CINXE.COM

courts | Page 2 | LII / Legal Information Institute

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"><!--<![endif]--> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate" /> <meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache" /> <meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- thank you: https://github.com/kaimallea/isMobile --> !function(a){var b=/iPhone/i,c=/iPod/i,d=/iPad/i,e=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,f=/Android/i,g=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bSD4930UR\b)/i,h=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\b(?:KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|KFARWI|KFASWI|KFSAWI|KFSAWA)\b)/i,i=/IEMobile/i,j=/(?=.*\bWindows\b)(?=.*\bARM\b)/i,k=/BlackBerry/i,l=/BB10/i,m=/Opera Mini/i,n=/(CriOS|Chrome)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,o=/(?=.*\bFirefox\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,p=new RegExp('(?:Nexus 7|BNTV250|Kindle Fire|Silk|GT-P1000)','i'),q=function(a,b){return a.test(b)},r=function(a){var r=a||navigator.userAgent,s=r.split('[FBAN');return'undefined'!=typeof s[1]&&(r=s[0]),s=r.split('Twitter'),'undefined'!=typeof s[1]&&(r=s[0]),this.apple={phone:q(b,r),ipod:q(c,r),tablet:!q(b,r)&&q(d,r),device:q(b,r)||q(c,r)||q(d,r)},this.amazon={phone:q(g,r),tablet:!q(g,r)&&q(h,r),device:q(g,r)||q(h,r)},this.android={phone:q(g,r)||q(e,r),tablet:!q(g,r)&&!q(e,r)&&(q(h,r)||q(f,r)),device:q(g,r)||q(h,r)||q(e,r)||q(f,r)},this.windows={phone:q(i,r),tablet:q(j,r),device:q(i,r)||q(j,r)},this.other={blackberry:q(k,r),blackberry10:q(l,r),opera:q(m,r),firefox:q(o,r),chrome:q(n,r),device:q(k,r)||q(l,r)||q(m,r)||q(o,r)||q(n,r)},this.seven_inch=q(p,r),this.any=this.apple.device||this.android.device||this.windows.device||this.other.device||this.seven_inch,this.phone=this.apple.phone||this.android.phone||this.windows.phone,this.tablet=this.apple.tablet||this.android.tablet||this.windows.tablet,'undefined'==typeof window?this:void 0},s=function(){var a=new r;return a.Class=r,a};'undefined'!=typeof module&&module.exports&&'undefined'==typeof window?module.exports=r:'undefined'!=typeof module&&module.exports&&'undefined'!=typeof window?module.exports=s():'function'==typeof define&&define.amd?define('isMobile',[],a.isMobile=s()):a.isMobile=s()}(this); </script> <!-- mobile: vignettes and page-level --> <script async src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js'></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: 'ca-pub-6351434937294517', enable_page_level_ads: true, }); </script> <!-- /mobile: vignettes and page-level --> <!-- adsense --> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); //--> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- function makeDefs() { var width = window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth; if (width >= 1200) { var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[728,90]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 992) && (width < 1199)){ var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[468,60]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 768) && (width < 992)){ var topsize = '[300,250]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[300,250]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[300,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 576) && (width < 768)){ var topsize = '[180,150]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[180,150]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[180,15]]'; } else if ((width >= 360) && (width < 576)){ var topsize = '[336,280]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[336,280]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[468,60]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[336,15]]'; } else { var topsize = '[300,250]'; var midsize = '[[1,1],[300,250]]'; var bottomsize = '[[2,1],[300,250],[320,100],[320,50]]'; var sponsorcaptionsize = '[[3,1],[300,15]]'; } var topdefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var topdefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_DEFAULT_TopRight_300x250', ".concat(topsize,','); var topdef = topdefp1.concat(topdefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-top','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var middefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var middefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_DEFAULT_MidRight_300x250', ".concat(midsize,','); var middef = middefp1.concat(middefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-middle','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var bottomdefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var bottomdefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_DEFAULT_Footer_728x90', ".concat(bottomsize,','); var bottomdef = bottomdefp1.concat(bottomdefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-bottom','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var sponsorcaptiondefp1 = 'googletag.defineSlot('; var sponsorcaptiondefp2 = "'/1519273/LII_DEFAULT_sponsor_caption', ".concat(sponsorcaptionsize,','); var sponsorcaptiondef = sponsorcaptiondefp1.concat(sponsorcaptiondefp2,'\'','div-gpt-ad-sponsorcaption','\'',').addService(googletag.pubads()); '); var defs = topdef + middef + bottomdef + sponsorcaptiondef return defs; }; googletag.cmd.push(function() { { mydefs = makeDefs(); eval(mydefs); }; googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); //--> </script> <!-- /adsense --> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/favicon_1.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/courts" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/courts" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="LII / Legal Information Institute" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/courts" /> <meta property="og:title" content="courts" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@LIICornell" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/courts" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="courts" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="courts" /> <title>courts | Page 2 | LII / Legal Information Institute</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_tuqeOBz1ozigHOvScJR2wasCmXBizZ9rfd58u6_20EE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_CcyzjmrkiQzB9Z_BSrTC-qehkLLL-lcZ-ZxcEcQ1ogk.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_MnXiytJtb186Ydycnpwpw34cuUsHaKc80ey5LiQXhSY.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_KkwH4A5QGEouTDN0aBc-Y6h2SLyMcNrdBC1prvZWPmU.css" media="all" /> <!-- HTML5 element support for IE6-8 --> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/print.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <!--[if IE]> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/ie.css" media="screen, projection" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <![endif]--> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PDVVHXRDE6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-PDVVHXRDE6'); </script> <script>window.google_analytics_uacct = "UA-1734385-15";</script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_dmcaEnEJzTGlrxYn6Ic_pkiuBoJb61xJgSvDC_RVKrg.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_leLrwcCMYcDv6-9VF8S-jRIOsiYuuldH5J4VuRdgIZE.js"></script> <script src="https://justatic.com/v/20160725b/shared/js/widgets/find-a-lawyer.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_gPqjYq7fqdMzw8-29XWQIVoDSWTmZCGy9OqaHppNxuQ.js"></script> <script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-1734385-15", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});// clientId bulk collection var myId, mySession; ga('create', 'UA-1734385-15', 'auto'); ga(function(tracker) { myId = tracker.get('clientId'); mySession = new Date().getTime() + '.' + Math.random().toString(36).substring(5); ga('set', { // clientId 'dimension1': myId, // made-up session ID; overwrites for each hit in session, finally leaving correct value 'dimension2': mySession }); });ga("send", "pageview");</script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_a_XWH2S1EQaU85ypMDyQGiUfzPFez1IOZKxHnhGkv3E.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_VBaNTGZuF4SzV5OM85A0VjAQaqSuBDIag6L3XpvoD60.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"liizenboot","theme_token":"pzvkMN4Iq0qRmBxkLFHBBpr1FnvBTtWlsMxCgfxjCDw","js":{"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.8\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/jquery.url.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/lii.funcs.js":1,"misc\/form.js":1,"https:\/\/justatic.com\/v\/20160725b\/shared\/js\/widgets\/find-a-lawyer.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"1":1,"misc\/collapse.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/bootstrap\/js\/bootstrap.min.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/footnotes\/footnotes.css":1,"modules\/book\/book.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/bootstrap\/css\/bootstrap.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/aggregator.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/block.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/book.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/color.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/contextual.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/dashboard.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/dblog.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/field_ui.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/file.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/filter.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/forum.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/help.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/image.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/image.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/locale.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/openid.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/overlay-child.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/overlay-parent.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/poll.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/profile.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/search.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/shortcut.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/shortcut.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/simpletest.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.maintenance.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/taxonomy.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/toolbar.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/tracker.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/update.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/user.css":1}},"lii_justia_find_lawyers_sidebar":{"limit":5,"paurl":"https:\/\/lawyers.law.cornell.edu\/lawyers\/locate","param":"method=jsonp\u0026limit=5\u0026prefer_practice=1\u0026callback=?\u0026parts=query|basic|location|practice"},"googleanalytics":{"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/wex\/category\/courts?page=1":true}});</script> <script src="/js/getcc.js"></script> <!-- API url --> <script> SEARCH_URL = 'https://api.law.cornell.edu/lii/search'; </script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/js-cookie@2/src/js.cookie.min.js"></script> </head> <body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-second page-taxonomy page-taxonomy-term page-taxonomy-term- page-taxonomy-term-5067281 section-wex show-grid" > <div id="liisurveymodal" class="modal fade bs-example-modal-lg" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="liisurveymodal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-title-box">Please help us improve our site!</div> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" onclick="snooze_survey()" data-dismiss="modal">&times;</button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <iframe title="Survey Frame" class="survey-content" id="iframeHolder"></iframe> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <!-- <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="btn" onclick="snooze_survey()">Maybe later</a> --> <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" onclick="snooze_survey()">No thank you</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="conannav" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top active"> <a href="#content" class="skip">Skip to main content</a> <!-- <a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <h1>Skip to Main Content - Keyboard Accessible</h1> --> <!-- include header --> <div id="cu-identity"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" id="insignialink" title="Cornell University"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/insignia.gif" alt="Cornell University insignia" /> </a> <a href="https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/" id="clslink">Cornell Law School</a> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/search/" id="cusearch">Search Cornell</a> </div> </div> <!-- /cu-identity --> <div id="lii-identity" class="col-12 identity-header"> <div id="liiheader" class="container-fluid"> <nav id="liiallnav" class="navbar" aria-label="Main"> <div id="liibanner" class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#liinav" href="#liinav"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div id="liilogodiv"> <a id="liilogo" class="navbar-brand" href="/" aria-label="lii logo"></a> </div> <div class="navbar-right" id="liinavbarstuff"> <!-- remove when drupal settings for survey complete - jbp --> <button id="survey" class="btn btn-primary icon-pencil icon-white" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top:-20px; height: 42px">Please help us improve our site!</button> <!-- liidonatewrap --> <div id="liidonatewrap"> <a id="liidonate" class="navbar-link mdblueinv" href="/donate" aria-label="Donate to LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-gift"></span> <span class="gltxt">Support Us!</span> </a> </div> <!-- /#liisearchwrap --> <div id="liisearchlinkwrap"> <a id="liisearchlink" href="#" class="navbar-link cured" aria-label="Search LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span class="gltxt">Search</span> </a> </div> <!-- /#liisearchlinkwrap --> <div id="liisearch" href="#"> <div class="input-group" id="adv-search" role="search" > <input label="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search" class="form-control form-text" type="text" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" list="autocomplete_list" aria-label="Enter search terms text box"> <datalist id="autocomplete_list"> </datalist> <div class="input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="Filter and search buttons"> <div class="dropdown dropdown-lg"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="filter dropdown button"><span class="caret" role="button" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" role="menu"> <form class="form-horizontal"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="collectionSelector" type="submit">Filter by:</label> <select class="form-control" type="submit" id="collectionSelector" onchange="handleSelectChange(event)" aria-label="Select collection to search" role="menuitem"> <optgroup label="Collections"> <option value="0" selected>All Collections</option> <option value="1">Conan</option> <option value="2">CFR</option> <option value="3">US Code</option> <option value="4">Constitution</option> <option value="5">Federal Rules</option> <option value="6">FRAP</option> <option value="7">FRBP</option> <option value="8">FRCP</option> <option value="9">FRCMP</option> <option value="10">FRE</option> <option value="11">Supct</option> <option value="12">UCC</option> <option value="13">States</option> <option value="14">World</option> <option value="15">Uniform</option> <option value="16">Wex</option> <option value="17">Supreme Court</option> <option value="18">Women And Justice</option> <option value="19">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</option> <option value="20">Wiki</option> </optgroup> </select> <input aria-label="Select" id="submit-button" type="submit" style="display: none;"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="findNowClickEvent()" aria-label="Find now"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="button"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="liinav" class="collapse navbar-collapse" role="menu"> <ul id="liiheadernav" class="nav navbar-nav" role="menubar" aria-hidden="false"> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">About LII</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_we_are">Who We Are</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/what_we_do">What We Do</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_pays_for_this">Who Pays For This</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/get_the_law" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Get the law</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/constitution">Constitution</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/supremecourt/text/home">Supreme Court</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uscode/text">U.S. Code</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/cfr/text">CFR</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/rules" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Federal Rules</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frap">Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcp">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcrmp">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/fre">Federal Rules of Evidence</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frbp">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ucc">U.C.C.</a> </li> <li aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Law by jurisdiction</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/states">State law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uniform">Uniform laws</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/federal">Federal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/world">World law</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/">Lawyer directory</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/wex" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Legal encyclopedia</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/business_law">Business law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/constitutional_law">Constitutional law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/criminal_law_and_procedure">Criminal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/family_law">Family law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/employment_law">Employment law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/money_and_financial_problems">Money and Finances</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/wex_articles">All Wex articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/help_out" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Help out</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="/donate" aria-hidden="true">Give</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor" aria-label="LII: sponsorship">Sponsor</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/advertise" aria-label="LII: advertise">Advertise</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-label="LII: create content"> <a href="/lii/help_out/create">Create</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/promote" aria-label="LII: promote">Promote</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/join_directory">Join Lawyer Directory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="liinavsoc" class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --> <div class="addthis_horizontal_follow_toolbox"></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- /liinavbarstuff --> </nav> </div> </div> <!-- /include header --> <!-- /.container--> </header> <div id="page" class="main-container container-fluid"> <!-- header excised - see Zen theme for original code --> <div id="main"> <div id="content" class="col-sm-8" role="main"> <ol class="breadcrumb" itemprop="breadcrumb"><li><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu">LII</a></li><li><a href="/wex">Wex</a></li></ol> <div id="main-content"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">courts</h1> <!-- here if we decide to print the summary in the page display --> <div id="content1"> <div class="view view-taxonomy-term-revised view-id-taxonomy_term_revised view-display-id-page_1 view-dom-id-cc61ffcc256c0f63323bd2cd6cf76466"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/abuse">abuse</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">Abuse is an action that intentionally causes harm or injures another person. This can refer to physical abuse, psychological abuse, mental abuse, or child abuse (see below). </p> <p dir="ltr">Abuse is also to misuse something - e.g., abuse...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/abuse_of_discretion">abuse of discretion</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">Abuse of discretion is a standard of review used by appellate courts to review decisions of lower courts. The appellate court will typically find that the decision was an abuse of discretion if the discretionary decision was made in plain...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/abuse_of_process">abuse of process</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">Abuse of process is a common law tort that involves the misuse of legal process(es) for an ulterior purpose. Abuse of process is one of several actionable offenses aimed at discouraging bad-faith litigation attempts. Indeed, courts hold the...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/acceptance_of_service">acceptance of service</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">Acceptance of service is defined as an agreement by the defendant (or the defendant's attorney) to accept papers or a complaint without having the papers served by a process server or a sheriff. Acceptance of service is accomplished by...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/accusation">accusation</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">An accusation is informally stating that a person has committed an illegal or immoral act. An accusation is also formally charging a person with a crime either by a prosecuting attorney filing charges against or through a grand jury...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-6 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/accusatory_instrument">accusatory instrument</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">An accusatory instrument, similar to a criminal complaint, is a document which formally accuses a defendant of a criminal offense. Generally, this document must be signed by a party who has knowledge that the alleged criminal conduct took...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-7 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/accused">accused</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">"Accused" is a person who has been arrested for or formally charged with a crime. It is a generic name for the defendant in a criminal case.</p> <p dir="ltr">This case from Tennessee, explains that a person becomes "accused" for purposes of...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-8 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/acknowledge">acknowledge</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">1) To accept, recognize, confirm, or admit the existence or truth of something. </p> <p dir="ltr">2) To validate an identity or claim. </p> <p dir="ltr">3) To authenticate an instrument or writing by declaration or statement under oath by...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-9 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/acknowledgment">acknowledgment</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">Acknowledgement refers to a formal declaration before an official that one has executed a particular legal document. Some common usages of the term “acknowledgement” in a legal sense include: </p> Cases such as this one from Nebraska,...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-10 views-row-even views-row-last"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/act">act</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">An act in the legal sense refers to either a voluntary bodily movement or a term for a body of law/proposed law. </p> <p dir="ltr">In the criminal law context, an act is part of the concept of actus reus and, therefore, is a prerequisite to...</span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="element-invisible">Pages</h2><div class="item-list"><ul class="pager"><li class="pager-first first"><a title="Go to first page" href="/wex/category/courts">« first</a></li> <li class="pager-previous"><a title="Go to previous page" href="/wex/category/courts">‹ previous</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 1" href="/wex/category/courts">1</a></li> <li class="pager-current">2</li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 3" href="/wex/category/courts?page=2">3</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 4" href="/wex/category/courts?page=3">4</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 5" href="/wex/category/courts?page=4">5</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 6" href="/wex/category/courts?page=5">6</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 7" href="/wex/category/courts?page=6">7</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 8" href="/wex/category/courts?page=7">8</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 9" href="/wex/category/courts?page=8">9</a></li> <li class="pager-ellipsis">…</li> <li class="pager-next"><a title="Go to next page" href="/wex/category/courts?page=2">next ›</a></li> <li class="pager-last last"><a title="Go to last page" href="/wex/category/courts?page=112">last »</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id ="page-bottom"> <div class="region region-bottom"> <div id="block-liidfp-2" class="block block-liidfp first last odd"> <div class="gfs"><div id='div-gpt-ad-bottom'> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-bottom'); }); //--> </script> </div></div><!-- /gfs --> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /#main-content --> </div><!-- /#content --> </div><!-- /#main --> <aside id="sidebar-second" class="col-sm-4"> <section class="region region-sidebar-second column sidebar"> <div id="block-block-50" class="block block-block first odd"> <h2 class="title toolbox">Wex Toolbox</h2><div class="collectiontools"></div><!-- /collectiontools --> <!-- included via the libraries/lii/toolbox.inc inclusion --> <div class="social"> <div class="socSep"><hr /></div><!--/socSep--> <!-- This is the draft code for the toolbox --> <!-- Add This Button BEGIN --> <!-- Go to www.addthis.com/dashboard to customize your tools --> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <!--/socSep--> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <!--/socSep--> <script type="text/javascript"> var addthis_config = { data_track_addressbar: false, data_track_clickback: true, publid: 'liiadverts', ui_tabindex: 0, ui_508_compliant: true }; var addthis_share = { url_transforms: { shorten: { twitter: 'bitly' } }, shorteners: { bitly: { login: 'liicornell', apiKey: 'R_75b99d95e1c3033c4dbea23ce04bf5d3' } }, passthrough: { twitter: { via: 'LIICornell' } } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=liiadverts" async="async"></script> <!-- AddThis Button END --> </div><!-- /social --> </div> <div id="block-liidfp-0" class="block block-liidfp even"> <div class="gfs"><div id='div-gpt-ad-top'> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-top'); }); //--> </script> </div></div><!-- /gfs --> </div> <div id="block-views-block-view-block" class="block block-views odd"> <div class="view view-block-view view-id-block_view view-display-id-block view-dom-id-9282b64ceaee03274da37cbb1e87d781"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-title blockview Stay-Involved"> <h2 class="title">Stay Involved</h2> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-edit-node"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><div id="stayinvolved_inner"> <ul> <li><a href="http://blog.law.cornell.edu">LII Announce Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/supct/cert/subscribe">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/donors/">Make a donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wex">Contribute content</a></li> <li><a href="/lii/business_opportunities">Become a sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/contact">Give feedback</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-liidfp-1" class="block block-liidfp even"> <div class="gfs"><div id='div-gpt-ad-middle'> <script type='text/javascript'> <!-- googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-middle'); }); //--> </script> </div></div><!-- /gfs --> </div> <div id="block-lii-justia-find-lawyers-sidebar" class="block block-lii last odd"> <div id="block-lii-justia-lawyers" class="block block-lii last even"><div class="sidebar"><div class="results-sponsored"><div data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-crosslink="seemorelawyers" data-domain="lawyers.law.cornell.edu"></div></div></div></div> </div> </section> </aside> <!-- /.sidebars --> </div><!-- /#page --> <!-- MB: It is not rendering the footer --> <!-- LII --> <!-- lii footer --> <!-- include footer --> <footer id="liifooter" class="container-fluid"> <ul id="liifooternav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/accessibility" class="nav" aria-label="LII accessibility help">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="nav">About LII</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us" class="nav">Contact us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Advertise here</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help" class="nav" aria-label="LII general help">Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/terms/documentation" class="nav">Terms of use</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/lii/terms/privacy_policy" class="nav" aria-label="LII privacy policy">Privacy</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="/"> <img src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/LII_logo_footer.gif" alt="LII home"> </a> </li> </ul> </footer> <!-- /include footer --> <!-- end lii footer --> <!-- LII --> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#liisearchlink").click(function () { jQuery("#liisearch").toggle('slide'); jQuery("#liinavbarstuff").toggleClass('searchboxslid'); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').each(function () { var $elem = jQuery(this); $elem.tooltip({ html: true, container: $elem, delay: { hide: 400 } }); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lii_scriptinator_drupal.js"> </script> </body> </html> <!-- Page cached by Boost @ 2024-08-25 16:59:43, expires @ 2025-08-24 16:59:43, lifetime 12 months 4 days -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10