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</div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">English terms with diacritical marks</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=English+terms+with+diacritical+marks" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>English rarely uses <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a>, which are symbols indicating the modification of a letter's sound when spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the affected words are in terms imported from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">two dots accent</a> (diaeresis or umlaut), the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> are the only diacritics native to <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, and their usage has tended to fall off except in certain publications and particular cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">è</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Letter e with diacritic grave</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper nouns</a> are not generally counted as English terms except when accepted into the language as an <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> – such as <a href="/wiki/Geiger%E2%80%93M%C3%BCller_tube" title="Geiger–Müller tube">Geiger–Müller tube</a>, or the English terms <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a> after <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen" title="Ballpoint pen">biro</a> after <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3" title="László Bíró">László Bíró</a>, in which case any diacritical mark is often lost. </p><p>Unlike continental European languages, <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> tends to use <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> (like "sh", "oo", and "ea") rather than diacritics to indicate more sounds than can be accommodated by the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. Unlike other systems (such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a>) where the spelling indicates the pronunciation, English spelling is highly varied, and diacritics alone would be insufficient to make it reliably phonetic. (See <a href="/wiki/English_orthography#History" title="English orthography">English orthography § History</a>.) </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types_of_diacritical_marks"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of diacritical marks</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Special_characters"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Special characters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Native_English_words"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Native English words</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_historical_versions_of_English"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">In historical versions of English</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Words_imported_from_other_languages"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Words imported from other languages</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Accent-addition_and_accent-removal"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accent-addition and accent-removal</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Regional_differences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Regional differences</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Regional_dialects"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Regional dialects</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Names_with_diacritics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Names with diacritics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Typographical_limitations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Typographical limitations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types_of_diacritical_marks">Types of diacritical marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of diacritical marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical marks">Diacritical marks</a></div> <p>Though limited, the following diacritical marks in English may be encountered, particularly for marking in poetry:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (née) and <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (English poetry marking, changèd), modifying vowels or marking stresses</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> (entrepôt), borrowed from French</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (Zoë), indicating a second syllable in two consecutive vowels</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">tittle</a>, the dot found on the regular small i and small j, is removed when another diacritic is required</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (English poetry marking, lēad pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>, not <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>), lengthening vowels, as in Māori; or indicating omitted n or m (in pre-<a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, both in print and in handwriting).</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> (English poetry marking, drŏll pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>, not <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>), shortening vowels</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlaut</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber" title="Über">über</a>), altering Germanic vowels</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> (soupçon, façade), in French, Portuguese and Catalan it is a softening c, indicating 's-' not 'k-' pronunciation</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (Señor, João), in Spanish indicating palatalised n, and Portuguese indicating nasal a and o (although in Spanish and most source languages, the tilde is not considered a diacritic over the letter n but rather as an integral part of the distinct letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>; in Portuguese the sound is represented by "nh")</li></ul> <p>In representing European personal names, <a href="/wiki/Anthroponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroponym">anthroponyms</a>, and place names, <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponyms</a>, the following are often encountered: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>), often also known by its original Czech name <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Ha%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Haček">háček</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "little hook".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Polish <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">crossed Ł</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>) – the former pronounced as English "w", the latter with varying pronunciation (see <a href="/wiki/%C4%98" title="Ę">Ę</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%84" title="Ą">Ą</a>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaj's Latin Alphabet">Serbo-Croatian Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/D_with_stroke" title="D with stroke">crossed Đ</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87" title="Zoran Đinđić">Zoran Đinđić</a>), equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Dje" title="Dje">Dje</a></li> <li>the Maltese <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħ">crossed Ħ</a> (as in the Ħal- town prefix, <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6al_Far" title="Ħal Far">Ħal Far</a> Industrial Estate), a hard H</li> <li>the Danish and Norwegian <a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">crossed Ø</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Galdh%C3%B8piggen" title="Galdhøpiggen">Galdhøpiggen</a>); the front rounded O, which is written with an umlaut in Swedish and German</li> <li>the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)" title="Ring (diacritic)">over-ring Å</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>), the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a> vowel sound (usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ͻː</a>/</span>)</li> <li>the Romanian <a href="/wiki/S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">Ș</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a></li></ul> <p>For a more complete list see <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical marks">diacritical marks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_characters">Special characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Special characters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some sources distinguish "diacritical marks" (marks upon standard letters in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">A–Z</a> 26-letter alphabet) from "special characters" (letters not marked but radically modified from the standard 26-letter alphabet) such as Old English and Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> (Ð, ð) and <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> (uppercase <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">Þ</a>, lowercase <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> such as Latin and Anglo-Saxon Æ (minuscule: æ), and German <a href="/wiki/Eszett" class="mw-redirect" title="Eszett">eszett</a> (ß; final -ß, often -ss even in German and always in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reverse of "special characters" is when foreign digraphs, such as <a href="/wiki/Ll_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ll (digraph)">Welsh ll</a> in <a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Llanelli">Llanelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">Dutch ij</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Croatian nj</a> (same in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>) are simply treated as two standard A–Z characters. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Native_English_words">Native English words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native English words" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In some cases, the diacritic is not borrowed from any foreign language but is purely of English origin. The second of two vowels in a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> can be marked with a <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (or "tréma") – as in words such as <i>coöperative</i>, <i>daïs</i> and <i>reëlect</i> – but its use has become less common, sometimes being replaced by the use of a hyphen.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curse_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curse-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Jason_Pontin" title="Jason Pontin">Jason Pontin</a> have maintained such usage as house styles. </p><p>The diaeresis mark is also in rare cases used over a single vowel to show that it is pronounced separately (as in <i>Brontë</i>). It is often omitted in printed works because the sign is missing on modern keyboards.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics: the acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous (rébel vs. rebél) or nonstandard for metrical reasons (caléndar); the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced (warnèd, parlìament). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_historical_versions_of_English">In historical versions of English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In historical versions of English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet" title="Old English Latin alphabet">Old English Latin alphabet</a> began to replace the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runic alphabet</a> in the 8th century, due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Celtic Christian missionaries to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a>. Orthography of Old English – which was entirely handwritten in its own time – was not well standardized, though it did not use all the Latin letters, and included several letters not present in the modern alphabet. When reprinted in modern times, an <a href="/wiki/Overdot" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdot">overdot</a> is occasionally used with two Latin letters to differentiate sounds for the reader: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8A" title="Ċ">ċ</a> is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /t͡ʃ/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0" title="Ġ">ġ</a> for a palatal approximant /j/ (probably a voiced palatal fricative /ʝ/ in the earliest texts)</li></ul> <p>Some modern printings also apply diacritics to vowels following the rules of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography#Normalized_spelling" title="Old Norse orthography">Old Norse normalized spelling</a> developed in the 19th century. </p><p>In the Late <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> period, the shape of the English letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a> (thorn), which was derived from the Runic alphabet, evolved in some handwritten and <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> texts to resemble the Latin letter <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a>. The þ shape survived into the era of printing presses only as far as the press of <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>. In later publications, thorn was represented by "y", or by <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẏ">ẏ</a> to distinguish thorn from y. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> period, thorn had been completely replaced in contemporary usage by the <a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">digraph "th"</a> (reviving a practice from early Old English), and the overdot was no longer needed outside of printings of very old texts. The overdot is missing from the only surviving usage of a Y-shaped thorn, in the archaic stock phrase <a href="/wiki/Ye_olde" title="Ye olde">ye olde</a> (from "þe olde", pronounced "the old", but "ye olde" is often misread and pronounced with the modern "y" sound). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Words_imported_from_other_languages">Words imported from other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Words imported from other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a>, or sometimes more precisely called borrowed words, have entered the English language from foreign languages by a process of naturalisation, or specifically <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a>, which is carried out mostly unconsciously (a similar process occurs in all other languages).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this process, there is a tendency to adapt the original word: this includes accents and other diacritics being dropped (for example French <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%B4tel" class="extiw" title="wikt:hôtel">hôtel</a></i> and French <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%B4le" class="extiw" title="wikt:rôle">rôle</a></i> becoming "<a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Role" title="Role">role</a>" respectively in English, or French <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0_propos" class="extiw" title="wikt:à propos">à propos</a></i>, which lost both the accent and space to become English "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apropos" class="extiw" title="wikt:apropos">apropos</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many cases, imported words can be found in print in both their accented and unaccented versions. Since modern dictionaries are mostly descriptive and no longer <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescribe</a> outdated forms, they increasingly list unaccented forms, though some dictionaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, do not list the unaccented variants of particular words (e.g., <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soup%C3%A7on" class="extiw" title="wikt:soupçon">soupçon</a>). </p><p>Words that retain their accents often do so to help indicate pronunciation (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">frappé</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve" class="mw-redirect" title="Naïve">naïve</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Souffl%C3%A9" title="Soufflé">soufflé</a></i>), or to help distinguish them from an unaccented English word (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposé (journalism)">exposé</a></i> vs. expose, <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">résumé</a></i> vs. resume, <i><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a></i> vs. rose). Technical terms or those associated with specific fields (especially cooking or musical terms) are less likely to lose their accents (such as the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e" title="Crème brûlée">crème brûlée</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude" title="Étude">étude</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Phở">phở</a></i>). </p><p>Some Spanish words with the Spanish letter <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a></i> have been naturalised by substituting English <i>ny</i> (e.g., Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="wikt:cañón">cañón</a></i> is now usually English <i><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyon</a></i>, Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="wikt:piñón">piñón</a></i> is now usually English <i><a href="/wiki/Pinyon_pine" title="Pinyon pine">pinyon pine</a></i>). Certain words, like <i><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">piñata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era" title="Quinceañera">quinceañera</a></i>, are usually kept intact. In many instances the <i>ñ</i> is replaced with the plain letter <i><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></i>. In words of German origin (e.g. doppelgänger), the letters with <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauts</a> <i>ä, ö, ü</i> may be written <i>ae, oe, ue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be seen in many newspapers during World War II, which printed <i>Fuehrer</i> for <i>Führer</i>. However, today umlauts are usually either left out, with no <i>e</i> following the previous letter, or included as written in German (as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zurich</a> is an exception since it is not a case of a "dropped umlaut", but is a genuine <a href="/wiki/English_exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="English exonym">English exonym</a>, used also in French (from Latin <i>Turicum</i>)—therefore it may be seen written without the umlaut even alongside other German and Swiss names that retain the umlaut.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German letter <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a> is usually replaced in English by ‘ss’. This is seen in names such as <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Gro%C3%9F" title="Pascal Groß">Pascal Groß</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accent-addition_and_accent-removal">Accent-addition and accent-removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accent-addition and accent-removal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As words are naturalized into English, sometimes diacritics are added to imported words that originally did not have any, often to distinguish them from common English words or to otherwise assist in proper pronunciation. In the cases of <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerba mate">maté</a> from Spanish <i>mate</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">['mate]</a></span>), animé from Japanese anime, and <i>latté</i> or even <i>lattè</i> from Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">latte</a></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈlatte]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/It-latte.ogg\/It-latte.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-latte.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/It-latte.ogg/It-latte.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-latte.ogg" title="File:It-latte.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), an accent on the final <i>e</i> indicates that the word is pronounced with <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/52\/En-us-a.ogg\/En-us-a.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-a.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/En-us-a.ogg/En-us-a.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-a.ogg" title="File:En-us-a.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> at the end, rather than the <i>e</i> being silent. Examples of a partial removal include resumé (from the French résumé) and <a href="/wiki/Ha%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Haček">haček</a> (from the Czech háček) because of the change in pronunciation of the initial vowels. Complete naturalization stripping all diacritics also has occurred, in words such as <i>canyon</i>, from the Spanish <i>cañón</i>. For accurate readings, some speech writers use diacritics to differentiate <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, such as <i>lēad</i> (pronounced like <i>liːd</i>) and <i>lĕad</i> (pronounced like <i>lɛd</i>). </p><p>In reverent and slightly poetic usage are commonly two -ed suffixed adjectives, if prefixed by a superlative, “learnèd” whereas rarely so “belovèd”. These are pronounced with two and three syllables respectively, unlike their related past participle versions. In courts, “my learnèd friend” is for any other specific representative at the bar, “the learnèd judge” for any cited judge and “this/the learnèd professor” or any other contributor’s title for anyone else cited who is legally highly qualified. Many wedding ceremonies begin “Dearly belovèd”, whether correctly spelt this way or not. This list expands to almost all -ed words in hymns and old rhymes if by chance helping with rhythm, emphasis or musical cadence. The, to some clerics, mildly blasphemous, quiet, polite curse “the blessèd (object)” still features in most British dialects, it being more reserved to main liturgy as the blessèd Virgin Mary, our blessèd saviour and blessèd are the poor, they who mourn and others upon whom the New Testament confirms unconditional blessing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regional differences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French language in Canada</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, words of French origin retain their orthography more often than in other English-speaking countries, such as the usage of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a> (e with acute) in <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café"><i>caf<b>é</b></i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montr<b>é</b>al</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">n<b>é</b>e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Qu<b>é</b>bec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé"><i>r<b>é</b>sum<b>é</b></i></a>. This is due to the large influence afforded by French being one of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">two official languages</a> at the federal government level as well as at the provincial level in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and the majority and sole official language in <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> from the early 21st century, loan words in English that were assimilated from <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> antecedents, have increasingly been replaced by the original Māori words, with their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> (which indicate vowel length). This practice was adopted by the main newspaper chains in May 2018 to show respect for the official status of Maori.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift primarily reflects changing social attitudes as part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Renaissance">Māori Renaissance</a>, and is sometimes followed in English usage outside New Zealand when writing about New Zealand topics. In some areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a>, use of a macron is replaced by a double vowel instead (eg. <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Maaori</i></span> instead of <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Māori</i></span>), typically in areas where local Māori dialects prefer usage of a double vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diaeresis has sometimes been used (<i>Mäori</i>) in place of a macron where the technical capacity to apply a macron diacritic is limited.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Regional_dialects">Regional dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Diacritics have been employed in the orthographies of some regional dialects in England. </p> <ul><li>Grave accents and macrons are used in some orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbrian</a> in words such as <i>steàn</i> "stone", <i>seùner</i> "sooner" and <i>pūnd</i> "pound".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diaereses are used in the <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> dialect, for example <i>stoän</i> "stone", <i>goä</i> "go" and <i>maäke</i> "make".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grave accents, circumflexes and diaereses are used in the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset dialect</a>, in words such as <i>mornèn</i> "morning", <i>drîth</i> "dryness" or "drought" and <i>ceäkes</i> "cakes".</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Names_with_diacritics">Names with diacritics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Names with diacritics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Diacritics are used in the names of some English-speaking people: </p> <ul><li>British: <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a> (and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_family" title="Brontë family">Brontë family</a>), <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Wanamaker" title="Zoë Wanamaker">Zoë Wanamaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emeli_Sand%C3%A9" title="Emeli Sandé">Emeli Sandé</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a></li> <li>American: <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyoncé Knowles">Beyoncé Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz" title="Chloë Grace Moretz">Chloë Grace Moretz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Sevigny" title="Chloë Sevigny">Chloë Sevigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Zellweger" title="Renée Zellweger">Renée Zellweger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Baird" title="Zoë Baird">Zoë Baird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Kravitz" title="Zoë Kravitz">Zoë Kravitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dont%C3%A9_Stallworth" title="Donté Stallworth">Donté Stallworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Gagn%C3%A9" title="Robert M. Gagné">Robert M. Gagné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Shant%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Roxanne Shanté">Roxanne Shanté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e" title="Janelle Monáe">Janelle Monáe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhen%C3%A9_Aiko" title="Jhené Aiko">Jhené Aiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li> <li>Australian: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Geyer" title="Renée Geyer">Renée Geyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Badwi" title="Zoë Badwi">Zoë Badwi</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Typographical_limitations">Typographical limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Typographical limitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The early days of <a href="/wiki/Metal_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal type">metal type</a> printing quickly faced problems of not just simple diacritical marks for English, and accents for French and German, but also <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> (for sheet music printing) and Greek and Hebrew alphabets (for Bible printing).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However problems with representation of diacritical marks continued even in scholarly publishing and dissertations up to the word processor era.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mechanical <a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriter</a> keyboards manufactured for English-speaking countries seldom include diacritics. </p><p>The first generation of <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a> also had <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character set</a> limitations,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confusion due to typesetting convention was exacerbated in the character coded environment due to limitations of the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Lists of English words by country or language of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_expressions_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French expressions in English">List of French expressions in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_expressions_in_English" title="List of German expressions in English">List of German expressions in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a> – Gratuitous diacritic used in the names of some rock bands</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In US sources, the spelling <i>haček</i> is more common but elsewhere the Czech spelling is preserved.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">háč is cognate to <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hook#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:hook">hook</a></i>, and <i lang="cs"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ek#Czech" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ek">-ek</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> which can also be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> <i lang="pl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ogonek#Polish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ogonek">ogonek</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmbroseHarris2007" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Gavin; Harris, Paul (2007). <i>The Fundamentals of Typography</i>. AVA. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782940373451" title="Special:BookSources/9782940373451"><bdi>9782940373451</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/842600469">842600469</a>. <q>Diacritical marks – Diacritical marks are a range of accents and other symbols, which indicate that the sound of a letter is modified during pronunciation. These are rare in English but relatively common in other languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentals+of+Typography&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=AVA&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842600469&rft.isbn=9782940373451&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.au=Harris%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A</a> (2002). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style</i>. p. 100. <q>Diacritical Marks, also known as 'diacritics', are orthographical characters that indicate a special phonetic quality for a given character. They occur mostly in foreign languages. But in English a fair number of imported terms have diacritical marks"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+American+Usage+and+Style&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1996" class="citation book cs1">Burchfield, R.W. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern00fowl/page/210"><i>Fowlers's Modern English Usage</i></a></span> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern00fowl/page/210">210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869126-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869126-2"><bdi>0-19-869126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowlers%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=210&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-869126-2&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewfowlersmodern00fowl%2Fpage%2F210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennard2006" class="citation book cs1">Lennard, John (2006). <i>The Poetry Handbook</i>. p. 57. <q>Though limited in English the following may be encountered: acute (née) and grave (changèd) accents, modifying vowels or marking stresses; the circumflex (entrepôt), indicating omitted s; the diaeresis (naïf), preventing a diphthong, or umlaut (über), altering Germanic vowels; the cedilla (soupçon), softening c; the <i>tittle</i> (frō [sic]), indicating omitted n or m, or <i>macron</i> (statūs), lengthening vowels; the <i>tilde</i> (Señor), indicating palatalised n; and the breve (drŏll = 'drol', not 'drowle'), shortening vowels....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetry+Handbook&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lennard&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2006" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Karen (2006). <i>Designing Type</i>. p. 212. <q>The eszett (also spelled esszett or referred to as a 'sharp s') is not a diacritic, but a ligature that occurs only in the German language. In general, the eszett signifies an 'ss' letter combination. The use of the eszett has declined significantly over ..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Type&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/opachelp/languages.html">"Diacritics & Special Characters"</a>. University of North Carolina. <q>The following diacritics and special characters display: Diacritics: acute Á ; circumflex Â ; grave À ; tilde Ã ; umlaut Ä. Special characters: thorn, lowercase þ ; thorn, uppercase Þ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diacritics+%26+Special+Characters&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.unc.edu%2Finstruct%2Fopachelp%2Flanguages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorpela2006" class="citation book cs1">Korpela, Jukka K. (2006). <i>Unicode Explained</i>. p. 195. <q>Many other scripts use ligatures far more often. Ligatures as discussed here should not be confused with characters that originate from ligatures. For example, capital Latin letter "ae" ae (U+00E6) is an independent letter in Norwegian and ..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unicode+Explained&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Korpela&rft.aufirst=Jukka+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19981209">diaeresis: December 9, 1998</a>. The Mavens' Word of the Day. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=302254">Umlauts in English?</a>. General Questions. Straight Dope Message Board.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curse-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curse_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Norris, Mary (2012-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/04/the-curse-of-the-diaeresis.html">"The Curse of the Diaeresis"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <q>The special tool we use here at The New Yorker for punching out the two dots that we then center carefully over the second vowel in such words as "naïve" and "Laocoön" will be getting a workout this year, as the Democrats coöperate to reëlect the President.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+the+Diaeresis&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fculture%2F2012%2F04%2Fthe-curse-of-the-diaeresis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2021" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Misty (11 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commongroundinternational.com/learning-english/borrowed-words-english-languages/">"Borrowed Words–How English Borrows From Other Languages"</a>. <i>Common Ground International Language Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Ground+International+Language+Services&rft.atitle=Borrowed+Words%E2%80%93How+English+Borrows+From+Other+Languages&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Misty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommongroundinternational.com%2Flearning-english%2Fborrowed-words-english-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2009" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan A. (2009). <i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i>. p. 248. <q>Sometimes they survive indefinitely, but often they fall into disuse as terms are fully naturalised. Nobody today, for example, writes hôtel or rôle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+American+Usage&rft.pages=248&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2005" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Robbin D. (2005). <i>German English Words: A Popular Dictionary of German Words Used in English</i>. p. 108. <q>When German words with umlauts are assimilated into the English language, they sometimes keep their umlauts (e.g., doppelgänger, Flügelhorn, föhn, Der Freischütz, führer, jäger, kümmel, Künstlerroman, schweizerkäse, über-), but often are ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+English+Words%3A+A+Popular+Dictionary+of+German+Words+Used+in+English&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Robbin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewes2012" class="citation book cs1">Bewes, Diccon (2012). <i>Swiss Watching</i>. <q>In English, the most daring thing we do now is leave the umlaut off Zürich; not that any British ear would hear the difference anyway. For other official names, such as the houses of parliament, I have given only the German version, as it's the one used most often.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swiss+Watching&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bewes&rft.aufirst=Diccon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewdson2017" class="citation web cs1">Crewdson, Patrick (11 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/96578644/why-stuff-is-introducing-macrons-for-te-reo-maori-words?rm=m?rm=m">"Why Stuff is introducing macrons for te reo Māori words"</a>. <i>Stuff.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=Why+Stuff+is+introducing+macrons+for+te+reo+M%C4%81ori+words&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Crewdson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F96578644%2Fwhy-stuff-is-introducing-macrons-for-te-reo-maori-words%3Frm%3Dm%3Frm%3Dm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170646/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/wanganui-chronicle/horowhenua-chronicle/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503788&objectid=12048013">"Official language to receive our best efforts"</a>. <i>New Zealand Herald</i>. 9 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/wanganui-chronicle/horowhenua-chronicle/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503788&objectid=12048013">the original</a> on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Official+language+to+receive+our+best+efforts&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fwanganui-chronicle%2Fhorowhenua-chronicle%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1503788%26objectid%3D12048013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countiesmanukau.health.nz/about-us/use-of-the-double-vowel-in-te-reo-maaori-at-cm-health/">"Use of the double vowel in te reo Maaori at CM Health"</a>. <i>Te Whatu Ora Counties Manukau</i>. 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Whatu+Ora+Counties+Manukau&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+double+vowel+in+te+reo+Maaori+at+CM+Health&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countiesmanukau.health.nz%2Fabout-us%2Fuse-of-the-double-vowel-in-te-reo-maaori-at-cm-health%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2010" class="citation web cs1">Keane, Basil (11 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/matauranga-hangarau-information-technology/page-3">"Mātauranga hangarau – information technology - Māori language on the internet"</a>. <i>Te Ara – Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=M%C4%81tauranga+hangarau+%E2%80%93+information+technology+-+M%C4%81ori+language+on+the+internet&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmatauranga-hangarau-information-technology%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1869" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Alexander Craig (1869). <i>The Folk-speech of Cumberland and Some Districts Adjacent: Being Short Stories and Rhymes in the Dialects of the West Border Counties</i>. J.R. Smith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Folk-speech+of+Cumberland+and+Some+Districts+Adjacent%3A+Being+Short+Stories+and+Rhymes+in+the+Dialects+of+the+West+Border+Counties&rft.pub=J.R.+Smith&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock1889" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, Edward (1889). <i>A Glossary of Words Used in the Wapentakes of Manley and Corringham, Lincolnshire Volumes 1-2</i>. English dialect society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Words+Used+in+the+Wapentakes+of+Manley+and+Corringham%2C+Lincolnshire+Volumes+1-2&rft.pub=English+dialect+society&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliotRose2011" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan (2011). <i>A Companion to the History of the Book</i>. p. 210. <q>Within a short time, pages in metal type were combined with woodcut illustrations, later to be followed by metal engravings. Hebrew and Greek, with their vowel points and accents, and music posed problems of vertical as well as horizontal ..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Book&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Rose%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"(Unknown)". <i>Scholarly Publishing</i>. <b>?</b> (?): 335. 1982. <q>... after printed copies of the dissertation – printed by the traditional letterpress process, from metal type – had been deposited in ... The original languages often required diacritical marks not used in English or an alphabet other than the Roman.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarly+Publishing&rft.atitle=%28Unknown%29&rft.volume=%3F&rft.issue=%3F&rft.pages=335&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1993" class="citation book cs1">Sassoon, Rosemary (1993). <i>Computers and Typography</i>. p. 59. <q>character set limitations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computers+and+Typography&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunkeShen-pei_Wang1997" class="citation book cs1">Bunke, Horst; Shen-pei Wang, Patrick (1997). <i>Handbook of character recognition and document image analysis</i>. p. 276. <q>Confusion due to typesetting convention is exacerbated in the character coded environment due to the unfortunate limitations of the ubiquitous ASCII character set and the lack of a single widely accepted international standard for representation of characters with diacritics</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+character+recognition+and+document+image+analysis&rft.pages=276&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bunke&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Shen-pei+Wang%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+terms+with+diacritical+marks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=English_terms_with_diacritical_marks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> 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