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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Great powers in the Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_powers_in_the_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_San_Stefano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_San_Stefano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treaty of San Stefano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_San_Stefano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_powers'_fear_of_Russian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_powers'_fear_of_Russian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other powers' fear of Russian influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_powers'_fear_of_Russian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bismarck_as_host" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bismarck_as_host"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bismarck as host</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bismarck_as_host-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_opposition_to_Andrássy's_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_opposition_to_Andrássy's_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Internal opposition to Andrássy's objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_opposition_to_Andrássy's_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Delegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Congress of Berlin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اجتماع برلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اجتماع برلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Պերլինի Վեհաժողով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պերլինի Վեհաժողով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresu_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Congresu de Berlín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Congresu de Berlín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_konqresi" title="Berlin konqresi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berlin konqresi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Берлінскі кангрэс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берлінскі кангрэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Бэрлінскі кангрэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэрлінскі кангрэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Берлински конгрес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берлински конгрес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinski_kongres" title="Berlinski kongres – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berlinski kongres" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Congrés de Berlín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Congrés de Berlín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD_kongres" title="Berlínský kongres – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berlínský kongres" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinerkongressen" title="Berlinerkongressen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berlinerkongressen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Kongress" title="Berliner Kongress – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berliner Kongress" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliini_kongress" title="Berliini kongress – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Berliini kongress" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Συνέδριο του Βερολίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνέδριο του Βερολίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Congreso de Berlín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Congreso de Berlín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongreso_de_Berlino" title="Kongreso de Berlino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kongreso de Berlino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlingo_Biltzarra" title="Berlingo Biltzarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berlingo Biltzarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کنگره برلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنگره برلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Berlin" title="Congrès de Berlin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Congrès de Berlin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_de_Berl%C3%ADn_de_1878" title="Congreso de Berlín de 1878 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Congreso de Berlín de 1878" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="베를린 회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베를린 회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BE_(1878)" title="Բեռլինի վեհաժողով (1878) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռլինի վեհաժողով (1878)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="बर्लिन कांग्रेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्लिन कांग्रेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinski_kongres" title="Berlinski kongres – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berlinski kongres" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongres_Berlin" title="Kongres Berlin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kongres Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_di_Berlino" title="Congresso di Berlino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Congresso di Berlino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קונגרס ברלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונגרס ברלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბერლინის კონგრესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერლინის კონგრესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Берлин конгресі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Берлин конгресі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilium_Berolinense" title="Consilium Berolinense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consilium Berolinense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C4%ABnes_kongress" title="Berlīnes kongress – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Berlīnes kongress" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlini_kongresszus" title="Berlini kongresszus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berlini kongresszus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Берлински конгрес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берлински конгрес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congres_van_Berlijn" title="Congres van Berlijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Congres van Berlijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0_(1878%E5%B9%B4)" title="ベルリン会議 (1878年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルリン会議 (1878年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin-kongressen" title="Berlin-kongressen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berlin-kongressen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinkongressen" title="Berlinkongressen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Berlinkongressen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Berlin" title="Congrès de Berlin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Congrès de Berlin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_kongressi" title="Berlin kongressi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berlin kongressi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਬਰਲਿਨ ਕਾਂਗਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਲਿਨ ਕਾਂਗਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="برلن کانگرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برلن کانگرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongres_berli%C5%84ski" title="Kongres berliński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kongres berliński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_de_Berlim_(1878)" title="Congresso de Berlim (1878) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Congresso de Berlim (1878)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresul_de_la_Berlin" title="Congresul de la Berlin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Congresul de la Berlin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Берлинский конгресс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлинский конгресс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongresi_i_Berlinit" title="Kongresi i Berlinit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kongresi i Berlinit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C3%ADnsky_kongres" title="Berlínsky kongres – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Berlínsky kongres" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinski_kongres" title="Berlinski kongres – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Berlinski kongres" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Берлински конгрес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берлински конгрес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinski_kongres" title="Berlinski kongres – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berlinski kongres" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliinin_kongressi" title="Berliinin kongressi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berliinin kongressi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinkongressen" title="Berlinkongressen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berlinkongressen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การประชุมใหญ่เบอร์ลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประชุมใหญ่เบอร์ลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Kongresi" title="Berlin Kongresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berlin Kongresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Берлінський конгрес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берлінський конгрес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="برلن کانگریس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برلن کانگریس" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congress_of_Berlin&params=52_30_42_N_13_22_55_E_type:event_region:DE-BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°30′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">13°22′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.51167°N 13.38194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.51167; 13.38194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1878 meeting of representatives of the major European powers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar international conferences in Berlin, see <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Berlin Conference (disambiguation)">Berlin Conference (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_kongress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Berliner_kongress.jpg/400px-Berliner_kongress.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Berliner_kongress.jpg/600px-Berliner_kongress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Berliner_kongress.jpg/800px-Berliner_kongress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Werner" title="Anton von Werner">Anton von Werner</a>'s painting, <i>Congress of Berlin</i> (1881), depicting the final meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> on 13 July 1878. <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> (representing Germany) is shown in the centre, between <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</a> (Austria-Hungary) and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Shuvalov" title="Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov">Pyotr Shuvalov</a> (Russia). On the left are <a href="/wiki/Alajos_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Alajos Károlyi">Alajos Károlyi</a> (Austria-Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a> (Russia) (seated) and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> (Great Britain). On the far right is the Ottoman delegation; showing from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Sadullah_Pasha" title="Sadullah Pasha">Sadullah Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Karatheodori_Pasha" title="Alexander Karatheodori Pasha">Karatheodori Pasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Ali Pasha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Congress of Berlin</b> (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic conference">diplomatic conference</a> to reorganise the states in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a>, which had been won by Russia against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Represented at the meeting were Europe's then six <a href="/wiki/Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">great powers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>; and four Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. The congress concluded with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>, replacing the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> which had been signed three months earlier. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_1878.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balkans_1878.png/220px-Balkans_1878.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balkans_1878.png/330px-Balkans_1878.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balkans_1878.png/440px-Balkans_1878.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Borders in the Balkan peninsula after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The leader of the congress, German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, sought to stabilise the Balkans, reduce the role of the defeated Ottoman Empire in the region, and balance the distinct interests of Britain, Russia and Austria-Hungary. He also wanted to avoid domination of the Balkans by Russia or the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a>, and to keep <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in Ottoman hands. Finally, Bismarck wanted to encourage the development of civil rights for Jews in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The affected territories were instead granted varying degrees of independence. Romania became fully independent, though was forced to give part of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> to Russia, and gained <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>. Serbia and Montenegro were also granted full independence but lost territory, with Austria-Hungary occupying the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain took possession of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Of the territory that remained within the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> was made a semi-independent principality, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> became a special administration, and the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">region of Macedonia</a> was returned to the Ottomans on condition of reforms to its governance. </p><p>The results were initially hailed as a success for peace in the region, but most of the participants were not satisfied with the outcome. The Ottomans were humiliated and had their weakness confirmed as the "<a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">sick man of Europe</a>". Russia resented the lack of rewards, despite having won the war that the conference was supposed to resolve, and felt humiliated by the other great powers in their rejection of the San Stefano settlement. Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece all received far less than they thought they deserved, especially Bulgaria which was left with less than half of the territory envisioned by the Treaty of San Stefano. Bismarck became hated by <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian nationalist">Russian nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slav">Pan-Slavists</a>, and later found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Austria-Hungary gained substantial territory, this angered the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> and led to decades of tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>. </p><p>In the long term, the settlement led to rising tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary, and disputes over <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in the Balkans. Grievances with the results of the congress festered until they exploded in the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan Wars</a> (1912 and 1913 respectively). Continuing nationalism in the Balkans was <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the First World War">one of the causes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg/220px-Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg/330px-Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg/440px-Edward_Stanford_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Greek ethnic map of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> by Ioannis Gennadius,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by the English cartographer E. Stanford in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>In the decades leading up to the congress, Russia and the Balkans had been gripped by <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>, a movement to unite all the Balkan Slavs under one rule. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, which had created a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a>", was opposed as a display of Pan-Slavic hegemonic ambition in southeastern Europe. In Imperial Russia, Pan-Slavism meant the creation of a unified Slavic state, under Russian direction, and was essentially a byword for Russian conquest of the Balkan peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realisation of the goal would have given Russia control of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, thus economic control of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and substantially greater geopolitical power. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Pan-Italianism</a> reflected similar nationalist desires and had resulted in two unifications; it took different forms in the various Slavic nations. </p><p>Balkan Slavs felt they needed both an equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia#Savoyard_struggle_for_the_Italian_unification" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Piedmont</a> to serve as a base and an outside sponsor corresponding to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000120–127_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000120–127-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state that was meant to serve as the locus for unification of the Balkans under a "Slavic" rule was not always clear, as initiative wafted between Serbia and Bulgaria. Italian rhetoric by contrast cast Romania as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a>, a "second Piedmont". </p><p>The recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> by the Ottomans in 1870 had been intended to separate the Bulgarians, religiously from the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, and politically from Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Slavism required the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans. How and whether that goal would be realised was the major question to be answered at the Congress of Berlin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_powers_in_the_Balkans">Great powers in the Balkans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Great powers in the Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Balkans were a major stage for competition between the European <a href="/wiki/Great_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great powers">great powers</a> in the second half of the 19th century. Britain and Russia had interests in the fate of the Balkans. Russia was interested in the region, both ideologically, as a pan-Slavist unifier, and practically, to secure greater control of the Mediterranean. Britain was interested in preventing Russia from accomplishing its goals. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unifications of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">of Germany</a> had stymied the ability of a third European power, Austria-Hungary, to expand its domain to the southwest any further. Germany, as the most powerful continental nation since the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> had little direct interest in the settlement and so was the only power that could mediate the Balkan question credibly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia and Austria-Hungary, the two powers that were most invested in the fate of the Balkans, were allied with Germany in the conservative <a href="/wiki/League_of_Three_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Three Emperors">League of Three Emperors</a>, which had been founded to preserve the monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. The Congress of Berlin was thus mainly a dispute among supposed allies of Bismarck. The German Empire, the arbiter of the discussion, would thus have to choose before the end of the congress which of their allies to support. That decision was to have direct consequences on the future of European geopolitics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ottoman brutality in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)">Serbian–Ottoman War</a> and the violent suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> fomented political pressure within Russia, which saw itself as the protector of the Serbs, to act against the Ottoman Empire. David MacKenzie wrote that "sympathy for the Serbian Christians existed in Court circles, among nationalist diplomats, and in the lower classes, and was actively expressed through the Slav committees".<sup id="cite_ref-MacKenzie1967_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie1967-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, Russia sought and obtained Austria-Hungary's pledge of <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Benevolent neutrality">benevolent neutrality</a> in the coming war, in return for ceding Bosnia Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a>. act: The Berlin Congress in effect postponed resolution of the Bosnian question and left Bosnia and Herzegovina under Habsburg control. This was the goal of Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Count <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_San_Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treaty of San Stefano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinople_conference.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constantinople_conference.png/220px-Constantinople_conference.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constantinople_conference.png/330px-Constantinople_conference.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constantinople_conference.png/440px-Constantinople_conference.png 2x" data-file-width="3741" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>Bulgaria after the Conference of Constantinople, 1876</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png/220px-Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png/330px-Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png/440px-Sanstefanska_Bulgaria.png 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="2647" /></a><figcaption>Bulgaria after the Treaty of San Stefano, 1878</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a> in 1876 and the Russian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War</a> of 1877–1878, Russia had liberated almost all of the Ottoman European possessions. The Ottomans recognised <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> as independent, and the territories of all three of them were expanded. Russia created a large <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a> as an autonomous vassal of the sultan. That expanded Russia's sphere of influence to encompass the entire Balkans, which alarmed other powers in Europe. Britain, which had threatened war with Russia if it occupied <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and France did not want another power meddling in either the Mediterranean or the Middle East, where both powers were prepared to make large <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">colonial gains</a>. Austria-Hungary desired Habsburg control over the Balkans, and Germany wanted to prevent its ally from going to war. German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> thus called the Congress of Berlin to discuss the partition of the Ottoman Balkans among the European powers and to preserve the League of Three Emperors in the face of the spread of European <a href="/wiki/Liberalism#Spread_of_liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–138_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congress was attended by Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Delegates from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro attended the sessions that concerned their states, but they were not members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Congress was solicited by Russia's rivals, particularly Austria-Hungary and Britain, and was hosted in 1878 by Bismarck. It proposed and ratified the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin, 1878">Treaty of Berlin</a>. The meetings were held at Bismarck's <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Radziwill" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwill">Radziwill</a> Palace, from 13 June to 13 July 1878. The congress revised or eliminated 18 of the 29 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>. Furthermore, by using as a foundation the Treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Paris (1856)</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Washington</a> (1871), the treaty rearranged the East.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_powers'_fear_of_Russian_influence"><span id="Other_powers.27_fear_of_Russian_influence"></span>Other powers' fear of Russian influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other powers' fear of Russian influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg/220px-Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg/330px-Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg/440px-Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition map of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> by the German-English cartographer <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Georg_Ravenstein" title="Ernst Georg Ravenstein">Ernst Georg Ravenstein</a> of 1870</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Special:EditPage/Congress of Berlin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The principal mission of the participants at the Congress was to deal a fatal blow to the burgeoning movement of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavism</a>. The movement caused serious concern in Berlin and even more so in Vienna, which was afraid that the repressed Slavic nationalities would revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>. The British and the French governments were nervous about both the diminishing influence of the Ottoman Empire and the cultural expansion of Russia to the south, where both Britain and France were poised to colonise <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. By the Treaty of San Stefano, the Russians, led by Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a>, had managed to create in Bulgaria an autonomous principality, under the nominal rule of the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>That sparked the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>, the massive British fear of the growing Russian influence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The new principality, including a very large portion of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> as well as access to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, could easily threaten the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanelles Straits">Dardanelles Straits</a>, which separate the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. </p><p>The arrangement was not acceptable to the British, who considered the entire Mediterranean to be a British <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> and saw any Russian attempt to gain access there as a grave threat to British power. On 4 June, before the Congress opened on 13 June, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Lord Beaconsfield</a> had already concluded the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a>, a secret alliance with the Ottomans against Russia in which Britain was allowed to occupy the strategically-placed island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The agreement predetermined Beaconsfield's position during the Congress and led him to issue threats to unleash a war against Russia if it did not comply with Ottoman demands. </p><p>Negotiations between Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</a> and British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a> had already "ended on 6 June by Britain agreeing to all the Austrian proposals relative to Bosnia-Herzegovina about to come before the congress while Austria would support British demands".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195220_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195220-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bismarck_as_host">Bismarck as host</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bismarck as host"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismarck_emperors_Austria,_Germany_%26_Russia_as_puppets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bismarck_emperors_Austria%2C_Germany_%26_Russia_as_puppets.jpg/220px-Bismarck_emperors_Austria%2C_Germany_%26_Russia_as_puppets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bismarck_emperors_Austria%2C_Germany_%26_Russia_as_puppets.jpg/330px-Bismarck_emperors_Austria%2C_Germany_%26_Russia_as_puppets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Bismarck_emperors_Austria%2C_Germany_%26_Russia_as_puppets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Bismarck manipulates the emperors of Austria, Germany & Russia like a ventriloquist's puppets.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png/220px-Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png/330px-Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png/440px-Bulgaria_San_Stefano_Berlin_1878_TB.png 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="1703" /></a><figcaption>Borders of Bulgaria according to the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> (red stripes) and the superseding <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a> (solid red)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Congress of Berlin is frequently viewed as the culmination of the battle between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a> of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> of Germany. Both were able to persuade other European leaders that a free and independent Bulgaria would greatly improve the security risks posed by a disintegrating Ottoman Empire. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Erich_Eyck" title="Erich Eyck">Erich Eyck</a>, Bismarck supported Russia's position that "Turkish rule over a Christian community (Bulgaria) was an anachronism which undoubtedly gave rise to insurrection and bloodshed and should therefore be ended".<sup id="cite_ref-Eyck_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used the <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> of 1875 as proof of growing animosity in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bismarck's ultimate goal during the Congress of Berlin was not to upset Germany's status on the international platform. He did not wish to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a> by choosing between Russia and Austria as an ally.<sup id="cite_ref-Eyck_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain peace in Europe, Bismarck sought to convince other European diplomats that dividing up the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> would foster greater stability. One reason that Bismarck was able to mediate the various tensions at the Congress of Berlin was his diplomatic persona. He sought peace and stability when international affairs did not pertain to Germany directly. Since he viewed the current situation in Europe as favourable for Germany, any conflicts between the major European powers that threatened the status quo was against German interests.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, at the Congress of Berlin, "Germany could not look for any advantage from the crisis" that had occurred in the Balkans in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-Eyck_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Bismarck claimed impartiality on behalf of Germany at the Congress, which enabled him to preside over the negotiations with a keen eye for foul play.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Though most of Europe went into the Congress expecting a diplomatic show, much like the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, they were to be sadly disappointed. Bismarck, unhappy to be conducting the Congress in the heat of the summer, had a short temper and a low tolerance for malarky. Thus, any grandstanding was cut short by the testy German chancellor. The ambassadors from the small Balkan territories whose fate was being decided were barely even allowed to attend the diplomatic meetings, which were between mainly the representatives of the great powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000138–140_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000138–140-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the congress saw a shift in Bismarck's <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a>. Until then, as Germany had become too powerful for isolation, his policy was to maintain the League of the Three Emperors. Now that he could no longer rely on Russia's alliance, he began to form relations with as many potential enemies as possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarajevo"><img alt="Sarajevo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/250px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/375px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg/500px-King_George_I_of_Greece_and_Tsar_Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria_at_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="3487" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> 1866–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> 1870–1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe#Second_phase" title="Concert of Europe">Second Concert of Europe</a> 1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a> 1875–1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Campaign in Bosnia</a> 1878</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a> 1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars" title="Military history of South Africa">Boer Wars</a> 1880–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance</a> 1881–1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> 1882</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Crisis_(1885%E2%80%931888)" title="Bulgarian Crisis (1885–1888)">Bulgarian Crisis</a> 1885–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a> 1887–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> 1894–1895</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German naval arms race</a> 1898–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a> 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a> 1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a> 1903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> 1904–1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a> 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> 1905–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1906%E2%80%931908)" title="Pig War (1906–1908)">Pig War</a> 1906–1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a> 1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> 1908–1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi Bargain</a> 1909</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Second Moroccan Crisis</a> 1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> 1911–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1912–1913</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a> 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> 1914</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Owing to Russia's insistence, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were all given the status of independent principalities. Russia recovered <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a>, which it had annexed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a> of 1806–1812, and lost to Moldavia/Romania in 1856, after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. The Bulgarian state that Russia had created by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a>, both of which were given nominal autonomy, under the control of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria was promised autonomy, and guarantees were made against Turkish interference, but they were largely ignored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Romania received <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a> as a compensation for Southern Bessarabia, but even so it did not benefit of substantial gain of territory despite its consistent war effort alongside Russia. Romanians deeply resented the loss of Southern Bessarabia and Russo-Romanian relationship remained very cold for decades. Montenegro obtained <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>, along with the primary Albanian regions of <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plav-Gusinje" class="mw-redirect" title="Plav-Gusinje">Plav-Gusinje</a>. The Ottoman government, or <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a>, agreed to obey the specifications contained in the Organic Law of 1868 and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects. The region of Bosnia-Herzegovina was handed over to the administration of Austria-Hungary, which also obtained the right to garrison the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>, a small border region between Montenegro and Serbia. Bosnia and Herzegovina were put on the fast track to eventual annexation. Russia agreed that <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia region">Macedonia</a>, the most important strategic section of the Balkans, was too multinational to be part of Bulgaria and permitted it to remain under the Ottoman Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Eastern Rumelia, which had its own large Turkish and Greek minorities, became an autonomous province under a Christian ruler, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Philippopolis</a>. The remaining portions of the original "Greater Bulgaria" became the new state of Bulgaria. </p><p>In Russia, the Congress of Berlin was considered to be a dismal failure. After finally defeating the Turks despite many past inconclusive Russo-Turkish wars, many Russians had expected "something colossal", a redrawing of the Balkan borders in support of Russian territorial ambitions. Instead, the victory resulted in an Austro-Hungarian gain on the Balkan front that was brought about by the rest of the European powers' preference for a stronger Austria-Hungarian Empire, which threatened basically no one, to a powerful Russia, which had been locked in competition with Britain in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a> for most of the century. Gorchakov said, "I consider the Berlin Treaty the darkest page in my life". Many Russians were furious over the European repudiation of their political gains, and though there was some thought that it represented only a minor stumble on the road to Russian hegemony in the Balkans, it actually gave Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia over to Austria-Hungary's sphere of influence and essentially removed all Russian influence from the area.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serbs were upset with "Russia... consenting to the cession of Bosnia to Austria":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195232_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195232-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Risti%C4%87" title="Jovan Ristić">Ristić</a> who was Serbia's first plenipotentiary at Berlin tells how he asked Jomini, one of the Russian delegates, what consolation remained to the Serbs. Jomini replied that it would have to be the thought that 'the situation was only temporary because within fifteen years at the latest we shall be forced to fight Austria.' 'Vain consolation!' comments Ristić.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195232_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195232-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Italy was dissatisfied with the results of the Congress, and the tensions between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were left unresolved. Bosnia-Herzegovina would also prove to be problematic for the Austro-Hungarian Empire in later decades. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a>, established in 1873, was destroyed since Russia saw lack of German support on the issue of Bulgaria's full independence as a breach of loyalty and the alliance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The border between Greece and Turkey was not resolved. In 1881, after protracted negotiations, a compromise border <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">was accepted</a> after a naval demonstration of the great powers had resulted in the cession of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arta_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arta Prefecture">Arta Prefecture</a> to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two states that didn't participate in the war, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, achieved great benefits from this Congress. The former was granted administrative control of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression. The latter obtained the administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina and secured the control of a corridor leading to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. Both of these territories had to remain <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> part of the Ottoman Empire, but in 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus, whereas Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed by Austria in 1908.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, the Berlin Congress sowed the seeds of further conflicts, including the Balkan Wars and (ultimately) the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In the 'Salisbury Circular' of 1 April 1878, the British Foreign Secretary, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a>, clarified the objections of him and the government to the Treaty of San Stefano because of the favorable position in which it left Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the British historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"If the treaty of San Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to the present day. The British, except for <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a> in his wilder moments, had expected less and were therefore less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878: We shall set up a rickety sort of Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is no vitality left in them."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Though the Congress of Berlin constituted a harsh blow to <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a>, it, by no means, solved the question of the area. The Slavs in the Balkans were still mostly under non-Slavic rule, split between the rule of Austria-Hungary and the ailing Ottoman Empire. The Slavic states of the Balkans had learned that banding together as Slavs benefited them less than playing to the desires of a neighboring great power. That damaged the unity of the Balkan Slavs and encouraged competition between the fledgling Slav states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000133–134_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000133–134-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The underlying tensions of the region would continue to simmer for thirty years until they again exploded in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912–1913. In 1914, the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Franz_Ferdinand" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a>, the Austro-Hungarian heir, led to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In hindsight, the stated goal of maintaining peace and balance of powers in the Balkans obviously failed since the region would remain a source of conflict between the great powers well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000151_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000151-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allegorical depiction of Bulgarian autonomy after the Treaty of Berlin. Lithograph by Nikolai Pavlovich"><img alt="Allegorical depiction of Bulgarian autonomy after the Treaty of Berlin. Lithograph by Nikolai Pavlovich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg/200px-Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg/300px-Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg/400px-Divided_Bulgaria_after_the_Congress_of_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Allegorical depiction of Bulgarian autonomy after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>.<br /> Lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pavlovich" title="Nikolai Pavlovich">Nikolai Pavlovich</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek Delegation in the Berlin Congress"><img alt="Greek Delegation in the Berlin Congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg/200px-Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg/300px-Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg/400px-Greek-Delegation-Berlin-Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greek Delegation in the Berlin Congress</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_opposition_to_Andrássy's_objectives"><span id="Internal_opposition_to_Andr.C3.A1ssy.27s_objectives"></span>Internal opposition to Andrássy's objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal opposition to Andrássy's objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Gyula Andrássy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">occupation and administration of Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> also obtained the right to station garrisons in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>, which remained under Ottoman administration. The Sanjak preserved the separation of Serbia and Montenegro, and the Austro-Hungarian garrisons there would open the way for a dash to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Salonika</a> that "would bring the western half of the Balkans under permanent Austrian influence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195219_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195219-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "High [Austro-Hungarian] military authorities desired... [an] immediate major expedition with Salonika as its objective".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195233_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195233-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>On 28 September 1878 the Finance Minister, Koloman von Zell, threatened to resign if the army, behind which stood the <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Albrecht,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Albert</a>, were allowed to advance to Salonika. In the session of the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Hungary" title="Diet of Hungary">Hungarian Parliament</a> of 5 November 1878 the Opposition proposed that the Foreign Minister should be impeached for violating the constitution by his policy during the Near East Crisis and by the occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The motion was lost by 179 to 95. By the Opposition rank and file the gravest accusations were raised against Andrassy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195233_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195233-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delegates">Delegates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg/220px-Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg/330px-Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg/440px-Hughenden_CongressOfBerlinFan_NT_CCBYSA_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Fan signed by the delegates in the Berlin Congress</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <p><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> Earl of Beaconsfield (Prime Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a> (Foreign Secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_Russell,_1st_Baron_Ampthill" title="Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill">Baron Ampthill</a> (Ambassador to Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyons,_1st_Earl_Lyons" title="Richard Lyons, 1st Earl Lyons">Richard B.P. Lyons</a> (Ambassador to France)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Prince Gorchakov</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Andreyevich_Shuvalov" title="Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov">Count Shuvalov</a> (Ambassador to Great Britain) <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Ubri" title="Pavel Ubri">Baron d'Oubril</a> (Ambassador to Germany)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> (Chancellor) <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Prince Hohenlohe</a> (Ambassador to France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard Ernst von Bülow">Bernhard Ernst von Bülow</a> (State Secretary for Foreign Affairs)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Count Andrássy</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alajos_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Alajos Károlyi">Count Károlyi</a> (Ambassador to Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Heinrich_Karl_von_Haymerle" title="Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle">Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle</a> (Ambassador to Italy)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Waddington" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Waddington">Monsieur Waddington</a> (Foreign Minister) <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Comte de Saint-Vallier</li> <li>Monsieur Desprey</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico,_Count_Corti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodovico, Count Corti">Count Corti</a> (Foreign Minister)</li> <li>Count De Launay</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Karatheodori_Pasha" title="Alexander Karatheodori Pasha">Karatheodori Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadullah_Pasha" title="Sadullah Pasha">Sadullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> <a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a> (representing Armenian population)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Romania</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Br%C4%83tianu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Brătianu">Ion C. Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Mihail Kogălniceanu</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Deligiannis" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Deligiannis">Theodoros Deligiannis</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia"><img alt="Principality of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Risti%C4%87" title="Jovan Ristić">Jovan Ristić</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro"><img alt="Principality of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEo_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Božo Petrović-Njegoš">Božo Petrović</a></li> <li>Stanko Radonjić</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanians in the Congress</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdyl_Frasheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdyl Frasheri">Abdyl Frasheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_Vreto" title="Jani Vreto">Jani Vreto</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference"> Berlin Conference (1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_delegation_at_the_Berlin_Congress" title="Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress">Armenian delegation at the Berlin Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuleyman_Elik2013" class="citation book cs1">Suleyman Elik (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12"><i>Iran-Turkey Relations, 1979–2011: Conceptualising the Dynamics of Politics, Religion and Security in Middle-Power States</i></a>. Routledge. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63088-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63088-0"><bdi>978-1-136-63088-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran-Turkey+Relations%2C+1979%E2%80%932011%3A+Conceptualising+the+Dynamics+of+Politics%2C+Religion+and+Security+in+Middle-Power+States&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63088-0&rft.au=Suleyman+Elik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhqpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/berlin-congress-of">Congress of Berlin</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119180459/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos128.htm">"Vincent Ferraro. The Austrian Occupation of Novibazar, 1878–1909 (based on Anderson, Frank Maloy and Amos Shartle Hershey, Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914. National Board for Historical Service. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1918"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos128.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vincent+Ferraro.+The+Austrian+Occupation+of+Novibazar%2C+1878%E2%80%931909+%28based+on+Anderson%2C+Frank+Maloy+and+Amos+Shartle+Hershey%2C+Handbook+for+the+Diplomatic+History+of+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa+1870%E2%80%931914.+National+Board+for+Historical+Service.+Government+Printing+Office%2C+Washington%2C+1918.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fboshtml%2Fbos128.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome L. Blum, et al. <i>The European World: A History</i> (1970) p. 841</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZartman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._William_Zartman" title="I. William Zartman">Zartman, I. William</a> (25 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEyinJwjWIgC&pg=PA169"><i>Understanding Life in the Borderlands</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3614-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-3614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Life+in+the+Borderlands&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3614-5&rft.aulast=Zartman&rft.aufirst=I.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEyinJwjWIgC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagsdalePonomarev1993" class="citation book cs1">Ragsdale, Hugh; Ponomarev, V. N. (1993). <i>Imperial Russian Foreign Policy</i>. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Russian+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ragsdale&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Ponomarev%2C+V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000120–127-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000120–127_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenny2000">Glenny 2000</a>, pp. 120–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, Alan J. P.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt/page/241"><i>Struggle for the Mastery of Europe 1848–1918</i></a>. UK: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleformaste00ajpt/page/241">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881270-1"><bdi>0-19-881270-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Mastery+of+Europe+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-19-881270-1&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstruggleformaste00ajpt%2Fpage%2F241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–137_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenny2000">Glenny 2000</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Norton_Medlicott1963" class="citation book cs1">William Norton Medlicott (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jU7YAQAAQBAJ"><i>Congress of Berlin and After</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 14–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24317-2"><bdi>978-1-136-24317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+of+Berlin+and+After&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1-136-24317-2&rft.au=William+Norton+Medlicott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjU7YAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKenzie1967-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie1967_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_MacKenzie1967" class="citation book cs1">David MacKenzie (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serbsrussianpans0000mack"><i>The Serbs and Russian Pan-Slavism, 1875–1878</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serbsrussianpans0000mack/page/7">7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs+and+Russian+Pan-Slavism%2C+1875%E2%80%931878&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=David+MacKenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fserbsrussianpans0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitrije Djordjevic, "The Berlin Congress of 1878 and the Origins Of World War I." <i>Serbian Studies</i> (1998) 12 #1 pp 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragsdale, Hugh, and V. N. Ponomarev. <i>Imperial Russian Foreign Policy</i>. Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993, pp. 239–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–138-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000135–138_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenny2000">Glenny 2000</a>, pp. 135–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195220-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertini195220_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertini1952">Albertini 1952</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyck-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyck_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyck_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyck_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Erich Eyck, <i>Bismarck and the German Empire</i> (New York: W.W. Norton, 1964), pp. 245–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Christopher (2013). <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i> (1st ed.). Penguin. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141027821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141027821"><bdi>978-0141027821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sleepwalkers%3A+How+Europe+Went+to+War+in+1914&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0141027821&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000138–140-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenny2000138–140_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlenny2000">Glenny 2000</a>, pp. 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissinger1995" class="citation book cs1">Kissinger, Henry (4 April 1995). <i>Diplomacy</i>. 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(1918). <i>The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+European+Treaties+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rft.au=Mowat%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagsdalePonomarev1993" class="citation book cs1">Ragsdale, Hugh; Ponomarev, V. N. (1993). <i>Imperial Russian Foreign Policy</i>. 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"Bismarck and Blowitz at the Congress of Berlin". <i>Canadian Journal of History</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fcjh.48.2.253">10.3138/cjh.48.2.253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Bismarck+and+Blowitz+at+the+Congress+of+Berlin&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fcjh.48.2.253&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflanze1990" class="citation book cs1">Pflanze, Otto (1990). <i>Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume II: The Period of Consolidation, 1871–1880</i>. 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"Jovan Ristic at the Berlin Congress 1878". <i>Serbian Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serbian+Studies&rft.atitle=Jovan+Ristic+at+the+Berlin+Congress+1878&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertini1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Albertini" title="Luigi Albertini">Albertini, Luigi</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0kUOAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Origins of the War of 1914: European relations from the Congress of Berlin to the eve of the Sarajevo murder</i></a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+War+of+1914%3A+European+relations+from+the+Congress+of+Berlin+to+the+eve+of+the+Sarajevo+murder&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0kUOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Djordjevic, Dimitrije. "The Berlin Congress of 1878 and the Origins of World War I". <i>Serbian Studies</i> (1998) 12 #1 pp 1–10.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabry2002" class="citation conference cs1">Fabry, Mikulas (24–27 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621140434/http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/berlincongress.html"><i>The Idea of National Self-Determination and the Recognition of New States at the Congress of Berlin (1878)</i></a>. ISA Annual Convention. New Orleans. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/berlincongress.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+National+Self-Determination+and+the+Recognition+of+New+States+at+the+Congress+of+Berlin+%281878%29&rft.place=New+Orleans&rft.date=2002-03-24%2F2002-03-27&rft.aulast=Fabry&rft.aufirst=Mikulas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisanet.ccit.arizona.edu%2Fnoarchive%2Fberlincongress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny, Misha</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96G-Ofq2iNMC"><i>The Balkans, 1804–1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers</i></a>. Granta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86207-073-8"><bdi>978-1-86207-073-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%2C+1804%E2%80%931999%3A+Nationalism%2C+War+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86207-073-8&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D96G-Ofq2iNMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger1950" class="citation book cs1">Langer, William L. (1950). 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">790–</span>791.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berlin+%C2%A7+Berlin%2C+Congress+and+Treaty+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E790-%3C%2Fspan%3E791&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seton-Watson, R.W. <i>Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern question: a study in diplomacy and party politics</i> (1935) pp 431–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%27%27Disraeli%2C%20Gladstone%2C%20and%20the%20Eastern%20question%29">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner1937" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, B. H. (1937). <i>Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Balkans+1870-1880&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A. J. P.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13016"><i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918</i></a>. Oxford University Press,Mumbai. pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+Europe%3A+1848%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2CMumbai&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller1974" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Bruce (1974). <i>Bismarck at the crossroads: the reorientation of German foreign policy after the Congress of Berlin, 1878–1880</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck+at+the+crossroads%3A+the+reorientation+of+German+foreign+policy+after+the+Congress+of+Berlin%2C+1878%E2%80%931880&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACongress+of+Berlin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Berlin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars5231" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars5231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Eastern_Crisis80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template talk:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Eastern_Crisis80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Montenegrin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">April Uprising of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br /> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Memorandum" title="Berlin Memorandum">Berlin Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Congress of Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deligrad_Event" title="Deligrad Event">Deligrad Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Committee" title="Niš Committee">Niš Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Bulgarian Volunteer Corps">Opalchentsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_revolt" title="Brsjak revolt">Brsjak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">French conquest of Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British Occupation of Egypt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Congress_of_Berlin&params=52_30_42_N_13_22_55_E_type:event_region:DE-BE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, 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