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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buchlau bargain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buchlau_bargain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buchlau bargain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buchlau_bargain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exchange_of_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_of_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Exchange of letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_of_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_at_Buchlau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_at_Buchlau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Meeting at Buchlau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_at_Buchlau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aehrenthal’s_version_of_the_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aehrenthal’s_version_of_the_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aehrenthal’s version of the agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aehrenthal’s_version_of_the_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvolsky’s_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvolsky’s_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Izvolsky’s version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvolsky’s_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_and_compensations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_and_compensations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protests and compensations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protests_and_compensations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protests and compensations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protests_and_compensations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_compensation_in_exchange_for_Ottoman_recognition_of_the_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_compensation_in_exchange_for_Ottoman_recognition_of_the_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Financial compensation in exchange for Ottoman recognition of the annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_compensation_in_exchange_for_Ottoman_recognition_of_the_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France,_Britain,_Russia_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France,_Britain,_Russia_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>France, Britain, Russia and Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France,_Britain,_Russia_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Serbia_back_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Serbia_back_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Russia and Serbia back down</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Serbia_back_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosnian Crisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الأزمة البوسنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأزمة البوسنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniya_b%C3%B6hran%C4%B1" title="Bosniya böhranı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bosniya böhranı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81" title="Баснійскі крызіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баснійскі крызіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Анексия на Босна и Херцеговина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анексия на Босна и Херцеговина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksijska_kriza" title="Aneksijska kriza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aneksijska kriza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosensk%C3%A1_krize" title="Bosenská krize – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bosenská krize" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnienkrisen" title="Bosnienkrisen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bosnienkrisen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnische_Annexionskrise" title="Bosnische Annexionskrise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bosnische Annexionskrise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_bosnia" title="Crisis bosnia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis bosnia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بحران بوسنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بحران بوسنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_bosniaque" title="Crise bosniaque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise bosniaque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="보스니아 위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스니아 위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Բոսնիական ճգնաժամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոսնիական ճգնաժամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksijska_kriza" title="Aneksijska kriza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aneksijska kriza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Bosnia" title="Krisis Bosnia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis Bosnia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_bosniaca" title="Crisi bosniaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi bosniaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="משבר בוסניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משבר בוסניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnijas_kr%C4%ABze" title="Bosnijas krīze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bosnijas krīze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnijos_aneksijos_kriz%C4%97" title="Bosnijos aneksijos krizė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bosnijos aneksijos krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexi%C3%B3s_v%C3%A1ls%C3%A1g" title="Annexiós válság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Annexiós válság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Босанска криза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Босанска криза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnische_crisis" title="Bosnische crisis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bosnische crisis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B4%E3%83%93%E3%83%8A%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%88" title="ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ併合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ併合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بوسنیائی بحران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوسنیائی بحران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryzys_bo%C5%9Bniacki" title="Kryzys bośniacki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kryzys bośniacki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_b%C3%B3snia" title="Crise bósnia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise bósnia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criza_bosniac%C4%83" title="Criza bosniacă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Criza bosniacă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Боснийский кризис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боснийский кризис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksijska_kriza" title="Aneksijska kriza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aneksijska kriza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Анексиона криза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анексиона криза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksijska_kriza" title="Aneksijska kriza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aneksijska kriza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_kriisi" title="Bosnian kriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bosnian kriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnienkrisen" title="Bosnienkrisen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bosnienkrisen" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Crisis triggered by Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_(1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/220px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/330px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg/440px-Le_Petit_Journal_Balkan_Crisis_%281908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="4965" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the French periodical <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a></i></span> on the Bosnian Crisis: Prince <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a> declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar, and the Austrian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph">Franz Joseph</a> annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> looks on.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="554" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bosnian Crisis</b>, also known as the <b>Annexation Crisis</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bosnische Annexionskrise</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Bosna Krizi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Aneksiona kriza</i>, <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">Анексиона криза</span></span>) or the <b>First Balkan Crisis</b>, erupted on 5 October 1908<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> announced the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> territories formerly within the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> but <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">under Austro-Hungarian administration since 1878</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201324_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201324-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This unilateral action – timed to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgaria's declaration of independence</a> from the Ottoman Empire on 5 October – sparked protestations from all the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. In April 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> was amended to reflect the <i><a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accompli</a></i> and bring the crisis to an end. Although the crisis ended with what appeared to be a total Austro-Hungarian diplomatic victory, it permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary and its neighbors, especially Serbia, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and in the long term helped lay the grounds for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201386_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201386-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria_Serbia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria Serbia relations">Austro-Serbian relations</a> – harmed by the annexation's inflaming of Serbian nationalists<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201333_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201333-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – continued to be strained to the point of declaring war on each other in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG/225px-Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG/338px-Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG/450px-Bosnia-Herzegovina_and_Sanjak_of_Novibazar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5696" data-file-height="5200" /></a><figcaption>Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar</figcaption></figure> <p>The mid-1870s witnessed a series of violent rebellions against Ottoman rule in the Balkans, and equally violent and repressive responses from the Turks. The Russian Tsar, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>, wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, wanted and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary. In the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Conventions of 1877</a>, the two powers agreed that Russia would annex <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in the pending war with the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's control of Bosnia-Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">declared war</a>, and, after a few setbacks, drove the Turks relentlessly back to within a few miles of Constantinople. What stopped the Russians from driving the Turks completely out of Europe was the willingness of the other great powers, particularly Britain and Austria-Hungary, to enforce an earlier treaty, the <a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London Straits Convention</a> of 1841, which stated that the Straits of Constantinople would be closed to warships during time of war. This had the effect of bottling up the Russian fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, but would be worthless if Russian troops gained control of the straits by land. After their victory in the war, the Russians then imposed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> on the Ottomans, which, in part, reneged on pledges made in the Budapest Convention and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg/200px-Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg/300px-Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg/400px-Bosnie_et_Sandjak_1904_ES.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>Austrian-occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a> in 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of San Stefano was overturned by the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>. Under article 29, Austria-Hungary received special rights in the Ottoman Empire's provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>. Article 25 stated that "The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary" and continued "Austria-Hungary reserves the right to maintain garrisons and to have military and trading roads over the whole area of that portion the Sanjak of Novi Pazar of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Bosnia">Vilayet of Bosnia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200522–23_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200522–23-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bosniak-dominated Sanjak of Novi Pazar separated Montenegro from Serbia and prevented the geographic and political union of these two states which were often closely aligned. The Austrian occupation of the Sanjak was also significant because it provided Austria-Hungary with a staging area for possible future expansion towards the Aegean port of <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a> in Ottoman controlled Macedonia. The Bosnian population was already religiously divided into Muslims, Catholics and Orthodox Christians. </p><p>Austria-Hungary exercised its legal rights, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Austria-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in Austria-Hungary">taking firm control of Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> and jointly occupying the Sanjak of Novi Pazar together with the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Berlin allowed for sole Austrian occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, but did not specify a final disposition of the provinces. This omission was addressed in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors#Revival_(1881–1887)" title="League of the Three Emperors">Three Emperors' League treaty of 1881</a>, where both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bilateral commercial treaty between Austria and Serbia in the same year had a secret annexe, stating that "Serbia 'would not permit any political, religious or other intrigue to be directed from her territory against the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, including Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201328_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201328-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1897, under the new Tsar, Nicholas II, the Russian Imperial government had managed, again, to withdraw its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian Foreign Minister, Count Michael Muraviev, stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia allowed their obligations under the commercial treaty of 1881 to lapse in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201329_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201329-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903 King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Obrenovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Obrenovic">Alexander Obrenovic</a> of Serbia was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">a coup</a> and the pro-Russian <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević">Karađorđević</a> dynasty came to the throne. Power shifted to elements widely interested in expansion into Bosnia. The new Serbian government wanted to take over the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Austro-Hungarians. Relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary gradually deteriorated. However, Russia's ability to support Serbia was greatly reduced following military humiliation in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War and the ensuing internal unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1907, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alois_Lexa_von_Aehrenthal" title="Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal">Alois Aehrenthal</a> began formulating a plan to solidify Austria-Hungary's position towards Serbia through annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. His opportunity came in the form of a letter from Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a> – proposing Austrian annexation of the provinces as part of a deal to secure better access to the Turkish Straits for Russian naval vessels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201336_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201336-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and a subsequent meeting at <a href="/wiki/Buchlovice_Castle" title="Buchlovice Castle">Buchlau castle</a> in Moravia, Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buchlau_bargain">Buchlau bargain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buchlau bargain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>, the Ottomans controlled the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The Treaty prohibited the passage of any warships from any country into or out of the Black Sea. This treaty bottled up the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, a major portion of the Russian Navy, making it useless in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904-1905 when it was urgently needed. Izvolsky wanted this changed to allow the passage of Russian ships through the straits. Aehrenthal wanted full control of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary had administered the provinces since 1878 but the Ottoman Empire remained the nominal legal owner. Aehrenthal concocted a grand diplomatic deal that proposed major benefits for both sides. Austria would gain full ownership of Bosnia with Russian approval. Turkey would get full control of the territory known as the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, plus cash. Russia would get the right of passage for its warships through the Straits. Serbia would get nothing. </p><p>Before approaching the Russians, Aehrenthal met with Austrian officials and won the approval of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a>. On September 15–16 Aehrenthal and Izvolsky held a secret meeting. No record was kept – and afterwards both sides remembered it very differently. Aehrenthal assumed he had full Russian approval for his scheme, but he did not give out planned dates. Izvolsky assumed he would be informed before any actual move happened. Aehrenthal vaguely informed all the major countries but gave no details. The world was astonished on October 6, 1908, when a press release in Vienna announced that Bosnia was fully annexed. Inside Austria there was general approval except in Czech areas – that minority strongly felt its demands had been deliberately ignored. </p><p>Aehrenthal had expected wide European approval and instead he faced a hostile volcanic eruption from every direction. Izvolsky vehemently denounced the action and demanded an international conference on Bosnia. After decades of low-level activity, pan-Slavic forces inside Russia mobilized in opposition. Mass demonstrations broke out across the continent. Rome took advantage of the situation by reversing its friendship with Vienna. Berlin officials were surprised and appalled. The British were especially angry, denouncing the violation of an international agreement signed by both Austria and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France denounced the scheme. Turkey was surprised by the unexpected development, but was quieted by the cash payment. By far the angriest reaction came from Serbia, which called for revenge, and began setting up secret guerrilla bands, plotting insurrection in Bosnia. </p><p>All across Europe the chief blame was placed on Berlin, not Vienna. Europeans feared the powerful German army and took the episode as proof of its expansionist intentions. Berlin now realized it stood alone, with Austria its only friend. It decided it would firmly support Austria despite doubts about the wisdom of annexing Bosnia; Berlin explicitly warned St Petersburg that continued demands for an international conference constituted a hostile action and increased the risk of war with Germany. Russia backed down. Thanks to the German intervention, Austria achieved short-term diplomatic success in taking control of Bosnia. In the long run, however, Germany and Austria both made too many enemies, as the battle lines of World War I started to harden.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_of_letters">Exchange of letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exchange of letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 July 1908, Russian Foreign Minister Alexander Izvolsky sent a letter to Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Alois Aehrenthal and proposed a discussion of reciprocal changes to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> in favour of the Russian interest in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Straits of Constantinople</a> and Austro-Hungarian interests in the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>. On 14 July Aehrenthal responded with guarded acceptance of the proposed discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005195–96_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005195–96-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 September, after long and complex discussions within the Imperial Government discussing the Izvolsky proposals to Austria-Hungary, Aehrenthal outlined a slightly different set of counter-proposals to him: he proposed that in exchange for a friendly Russian attitude when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary would then withdraw its troops from the Sanjak. The letter then went on to offer to discuss, as a separate matter, the Straits question, on a friendly basis. Aehrenthal proposed that should agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina be reached, his Government would not – should the Russians subsequently propose to assert a right of their Black Sea fleet to both use and protect their access to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus – automatically decide with the other powers to support collectively the Ottoman Empire's opposition (up to and including war) to such a proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005201–02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005201–02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_at_Buchlau">Meeting at Buchlau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meeting at Buchlau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_(Buchlowitz).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_%28Buchlowitz%29.jpg/220px-Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_%28Buchlowitz%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_%28Buchlowitz%29.jpg/330px-Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_%28Buchlowitz%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_%28Buchlowitz%29.jpg/440px-Z%C3%A1mek_Buchlovice_%28Buchlowitz%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3874" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buchlovice_Castle" title="Buchlovice Castle">Buchlovice (Buchlau) Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 September, Izvolsky and Aehrenthal met face-to-face at <a href="/wiki/Buchlovice_Castle" title="Buchlovice Castle">Buchlau Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, the private residence of Count Leopold Berchtold, ambassador of Austria-Hungary in Saint Petersburg. No minutes were taken during these private meetings, which lasted a total of six hours. Izvolsky accepted the responsibility to write up the conclusions of the meetings and forward them to Aehrenthal. On 21 September, Aehrenthal wrote to Izvolsky asking for this document, to which Izvolsky replied two days later that the document had been sent to the Czar for approval. This document, if it ever existed, has never been produced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aehrenthal’s_version_of_the_agreement"><span id="Aehrenthal.E2.80.99s_version_of_the_agreement"></span>Aehrenthal’s version of the agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aehrenthal’s version of the agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By Aehrenthal's account given by Albertini, Izvolsky agreed that Russia would maintain "a friendly and benevolent attitude" if Austria-Hungary were to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina. Reciprocally, should Russia move to open "the Straits to single ships of war", Austria-Hungary would maintain a benevolent attitude. The two agreed that a likely consequence of the annexation was that Bulgaria, which was <i>de facto</i> independent since 1878, would declare its formal independence from the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary would offer no territorial concessions to Serbia or Montenegro, but if they supported the annexation then Austria-Hungary would not oppose Serbian expansion in the Balkans, and would support the Russian demand to revise Article 29 of the Treaty of Berlin which restricted Montenegrin sovereignty. The parties agreed that "these changes could receive sanction after negotiation with the Porte and the Powers", but "there would be no more talk of Bosnia-Herzegovina." Annexation would probably take place at the beginning of October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005206–07_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005206–07-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original of Aehrenthal's account has not been found and so historians have had to make do with an undated office copy of the document.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izvolsky’s_version"><span id="Izvolsky.E2.80.99s_version"></span>Izvolsky’s version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Izvolsky’s version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 September, Austria-Hungary informed Izvolsky, who was in Paris at the time, that the annexation would take place on 7 October. On 4 October, Izvolsky prepared a report at the request of the British Ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bertie,_1st_Viscount_Bertie_of_Thame" title="Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame">Francis Bertie</a>. Izvolsky stated that his position was that annexation was a matter to be settled between the signatories to the Treaty of Berlin. With the compensation of Austro-Hungarian withdrawal from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, Russia would not consider the annexation as reason to go to war, but Russia and other governments would insist on changes to the Treaty favorable to themselves, including opening the Straits (Russia's interest), Bulgarian independence, territorial concessions to Serbia, and abolition of restrictions on Montenegrin sovereignty under article 29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207–08_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207–08-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexation">Annexation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/220px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/330px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg/440px-1908-10-07_-_Moritz_Schiller%27s_Delicatessen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the annexation at the location where Gavrilo Princip stood 1908.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg/220px-Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg/330px-Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg/440px-Austria-Hungary_map_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Bosnia and Herzegovina within Austria-Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 October, the day after Bulgaria <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">declared its independence</a> from the Ottoman Empire, Emperor Franz Joseph announced to the people of this Ottoman territory (that had been occupied by Austria for 30 years) his determination to recognize and grant them an autonomous and constitutional regime, under his authority as their annexing sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005218–19_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005218–19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, Austria-Hungary announced its withdrawal from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. Bulgarian independence and the Bosnian annexation were not covered by the Treaty of Berlin and set off a flurry of diplomatic protests and discussions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests_and_compensations">Protests and compensations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protests and compensations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serbia mobilized its army and on 7 October the Serbian Crown Council demanded that the annexation be reversed or, failing that, Serbia should receive compensation, which it defined on 25 October as a strip of land across the northernmost portion of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005222–23_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005222–23-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end these demands were rejected. Serbia took control of the Sanjak after the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_compensation_in_exchange_for_Ottoman_recognition_of_the_annexation">Financial compensation in exchange for Ottoman recognition of the annexation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Financial compensation in exchange for Ottoman recognition of the annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire protested Bulgaria's declaration of independence with more vigor than the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which it had no practical prospects of governing. A boycott of Austro-Hungarian goods and shops did occur, inflicting commercial losses of over 100,000,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_krone" title="Austro-Hungarian krone">kronen</a></i> on Austria-Hungary. On 26 February, Austria-Hungary settled the matter in a protocol. Austria-Hungary agreed to pay the Ottomans 2.2 million <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Ottoman lira</a> for the public land in Bosnia-Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005277_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005277-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian independence could not be reversed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France,_Britain,_Russia_and_Italy"><span id="France.2C_Britain.2C_Russia_and_Italy"></span>France, Britain, Russia and Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France, Britain, Russia and Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg/200px-Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg/300px-Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg/400px-Caricature_Bosnia_Annexion_1909_Ion_Kalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman caricature on the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the ironic title: "Advance of civilization in Bosnia and Herzegovina"</figcaption></figure> <p>The annexation and Bulgarian declaration were viewed as violations of the Treaty of Berlin. France, Britain, Russia and Italy, therefore, were in favor of a conference to consider the matter. German opposition and complex diplomatic maneuvering as to the location, nature and preconditions of the conference delayed and ultimately scuttled it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005225–85_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005225–85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the Powers reached an agreement on amendments to the Treaty through consultations between capitals. </p><p>Italy expected compensations in the areas of "<a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italia Irredenta</a>" ruled by Austria-Hungary in exchange for its recognition of the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, as was agreed upon in the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> treaties with Austria-Hungary. However, this did not happen and this became one of the reasons for Italy to break its alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutual compensation clause was article 7 of the 1909 and of 5 December 1912 versions of the same treaty: </p> <blockquote><p>However, if, in the course of events, the maintenance of the status quo in the regions of the Balkans or of the Ottoman coasts and islands in the Adriatic and in the Aegean Sea should become impossible, and if, whether in consequence of the action of a third Power or otherwise, Austria-Hungary or Italy should find themselves under the necessity of modifying it by a temporary or permanent occupation on their part, this occupation shall take place only after a previous agreement between the two Powers, based upon the principle of reciprocal compensation for every advantage, territorial or other, which each of them might obtain beyond the present status quo, and giving satisfaction to the interests and well-founded claims of the two Parties.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia_and_Serbia_back_down">Russia and Serbia back down</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russia and Serbia back down"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British opposition to amending the Treaty of Berlin with respect to the Straits left Russia empty-handed and therefore Izvolsky and the Tsar regarded the annexation and Aehrenthal's maneuvers as made in bad faith. Cognizant of Aehrenthal's rumored Jewish heritage, Izvolsky exploded, remarking "The dirty Jew has deceived me. He lied to me, he bamboozled me, that frightful Jew."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJollMartel200769_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJollMartel200769-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To bring Izvolsky to heel, Austria-Hungary threatened to release and then ultimately began leaking documents, in which, over the course of the previous 30 years, Russia had agreed that Austria-Hungary had a free hand to do as it liked with Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. These documents were an embarrassment to Russia, especially with regard to its relations with Serbia. Tsar Nicholas II wrote to Emperor Franz-Joseph and accused Austria-Hungary of betraying confidence and relations between the two countries were permanently damaged. Under Germany's advice, Austria-Hungary kept in confidence the 2 July and 23 September correspondence from Izvolsky to Aehrenthal and these were a continued threat to Izvolsky's position if Russia did not firmly and publicly accept the amendment of Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin to accept the annexation. On 22 March, Germany put Russia on the spot, demanding that Russia give a clear and unequivocal "yes" or "no" as to whether it committed to accept this amendment. Failure to give a positive reply would cause Germany to withdraw from the diplomatic discussions "and let things take their course".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005285–86_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005285–86-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under such pressure, Izvolsky caved and advised the cabinet to accept the amendment of Article 25 for fear that otherwise Austria would be free to act against Serbia. The cabinet agreed. On 23 March the Tsar accepted the decision and communicated the decision to the German Ambassador to Russia <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Pourtal%C3%A8s" title="Friedrich von Pourtalès">Pourtalès</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005287_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005287-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain, however, was not quite ready to acquiesce and stated that it would do so only once "the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_question" title="Serbian question">Serbian question</a> had been settled in a pacific manner." France fell in line behind Britain. </p><p>On 26 March, Austria-Hungary provided Britain with the negotiated text of Serbia's March declaration committing Serbia to accept the annexation. It ran: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Serbia recognizes that she has not been injured in her right by the <i>fait accompli</i> created in Bosnia-Herzegovina and that consequently, she will conform to such decision as the Powers shall take in regard to Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin. Submitting to the advice of the Great Powers, Serbia undertakes already now to abandon the attitude of protest and opposition which she has maintained in regard to the annexation since last autumn and undertakes further to change the course of her present policy towards Austria-Hungary to live henceforward with the latter on a footing of good-neighbourliness. Conformable to these declarations and confident of the pacific intentions of Austria-Hungary, Serbia will reduce her army to the position of spring 1908 as regards its organization, its distribution and effectiveness. She will disarm and disband her volunteers and bands and will prevent the formation of new units of irregulars on its territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The next day Austria-Hungary asked for Britain's firm assurance that once the negotiations with Serbia were complete, Britain would accept the amendment of Article 25. Without such assurance Austria-Hungary stated it would break off negotiations with Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005289_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005289-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that day Austria-Hungary decided to partially mobilize its armed forces. On 28 March Britain committed as requested. On 31 March Serbia made its formal declaration of acceptance to Austria-Hungary representing a complete Serbian climb down. The crisis was over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Powers signed the amendments to the Treaty of Berlin in the various capitals from 7 to 19 April. </p><p>A little over a year later, as a result of this diplomatic defeat, Izvolsky was demoted and made ambassador to France. He was permanently embittered against Aehrenthal and the Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg1968430_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg1968430-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian diplomat and newspaperman de Schelking relates Izvolsky's political downfall: "In the Salons of Petrograd he was given the Sobriquet 'Prince of the Bosphorus'. In his conceit, Izvolsky could not see he was being mocked."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelḱīngMakovskī1918183_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelḱīngMakovskī1918183-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources vary as to the exact date of the annexation. It is reported as having taken place on 4,<sup id="cite_ref-Menning1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menning1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5,<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mombauer2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mombauer2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martel2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martel2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 6 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardner2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HinsleyHinsley1977_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinsleyHinsley1977-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siegel2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1002090920"><i>The Sleepwalkers</i></a>. HarperCollins. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-219922-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-219922-5"><bdi>978-0-06-219922-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1002090920">1002090920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1002090920&rft.isbn=978-0-06-219922-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1002090920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menning1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menning1996_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenning1996" class="citation book cs1">Menning, Ralph Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uo7tAAAAMAAJ&q=%224+october+1908%22"><i>The art of the possible: documents on great power diplomacy, 1814–1914</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070415744" title="Special:BookSources/9780070415744"><bdi>9780070415744</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+the+possible%3A+documents+on+great+power+diplomacy%2C+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780070415744&rft.aulast=Menning&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUo7tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25224%2Boctober%2B1908%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson1996_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1996" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tJNvTWc66r4C&pg=PA112"><i>Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198202080" title="Special:BookSources/9780198202080"><bdi>9780198202080</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armaments+and+the+Coming+of+War%3A+Europe%2C+1904%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780198202080&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtJNvTWc66r4C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mombauer2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mombauer2013_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMombauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Mombauer, Annika (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4lEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18"><i>The Origins of the First World War: Controversies and Consensus</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317875833" title="Special:BookSources/9781317875833"><bdi>9781317875833</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+First+World+War%3A+Controversies+and+Consensus&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317875833&rft.aulast=Mombauer&rft.aufirst=Annika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4lEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martel2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martel2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel2011" class="citation book cs1">Martel, Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZglcJuJWrYC&pg=PT284"><i>A Companion to Europe, 1900–1945</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444391671" title="Special:BookSources/9781444391671"><bdi>9781444391671</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Europe%2C+1900%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444391671&rft.aulast=Martel&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZglcJuJWrYC%26pg%3DPT284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2016" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Hall (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R-K_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165"><i>The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon</i></a>. Routledge. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317032175" title="Special:BookSources/9781317032175"><bdi>9781317032175</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failure+to+Prevent+World+War+I%3A+The+Unexpected+Armageddon&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317032175&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR-K_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HinsleyHinsley1977-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HinsleyHinsley1977_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsleyHinsley1977" class="citation book cs1">Hinsley, Francis Harry; Hinsley (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA178"><i>British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521213479" title="Special:BookSources/9780521213479"><bdi>9780521213479</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+Under+Sir+Edward+Grey&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780521213479&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=Francis+Harry&rft.au=Hinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJ08AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel2014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2014" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Jennifer (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0-nBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150"><i>For Peace and Money: French and British Finance in the Service of Tsars and Commissars</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199387830" title="Special:BookSources/9780199387830"><bdi>9780199387830</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Peace+and+Money%3A+French+and+British+Finance+in+the+Service+of+Tsars+and+Commissars&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199387830&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0-nBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201324-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201324_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201386-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201386_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201333-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201333_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._Hall2014" class="citation book cs1">Richard C. Hall (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wy3TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 40–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690317" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690317"><bdi>9781610690317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Balkans%3A+An+Encyclopedic+History+from+the+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+to+the+Breakup+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=40-43&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610690317&rft.au=Richard+C.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwy3TBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200516_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200522–23-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200522–23_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200537_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201328-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201328_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini200594_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201329-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201329_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Francis_Kenny2016" class="citation book cs1">Peter Francis Kenny (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-W4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT753"><i>Monarchs</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 753. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781514443750" title="Special:BookSources/9781514443750"><bdi>9781514443750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchs&rft.pages=753&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781514443750&rft.au=Peter+Francis+Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-W4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201336-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201336_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2013">Clark 2013</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.P. Gooch, <i>Before the war: studies in diplomacy</i> (vol 1 1936) pp. 366–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.B. Cooper, "British Policy in the Balkans, 1908–9." <i>Historical Journal</i> 7.2 (1964): 258–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur J. May, <i>The Habsburg Monarchy 1867–1914</i> (Harvard University Press, 1965) pp. 412–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005195–96-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005195–96_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 195–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005201–02-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005201–02_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 201–02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005206–07-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005206–07_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 206–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005208-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005208_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207–08-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005207–08_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 207–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005218–19-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005218–19_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 218–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005222–23-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005222–23_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 222–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005277-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005277_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005225–85-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005225–85_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 225–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Amended_Version_of_The_Triple_Alliance">Amended Version of the Triple Alliance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJollMartel200769-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJollMartel200769_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJollMartel2007">Joll & Martel 2007</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005285–86-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005285–86_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 285–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005287-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005287_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005291–92_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, pp. 291–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005289-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini2005289_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini2005">Albertini 2005</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg1968430-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg1968430_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldberg1968">Goldberg 1968</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelḱīngMakovskī1918183-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelḱīngMakovskī1918183_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelḱīngMakovskī1918">Shelḱīng & Makovskī 1918</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Protocol between Austria-Hungary and Turkey". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 286–89. 1909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212637">10.2307/2212637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212637">2212637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246012353">246012353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Protocol+between+Austria-Hungary+and+Turkey&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=286-89&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246012353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2212637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Albertini" title="Luigi Albertini">Albertini, Luigi</a> (2005). <i>The Origins of the War of 1914, volume I</i>. New York: Enigma Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+War+of+1914%2C+volume+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHershey1918" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, F. M.; <a href="/wiki/Amos_Shartle_Hershey" title="Amos Shartle Hershey">Hershey, Amos Shartle</a>, eds. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookfordiplo00ande"><i>Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914</i></a>. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Diplomatic+History+of+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookfordiplo00ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković1996" class="citation book cs1">Bataković, Dušan T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics</i></a>. Dialogue Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782911527104" title="Special:BookSources/9782911527104"><bdi>9782911527104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs+of+Bosnia+%26+Herzegovina%3A+History+and+Politics&rft.pub=Dialogue+Association&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9782911527104&rft.aulast=Batakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3xpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carroll, E. Malcolm. (1938) <i>Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002369133;view=1up;seq=6">online</a>; pp 643–99; written for advanced students.</li> <li>Davidson, Rondel Van. "French diplomacy and the Balkans – 1900–1914" (MA thesis, Texas Tech University, 1968); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/10206/31295015501801.pdf?sequence=1">online</a>; bibliography pp 95–104.</li> <li>Fay, Sidney B. <i>The Origins of the World War</i> (2 vols. 2nd ed. 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499097">online</a> pp 353–547</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1968" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Harvey (1968). <i>The Life of Jean Jaurès</i>. Milwaukee: University of Milwaukee Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Jean+Jaur%C3%A8s&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=University+of+Milwaukee+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gooch, G. P. <i>Before The War Vol I </i> (1939) pp 368–438 on Aehrenthal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2275">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJollMartel2007" class="citation book cs1">Joll, James; Martel, Gordon (2007). <i>The Origins of the First World War</i>. London: Pearson/Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Joll&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Martel%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacMillan, Margaret (2013). <i>The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914</i> pp 404–38.</li> <li>Sabrosky, Alan Ned. "From Bosnia to Sarajevo: a comparative discussion of interstate crises." <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i> 19.1 (1975): 3–24.</li> <li>Schevill, Ferdinand. <i>The history of the Balkan Peninsula; from the earliest times to the present day</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkanp00scheuoft">online</a> pp 455–462.</li> <li>Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. <i>The annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909</i> (Cambridge UP, 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annexationofbosn0000schm">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelḱīngMakovskī1918" class="citation book cs1">Shelḱīng, E. N.; Makovskī, L. W. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recollectionsofr01shel"><i>Recollections of a Russian Diplomat: The Suicide of Monarchies</i></a>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+a+Russian+Diplomat%3A+The+Suicide+of+Monarchies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Shel%E1%B8%B1%C4%ABng&rft.aufirst=E.+N.&rft.au=Makovsk%C4%AB%2C+L.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecollectionsofr01shel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosnian+Crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zametica, John. <i>Folly and Malice: The Habsburg Empire, the Balkans and the Start of World War One</i> (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Folly-Malice-Habsburg-Empire-Balkans/dp/0856835137/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosnian_Crisis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/bosherz.html"><i>The Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary</i></a></li> <li>Marc Stefan Peters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/bosnian_crisis/">Bosnian Crisis</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&oldid=1254000347">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_Crisis&oldid=1254000347</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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