CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ventricular septal defect - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"53c11a8d-33ee-40f6-9248-c6fc6959ae9d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ventricular_septal_defect","wgTitle":"Ventricular septal defect","wgCurRevisionId":1234807470,"wgRevisionId":1234807470,"wgArticleId":869004,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021","Congenital heart defects"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ventricular_septal_defect","wgRelevantArticleId":869004,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q838139","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Vsd_simple-lg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1485"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Vsd_simple-lg.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="990"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="792"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ventricular septal defect - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ventricular_septal_defect rootpage-Ventricular_septal_defect skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ventricular+septal+defect" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ventricular+septal+defect" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ventricular+septal+defect" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ventricular+septal+defect" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Multiple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Type 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Type 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Type 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Type 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type:_Gerbode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type:_Gerbode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Type: Gerbode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type:_Gerbode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transcatheter_closure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcatheter_closure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transcatheter closure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcatheter_closure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_people_who_had_ventricular_septal_defect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_people_who_had_ventricular_septal_defect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Famous people who had ventricular septal defect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_people_who_had_ventricular_septal_defect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventricular septal defect</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="عيب الحاجز البطيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيب الحاجز البطيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99cikl%C9%99raras%C4%B1_%C3%A7%C9%99p%C9%99rin_q%C3%BCsuru" title="Mədəciklərarası çəpərin qüsuru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəciklərarası çəpərin qüsuru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3_interventricular" title="Comunicació interventricular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunicació interventricular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikelseptumdefekt" title="Ventrikelseptumdefekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ventrikelseptumdefekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsakestevaheseina_defekt" title="Vatsakestevaheseina defekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vatsakestevaheseina defekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_interventricular" title="Comunicación interventricular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunicación interventricular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نقص دیواره بین‌بطنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقص دیواره بین‌بطنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_interventriculaire" title="Communication interventriculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication interventriculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EC%8B%A4%EC%A4%91%EA%B2%A9%EA%B2%B0%EC%86%90" title="심실중격결손 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심실중격결손" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Միջփորոքային միջնապատի արատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջփորոքային միջնապատի արատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defek_septum_ventrikel" title="Defek septum ventrikel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Defek septum ventrikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difetto_interventricolare" title="Difetto interventricolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Difetto interventricolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פגם במחיצה הבין-חדרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פגם במחיצה הבין-חדרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Қарыншааралық перде ақауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қарыншааралық перде ақауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="व्हेंट्रीक्युलर सेप्टल डिफेक्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हेंट्रीक्युलर सेप्टल डिफेक्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikelseptumdefect" title="Ventrikelseptumdefect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ventrikelseptumdefect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%A4%E4%B8%AD%E9%9A%94%E6%AC%A0%E6%90%8D" title="心室中隔欠損 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心室中隔欠損" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikkelseptumdefekt" title="Ventrikkelseptumdefekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ventrikkelseptumdefekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF" title="ନିଳୟ ପଟଳ ତ୍ରୁଟି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିଳୟ ପଟଳ ତ୍ରୁଟି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubytek_przegrody_mi%C4%99dzykomorowej" title="Ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_interventricular" title="Comunicação interventricular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunicação interventricular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Дефект межжелудочковой перегородки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дефект межжелудочковой перегородки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Коморски дефект септума – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коморски дефект септума" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammiov%C3%A4lisein%C3%A4aukko" title="Kammioväliseinäaukko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kammioväliseinäaukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ความบกพร่องของผนังกั้นหัวใจห้องล่าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความบกพร่องของผนังกั้นหัวใจห้องล่าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrik%C3%BCler_septal_defekt" title="Ventriküler septal defekt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ventriküler septal defekt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Вентрикулосептальний дефект – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вентрикулосептальний дефект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B2" title="بطینی نقص حاجز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بطینی نقص حاجز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4ng_li%C3%AAn_th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Thông liên thất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thông liên thất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%94%E7%BC%BA%E6%8D%9F" title="室间隔缺损 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="室间隔缺损" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q838139#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ventricular_septal_defect" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ventricular_septal_defect" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&oldid=1234807470" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ventricular_septal_defect&id=1234807470&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVentricular_septal_defect"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVentricular_septal_defect"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ventricular_septal_defect" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q838139" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Ventricular septal defect</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsd_simple-lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vsd_simple-lg.jpg/250px-Vsd_simple-lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vsd_simple-lg.jpg/375px-Vsd_simple-lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vsd_simple-lg.jpg/500px-Vsd_simple-lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="657" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Illustration showing various forms of ventricular septal defects.<br /><b>1.</b> Conoventricular, malaligned<br /><b>2.</b> Perimembranous<br /><b>3.</b> Inlet<br /><b>4.</b> Muscular</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Heart sounds of a ventricular septal defect in a 14-year-old girl.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ventricular septal defect</b> (<b>VSD</b>) is a defect in the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular septum">ventricular septum</a>, the wall dividing the left and right <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. The extent of the opening may vary from pin size to complete absence of the ventricular septum, creating one common ventricle. The ventricular septum consists of an inferior muscular and superior membranous portion and is extensively innervated with conducting <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiomyocyte">cardiomyocytes</a>. </p><p>The membranous portion, which is close to the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_node" title="Atrioventricular node">atrioventricular node</a>, is most commonly affected in adults and older children in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the type that will most commonly require surgical intervention, comprising over 80% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Membranous ventricular septal defects are more common than muscular ventricular septal defects, and are the most common congenital cardiac anomaly.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ventricular septal defect is usually symptomless at birth. It usually manifests a few weeks after birth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>VSD is an acyanotic congenital heart defect, aka a left-to-right shunt, so there are no signs of <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a> in the early stage. However, uncorrected VSD can increase pulmonary resistance leading to the reversal of the shunt and corresponding cyanosis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Pansystolic (Holosystolic) murmur along lower left sternal border (depending upon the size of the defect) +/- palpable thrill (palpable turbulence of blood flow). Heart sounds are normal. Larger VSDs may cause a parasternal heave, a displaced apex beat (the palpable heartbeat moves laterally over time, as the heart enlarges). An infant with a large VSD will fail to thrive and become sweaty and tachypnoeic (breathe faster) with feeds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The restrictive ventricular septal defects (smaller defects) are associated with a louder murmur and more palpable thrill (grade IV murmur). Larger defects may eventually be associated with pulmonary hypertension due to the increased blood flow. Over time this may lead to an <a href="/wiki/Eisenmenger%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenmenger's syndrome">Eisenmenger's syndrome</a> the original VSD operating with a left-to-right shunt, now becomes a right-to-left shunt because of the increased pressures in the pulmonary vascular bed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congenital VSDs are frequently associated with other congenital conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congenital heart disease, particularly VSDs, is the number one cause of death for children with Down syndrome ages birth to two. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A VSD can also form a few days after a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (heart attack) due to mechanical tearing of the <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septal</a> wall, before <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_scarring" title="Myocardial scarring">scar tissue</a> forms, when <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> start remodeling the dead heart tissue. </p><p>A congenital VSD can result from a disturbance in the morphogenesis of the heart in its embryonic stages. In the fifth week of gestation, the heart undergoes multiple processes of septation and forming a dextral loop. Interfering with the latter leads to insufficient leftward movement of the <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_outflow_tract" title="Ventricular outflow tract">ventricular outflow tract</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_canal" title="Atrioventricular canal">atrioventricular canal</a>, which in turn can result in a VSD or, in the most extreme cases, a <a href="/wiki/Double_outlet_right_ventricle" title="Double outlet right ventricle">double outlet right ventricle</a> with one.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ventricular septal defect arises when the superior part of the interventricular septum, which separates the right and left ventricles of the heart, fails to fully develop. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen, while the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body to provide oxygen to tissues. A ventricular septal defect results in the mixing of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood, increasing strain on the heart and lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During ventricular contraction, or systole, some of the blood from the left ventricle leaks into the right ventricle, passes through the lungs and reenters the left ventricle via the pulmonary veins and left atrium. This has two net effects. First, the circuitous refluxing of blood causes <a href="/wiki/Volume_overload" title="Volume overload">volume overload</a> on the left ventricle. Second, because the left ventricle normally has a much higher systolic pressure (~120 mmHg) than the right ventricle (~20 mmHg), the leakage of blood into the right ventricle therefore elevates right ventricular pressure and volume, causing <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a> with its associated symptoms. </p><p>In serious cases, the pulmonary arterial pressure can reach levels that equal the systemic pressure. This reverses the left to right shunt, so that blood then flows from the right ventricle into the left ventricle, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, as blood is by-passing the lungs for oxygenation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This effect is more noticeable in patients with larger defects, who may present with breathlessness, poor feeding and failure to thrive in infancy. Patients with smaller defects may be asymptomatic. Four different septal defects exist, with perimembranous most common, outlet, atrioventricular, and muscular less commonly.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg/220px-Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg/330px-Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg/440px-Ventricular_Septal_Defect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiographic image</a> of a moderate ventricular septal defect in the mid-muscular part of the septum. The trace in the lower left shows the flow during one complete <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">cardiac cycle</a> and the red mark the time in the cardiac cycle that the image was captured. Colours are used to represent the velocity of the blood. Flow is from the <a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> (right on image) to the <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> (left on image). The size and position is typical for a VSD in the newborn period.</figcaption></figure> <p>A VSD can be detected by <a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">cardiac auscultation</a>. Classically, a VSD causes a pathognomonic holo- or <a href="/wiki/Heart_murmur" title="Heart murmur">pansystolic murmur</a>. Auscultation is generally considered sufficient for detecting a significant VSD. The murmur depends on the abnormal flow of blood from the left ventricle, through the VSD, to the right ventricle. If there is not much difference in pressure between the left and right ventricles, then the flow of blood through the VSD will not be very great and the VSD may be silent. This situation occurs a) in the fetus (when the right and left ventricular pressures are essentially equal), b) for a short time after birth (before the right ventricular pressure has decreased), and c) as a late complication of unrepaired VSD. Confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_auscultation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac auscultation">cardiac auscultation</a> can be obtained by non-invasive cardiac <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound</a> (<a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiography</a>). To more accurately measure ventricular pressures, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">cardiac catheterization</a>, can be performed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are several classifications for VSD, the most accepted and unified classification is that of Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classification is based on the location of the VSD on the right ventricular surface of the inter ventricular septum and is as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple">Multiple</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multiple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_1">Type 1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Type 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type 1 is sub aortic </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_2">Type 2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Type 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Type 2 also known as perimembranous, paramembranous, conoventricular, <b>membranous</b> septal defect, and subaortic.</li> <li>Most common variety found in 70%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_3">Type 3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Type 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type 3 also known as <b>inlet</b> (or AV canal type). </p> <ul><li>Commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septal_defect" title="Atrioventricular septal defect">atrioventricular septal defect</a>, found in about 5%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_4">Type 4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Type 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type 4 also known as <b>muscular</b> (trabecular) </p> <ul><li>Located in the muscular septum, found in 20%. Can be sub classified again based on the location into anterior, apical, posterior and mid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type:_Gerbode">Type: Gerbode</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Type: Gerbode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type: Gerbode also known as left ventricular to right atrial communication </p> <ul><li>Due to absence of Atrioventricular septum.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_right_vsd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heart anatomic view of right ventricle and right atrium with example ventricular septal defects"><img alt="Heart anatomic view of right ventricle and right atrium with example ventricular septal defects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Heart_right_vsd.jpg/120px-Heart_right_vsd.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Heart_right_vsd.jpg/180px-Heart_right_vsd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Heart_right_vsd.jpg/240px-Heart_right_vsd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="2108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heart anatomic view of right ventricle and right atrium with example ventricular septal defects</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ventricular septal defect"><img alt="Ventricular septal defect" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png/120px-Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png/180px-Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png/240px-Ventricular_septal_defect-en.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ventricular septal defect</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VSD_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Figure A shows the structure and blood flow in the interior of a normal heart. Figure B shows two common locations for a ventricular septal defect. The defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle."><img alt="Figure A shows the structure and blood flow in the interior of a normal heart. Figure B shows two common locations for a ventricular septal defect. The defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VSD_image.jpg/120px-VSD_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VSD_image.jpg/180px-VSD_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VSD_image.jpg/240px-VSD_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Figure A shows the structure and blood flow in the interior of a normal heart. Figure B shows two common locations for a ventricular septal defect. The defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VSD_plug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/VSD_plug.jpg/300px-VSD_plug.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/VSD_plug.jpg/450px-VSD_plug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/VSD_plug.jpg/600px-VSD_plug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>A nitinol device for closing muscular VSDs, 4 mm diameter in the centre. It is shown mounted on the catheter into which it will be withdrawn during insertion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cases do not need treatment and heal during the first years of life. Treatment is either conservative or surgical. Smaller congenital VSDs often close on their own, as the heart grows, and in such cases may be treated conservatively. Some cases may necessitate surgical intervention, i.e. with the following indications: </p> <ol><li>Failure of <a href="/wiki/Congestive_cardiac_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive cardiac failure">congestive cardiac failure</a> to respond to medications</li> <li>VSD with <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_stenosis" title="Pulmonic stenosis">pulmonic stenosis</a></li> <li>Large VSD with <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li>VSD with <a href="/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation" title="Aortic regurgitation">aortic regurgitation</a></li></ol> <p>For the surgical procedure, a <a href="/wiki/Heart-lung_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart-lung machine">heart-lung machine</a> is required and a <a href="/wiki/Median_sternotomy" title="Median sternotomy">median sternotomy</a> is performed. <a href="/wiki/Percutaneous" title="Percutaneous">Percutaneous endovascular</a> procedures are less invasive and can be done on a beating heart, but are only suitable for certain patients. Repair of most VSDs is complicated by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">conducting system of the heart</a> is in the immediate vicinity. </p><p>Ventricular septum defect in infants is initially treated medically with <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">cardiac glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">digoxin</a> 10-20 μg/kg per day), <a href="/wiki/Loop_diuretic" title="Loop diuretic">loop diuretics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">furosemide</a> 1–3 mg/kg per day) and <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a> 0.5–2 mg/kg per day). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcatheter_closure">Transcatheter closure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transcatheter closure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A device, known as the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder, may be used to close certain VSDs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially approved in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu2011_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to work well and be safe.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu2011_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost is also lower than having open heart surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-Fu2011_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fu2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device is placed through a small incision in the groin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Amplatzer septal occluder was shown to have full closure of the ventricular defect within the 24 hours of placement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a low risk of embolism after implantation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tricuspid valve regurgitation was shown after the procedure that could possibly be from the right ventricular disc.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been some reports that the Amplatzer septal occluder may cause life-threatening erosion of the tissue inside the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs in one percent of people implanted with the device and requires immediate open-heart surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This erosion occurs due to improper sizing of the device resulting with it being too large for the defect, causing rubbing of the septal tissue and erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surgical closure of a Perimembranous VSD is performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with ischemic arrest. Patients are usually cooled to 28 degrees. Percutaneous Device closure of these defects is rarely performed in the United States because of the reported incidence of both early and late onset complete heart block after device closure, presumably secondary to device trauma to the AV node. </p><p>Surgical exposure is achieved through the right atrium. The tricuspid valve septal leaflet is retracted or incised to expose the defect margins. </p><p>Several patch materials are available, including native pericardium, bovine pericardium, PTFE (<a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a> or Impra), or Dacron. </p><p>Suture techniques include horizontal pledgeted mattress sutures, and running polypropylene suture. </p><p>Critical attention is necessary to avoid injury to the conduction system located on the left ventricular side of the interventricular septum near the papillary muscle of the conus. Care is taken to avoid injury to the aortic valve with sutures. </p><p>Once the repair is complete, the heart is extensively deaired by venting blood through the aortic cardioplegia site, and by infusing Carbon Dioxide into the operative field to displace air. </p><p>Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography is used to confirm secure closure of the VSD, normal function of the aortic and tricuspid valves, good ventricular function, and the elimination of all air from the left side of the heart. </p><p>The sternum, fascia and skin are closed, with potential placement of a local anesthetic infusion catheter under the fascia, to enhance postoperative pain control. </p><p>Multiple muscular VSDs are a challenge to close, achieving a complete closure can be aided by the use of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescein dye">fluorescein dye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24384220_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24384220-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VSDs are the most common congenital cardiac abnormalities. They are found in 30-60% of all newborns with a congenital heart defect, or about 2-6 per 1000 births. During heart formation, when the heart begins life as a hollow tube, it begins to partition, forming septa. If this does not occur properly it can lead to an opening being left within the ventricular septum. It is debatable whether all those defects are true heart defects, or if some of them are normal phenomena, since most of the trabecular VSDs close spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prospective studies give a prevalence of 2-5 per 100 births of trabecular VSDs that close shortly after birth in 80-90% of the cases.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people_who_had_ventricular_septal_defect">Famous people who had ventricular septal defect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Famous people who had ventricular septal defect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhubala" title="Madhubala">Madhubala</a> (1933–69), Indian actress. Died at age 36.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXTentacion" title="XXXTentacion">XXXTentacion</a> (1998–2018), American rapper and singer-songwriter. <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_XXXTentacion" title="Murder of XXXTentacion">Murdered aged 20 </a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Hartford" title="Asa Hartford">Asa Hartford</a> (born 1950), still alive</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septal_defect" title="Atrioventricular septal defect">Atrioventricular septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">Congenital heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">Heart sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Michael D (2019-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899873-overview">"Muscular Ventricular Septal Defect"</a>. <i>EMedicine</i>. Medscape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMedicine&rft.atitle=Muscular+Ventricular+Septal+Defect&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Michael+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F899873-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaightBacha,_Emile_A.Kahana,_MadelynCao,_Qi-Ling2002" class="citation journal cs1">Waight, David J.; Bacha, Emile A.; Kahana, Madelyn; Cao, Qi-Ling; Heitschmidt, Mary; Hijazi, Ziyad M. (March 2002). "Catheter therapy of Swiss cheese ventricular septal defects using the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder". <i>Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 355–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fccd.10124">10.1002/ccd.10124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11870941">11870941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23602868">23602868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catheterization+and+Cardiovascular+Interventions&rft.atitle=Catheter+therapy+of+Swiss+cheese+ventricular+septal+defects+using+the+Amplatzer+muscular+VSD+occluder&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-361&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23602868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11870941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fccd.10124&rft.aulast=Waight&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Bacha%2C+Emile+A.&rft.au=Kahana%2C+Madelyn&rft.au=Cao%2C+Qi-Ling&rft.au=Heitschmidt%2C+Mary&rft.au=Hijazi%2C+Ziyad+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanKaplan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, JI; Kaplan, S (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2802%2901886-7">"The incidence of congenital heart disease"</a>. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. <b>39</b> (12): 1890–900. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2802%2901886-7">10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084585">12084585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=The+incidence+of+congenital+heart+disease&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1890-900&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0735-1097%2802%2901886-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12084585&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=JI&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0735-1097%252802%252901886-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron P. et al: Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. p116-117 [Elsevier, 2006]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsBarkerFinleyColvin1994" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, GL; Barker, SE; Finley, SC; Colvin, EV; Finley, WH (1994). "Congenital heart disease in infants with Down's syndrome". <i>Southern Medical Journal</i>. <b>87</b> (7): 724–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007611-199407000-00010">10.1097/00007611-199407000-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8023205">8023205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31622875">31622875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Congenital+heart+disease+in+infants+with+Down%27s+syndrome&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=724-7&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31622875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8023205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007611-199407000-00010&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=GL&rft.au=Barker%2C+SE&rft.au=Finley%2C+SC&rft.au=Colvin%2C+EV&rft.au=Finley%2C+WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenhaourechDirgilHammiri2016" class="citation journal cs1">Benhaourech, S; Dirgil, A; Hammiri, AE (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5370349">"Congenital heart disease and Down syndrome: various aspects of a confirmed association"</a>. <i>Cardiovasc J Afr</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 287–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5830%2FCVJA-2016-019">10.5830/CVJA-2016-019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5370349">5370349</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27805241">27805241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardiovasc+J+Afr.&rft.atitle=Congenital+heart+disease+and+Down+syndrome%3A+various+aspects+of+a+confirmed+association&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=287-290&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5370349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27805241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5830%2FCVJA-2016-019&rft.aulast=Benhaourech&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Dirgil%2C+A&rft.au=Hammiri%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5370349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher" class="citation web cs1">Schumacher, Kurt R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001099.htm">"Ventricular septal defect"</a>. <i>NIH and US National Library of Medicine</i>. MedlinePlus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIH+and+US+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ventricular+septal+defect&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Kurt+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F001099.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamersMoorman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lamers, Wouter H.; Moorman, Antoon F.M. (2002-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.0000027135.63141.89">"Cardiac Septation – A Late Contribution of the Embryonic Primary Myocardium to Heart Morphogenesis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Circulation_Research" title="Circulation Research">Circulation Research</a></i>. <b>91</b> (2): 93–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.RES.0000027135.63141.89">10.1161/01.RES.0000027135.63141.89</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12142341">12142341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation+Research&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Septation+%E2%80%93+A+Late+Contribution+of+the+Embryonic+Primary+Myocardium+to+Heart+Morphogenesis&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-103&rft.date=2002-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.RES.0000027135.63141.89&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12142341&rft.aulast=Lamers&rft.aufirst=Wouter+H.&rft.au=Moorman%2C+Antoon+F.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.RES.0000027135.63141.89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittenberger-de_GrootBartelingsDeruiterPoelmann2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gittenberger-de Groot, Adriana C.; Bartelings, Margot M.; Deruiter, Marco C.; Poelmann, Robert E. (2005-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000148710.69159.61">"Basics of Cardiac Development for the Understanding of Congenital Heart Malformations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Research" title="Pediatric Research">Pediatric Research</a></i>. <b>57</b> (2): 170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000148710.69159.61">10.1203/01.PDR.0000148710.69159.61</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15611355">15611355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Research&rft.atitle=Basics+of+Cardiac+Development+for+the+Understanding+of+Congenital+Heart+Malformations&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=170&rft.date=2005-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1203%2F01.PDR.0000148710.69159.61&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15611355&rft.aulast=Gittenberger-de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Adriana+C.&rft.au=Bartelings%2C+Margot+M.&rft.au=Deruiter%2C+Marco+C.&rft.au=Poelmann%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1203%252F01.PDR.0000148710.69159.61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects">"Congenital Heart Defects - What are Congenital Heart Defects? | NHLBI, NIH"</a>. 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congenital+Heart+Defects+-+What+are+Congenital+Heart+Defects%3F+%26%23124%3B+NHLBI%2C+NIH&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth-topics%2Fcongenital-heart-defects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar & Clark 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancini2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mancini, Mary C (2018-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/903271-overview">"Ventricular Septal Defect Surgery in the Pediatric Patient"</a>. <i>EMedicine</i>. Medscape.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMedicine&rft.atitle=Ventricular+Septal+Defect+Surgery+in+the+Pediatric+Patient&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Mancini&rft.aufirst=Mary+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F903271-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsMavroudis2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Jeffrey; Mavroudis, Constantine (March 2000). "Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: ventricular septal defect". <i>Ann Thorac Surg</i>. <b>69</b> (3): 25–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-4975%2899%2901270-9">10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01270-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798413">10798413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Thorac+Surg&rft.atitle=Congenital+Heart+Surgery+Nomenclature+and+Database+Project%3A+ventricular+septal+defect&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25-35&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-4975%2899%2901270-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10798413&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Mavroudis%2C+Constantine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fu2011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fu2011_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu2011_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu2011_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fu2011_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, YC (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pedneo.2010.12.012">"Transcatheter device closure of muscular ventricular septal defect"</a>. <i>Pediatrics and Neonatology</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 3–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pedneo.2010.12.012">10.1016/j.pedneo.2010.12.012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21385649">21385649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics+and+Neonatology&rft.atitle=Transcatheter+device+closure+of+muscular+ventricular+septal+defect.&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pedneo.2010.12.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21385649&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=YC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.pedneo.2010.12.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amplatzer septal occluder. (2013) <i>U.S. Food and Drug Administration</i>. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm083978.htm">https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DeviceApprovalsandClearances/Recently-ApprovedDevices/ucm083978.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzkutnik2007" class="citation journal cs1">Szkutnik; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861424">"Use of the Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect occluder for closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects"</a>. <i>Heart</i>. <b>93</b> (3): 355–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fhrt.2006.096321">10.1136/hrt.2006.096321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861424">1861424</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16980519">16980519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+Amplatzer+muscular+ventricular+septal+defect+occluder+for+closure+of+perimembranous+ventricular+septal+defects&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-358&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1861424%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16980519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fhrt.2006.096321&rft.au=Szkutnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1861424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Rajeev2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fernando Rajeev; et al. (2013). "Patent ductus arteriosus closure using an Amplatzer ventricular septal defect closure device". <i><a href="/wiki/Experimental_%26_Clinical_Cardiology" title="Experimental & Clinical Cardiology">Experimental & Clinical Cardiology</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): e50–e54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+%26+Clinical+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Patent+ductus+arteriosus+closure+using+an+Amplatzer+ventricular+septal+defect+closure+device&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e50-e54&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Fernando+Rajeev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rare Serious Erosion Events Associated with St. Jude Amplatzer Atrial Septal Occluder (ASO). (2013, October 17). <i>U.S. Food and Drug Administration</i>. Retrieved February 26, 2014, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm371145.htm">https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm371145.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24384220-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24384220_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mathew, Thomas (2014). "Use of Fluorescein Dye to Identify Residual Defects". <i>Ann Thorac Surg</i>. <b>97</b> (1): e27-8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2013.10.059">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.10.059</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4975">0003-4975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24384220">24384220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Thorac+Surg&rft.atitle=Use+of+Fluorescein+Dye+to+Identify+Residual+Defects&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e27-8&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0003-4975&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24384220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2013.10.059&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMebergOtterstadFrølandSøarland1994" class="citation journal cs1">Meberg, A; Otterstad, JE; Frøland, G; Søarland, S; Nitter-Hauge, S (1994). "Increasing incidence of ventricular septal defects caused by improved detection rate". <i>Acta Paediatrica</i>. <b>83</b> (6): 653–657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.1994.tb13102.x">10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13102.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7919765">7919765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30244380">30244380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Paediatrica&rft.atitle=Increasing+incidence+of+ventricular+septal+defects+caused+by+improved+detection+rate&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=653-657&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30244380%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7919765&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.1994.tb13102.x&rft.aulast=Meberg&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Otterstad%2C+JE&rft.au=Fr%C3%B8land%2C+G&rft.au=S%C3%B8arland%2C+S&rft.au=Nitter-Hauge%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiraishiAgata,_YNowatari,_MOguchi,_K1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hiraishi, S; Agata, Y; Nowatari, M; Oguchi, K; Misawa, H; Hirota, H; Fujino, N; Horiguchi, Y; Yashiro, K; Nakae, S (March 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(05)80906-0/abstract">"Incidence and natural course of trabecular ventricular septal defect: two-dimensional echocardiography and color Doppler flow imaging study"</a>. <i>The Journal of Pediatrics</i>. <b>120</b> (3): 409–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-3476%2805%2980906-0">10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80906-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1538287">1538287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Incidence+and+natural+course+of+trabecular+ventricular+septal+defect%3A+two-dimensional+echocardiography+and+color+Doppler+flow+imaging+study.&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=409-15&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-3476%2805%2980906-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1538287&rft.aulast=Hiraishi&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Agata%2C+Y&rft.au=Nowatari%2C+M&rft.au=Oguchi%2C+K&rft.au=Misawa%2C+H&rft.au=Hirota%2C+H&rft.au=Fujino%2C+N&rft.au=Horiguchi%2C+Y&rft.au=Yashiro%2C+K&rft.au=Nakae%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpeds.com%2Farticle%2FS0022-3476%2805%2980906-0%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoguinDu,_Zhong-DongBarak,_MilaNasser,_Nadim1995" class="citation journal cs1">Roguin, Nathan; Du, Zhong-Dong; Barak, Mila; Nasser, Nadim; Hershkowitz, Sylvia; Milgram, Elliot (15 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0735-1097%2895%2900358-4">"High prevalence of muscular ventricular septal defect in neonates"</a>. <i>Journal of the American College of Cardiology</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 1545–1548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0735-1097%2895%2900358-4">10.1016/0735-1097(95)00358-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7594083">7594083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=High+prevalence+of+muscular+ventricular+septal+defect+in+neonates&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1545-1548&rft.date=1995-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0735-1097%2895%2900358-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7594083&rft.aulast=Roguin&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Du%2C+Zhong-Dong&rft.au=Barak%2C+Mila&rft.au=Nasser%2C+Nadim&rft.au=Hershkowitz%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=Milgram%2C+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0735-1097%252895%252900358-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/living/the-blue-baby-syndrome-483894.html">"The blue baby syndrome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>. 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=The+blue+baby+syndrome&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fliving%2Fthe-blue-baby-syndrome-483894.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiss2020" class="citation book cs1">Reiss, Jonathan (June 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hachettebooks.com/titles/jonathan-reiss/look-at-me/9780306845413/"><i>Look at Me!</i></a>. Hachette Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-84541-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-84541-3"><bdi>978-0-306-84541-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+at+Me%21&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.isbn=978-0-306-84541-3&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hachettebooks.com%2Ftitles%2Fjonathan-reiss%2Flook-at-me%2F9780306845413%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVentricular+septal+defect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838139" class="extiw" title="d:Q838139">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q21.0">Q21.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=745.4">745.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006345">D006345</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13808.htm">13808</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001099.htm">001099</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3517-overview">med/3517</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congenital_heart_defects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_heart_defects" title="Template:Congenital heart defects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congenital_heart_defects" title="Template talk:Congenital heart defects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital_heart_defects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital heart defects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Congenital_heart_defects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">Congenital heart defects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_septal_defect" title="Heart septal defect">Heart septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aortopulmonary_septal_defect" title="Aortopulmonary septal defect">Aortopulmonary septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_outlet_right_ventricle" title="Double outlet right ventricle">Double outlet right ventricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taussig%E2%80%93Bing_syndrome" title="Taussig–Bing syndrome">Taussig–Bing syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">Transposition of the great vessels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextro-Transposition_of_the_great_arteries" title="Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries">dextro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levo-Transposition_of_the_great_arteries" title="Levo-Transposition of the great arteries">levo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_truncus_arteriosus" title="Persistent truncus arteriosus">Persistent truncus arteriosus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortopulmonary_window" title="Aortopulmonary window">Aortopulmonary window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_venosus_atrial_septal_defect" title="Sinus venosus atrial septal defect">Sinus venosus atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutembacher%27s_syndrome" title="Lutembacher's syndrome">Lutembacher's syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ventricular septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septal_defect" title="Atrioventricular septal defect">Atrioventricular septal defect</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostium_primum_atrial_septal_defect" title="Ostium primum atrial septal defect">Ostium primum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_shunt" title="Cardiac shunt">Cardiac shunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanotic heart disease">Cyanotic heart disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenmenger_syndrome" title="Eisenmenger syndrome">Eisenmenger syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">Valvular heart disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis" title="Pulmonary valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary valve insufficiency">insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absent_pulmonary_valve_syndrome" title="Absent pulmonary valve syndrome">absence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_atresia" title="Tricuspid atresia">atresia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitation" title="Tricuspid regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve_stenosis" title="Tricuspid valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebstein%27s_anomaly" title="Ebstein's anomaly">Ebstein's anomaly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic insufficiency">insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuspid_aortic_valve" title="Bicuspid aortic valve">bicuspid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_stenosis" title="Mitral stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation" title="Mitral regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Underdeveloped <a href="/wiki/Heart_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart chamber">heart chambers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoplastic_right_heart_syndrome" title="Hypoplastic right heart syndrome">right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoplastic_left_heart_syndrome" title="Hypoplastic left heart syndrome">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhl_anomaly" title="Uhl anomaly">Uhl anomaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrocardia" title="Dextrocardia">Dextrocardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levocardia" title="Levocardia">Levocardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_triatriatum" title="Cor triatriatum">Cor triatriatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisscross_heart" title="Crisscross heart">Crisscross heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_anomaly" title="Coronary artery anomaly">Coronary artery anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_aortic_origin_of_a_coronary_artery" title="Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery">Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_inversion" title="Ventricular inversion">Ventricular inversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&oldid=1234807470">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&oldid=1234807470</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congenital_heart_defects" title="Category:Congenital heart defects">Congenital heart defects</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 July 2024, at 07:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ventricular_septal_defect&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vkl22","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.599","walltime":"0.737","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2578,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":80359,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2417,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":99632,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 645.087 1 -total"," 43.98% 283.687 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.86% 224.896 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 23.28% 150.149 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 18.79% 121.225 4 Template:Navbox"," 15.05% 97.081 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 13.57% 87.534 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.01% 58.127 2 Template:Hlist"," 8.64% 55.747 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.41% 54.255 2 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.384","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6754357,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6s8bw","timestamp":"20241122141000","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ventricular septal defect","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventricular_septal_defect","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q838139","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q838139","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-31T07:58:15Z","dateModified":"2024-07-16T07:13:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9f\/Vsd_simple-lg.jpg","headline":"heart septal defect characterized by an opening in the interventricular septum, causing a shunt between ventricles"}</script> </body> </html>