Houston">Stablewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George_Place,_Houston" title="St. George Place, Houston">St. George Place</a> (Lamar Terrace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Heights,_Houston" title="Sunset Heights, Houston">Sunset Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Terrace/Montclair,_Houston" title="Sunset Terrace/Montclair, Houston">Sunset Terrace/Montclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglewood,_Houston" title="Tanglewood, Houston">Tanglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Oaks,_Houston" title="University Oaks, Houston">University Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_at_Glen_Iris,_Houston" title="Village at Glen Iris, Houston">Village at Glen Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Bend,_Houston" title="Walnut Bend, Houston">Walnut Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbury,_Houston" title="Westbury, Houston">Westbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_(Houston)" title="West End (Houston)">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oaks,_Houston" title="West Oaks, Houston">West Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_(subdivision),_Houston" title="Westwood (subdivision), Houston">Westwood</a> (subdivision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland,_Houston" title="Westmoreland, Houston">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Meadows,_Houston" title="Willow Meadows, Houston">Willow Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbend,_Houston" title="Willowbend, Houston">Willowbend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Village,_Houston" title="Windsor Village, Houston">Windsor Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Heights,_Houston" title="Woodland Heights, Houston">Woodland Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Cougars" title="Houston Cougars">Houston Cougars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Dash" title="Houston Dash">Houston Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo_FC" title="Houston Dynamo FC">Houston Dynamo FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Roughnecks_(2024)" title="Houston Roughnecks (2024)">Houston Roughnecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_SaberCats" title="Houston SaberCats">Houston SaberCats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Christian_Huskies" title="Houston Christian Huskies">Houston Christian Huskies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Owls" title="Rice Owls">Rice Owls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Southern_Tigers" title="Texas Southern Tigers">Texas Southern Tigers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Houston" title="Category:Houston">Category</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sam_Houston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sam_Houston" title="Template:Sam Houston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sam_Houston" title="Template talk:Sam Houston"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sam_Houston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sam Houston"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sam_Houston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 7th congressional district">United States House of Representatives</a> (1823–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (1827–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texian_Army" title="Texian Army">Texian Army</a> Commander-in-chief (1835–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="President of the Republic of Texas">President of the Republic of Texas</a> (1836–1838; 1841–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Congress of the Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas House of Representatives</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> (1846–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1859–1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Allen_(Tennessee)" title="Eliza Allen (Tennessee)">Eliza Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Blue" title="Tom Blue">Tom Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Power_Houston_Bringhurst" title="Antoinette Power Houston Bringhurst">Antoinette Power Houston Bringhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Caruthers" title="Thomas Caruthers">Thomas Caruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Daniel_Jr." title="Price Daniel Jr.">Price Daniel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Houston" title="Andrew Jackson Houston">Andrew Jackson Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Houston" title="Joshua Houston">Joshua Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bell_Houston" title="Margaret Bell Houston">Margaret Bell Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lea_Houston" title="Margaret Lea Houston">Margaret Lea Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Jr." title="Sam Houston Jr.">Sam Houston Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Lea_Houston" title="Temple Lea Houston">Temple Lea Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jolly" title="John Jolly">John Jolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Moffette_Lea" title="Nancy Moffette Lea">Nancy Moffette Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Houston_family_tree" title="Template:Houston family tree">Houston family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_political_families_(H)" title="List of United States political families (H)">List of United States political families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_(Huntsville,_Texas)" title="Woodland (Huntsville, Texas)">Woodland (Huntsville, Texas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboat_House_(Huntsville,_Texas)" title="Steamboat House (Huntsville, Texas)">Steamboat House (Huntsville, Texas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Sam_Houston_House" title="Mrs. Sam Houston House">Mrs. Sam Houston House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultation_(Texas)" title="Consultation (Texas)">Consultation of 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_Scrape" title="Runaway Scrape">Runaway Scrape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Texas Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Texas_Revolution" title="Timeline of the Texas Revolution">Timeline of the Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Timeline of the Republic of Texas">Timeline of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_(steamboat)" title="Yellowstone (steamboat)">Yellowstone steamboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_and_slavery" title="Sam Houston and slavery">Sam Houston and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_and_Native_American_relations" title="Sam Houston and Native American relations">Sam Houston and Native American relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_Sam_Houston" title="List of monuments and memorials to Sam Houston">Monuments and memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Tennessee" title="Houston County, Tennessee">Houston County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Schoolhouse" title="Sam Houston Schoolhouse">Sam Houston Schoolhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sam_Houston" title="Fort Sam Houston">Fort Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Coliseum" title="Sam Houston Coliseum">Sam Houston Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Texas" title="Houston County, Texas">Houston County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_High_School_(Arlington,_Texas)" title="Sam Houston High School (Arlington, Texas)">Sam Houston High School (Arlington, Texas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_High_School_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Houston High School (Houston)">Sam Houston High School (Houston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sam_Houston_Hotel" title="The Sam Houston Hotel">The Sam Houston Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Math,_Science,_and_Technology_Center" title="Sam Houston Math, Science, and Technology Center">Sam Houston Math, Science, and Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_National_Forest" title="Sam Houston National Forest">Sam Houston National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Park" title="Sam Houston Park">Sam Houston Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Race_Park" title="Sam Houston Race Park">Sam Houston Race Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Regional_Library_and_Research_Center" title="Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center">Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Ship_Channel_Bridge" title="Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge">Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University">Sam Houston State University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Minnesota" title="Houston County, Minnesota">Houston County, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Mississippi" title="Houston, Mississippi">Houston, Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Missouri" title="Houston, Missouri">Houston, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Award_Medal" title="Sam Houston Award Medal">Sam Houston Award Medal</a> (Texas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Sam_Houston_(SSBN-609)" title="USS Sam Houston (SSBN-609)">USS Sam Houston (SSBN-609)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Monument" title="Sam Houston Monument">Sam Houston Monument</a> (Houston)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Sam_Houston_(Ney)" title="Statue of Sam Houston (Ney)">Sam Houston</a> (Austin and Washington, DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Tribute_to_Courage" title="A Tribute to Courage">A Tribute to Courage statue</a> (Hunstville)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Heroes_Monument" title="Texas Heroes Monument">Texas Heroes Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Zephyr" title="Sam Houston Zephyr">Sam Houston Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gone_to_Texas_(film)" title="Gone to Texas (film)">Gone to Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Rising" title="Texas Rising">Texas Rising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)" title="The Alamo (1960 film)">The Alamo</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(2004_film)" title="The Alamo (2004 film)">The Alamo</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo:_Thirteen_Days_to_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory">The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conqueror_(1917_film)" title="The Conqueror (1917 film)">The Conqueror (1917 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Texan" title="The First Texan">The First Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Conquest" title="Man of Conquest">Man of Conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sam_Houston" title="Bibliography of Sam Houston">Bibliography of Sam Houston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Flag_of_Texas_Houston–The_Woodlands–Sugar_Land" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Template:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Template talk:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Houston-Sugar_Land-Baytown_MSA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown MSA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Flag_of_Texas_Houston–The_Woodlands–Sugar_Land" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Texas"><img alt="Flag of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/20px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/30px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/40px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_County,_Texas" title="Chambers County, Texas">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_County,_Texas" title="Galveston County, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas" title="Liberty County, Texas">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas" title="Waller County, Texas">Waller</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:HSB_MSA.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area"><img alt="Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/100px-HSB_MSA.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/150px-HSB_MSA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HSB_MSA.png/200px-HSB_MSA.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="280" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Principal" cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin,_Texas" title="Alvin, Texas">Alvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas" title="Bellaire, Texas">Bellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clute,_Texas" title="Clute, Texas">Clute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Texas" title="Deer Park, Texas">Deer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson,_Texas" title="Dickinson, Texas">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Texas" title="Freeport, Texas">Freeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas" title="Friendswood, Texas">Friendswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_Park,_Texas" title="Galena Park, Texas">Galena Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble,_Texas" title="Humble, Texas">Humble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_City,_Texas" title="Jacinto City, Texas">Jacinto City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson,_Texas" title="Lake Jackson, Texas">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Marque,_Texas" title="La Marque, Texas">La Marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas" title="La Porte, Texas">La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvel,_Texas" title="Manvel, Texas">Manvel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenberg,_Texas" title="Rosenberg, Texas">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas" title="South Houston, Texas">South Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford,_Texas" title="Stafford, Texas">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place</a></li></ul> For a complete listing, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Greater_Houston" title="List of cities and towns in Greater Houston">list of cities and towns in Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unincorporated areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atascocita,_Texas" title="Atascocita, Texas">Atascocita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelview,_Texas" title="Channelview, Texas">Channelview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf,_Texas" title="Cloverleaf, Texas">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Texas" title="Crosby, Texas">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress,_Texas" title="Cypress, Texas">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_Texas" title="Fresno, Texas">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley,_Texas" title="Hockley, Texas">Hockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein,_Texas" title="Klein, Texas">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Bolivar,_Texas" title="Port Bolivar, Texas">Port Bolivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Houston" title="Lake Houston">Lake Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Conroe" title="Lake Conroe">Lake Conroe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas" title="Template:Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas" title="Template talk:Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Texas" title="Healthcare in Texas">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Texas" title="Law of Texas">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_literature" title="Texas literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Texas" title="Category:Mass media in Texas">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Texas" title="List of newspapers in Texas">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Texas" title="List of radio stations in Texas">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Texas" title="List of television stations in Texas">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Texas" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Texas">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas">National Register of Historic Places Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" title="List of Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks">Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">Texans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Texas" title="Time in Texas">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Texas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Texas">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Texas" title="Abortion in Texas">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Texas" title="Crime in Texas">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Texas" title="Gambling in Texas">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Texas" title="Gun laws in Texas">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Texas">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Texas" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark‑La‑Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)" title="Boca Chica (Texas)">Boca Chica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Blackland_Prairies" title="Texas Blackland Prairies">Blackland Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Valley" title="Brazos Valley">Brazos Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Coastal_Bend" title="Texas Coastal Bend">Coastal Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_Valley" title="Concho Valley">Concho Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Triangle (Texas)">Golden Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Hill Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Texas" title="Northeast Texas">Northeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Texas" title="North Texas">North Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_panhandle" title="Texas panhandle">Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texoma" title="Texoma">Texoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>–<a href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>–<a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas" title="Harlingen, Texas">Harlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">DFW</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a>–<a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Temple,_Texas" title="Temple, Texas">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>–<a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a>–<a href="/wiki/Denison,_Texas" title="Denison, Texas">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Creek_(Texas)" title="Wagner Creek (Texas)">Wagner Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republic_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republic_of_Texas" title="Template:Republic of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republic_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Republic of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republic_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republic of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republic_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Houston" title="Harrisburg, Houston">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos,_Texas" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas">Washington-on-the-Brazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velasco,_Texas" title="Velasco, Texas">Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Columbia,_Texas" title="West Columbia, Texas">Columbia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_(1839).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Republic of Texas"><img alt="Seal of the Republic of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_%281839%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="668" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="President of the Republic of Texas">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David G. Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Jones" title="Anson Jones">Anson Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Lorenzo de Zavala</a></li> <li>Mirabeau Lamar</li> <li>David G. Burnet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burleson" title="Edward Burleson">Edward Burleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Lewis_Anderson" title="Kenneth Lewis Anderson">Kenneth Lewis Anderson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Texas Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Constitution of the Republic of Texas">Constitution of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_War" title="Texas Archive War">Texas Archive War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Castro" title="Henri Castro">Henri Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Miller_Land_Grant" title="Fisher–Miller Land Grant">Fisher–Miller Land Grant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1836_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1836 Republic of Texas presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1838 Republic of Texas presidential election">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1841 Republic of Texas presidential election">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election" title="1844 Republic of Texas presidential election">1844</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Other_articles_related_to_Houston" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Other_articles_related_to_Houston" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles related to Houston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Harris_County,_Texas,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harris_County,_Texas" title="Template:Harris County, Texas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harris_County,_Texas" title="Template talk:Harris County, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harris_County,_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harris County, Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Harris_County,_Texas,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas" title="Harris County, Texas">Harris County, Texas</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baytown,_Texas" title="Baytown, Texas">Baytown</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas" title="Bellaire, Texas">Bellaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Village,_Texas" title="Bunker Hill Village, Texas">Bunker Hill Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Park,_Texas" title="Deer Park, Texas">Deer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Lago,_Texas" title="El Lago, Texas">El Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas" title="Friendswood, Texas">Friendswood</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_Park,_Texas" title="Galena Park, Texas">Galena Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Village,_Texas" title="Hedwig Village, Texas">Hedwig Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilshire_Village,_Texas" title="Hilshire Village, Texas">Hilshire Village</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble,_Texas" title="Humble, Texas">Humble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Creek_Village,_Texas" title="Hunters Creek Village, Texas">Hunters Creek Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_City,_Texas" title="Jacinto City, Texas">Jacinto City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Village,_Texas" title="Jersey Village, Texas">Jersey Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Porte,_Texas" title="La Porte, Texas">La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_City,_Texas" title="League City, Texas">League City</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Point,_Texas" title="Morgan's Point, Texas">Morgan's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Bay,_Texas" title="Nassau Bay, Texas">Nassau Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piney_Point_Village,_Texas" title="Piney Point Village, Texas">Piney Point Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook,_Texas" title="Seabrook, Texas">Seabrook</a>‡±</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreacres,_Texas" title="Shoreacres, Texas">Shoreacres</a>‡±</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas" title="South Houston, Texas">South Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_Place,_Texas" title="Southside Place, Texas">Southside Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Valley_Village,_Texas" title="Spring Valley Village, Texas">Spring Valley Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford,_Texas" title="Stafford, Texas">Stafford</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Lake_Village,_Texas" title="Taylor Lake Village, Texas">Taylor Lake Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomball,_Texas" title="Tomball, Texas">Tomball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waller,_Texas" title="Waller, Texas">Waller</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster,_Texas" title="Webster, Texas">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Harris_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Harris_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Harris_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Harris_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Harris_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Harris_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1317" /><figcaption>Harris County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldine,_Texas" title="Aldine, Texas">Aldine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atascocita,_Texas" title="Atascocita, Texas">Atascocita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett,_Texas" title="Barrett, Texas">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelview,_Texas" title="Channelview, Texas">Channelview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_Ranch,_Texas" title="Cinco Ranch, Texas">Cinco Ranch</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf,_Texas" title="Cloverleaf, Texas">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Texas" title="Crosby, Texas">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands,_Texas" title="Highlands, Texas">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Bend,_Texas" title="Mission Bend, Texas">Mission Bend</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon,_Texas" title="Sheldon, Texas">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States" title="Unincorporated area">Other unincorporated communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline,_Texas" title="Airline, Texas">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bammel,_Texas" title="Bammel, Texas">Bammel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker,_Texas" title="Barker, Texas">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Place,_Texas" title="Beaumont Place, Texas">Beaumont Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeland_Community,_Texas" title="Bridgeland Community, Texas">Bridgeland Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Bayou,_Texas" title="Cedar Bayou, Texas">Cedar Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Forest,_Texas" title="Champion Forest, Texas">Champion Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_Texas" title="Cimarron, Texas">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coady,_Texas" title="Coady, Texas">Coady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperfield,_Texas" title="Copperfield, Texas">Copperfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress,_Texas" title="Cypress, Texas">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyersdale,_Texas" title="Dyersdale, Texas">Dyersdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aldine,_Texas" title="East Aldine, Texas">East Aldine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Harris_County,_Texas" title="Fairfield, Harris County, Texas">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek,_Texas" title="Fall Creek, Texas">Fall Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Forest,_Texas" title="Greenwood Forest, Texas">Greenwood Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmaston,_Texas" title="Harmaston, Texas">Harmaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley,_Texas" title="Hockley, Texas">Hockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houmont_Park,_Texas" title="Houmont Park, Texas">Houmont Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howellville,_Texas" title="Howellville, Texas">Howellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman,_Texas" title="Huffman, Texas">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hufsmith,_Texas" title="Hufsmith, Texas">Hufsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinwood,_Texas" title="Kinwood, Texas">Kinwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein,_Texas" title="Klein, Texas">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleinbrook,_Texas" title="Kleinbrook, Texas">Kleinbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohrville,_Texas" title="Kohrville, Texas">Kohrville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Eldridge,_Texas" title="Lakes on Eldridge, Texas">Lakes on Eldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louetta,_Texas" title="Louetta, Texas">Louetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Texas" title="Lynchburg, Texas">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNair,_Texas" title="McNair, Texas">McNair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Texas" title="Northampton, Texas">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northcliffe,_Texas" title="Northcliffe, Texas">Northcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northcliffe_Manor,_Texas" title="Northcliffe Manor, Texas">Northcliffe Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Houston,_Texas" title="North Houston, Texas">North Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northgate_Forest,_Texas" title="Northgate Forest, Texas">Northgate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Country,_Texas" title="Nottingham Country, Texas">Nottingham Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_Forest,_Texas" title="Ponderosa Forest, Texas">Ponderosa Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Ranch,_Texas" title="Remington Ranch, Texas">Remington Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Harris_County,_Texas" title="Rose Hill, Harris County, Texas">Rose Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma,_Texas" title="Satsuma, Texas">Satsuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traces,_Texas" title="Traces, Texas">Traces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Texas" title="Westfield, Texas">Westfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties ±water surface only in adjacent county</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Texas (state)">Texas portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Fort_Bend_County,_Texas,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Template:Fort Bend County, Texas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Template talk:Fort Bend County, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fort Bend County, Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Fort_Bend_County,_Texas,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Fort Bend County, Texas">Fort Bend County, Texas</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Texas#Cities" title="Administrative divisions of Texas">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcola,_Texas" title="Arcola, Texas">Arcola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasley,_Texas" title="Beasley, Texas">Beasley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulshear,_Texas" title="Fulshear, Texas">Fulshear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendleton,_Texas" title="Kendleton, Texas">Kendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadows_Place,_Texas" title="Meadows Place, Texas">Meadows Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Missouri City, Texas">Missouri City</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needville,_Texas" title="Needville, Texas">Needville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard,_Texas" title="Orchard, Texas">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenberg,_Texas" title="Rosenberg, Texas">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonton,_Texas" title="Simonton, Texas">Simonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford,_Texas" title="Stafford, Texas">Stafford</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Sugar Land, Texas">Sugar Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_Lakes,_Texas" title="Weston Lakes, Texas">Weston Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Fort_Bend_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1317" /><figcaption>Fort Bend County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thompsons,_Texas" title="Thompsons, Texas">Thompsons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Village_(United_States)#Texas" title="Village (United States)">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairchilds,_Texas" title="Fairchilds, Texas">Fairchilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleak,_Texas" title="Pleak, Texas">Pleak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_Ranch,_Texas" title="Cinco Ranch, Texas">Cinco Ranch</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumings,_Texas" title="Cumings, Texas">Cumings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Street,_Texas" title="Fifth Street, Texas">Fifth Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners,_Texas" title="Four Corners, Texas">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_Texas" title="Fresno, Texas">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Bend,_Texas" title="Mission Bend, Texas">Mission Bend</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_Grove,_Texas" title="Pecan Grove, Texas">Pecan Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sienna,_Texas" title="Sienna, Texas">Sienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States" title="Unincorporated area">Other communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliana,_Texas" title="Aliana, Texas">Aliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth,_Texas" title="Booth, Texas">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clodine,_Texas" title="Clodine, Texas">Clodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabb,_Texas" title="Crabb, Texas">Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster,_Fort_Bend_County,_Texas" title="Foster, Fort Bend County, Texas">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy,_Texas" title="Guy, Texas">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliff,_Texas" title="Juliff, Texas">Juliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Point,_Texas" title="Powell Point, Texas">Powell Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverstone,_Texas" title="Riverstone, Texas">Riverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavener,_Texas" title="Tavener, Texas">Tavener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Former communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeWalt,_Missouri_City,_Texas" title="DeWalt, Missouri City, Texas">DeWalt</a>±</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Colony" title="First Colony">First Colony</a>^±</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatwood,_Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Greatwood, Sugar Land, Texas">Greatwood</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Territory,_Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="New Territory, Sugar Land, Texas">New Territory</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsville,_Texas" title="Pittsville, Texas">Pittsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telfair,_Sugar_Land,_Texas" title="Telfair, Sugar Land, Texas">Telfair</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_West,_Texas" title="Town West, Texas">Town West (Townewest)</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trammels,_Missouri_City,_Texas" title="Trammels, Missouri City, Texas">Trammels</a>±</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke,_Texas" title="Duke, Texas">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawdon,_Texas" title="Hawdon, Texas">Hawdon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hobby,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hobby, Texas (page does not exist)">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Point,_Texas" title="Long Point, Texas">Long Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties ±Former CDP annexed by Missouri City ^Former CDP annexed by Sugar Land #Still active as a community, but is no longer listed as a census-designated place</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Texas (state)">Texas portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Montgomery_County,_Texas,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Template:Montgomery County, Texas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Template talk:Montgomery County, Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montgomery County, Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Montgomery_County,_Texas,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Montgomery County, Texas">Montgomery County, Texas</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_Shoot,_Texas" title="Cut and Shoot, Texas">Cut and Shoot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia,_Texas" title="Magnolia, Texas">Magnolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Texas" title="Montgomery, Texas">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_North,_Texas" title="Oak Ridge North, Texas">Oak Ridge North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_Village,_Texas" title="Panorama Village, Texas">Panorama Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patton_Village,_Texas" title="Patton Village, Texas">Patton Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forest,_Texas" title="Roman Forest, Texas">Roman Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah,_Texas" title="Shenandoah, Texas">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendora,_Texas" title="Splendora, Texas">Splendora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis,_Texas" title="Willis, Texas">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbranch,_Texas" title="Woodbranch, Texas">Woodbranch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Montgomery_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1317" /><figcaption>Montgomery County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach,_Texas" title="Stagecoach, Texas">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodloch,_Texas" title="Woodloch, Texas">Woodloch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deerwood,_Texas" title="Deerwood, Texas">Deerwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinehurst,_Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Pinehurst, Montgomery County, Texas">Pinehurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_Heights,_Texas" title="Porter Heights, Texas">Porter Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area#United_States" title="Unincorporated area">Other communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Woods,_Texas" title="Chateau Woods, Texas">Chateau Woods</a> (former city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decker_Prairie,_Texas" title="Decker Prairie, Texas">Decker Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbin,_Texas" title="Dobbin, Texas">Dobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt,_Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Egypt, Montgomery County, Texas">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grangerland,_Texas" title="Grangerland, Texas">Grangerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oaks,_Texas" title="Imperial Oaks, Texas">Imperial Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caney,_Texas" title="New Caney, Texas">New Caney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter,_Texas" title="Porter, Texas">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Plantation,_Texas" title="River Plantation, Texas">River Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamina,_Texas" title="Tamina, Texas">Tamina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanza,_Montgomery_County,_Texas" title="Esperanza, Montgomery County, Texas">Esperanza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Texas (state)">Texas portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_county_seats" title="Template:Texas county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_county_seats" title="Template talk:Texas county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_Texas" title="Albany, Texas">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice,_Texas" title="Alice, Texas">Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine,_Texas" title="Alpine, Texas">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anahuac,_Texas" title="Anahuac, Texas">Anahuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson,_Texas" title="Anderson, Texas">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrews,_Texas" title="Andrews, Texas">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson,_Texas" title="Anson, Texas">Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archer_City,_Texas" title="Archer City, Texas">Archer City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspermont,_Texas" title="Aspermont, Texas">Aspermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Texas" title="Athens, Texas">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baird,_Texas" title="Baird, Texas">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballinger,_Texas" title="Ballinger, Texas">Ballinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandera,_Texas" title="Bandera, Texas">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastrop,_Texas" title="Bastrop, Texas">Bastrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Texas" title="Bay City, Texas">Bay City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeville,_Texas" title="Beeville, Texas">Beeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellville,_Texas" title="Bellville, Texas">Bellville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton,_Texas" title="Belton, Texas">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin,_Texas" title="Benjamin, Texas">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lake,_Texas" title="Big Lake, Texas">Big Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas" title="Big Spring, Texas">Big Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerne,_Texas" title="Boerne, Texas">Boerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonham,_Texas" title="Bonham, Texas">Bonham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Texas" title="Boston, Texas">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackettville,_Texas" title="Brackettville, Texas">Brackettville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brady,_Texas" title="Brady, Texas">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Texas" title="Breckenridge, Texas">Breckenridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenham,_Texas" title="Brenham, Texas">Brenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield,_Texas" title="Brownfield, Texas">Brownfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas" title="Brownwood, Texas">Brownwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan,_Texas" title="Bryan, Texas">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnet,_Texas" title="Burnet, Texas">Burnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell,_Texas" title="Caldwell, Texas">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron,_Texas" title="Cameron, Texas">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian,_Texas" title="Canadian, Texas">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Texas" title="Canton, Texas">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon,_Texas" title="Canyon, Texas">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrizo_Springs,_Texas" title="Carrizo Springs, Texas">Carrizo Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Texas" title="Carthage, Texas">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center,_Texas" title="Center, Texas">Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerville,_Texas" title="Centerville, Texas">Centerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing,_Texas" title="Channing, Texas">Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childress,_Texas" title="Childress, Texas">Childress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon,_Texas" title="Clarendon, Texas">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Texas" title="Clarksville, Texas">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Texas" title="Claude, Texas">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleburne,_Texas" title="Cleburne, Texas">Cleburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldspring,_Texas" title="Coldspring, Texas">Coldspring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman,_Texas" title="Coleman, Texas">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas" title="Colorado City, Texas">Colorado City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Texas" title="Columbus, Texas">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche,_Texas" title="Comanche, Texas">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conroe,_Texas" title="Conroe, Texas">Conroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper,_Texas" title="Cooper, Texas">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas" title="Corsicana, Texas">Corsicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotulla,_Texas" title="Cotulla, Texas">Cotulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane,_Texas" title="Crane, Texas">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett,_Texas" title="Crockett, Texas">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosbyton,_Texas" title="Crosbyton, Texas">Crosbyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowell,_Texas" title="Crowell, Texas">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_City,_Texas" title="Crystal City, Texas">Crystal City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuero,_Texas" title="Cuero, Texas">Cuero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daingerfield,_Texas" title="Daingerfield, Texas">Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhart,_Texas" title="Dalhart, Texas">Dalhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Texas" title="Decatur, Texas">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickens,_Texas" title="Dickens, Texas">Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimmitt,_Texas" title="Dimmitt, Texas">Dimmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas,_Texas" title="Dumas, Texas">Dumas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastland,_Texas" title="Eastland, Texas">Eastland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna,_Texas" title="Edna, Texas">Edna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldorado,_Texas" title="Eldorado, Texas">Eldorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory,_Texas" title="Emory, Texas">Emory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Texas" title="Fairfield, Texas">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falfurrias,_Texas" title="Falfurrias, Texas">Falfurrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farwell,_Texas" title="Farwell, Texas">Farwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floresville,_Texas" title="Floresville, Texas">Floresville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floydada,_Texas" title="Floydada, Texas">Floydada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis,_Texas" title="Fort Davis, Texas">Fort Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stockton,_Texas" title="Fort Stockton, Texas">Fort Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Texas" title="Franklin, Texas">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gail,_Texas" title="Gail, Texas">Gail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Texas" title="Gainesville, Texas">Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Texas" title="Garden City, Texas">Garden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatesville,_Texas" title="Gatesville, Texas">Gatesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_West,_Texas" title="George West, Texas">George West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Texas" title="Georgetown, Texas">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddings,_Texas" title="Giddings, Texas">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmer,_Texas" title="Gilmer, Texas">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Rose,_Texas" title="Glen Rose, Texas">Glen Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldthwaite,_Texas" title="Goldthwaite, Texas">Goldthwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliad,_Texas" title="Goliad, Texas">Goliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham,_Texas" title="Graham, Texas">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granbury,_Texas" title="Granbury, Texas">Granbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Texas" title="Greenville, Texas">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groesbeck,_Texas" title="Groesbeck, Texas">Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groveton,_Texas" title="Groveton, Texas">Groveton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrie,_Texas" title="Guthrie, Texas">Guthrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallettsville,_Texas" title="Hallettsville, Texas">Hallettsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Texas" title="Hamilton, Texas">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell,_Texas" title="Haskell, Texas">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebbronville,_Texas" title="Hebbronville, Texas">Hebbronville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemphill,_Texas" title="Hemphill, Texas">Hemphill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempstead,_Texas" title="Hempstead, Texas">Hempstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Texas" title="Henderson, Texas">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas" title="Henrietta, Texas">Henrietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford,_Texas" title="Hereford, Texas">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsboro,_Texas" title="Hillsboro, Texas">Hillsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondo,_Texas" title="Hondo, Texas">Hondo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Texas" title="Huntsville, Texas">Huntsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">J</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksboro,_Texas" title="Jacksboro, Texas">Jacksboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Texas" title="Jasper, Texas">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayton,_Texas" title="Jayton, Texas">Jayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Texas" title="Jefferson, Texas">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Texas" title="Johnson City, Texas">Johnson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jourdanton,_Texas" title="Jourdanton, Texas">Jourdanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction,_Texas" title="Junction, Texas">Junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnes_City,_Texas" title="Karnes City, Texas">Karnes City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufman,_Texas" title="Kaufman, Texas">Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit,_Texas" title="Kermit, Texas">Kermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerrville,_Texas" title="Kerrville, Texas">Kerrville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas" title="Kingsville, Texas">Kingsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kountze,_Texas" title="Kountze, Texas">Kountze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Grange,_Texas" title="La Grange, Texas">La Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamesa,_Texas" title="Lamesa, Texas">Lamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampasas,_Texas" title="Lampasas, Texas">Lampasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey,_Texas" title="Leakey, Texas">Leakey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland,_Texas" title="Levelland, Texas">Levelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Texas" title="Liberty, Texas">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden,_Texas" title="Linden, Texas">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb,_Texas" title="Lipscomb, Texas">Lipscomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlefield,_Texas" title="Littlefield, Texas">Littlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Texas" title="Livingston, Texas">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano,_Texas" title="Llano, Texas">Llano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockhart,_Texas" title="Lockhart, Texas">Lockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview,_Texas" title="Longview, Texas">Longview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufkin,_Texas" title="Lufkin, Texas">Lufkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madisonville,_Texas" title="Madisonville, Texas">Madisonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfa,_Texas" title="Marfa, Texas">Marfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin,_Texas" title="Marlin, Texas">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Texas" title="Marshall, Texas">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason,_Texas" title="Mason, Texas">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matador,_Texas" title="Matador, Texas">Matador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinney,_Texas" title="McKinney, Texas">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Texas" title="Memphis, Texas">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard,_Texas" title="Menard, Texas">Menard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentone,_Texas" title="Mentone, Texas">Mentone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Texas" title="Meridian, Texas">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mertzon,_Texas" title="Mertzon, Texas">Mertzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami,_Texas" title="Miami, Texas">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monahans,_Texas" title="Monahans, Texas">Monahans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague,_Texas" title="Montague, Texas">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton,_Texas" title="Morton, Texas">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Texas" title="Mount Pleasant, Texas">Mount Pleasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Texas" title="Mount Vernon, Texas">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muleshoe,_Texas" title="Muleshoe, Texas">Muleshoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Texas" title="Newton, Texas">Newton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odessa,_Texas" title="Odessa, Texas">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Texas" title="Orange, Texas">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozona,_Texas" title="Ozona, Texas">Ozona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Texas" title="Paducah, Texas">Paducah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_Rock,_Texas" title="Paint Rock, Texas">Paint Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine,_Texas" title="Palestine, Texas">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Pinto,_Texas" title="Palo Pinto, Texas">Palo Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa,_Texas" title="Pampa, Texas">Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle,_Texas" title="Panhandle, Texas">Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris,_Texas" title="Paris, Texas">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearsall,_Texas" title="Pearsall, Texas">Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos,_Texas" title="Pecos, Texas">Pecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perryton,_Texas" title="Perryton, Texas">Perryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Texas" title="Pittsburg, Texas">Pittsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains,_Texas" title="Plains, Texas">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview,_Texas" title="Plainview, Texas">Plainview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Lavaca,_Texas" title="Port Lavaca, Texas">Port Lavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post,_Texas" title="Post, Texas">Post</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Q</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanah,_Texas" title="Quanah, Texas">Quanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitman,_Texas" title="Quitman, Texas">Quitman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rankin,_Texas" title="Rankin, Texas">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymondville,_Texas" title="Raymondville, Texas">Raymondville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugio,_Texas" title="Refugio, Texas">Refugio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Texas" title="Richmond, Texas">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_City,_Texas" title="Rio Grande City, Texas">Rio Grande City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee,_Texas" title="Robert Lee, Texas">Robert Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roby,_Texas" title="Roby, Texas">Roby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockport,_Texas" title="Rockport, Texas">Rockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksprings,_Texas" title="Rocksprings, Texas">Rocksprings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwall,_Texas" title="Rockwall, Texas">Rockwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk,_Texas" title="Rusk, Texas">Rusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Angelo,_Texas" title="San Angelo, Texas">San Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Augustine,_Texas" title="San Augustine, Texas">San Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_Texas" title="San Diego, Texas">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos,_Texas" title="San Marcos, Texas">San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Texas" title="San Saba, Texas">San Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanderson,_Texas" title="Sanderson, Texas">Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarita,_Texas" title="Sarita, Texas">Sarita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguin,_Texas" title="Seguin, Texas">Seguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole,_Texas" title="Seminole, Texas">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour,_Texas" title="Seymour, Texas">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Blanca,_Texas" title="Sierra Blanca, Texas">Sierra Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverton,_Texas" title="Silverton, Texas">Silverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinton,_Texas" title="Sinton, Texas">Sinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder,_Texas" title="Snyder, Texas">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora,_Texas" title="Sonora, Texas">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearman,_Texas" title="Spearman, Texas">Spearman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton,_Texas" title="Stanton, Texas">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenville,_Texas" title="Stephenville, Texas">Stephenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_City,_Texas" title="Sterling City, Texas">Sterling City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinnett,_Texas" title="Stinnett, Texas">Stinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Texas" title="Stratford, Texas">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Springs,_Texas" title="Sulphur Springs, Texas">Sulphur Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetwater,_Texas" title="Sweetwater, Texas">Sweetwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahoka,_Texas" title="Tahoka, Texas">Tahoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throckmorton,_Texas" title="Throckmorton, Texas">Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilden,_Texas" title="Tilden, Texas">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulia,_Texas" title="Tulia, Texas">Tulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde,_Texas" title="Uvalde, Texas">Uvalde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">V</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Horn,_Texas" title="Van Horn, Texas">Van Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega,_Texas" title="Vega, Texas">Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Texas" title="Vernon, Texas">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Texas" title="Victoria, Texas">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">W</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas" title="Waxahachie, Texas">Waxahachie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford,_Texas" title="Weatherford, Texas">Weatherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Texas" title="Wellington, Texas">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton,_Texas" title="Wharton, Texas">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler,_Texas" title="Wheeler, Texas">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas" title="Wichita Falls, Texas">Wichita Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville,_Texas" title="Woodville, Texas">Woodville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zapata,_Texas" title="Zapata, Texas">Zapata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16555#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405098051">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138912663">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235503338">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312793944">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136028277">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205077/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwwHg6ftwJRtD4b43G73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4095673-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79049234">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994584x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11994584x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629055">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36561607">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0033739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452553">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000042808">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561818805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c920948b-83e3-40b7-8fe9-9ab5abaac55b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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