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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wanyan_Aguda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wanyan_Aguda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wanyan Aguda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wanyan_Aguda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Migration south</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellions_in_the_north" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellions_in_the_north"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rebellions in the north</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellions_in_the_north-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Jin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Jin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fall of Jin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Jin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperors_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperors_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Emperors family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperors_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-dinastie_(1115-1234)" title="Jin-dinastie (1115-1234) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jin-dinastie (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة جين الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة جين الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B3%DB%B4%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B5)" title="جین سولا‌له‌سی (۱۲۳۴–۱۱۱۵) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جین سولا‌له‌سی (۱۲۳۴–۱۱۱۵)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-kok" title="Kim-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_(1115%E2%80%941234)" title="Цзинь (1115—1234) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цзинь (1115—1234)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C_(1115%E2%80%941234)" title="Цзінь (1115—1234) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цзінь (1115—1234)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_(1115_%E2%80%93_1234)" title="Дзин (1115 – 1234) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дзин (1115 – 1234)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Jin_(1115-1234)" title="Dinastia Jin (1115-1234) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Jin (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_%C5%A4in_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Říše Ťin (1115–1234) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Ťin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-dynastiet_(1115-1234)" title="Jin-dynastiet (1115-1234) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jin-dynastiet (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-Dynastie_(1125%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin-Dynastie (1125–1234) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jin-Dynastie (1125–1234)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jini_d%C3%BCnastia_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jini dünastia (1115–1234) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jini dünastia (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Jin_(1115-1234)" title="Dinastía Jin (1115-1234) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Jin (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Jin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Dinastio Jin (1115–1234) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Jin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dinastia_(1115-1234)" title="Jin dinastia (1115-1234) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jin dinastia (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B3%DB%B4%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B5)" title="دودمان جین (۱۲۳۴–۱۱۱۵) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان جین (۱۲۳۴–۱۱۱۵)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Jin_(1115-1234)" title="Dynastie Jin (1115-1234) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Jin (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="금나라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6_(%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E2%80%93%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AA)" title="जिन राजवंश (१११५–१२३४) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिन राजवंश (१११५–१२३४)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Jin_(1115._%E2%80%93_1234.)" title="Dinastija Jin (1115. – 1234.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Jin (1115. – 1234.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Jin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Dinasti Jin (1115–1234) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Jin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_J%C4%ABn" title="Dinastia Jīn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Jīn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9F_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="שושלת ג'ין (1115–1234) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת ג'ין (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1115-1234)" title="ძინის დინასტია (1115-1234) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძინის დინასტია (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96_(1115_%E2%80%94_1234)" title="Цзинь әулеті (1115 — 1234) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цзинь әулеті (1115 — 1234)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Jin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Xanedana Jin (1115–1234) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Jin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzji%C5%86u_dinastija_(1115%E2%80%941234)" title="Dzjiņu dinastija (1115—1234) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzjiņu dinastija (1115—1234)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csin-dinasztia_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Csin-dinasztia (1115–1234) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csin-dinasztia (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Jin,_1115%E2%80%931234" title="Dinasti Jin, 1115–1234 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Jin, 1115–1234" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Gĭng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Алтан улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алтан улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-dynastie_(1115-1234)" title="Jin-dynastie (1115-1234) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jin-dynastie (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="金 (王朝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金 (王朝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-dynastiet_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin-dynastiet (1115–1234) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jin-dynastiet (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Jin_(1115-1234)" title="Dinastia Jin (1115-1234) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Jin (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="ਜਿੰਨ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ (1115–1234) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿੰਨ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="جن راجٹبر(1115–1234) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جن راجٹبر(1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%93%DB%8D_(%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B5_%E2%80%93_%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B3%DB%B4_%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="جین لړۍ (۱۱۱۵ – ۱۲۳۴ زکال) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جین لړۍ (۱۱۱۵ – ۱۲۳۴ زکال)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="អាណាចក្រជិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាណាចក្រជិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Jin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Dynastia Jin (1115–1234) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Jin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Jin_(1115-1234)" title="Dinastia Jin (1115-1234) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Jin (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C_(1115%E2%80%941234)" title="Цзинь (1115—1234) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзинь (1115—1234)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D9%A1%D9%A1%D9%A1%D9%A5%E2%80%93%D9%A1%D9%A2%D9%A3%D9%A4)" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی جین (١١١٥–١٢٣٤) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی جین (١١١٥–١٢٣٤)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_(1115%E2%80%941234)" title="Династија Ђин (1115—1234) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Ђин (1115—1234)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Jin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Dinastija Jin (1115–1234) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Jin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-dynastia_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin-dynastia (1115–1234) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jin-dynastia (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="சின் அரசமரபு (1115–1234) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சின் அரசமரபு (1115–1234)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์จิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์จิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_Hanedan%C4%B1_(1115-1234)" title="Kin Hanedanı (1115-1234) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kin Hanedanı (1115-1234)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Династія Цзінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Цзінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81_(1115%D8%A1%E2%80%931234%D8%A1)" title="جن شاہی سلسلہ (1115ء–1234ء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جن شاہی سلسلہ (1115ء–1234ء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئالتۇن سۇلالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالتۇن سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Kim" title="Nhà Kim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="金朝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9B%BD" title="金国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E5%AE%8C%E9%A1%8F)" title="金 (完顏) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金 (完顏)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5066#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anchu" and "Jurchen dynasty" redirect here. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Anchu_(novel)" title="Anchu (novel)">Anchu (novel)</a>. For the 17th-century Jurchen khanate, see <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin (1616–1636)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Great Jin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大金</span></span></span><br /><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg/65px-Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg/98px-Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg/130px-Amba-an_Ancu-un.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1115–1234</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_Dynasty_1141_(no_borders).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jin territory c. 1141 in blue "><img alt="Jin territory c. 1141 in blue " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png/250px-Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png/375px-Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png/500px-Jin_Dynasty_1141_%28no_borders%29.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Jin territory <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1141</span> in blue <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#87cefa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#87CEFA;color:inherit;"> </span></span></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huiningfu" title="Huiningfu">Huiningfu</a> (1122–1153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a> (1153–1214)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> (1214–1233)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runan_County" title="Runan County">Caizhou</a> (1233–1234)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty,_1115%E2%80%931234" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty, 1115–1234">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1115–1123 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Taizu</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1161–1189 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Shizong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1234 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Jin" title="Emperor Mo of Jin">Modi</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Asia">Medieval Asia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founded by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Aguda</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 1115</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 March 1125</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Capture of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Bianliang</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 January 1127</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Mongol invasion </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1211</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Fall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Runan_County" title="Runan County">Caizhou</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 February 1234</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1142 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">3,610,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,390,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1186 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data">4,750,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,830,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1186 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbank199440_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbank199440-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty coinage</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese coin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Xia" title="Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_China" title="Category:History of China">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage mw-no-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China"><img alt="History of China in Chinese characters and seal script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/200px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/300px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg/400px-%22History_of_China%22_for_template_heading.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="121" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #f0faff; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></b></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #eeffe8; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> BCE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 256 BCE</span>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1046–771 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">Eastern Zhou</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(771–256 BCE)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BCE</span>)</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a> <span class="nowrap">(475–221 BCE)</span></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">Imperial</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(221–207 BCE)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206 BCE – 220 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(206–202 BCE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(202 BCE – 9 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(9–23 CE)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(25–220 CE)</span></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(220–280 CE)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</a></b></dd></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–420)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Western_Jin_(266–316)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(266–316)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(317–420)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(304–439)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and<br />Southern dynasties</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(420–589)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(581–618)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(618–907)</span> <ul><li><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(690–705)</span></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(907–979)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1279)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(960–1127)</span></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1127–1279)</span></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(916–1125)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1038–1227)</span></li> <li><br /></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jin</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1115–1234)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fffde9; text-align: left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1271–1368)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1368–1644)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1644–1912)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Modern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern China">Modern</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background: #fff0f6; text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(mainland, 1912–1949)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;background: #fff0f6; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic<br />of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(Taiwan,<br />1949–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;border-top: 1px solid #666;border-bottom: 1px solid #666;color: #000 !important;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art#History_and_development" title="Chinese art">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">Education history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_history_of_China" title="Media history of China">Media history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China#History" title="Music of China">Music history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_music" title="Timeline of Chinese music">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Military history of China before 1912">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in China">Christianity</a></li> <li><a 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history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_China" title="Template:History of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_China" title="Template talk:History of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manchuria" title="Category:History of Manchuria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchuria" title="History of Manchuria">History of <span class="fn org label">Manchuria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/100px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/150px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/200px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient to Classical period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan (Warring States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Yan (Three Kingdoms)">Yan (Three Kingdoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Sima Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval to Early Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Xingliao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Ming rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Korean invasion of Manchuria">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dalian" title="Russian Dalian">Russian Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fengtian_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengtian Clique">Fengtian Clique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template talk:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jin dynasty</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">金朝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jīn cháo</span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially known as the <b>Great Jin</b> (<span lang="zh">大金</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Jīn</span></i>), was an <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">imperial dynasty of China</a> that existed between 1115 and 1234.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the ruling <a href="/wiki/Wanyan" title="Wanyan">Wanyan</a> clan was of <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> descent, it is also sometimes called the <b>Jurchen dynasty</b> or the <b>Jurchen Jin</b>. At its peak, the empire extended from <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Qinling%E2%80%93Huaihe_Line" title="Qinling–Huaihe Line">Qinling–Huaihe Line</a> in the south. </p><p>The Jin dynasty emerged from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Wanyan Aguda</a>'s rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by the nascent Jin to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>, where they would become known in Chinese historiography as the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a>. After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">century-long campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279) based in southern China, whose rulers were ethnically <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">adapted to Han</a> customs and even <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China" title="History of the Great Wall of China">fortified the Great Wall</a> against the ascendant <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. The Jin also oversaw a number of internal cultural advances, such as the revival of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. </p><p>The Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> invaded in 1211, inflicting several crushing defeats upon Jin armies. After a sequence of defeats, revolts, defections, and coups over a span of 23 years, the Jin were ultimately <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">conquered by the Mongols</a> in 1234. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names of China</a></div> <p>The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" (大金), with <i>Jin</i> meaning "gold". The Jurchen word for "gold", and therefore also for their state name, was <i>alchun</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, <i>Zhongguo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中國</span></span>), just as some other non-Han dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao20067_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao20067-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao20066_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao20066-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao200624_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao200624-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jurchens" title="Timeline of the Jurchens">Timeline of the Jurchens</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Jin dynasty</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">金朝</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jīn cháo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄐㄧㄣㄔㄠˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chin<sup>1</sup> Ch'ao<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jin cháo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕín.ʈʂʰǎʊ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gam1 ciu4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kɐm˥ tsʰiw˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">大金</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Great Jin</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Jīn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄉㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄣ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Ta<sup>4</sup> Chin<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Dà Jin</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tâ.tɕín]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">daai6 gam1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[taj˨ kɐm˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Khitan name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Khitan</th><td class="infobox-data">Nik, Niku</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The progenitors of the Jin and the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen people</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe people</a>, who lived in what is now <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>. The Mohe were a primarily sedentary people who practiced hunting, pig farming, and grew crops such as soybean, wheat, millet, and rice. Horses were rare in the region until the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> period and pastoralism was not widespread until the 10th century under the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Khitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitans">Khitans</a>. The Mohe exported reindeer products and may have ridden them as well. They practiced mass slavery and used the slaves to aid in hunting and agricultural work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley199717_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199717-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tang described the Mohe as a fierce and uncultured people who used poisoned arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley1997124_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley1997124-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two most powerful groups of Mohe were the <a href="/wiki/Heishui_Mohe" title="Heishui Mohe">Heishui Mohe</a> in the north, named after the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Heilong River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sumo_Mohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumo Mohe">Sumo Mohe</a> in the south, named after the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a>. From the Heishui Mohe emerged the Jurchens in the forested mountain areas of eastern Manchuria and Russia's <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley199718–20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199718–20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation that existed to the northeast of modern <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> are also considered to be ancestors of the Jurchens. The Jurchens were mentioned in historical records for the first time in the 10th century as tribute bearers to the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> courts. They practiced hunting, fishing, and kept domestic oxen while their primary export was horses. They had no script, calendar, or offices during the mid-11th century. The Jurchens were minor political actors in the international system at the time. By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Liao dynasty, but they also sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b217–220_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b217–220-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jurchens paid tribute to <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> and sided with the latter during the <a href="/wiki/Khitan%E2%80%93Goryeo_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitan–Goryeo War">Khitan–Goryeo War</a>. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and for material benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 11th century there was widespread discontent against <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> rule among the Jurchens as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire for independence from the Khitans, chief <a href="/wiki/Wugunai" title="Wugunai">Wugunai</a> (1021–1074) of the <a href="/wiki/Wanyan" title="Wanyan">Wanyan</a> clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Changbai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Changbai">Mount Changbai</a> to the Wuguo tribes. According to tradition, Wugunai was a sixth generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hanpu" title="Hanpu">Hanpu</a> while his father held a military title from the Liao court, although the title did not confer or hold any real power. As described, Wugunai was a great warrior, eater, drinker, and lover of women. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Aguda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Aguda">Aguda</a> eventually founded the Jin dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b220_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b220-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wanyan_Aguda">Wanyan Aguda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wanyan Aguda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jin dynasty was created in modern <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> tribal chieftain <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Aguda</a> in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hanpu" title="Hanpu">Hanpu</a>. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua River</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Alechuka</i> (阿勒楚喀) is a transliteration of its Manchu name <i>alchuqa</i> (ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ), suggesting that the Jurchen name for the river sounded more similar to <i>alchuhu</i> rather than <i>anchuhu</i>. It was common for Chinese translators at the time to use the final <i>-n</i> sound at the end of a Chinese character to transliterate <i>-l</i>, <i>-r</i>, <i>-s</i>, <i>-z</i> etc. at the end of a syllable in foreign words. The Jurchens' early rulers were the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, which had held sway over modern <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast</a> China and the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>, for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Conducted_at_Sea" title="Alliance Conducted at Sea">Alliance Conducted at Sea</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">driving the Liao to Central Asia</a>. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a>, they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, then known as Yanjing) to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiN9Tdfdap5MCpgPA39_39]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiN9Tdfdap5MCpgPA39_39]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillman1995a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIdYGiGan4o8CpgPA28_28–]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillman1995a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIdYGiGan4o8CpgPA28_28–]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofchinese00gernpage358_358–]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofchinese00gernpage358_358–]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens <a href="/wiki/Jingkang_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingkang Incident">ransacked</a> the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qinzong_of_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Qinzong of Song">Emperor Qinzong</a> and his father, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a>, who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a> in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai River</a> to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general <a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a> in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.<sup id="cite_ref-Hymes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied northern China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">wuxing</a></i> ('five elements'), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to choose "earth" (signalling the Jin as successor of the Song) was chosen against the alternative suggestion of linking Jin (literally meaning "gold") with the element of metal. This rejected suggestion was based on a nativist current that distanced the Jin from the Song and interpreted the Jin as an autonomous development rooted in Northeast Asia unrelated to the precedents of Chinese dynasties. However, the emperor dismissed the "metal" suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_south">Migration south</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Migration south"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After taking over northern China, the Jin became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Sinicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinicised">sinicised</a>. Over the span of twenty years, the new Jurchen ruling class constituted around half of a larger pattern of migration southward into northern China. There, many Jurchens were granted land, which was then organised around a social structure based on hereditary military units: a <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">mouke</i></span> ('company') was a unit consisting of 300 households, and groups of 7–10 <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">moukes</i></span> were further organised into <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh">meng-an</i></span> ('battalions').<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jurchen ruling class ruled over an estimated 30 million people. Many Jurchens intermarried with Han Chinese, though the ban on Jurchen nobility marrying outside of their ethnicity was only annulled in 1191. </p><p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizong of Jin">Emperor Taizong</a> in 1135, each of the next three emperors were the remaining grandsons of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Aguda</a>, each by a different one of his sons. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xizong of Jin">Emperor Xizong</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions. Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Wanyan Liang</a> the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Historians have consequently referred to him by his <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> "Prince of Hailing".<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellions_in_the_north">Rebellions in the north</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rebellions in the north"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg/170px-Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg/255px-Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg/340px-Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Chengling Pagoda of <a href="/wiki/Zhengding" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengding">Zhengding</a>, Hebei, built between 1161 and 1189.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Having usurped the throne, <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Wanyan Liang</a> embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from <a href="/wiki/Huining_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huining Prefecture">Huining Prefecture</a> (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tao44_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao44-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tao44_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao44-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in <a href="/wiki/Balin_Zuo_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Balin Zuo Qi">Shangjing</a>, at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Wanyan Yong</a>, and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Battle of Caishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Battle of Tangdao</a>. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_(10108025985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_%2810108025985%29.jpg/220px-Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_%2810108025985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_%2810108025985%29.jpg/330px-Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_%2810108025985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_%2810108025985%29.jpg/440px-Jin_Wood_Structure_Model_%2810108025985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Jin wood structure (model).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_(10108797594).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108797594%29.jpg/220px-Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108797594%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108797594%29.jpg/330px-Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108797594%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108797594%29.jpg/440px-Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108797594%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Jin tomb with stage scene.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although crowned in October, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong)</a> was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Xi</a> cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Longxing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Longxing (page does not exist)">Treaty of Longxing</a> was signed in 1164, ushering in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires. </p><p>In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 <i>meng'an</i> units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>, Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen language</a> and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> started to be offered in the Jurchen language.<sup id="cite_ref-tao69_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao69-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Emperor Shizong</a>'s reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers <a href="/wiki/Yao_(ruler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao (ruler)">Yao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shun_(Chinese_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shun (Chinese leader)">Shun</a>. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></i> says that Emperor Shizong took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shizong's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Zhangzong of Jin">Emperor Zhangzong</a> (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taihe_Code_of_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taihe Code of law (page does not exist)">Taihe Code of law</a></i> was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Code" title="Tang Code">Tang Code</a>. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead <a href="/wiki/Han_Tuozhou" title="Han Tuozhou">Han Tuozhou</a>, the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Jin">Fall of Jin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fall of Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Jin_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Jin China">Mongol conquest of Jin China</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234) is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Jin dynasty (1115–1234) is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29.png/300px-Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29.png/450px-Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29.png/600px-Map_of_the_Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; 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left:205px; top:164px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MALAYU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x125" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YADAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x75" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">JIN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XI XIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x100" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x135" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAGAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x120" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DALI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_2x100" style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AYYUBID<br />SULTANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x73" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:73px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SULTANATE<br />OF RUM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Jin dynasty (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#87cefa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#87CEFA;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) and main contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1205</span></div></div></div></div> <p>Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> first led the Mongols into <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a> (see also the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yehuling" title="Battle of Yehuling">Battle of Yehuling</a>). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", <a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Jin">Emperor Xuanzong</a> abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power. </p><p>In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> where <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Wanyan Liang</a> had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Aizong of Jin">Emperor Aizong</a> won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tanguts</a> of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols. </p><p>The Jurchen Jin emperor <a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Yongji" title="Wanyan Yongji">Wanyan Yongji</a>'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in exchange for relieving the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhongdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zhongdu">Mongol siege of Zhongdu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg/440px-%E6%96%87%E5%A7%AC%E6%AD%B8%E6%BC%A2%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption><i>Cai Wenji returning to Han</i>, Jin dynasty painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Tianze" title="Shi Tianze">Shi Tianze</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Heima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Heima (page does not exist)">Liu Heima</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%BB%91%E9%A6%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:劉黑馬">zh</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Khitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Zhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Zhala (page does not exist)">Xiao Zhala</a> defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were four Han <a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">tumens</a> and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimo_Beidi%27er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shimo Beidi'er (page does not exist)">Shimo Beidi'er</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabuyir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabuyir (page does not exist)">Tabuyir</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Zhongxi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Zhongxi (page does not exist)">Xiao Zhongxi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E9%87%8D%E5%96%9C" class="extiw" title="zh:蕭重喜">zh</a>]</span> (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Rou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Rou (page does not exist)">Zhang Rou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%9F%94" class="extiw" title="zh:張柔">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yan_Shi_(Jin_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yan Shi (Jin dynasty) (page does not exist)">Yan Shi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%AF%A6" class="extiw" title="zh:嚴實">zh</a>]</span>, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="these are websites of dubious quality – scholarly reference books should be used here to back up the statements (December 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Bingzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Bingzhi (page does not exist)">Shi Bingzhi</a>. Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-ed._de_Rachewiltz_1993_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed._de_Rachewiltz_1993-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives.<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmopolitanism_and_the_Middle_Ages_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmopolitanism_and_the_Middle_Ages-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi.<sup id="cite_ref-ed._de_Rachewiltz_1993_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed._de_Rachewiltz_1993-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraite</a> woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Cosmopolitanism_and_the_Middle_Ages_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cosmopolitanism_and_the_Middle_Ages-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">新附軍</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a>. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_siege_of_Kaifeng" title="Mongol siege of Kaifeng">Mongols besieged Kaifeng</a> in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of <a href="/wiki/Runan_County" title="Runan County">Caizhou</a>. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Mongols besieged Caizhou</a>, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a></div> <p>The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265–266_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265–266-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The <i>Shuo Fu</i> (<span lang="zh">說郛</span>) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b266_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b266-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> and the Liao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b270_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b270-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b267_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b267-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jin court maintained a clear separation between the sedentary population who had lived under Liao rule, and the sedentary population who formerly lived under Northern Song rule but had never been under Liao rule. The former they referred to as <i>hanren</i> or <i>yanren</i> while the latter they referred to as <i>nanren</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet <a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101) rather than on <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a>'s (1130–1200) scholarship that constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillman1995b[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap,_">&#91,_<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32,_(June_2020)">page_needed</span>]]</i>&#93,_</sup>_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillman1995b[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap,_">&#91,_<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32,_(June_2020)">page_needed</span>]]</i>&#93,_</sup>-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance a bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kin_Dynasty_(1115-1234)_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple,_Shuo-chou_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kin_Dynasty_%281115-1234%29_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple%2C_Shuo-chou_1.jpg/220px-Kin_Dynasty_%281115-1234%29_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple%2C_Shuo-chou_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kin_Dynasty_%281115-1234%29_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple%2C_Shuo-chou_1.jpg/330px-Kin_Dynasty_%281115-1234%29_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple%2C_Shuo-chou_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kin_Dynasty_%281115-1234%29_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple%2C_Shuo-chou_1.jpg/440px-Kin_Dynasty_%281115-1234%29_fresco_in_Ch%27ung-fu_Temple%2C_Shuo-chou_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Jin dynasty <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> from Chongfu Temple (<span lang="zh">崇福寺</span>), <a href="/wiki/Shuozhou" title="Shuozhou">Shuozhou</a>, Shanxi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taoism">Taoism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit-section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-copy-edit-section" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/24px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/48px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a></b>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A significant branch of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen School</a> was founded under the Jin Dynasty by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhe">Wang Zhe</a> (1113–1170), founder of formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. He took the nickname of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a> (Wang "Double Yang") and his disciples were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The <a href="/wiki/Ci_(poetry)" title="Ci (poetry)"><i>ci</i> poetry</a> that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen: two-thirds of the <i>ci</i> poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg/220px-Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg/330px-Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg/440px-Jade_ornament_grapes_jin_dynasty_shanghai_museum_2004_07_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a> ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Museum" title="Shanghai Museum">Shanghai Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_gold_plates.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jin_gold_plates.JPG/220px-Jin_gold_plates.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jin_gold_plates.JPG/330px-Jin_gold_plates.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jin_gold_plates.JPG/440px-Jin_gold_plates.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Chinese gold plates and a chalice from the Jin Dynasty's Zhongdu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_(10108606933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108606933%29.jpg/220px-Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108606933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108606933%29.jpg/330px-Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108606933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108606933%29.jpg/440px-Jin_Tomb_with_Stage_Scene_%2810108606933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Jin tomb with stage scene.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jin state sponsored an edition of the <a href="/wiki/Taoist_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist Canon">Taoist Canon</a> that is known as the <i>Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin</i> (<i>Da Jin Xuandu baozang</i> 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a> (r. 1100–1125) of the Song, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhangzong">Emperor Zhangzong</a> (r. 1190–1208).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Shizong</a> (r. 1161–1189) ordered for the Song Canon woodblocks to be transferred from the Jin southern capital Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital) to the central capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" (<i>Tianchang guan</i> 天長觀), on the site of what is now the <a href="/wiki/White_Cloud_Temple" title="White Cloud Temple">White Cloud Temple</a> in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the central capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao (孫明道) and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" that yielded 1,074 <a href="/wiki/Fascicle_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascicle (book)">fascicles</a> of text that had not been included in the Huizong edition of the Canon and also securing donations to fund the new printing, Sun Mingdao proceeded to have the new woodblocks cut in 1192.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291–92_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291–92-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite records that the Jin emperors offered copies of the <i>Canon</i> as gifts, not a single fragment of it is known to have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Canon">Buddhist Canon</a> or "Tripitaka" was also produced in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174Goossaert2008916_(both_Buddhist_Canon_and_Daoist_Canon_printed_in_Shanxi)_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995174Goossaert2008916_(both_Buddhist_Canon_and_Daoist_Canon_printed_in_Shanxi)-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995174-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhism thrived during the Jin period, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995173_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995173-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> were also carved on stone tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995175_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995175-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The donors who funded such <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscriptions</a> included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995175_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995175-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sutras have only survived from these carvings and thus they are important in the study of Chinese Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995175_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995175-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Emperor Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when the wars were over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995161_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995161-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and again one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995161_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995161-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors <a href="/wiki/Prince_Shao_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Shao of Wei">Weishao</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>1209–1213) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Jin">Xuanzong</a> (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995161–62_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995161–62-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty" title="Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty">Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_emperors">List of emperors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sovereigns of the Jin dynasty 1115–1234 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a><sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Jurchen name </th> <th>Chinese name </th> <th>Years of reign </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> and years </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizu of Jin">Taizu</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">太祖</span>) </td> <td>Wuyuan (<span lang="zh-Hant">武元</span>) </td> <td>Aguda (<span lang="zh-Hant">阿骨打</span>) </td> <td>Min (<span lang="zh-Hant">旻</span>) </td> <td>1115–1123 </td> <td>Shouguo (<span lang="zh-Hant">收國</span>; 1115–1116)<br />Tianfu (<span lang="zh-Hant">天輔</span>; 1117–1123) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizong of Jin">Taizong</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">太宗</span>) </td> <td>Wenlie (<span lang="zh-Hant">文烈</span>) </td> <td>Wuqimai (<span lang="zh-Hant">吳乞買</span>) </td> <td>Sheng (<span lang="zh-Hant">晟</span>) </td> <td>1123–1135 </td> <td>Tianhui (<span lang="zh-Hant">天會</span>; 1123–1135) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xizong of Jin">Xizong</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">熙宗</span>) </td> <td>Xiaocheng (<span lang="zh-Hant">孝成</span>) </td> <td>Hela (<span lang="zh-Hant">合剌</span>) </td> <td>Dan (<span lang="zh-Hant">亶</span>) </td> <td>1135–1149 </td> <td>Tianhui (<span lang="zh-Hant">天會</span>; 1135–1138)<br />Tianjuan (<span lang="zh-Hant">天眷</span>; 1138–1141)<br />Huangtong (<span lang="zh-Hant">皇統</span>; 1141–1149) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td>Digunai (<span lang="zh-Hant">迪古乃</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Liang</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">亮</span>) </td> <td>1149–1161 </td> <td>Tiande (<span lang="zh-Hant">天德</span>, 1149–1153)<br />Zhenyuan (<span lang="zh-Hant">貞元</span>; 1153–1156)<br />Zhenglong (<span lang="zh-Hant">正隆</span>; 1156–1161) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Shizong</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">世宗</span>) </td> <td>Renxiao (<span lang="zh-Hant">仁孝</span>) </td> <td>Wulu (<span lang="zh-Hant">烏祿</span>) </td> <td>Yong (<span lang="zh-Hant">雍</span>) </td> <td>1161–1189 </td> <td>Dading (<span lang="zh-Hant">大定</span>; 1161–1189) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Zhangzong of Jin">Zhangzong</a><br />章宗 </td> <td>Guangxiao (<span lang="zh-Hant">光孝</span>) </td> <td>Madage (<span lang="zh-Hant">麻達葛</span>) </td> <td>Jing (<span lang="zh-Hant">璟</span>) </td> <td>1189–1208 </td> <td>Mingchang (<span lang="zh-Hant">明昌</span>; 1190–1196) <br />Cheng'an (<span lang="zh-Hant">承安</span>; 1196–1200) <br />Taihe (<span lang="zh-Hant">泰和</span>; 1200–1208) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>Unknown</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Yongji" title="Wanyan Yongji">Yongji</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">永濟</span>) </td> <td>1208–1213 </td> <td>Da'an (<span lang="zh-Hant">大安</span>; 1209–1212)<br />Chongqing (<span lang="zh-Hant">崇慶</span>; 1212–1213)<br />Zhining (<span lang="zh-Hant">至寧</span>; 1213) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Jin">Xuanzong</a><br />宣宗 </td> <td>Shengxiao (<span lang="zh-Hant">聖孝</span>) </td> <td>Wudubu (<span lang="zh-Hant">吾睹補</span>) </td> <td>Xun (<span lang="zh-Hant">珣</span>) </td> <td>1213–1224 </td> <td>Zhenyou (<span lang="zh-Hant">貞祐</span>; 1213–1217)<br />Xingding (<span lang="zh-Hant">興定</span>; 1217–1222) <br />Yuanguang (<span lang="zh-Hant">元光</span>; 1222–1224) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Aizong of Jin">Aizong</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">哀宗</span>, official)<br />Zhuangzong (<span lang="zh-Hant">莊宗</span>, unofficial)<br />Minzong (<span lang="zh-Hant">閔宗</span>, unofficial)<br />Yizong (<span lang="zh-Hant">義宗</span>, unofficial) </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>Ningjiasu (<span lang="zh-Hant">寧甲速</span>) </td> <td>Shouxu (<span lang="zh-Hant">守緒</span>) </td> <td>1224–1234 </td> <td>Zhengda (<span lang="zh-Hant">正大</span>; 1224–1232)<br />Kaixing (<span lang="zh-Hant">開興</span>; 1232)<br />Tianxing (<span lang="zh-Hant">天興</span>; 1232–1234) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>Hudun (<span lang="zh-Hant">呼敦</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Jin" title="Emperor Mo of Jin">Chenglin</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">承麟</span>) </td> <td>1234 </td> <td>Shengchang (<span lang="zh-Hant">盛昌</span>; 1234) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">1: For full posthumous names, see the articles for individual emperors. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperors_family_tree">Emperors family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emperors family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Emperors family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 112%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Hanpu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Hanpu">Wanyan Hanpu</a> 函普<br />Shizu 始祖</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Wulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Wulu">Wanyan Wulu</a> 乌鲁<br />Dedi 德皇帝</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Bahai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Bahai">Wanyan Bahai</a> 完颜跋海<br />Andi 安皇帝</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Suike" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Suike">Wanyan Suike</a> 綏可<br />Xianzu 獻祖</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Shilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Shilu">Wanyan Shilu</a> 完颜石鲁<br />Zhaozu 昭祖</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Wugunai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Wugunai">Wanyan Wugunai</a> 完颜乌骨迺</small><br />Jingzu 景祖<br />~1050–<b>1021–1074</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Helibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Helibo">Wanyan Helibo</a> 完颜劾里钵 </small><br />Shizu 世祖<br />1039–<b>1074–1092</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Polashu 完顏頗刺淑 </small><br />Suzong 肅宗<br />1042–<b>1092–1094</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Yingge 完颜盈歌</small><br />Muzong 穆宗<br />1053–<b>1094–1103</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Wanyan Hezhe<br />完顏劾者<br />d.1121</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Wuyashu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Wuyashu">Wanyan Wuyashu</a> 完顏烏雅束 </small><br />Kangzong 康宗<br />1061–<b>1103–1113</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Aguda 完颜阿骨打</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Aguda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Aguda">Taizu</a> 太祖</b><br />1068-<b>(born 1113)1115–1123</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Wuqimai 完顏吳乞買</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Taizong of Jin">Taizong</a> 太宗</b><br />1075–<b>1123–1135</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">□</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Wanyan Sagai<br />完顏撒改</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d.1124</small><br />Huizong 徽宗</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Zonggan 完颜宗干 d.1141</small><br />Dezong 德宗</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Zongfu 完顏宗辅 1096–1135</small><br />Ruizong 睿宗</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Nianhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan Nianhan">Wanyan Nianhan</a><br />完颜粘罕<br />1080–1136</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Hela 完顏合剌</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xizong of Jin">Xizong</a> 熙宗</b><br />1119–<b>1135–1149</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Liang 完顏亮</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Liang" title="Wanyan Liang">Prince of Hailing</a> 海陵王</b><br />1122–<b>1149–1161</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Yong 完顏雍</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Shizong</a> 世宗</b><br />1123–<b>1161–1189</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Yungong 完顏允恭<br /> 1146–1185</small><br />Xianzong 顯宗</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Yongji 完顏永濟</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_Yongji" title="Wanyan Yongji">Prince Shao of Wei</a> 衛紹王</b><br />1168–<b>1209–1213</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Jing 完顏璟</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhangzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Zhangzong of Jin">Zhangzong</a> 章宗</b><br />1168–<b>1190–1208</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Xun 完顏珣</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Jin">Xuanzong</a> 宣宗</b><br />1163–<b>1213–1223</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width: 2px;"><small>Wanyan Shouxu 完顏守緒 1234</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Aizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Aizong of Jin">Aizong</a> 哀宗</b><br />1198–<b>1224–1234</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><small>Wanyan Chenglin 完顏承麟 </small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Mo_of_Jin" title="Emperor Mo of Jin">Mo</a> 末帝</b><br />r.<b>1234</b>; d.1234</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Xia" title="Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Jurchen Jin emperors family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean%E2%80%93Jurchen_border_conflicts" title="Korean–Jurchen border conflicts">Korean–Jurchen border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars">Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <b>Jin Empire</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">金國</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jīn guó</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_language" title="Jurchen language">Jurchen</a>: <span title="Jurchen-language romanization"><i lang="juc-Latn">Anchun Gurun</i></span> or <span title="Jurchen-language romanization"><i lang="juc-Latn">Alchun Gurun</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In English, its name is sometimes written as "Kin", "Jinn", or "Chin"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b215–320_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b215–320-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to differentiate it from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>, whose name is written identically in pinyin without tone marks.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbank199440-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettFairbank199440_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1994">Twitchett & Fairbank 1994</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/jin">"Jin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation cs2">Grousset, René (1970), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>A History of Central Asia</i></a></span> (Repr. ed.), Rutgers University Press, p. 136, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b215–320-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b215–320_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, pp. 215–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Grousset1970" class="citation cs2">René Grousset (1970), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>A History of Central Asia</i></a></span> (reprint, illustrated ed.), Rutgers University Press, p. 136, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Grousset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao20067-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao20067_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2006">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao20066-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao20066_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2006">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao200624-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao200624_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2006">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorelova200213–14_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorelova2002">Gorelova 2002</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199717-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley199717_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossley1997">Crossley 1997</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley1997124-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley1997124_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossley1997">Crossley 1997</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley199718–20-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossley199718–20_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossley1997">Crossley 1997</a>, p. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b217–220-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b217–220_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 217–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuker2010220–221_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreuker2010">Breuker 2010</a>, pp. 220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b220-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b220_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b221_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiN9Tdfdap5MCpgPA39_39]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiN9Tdfdap5MCpgPA39_39]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994a">Franke 1994a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA39">39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillman1995a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIdYGiGan4o8CpgPA28_28–]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillman1995a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidIdYGiGan4o8CpgPA28_28–]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillman1995a">Tillman 1995a</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdYGiGan4o8C&pg=PA28">28–</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2012" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Mark (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/critical_han_studies_ch8_elliott.pdf">"8. Hushuo The Northern Other and the Naming of the Han Chinese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Mullaney, Tomhas S.; Leibold, James; Gros, Stéphane; Bussche, Eric Vanden (eds.), <i>Critical Han Studies The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority</i>, University of California Press, p. 186</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+Hushuo+The+Northern+Other+and+the+Naming+of+the+Han+Chinese&rft.btitle=Critical+Han+Studies+The+History%2C+Representation%2C+and+Identity+of+China%27s+Majority&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Felliott%2Ffiles%2Fcritical_han_studies_ch8_elliott.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernet1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofchinese00gernpage358_358–]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernet1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofchinese00gernpage358_358–]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGernet1996">Gernet 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/358">358–</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2018" class="citation cs2">Chen, Yuan Julian (2018), "Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century", <i>Journal of Chinese History</i>, <b>2</b> (2): 313–334, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2018.7">10.1017/jch.2018.7</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Frontier%2C+Fortification%2C+and+Forestation%3A+Defensive+Woodland+on+the+Song%E2%80%93Liao+Border+in+the+Long+Eleventh+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-334&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2018.7&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hymes_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymes2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hymes" title="Robert Hymes">Hymes, Robert</a> (2000), John Stewart Bowman (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john"><i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i></a></span>, Columbia University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/34">34</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11004-4"><bdi>978-0-231-11004-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11004-4&rft.aulast=Hymes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2014" class="citation cs2">Chen, Yuan Julian (2014), "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China", <i>Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</i>, <b>44</b> (1): 325–364, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000">10.1353/sys.2014.0000</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=Legitimation+Discourse+and+the+Theory+of+the+Five+Elements+in+Imperial+China&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=325-364&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHok-lam_Chan1984" class="citation book cs1">Hok-lam Chan (1984). <i>Legitimation in Imperial China: Discussions Under The Jurchen-Chin Dynasty</i>. 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Springer. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitanism+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2010" class="citation book cs1">Watt, James C. Y. (2010). <i>The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Khubilai+Khan%3A+Chinese+Art+in+the+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James+C.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Hok-Lam (1997). "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>7</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 257–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300008877">10.1017/S1356186300008877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161851226">161851226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=A+Recipe+to+Qubilai+Qa%27an+on+Governance%3A+The+Case+of+Chang+Te-hui+and+Li+Chih&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-283&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186300008877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161851226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Hok-Lam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker1985" class="citation book cs1">Hucker, Charles O. (1985). <i>A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Official+Titles+in+Imperial+China&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hucker&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265–266-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b265–266_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, pp. 265–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b266-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b266_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b270-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b270_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b267-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranke1994b267_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranke1994b">Franke 1994b</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Mullaney,_James_Patrick_Leibold,_Stéphane_Gros,_Eric_Armand_Vanden_Bussche2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Mullaney, James Patrick Leibold, Stéphane Gros, Eric Armand Vanden Bussche (2012). <i>Critical Han Studies</i>. University of California Press. pp. 186–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520289758" title="Special:BookSources/9780520289758"><bdi>9780520289758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Han+Studies&rft.pages=186-187&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780520289758&rft.au=Thomas+Mullaney%2C+James+Patrick+Leibold%2C+St%C3%A9phane+Gros%2C+Eric+Armand+Vanden+Bussche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillman1995b[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap,_">&#91,_<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32,_(June_2020)">page_needed</span>]]</i>&#93,_</sup>-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillman1995b[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap,_">&#91,_<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32,_(June_2020)">page_needed</span>]]</i>&#93,_</sup>_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillman1995b">Tillman 1995b</a>, pp. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap,">&#91, <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears.&#32, (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>&#93, </sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonOlin2003" class="citation cs2">Nelson, Robert S.; Olin, Margaret (2003), <i>Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade</i>, University of Chicago Press, p. 119, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57158-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-57158-4"><bdi>978-0-226-57158-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+and+Memory%2C+Made+and+Unmade&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-57158-4&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Olin%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2021" class="citation cs2">Lincoln, Toby (2021), <i>An Urban History of China</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19642-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19642-1"><bdi>978-1-107-19642-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Urban+History+of+China&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19642-1&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz2008">Boltz 2008</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291–92-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008291–92_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz2008">Boltz 2008</a>, pp. 291–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz2008292_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz2008">Boltz 2008</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995174Goossaert2008916_(both_Buddhist_Canon_and_Daoist_Canon_printed_in_Shanxi)-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174Goossaert2008916_(both_Buddhist_Canon_and_Daoist_Canon_printed_in_Shanxi)_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1995">Yao 1995</a>, p. 174; <a href="#CITEREFGoossaert2008">Goossaert 2008</a>, p. 916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Canon printed in Shanxi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995174-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995174_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1995">Yao 1995</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995173-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995173_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1995">Yao 1995</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995175-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995175_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995175_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995175_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1995">Yao 1995</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995161-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995161_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995161_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1995">Yao 1995</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYao1995161–62-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYao1995161–62_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYao1995">Yao 1995</a>, pp. 161–62.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltz2008" class="citation cs2">Boltz, Judith (2008), "<i>Da Jin Xuandu baozang</i> 大金玄嘟寶藏", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.), <i>The Encyclopedia of Taoism</i>, London: Routledge, pp. 291–292, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1200-7"><bdi>978-0-7007-1200-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Da+Jin+Xuandu+baozang+%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%91%E7%8E%84%E5%98%9F%E5%AF%B6%E8%97%8F&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Taoism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=291-292&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1200-7&rft.aulast=Boltz&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuker2010" class="citation cs2">Breuker, Remco E. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC"><i>Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty</i></a>, Korean Studies Library, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC&dq=jurchen+sedentary&pg=PA221">220</a>-221, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-18325-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-18325-4"><bdi>978-9-004-18325-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+a+Pluralist+Society+in+Medieval+Korea%2C+918-1170%3A+History%2C+Ideology+and+Identity+in+the+Kory%C5%8F+Dynasty&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Korean+Studies+Library&rft.pages=220-221&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-004-18325-4&rft.aulast=Breuker&rft.aufirst=Remco+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZx0VvujPqcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley1997" class="citation cs2">Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002) [1997], <i>The Manchus</i>, Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23591-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23591-0"><bdi>978-0-631-23591-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23591-0&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span>}</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1994" class="citation cs2">Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC"><i>The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368</i></a>, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States+907%E2%80%931368&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFFranke1994a" class="citation">Franke, Herbert (1994a). Introduction. In <a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1994">Twitchett & Fairbank (1994)</a>, pp. 1–42.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFFranke1994b" class="citation">Franke, Herbert (1994b). "The Chin dynasty". In <a href="#CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1994">Twitchett & Fairbank (1994)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation cs2">Gernet, Jacques (1996), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern"><i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i></a></span> (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoossaert2008" class="citation cs2">Goossaert, Vincent (2008), "Song Defang 宋德方", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.), <i>The Encyclopedia of Taoism</i>, London: Routledge, pp. 915–16, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71200-7"><bdi>978-0-700-71200-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Song+Defang+%E5%AE%8B%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%B9&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Taoism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=915-16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-700-71200-7&rft.aulast=Goossaert&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelova2002" class="citation cs2">Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Manchu Grammar, Part 8</i></a>, Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 7, Brill, pp. 13–14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-004-12307-5" title="Special:BookSources/9-004-12307-5"><bdi>9-004-12307-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchu+Grammar%2C+Part+8&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9-004-12307-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHwPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTao1976" class="citation cs2">Tao, Jing-shen (1976), <i>The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China</i>, University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-95514-8"><bdi>978-0-295-95514-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jurchen+in+Twelfth-Century+China&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-295-95514-8&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Jing-shen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillmanWest1995" class="citation cs2">Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H., eds. (1995), <i>China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History</i>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-42273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-42273-1"><bdi>978-0-791-42273-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Under+Jurchen+Rule%3A+Essays+on+Chin+Intellectual+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-791-42273-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTillman1995a" class="citation">Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995a). "An Overview of Chin History and Institutions". In <a href="#CITEREFTillmanWest1995">Tillman & West (1995)</a>, pp. 23–38.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTillman1995b" class="citation">Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995b). "Confucianism under the Chin and the Impact of Sung Confucian Tao-hsüeh". In <a href="#CITEREFTillmanWest1995">Tillman & West (1995)</a>, pp. 71–114.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFYao1995" class="citation">Yao, Tao-chung. "Buddhism and Taoism under the Chin". In <a href="#CITEREFTillmanWest1995">Tillman & West (1995)</a>, pp. 145–180.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2006" class="citation cs2">Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century", <i>Modern China</i>, <b>32</b> (1): 3–30, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349">10.1177/0097700405282349</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062627">20062627</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144587815">144587815</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Reinventing+China%3A+Imperial+Qing+Ideology+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Chinese+National+Identity+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144587815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20062627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700405282349&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranke1971" class="citation cs2">Franke, Herbert (1971), "Chin Dynastic History Project", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies" title="Journal of Song-Yuan Studies">Sung Studies Newsletter</a></i>, <b>3</b> (3): 36–37, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23497078">23497078</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sung+Studies+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Chin+Dynastic+History+Project&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23497078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Franke&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2011" class="citation cs2">Schneider, Julia (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2045182">"The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies" title="Journal of Song-Yuan Studies">Journal of Song-Yuan Studies</a></i>, <b>41</b> (41): 343–404, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2011.0030">10.1353/sys.2011.0030</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-2045182">1854/LU-2045182</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496214">23496214</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162237648">162237648</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Jin+Revisited%3A+New+Assessment+of+Jurchen+Emperors&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=343-404&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-2045182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162237648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23496214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2011.0030&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F2045182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJin+dynasty+%281115%E2%80%931234%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jin_Dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties in Chinese history</a> </b><br />1115–1234 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)_topics" title="Template:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)_topics" title="Template talk:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jin_dynasty_(1115–1234)_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Conducted_at_Sea" title="Alliance Conducted at Sea">Alliance Conducted at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huangtiandang" title="Battle of Huangtiandang">Huangtiandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yancheng" title="Battle of Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Tangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Caishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1194_Yellow_River_flood" title="1194 Yellow River flood">1194 Yellow River flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yehuling" title="Battle of Yehuling">Yehuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dachangyuan" title="Battle of Dachangyuan">Dachangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daohuigu" title="Battle of Daohuigu">Daohuigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanfengshan" title="Battle of Sanfengshan">Sanfengshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_siege_of_Kaifeng" title="Mongol siege of Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Caizhou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanyan_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanyan clan">Wanyan clan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huining_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Huining Prefecture">Huining Prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongdu" title="Zhongdu">Zhongdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanqing_Temple" title="Yanqing Temple">Yanqing Temple</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhaocheng_Jin_Tripitaka" title="Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka">Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jin" title="History of Jin">History of Jin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great 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