CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cardiopulmonary bypass - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ff07eb68-1acc-42bd-a437-77cf8d927401","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cardiopulmonary_bypass","wgTitle":"Cardiopulmonary bypass","wgCurRevisionId":1261860265,"wgRevisionId":1261860265,"wgArticleId":261827,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from June 2024","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Medical equipment","American inventions","German inventions","Soviet inventions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Cardiopulmonary_bypass","wgRelevantArticleId":261827,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Heart-lung_machine","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q552304", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc" ,"skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg/1200px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="916"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg/800px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="610"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg/640px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="488"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cardiopulmonary bypass - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cardiopulmonary_bypass rootpage-Cardiopulmonary_bypass skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cardiopulmonary+bypass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cardiopulmonary+bypass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cardiopulmonary+bypass" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cardiopulmonary+bypass" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypothermia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothermia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hypothermia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothermia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooled_blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooled_blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cooled blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooled_blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_scenarios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_scenarios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage scenarios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_scenarios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications_and_special_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications_and_special_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contraindications and special considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications_and_special_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Risks and complications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tubing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tubing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tubing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tubing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pumps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pumps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centrifugal_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrifugal_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Centrifugal pump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrifugal_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roller_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roller_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Roller pump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roller_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygenator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygenator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Oxygenator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygenator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_exchangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_exchangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Heat exchangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_exchangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Cannulae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardioplegia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardioplegia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Cardioplegia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardioplegia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-operative_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-operative_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-operative planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-operative_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cannulation_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannulation_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Cannulation strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannulation_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-operative_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-operative_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Intra-operative technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-operative_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiopulmonary bypass</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مجازة قلبية رئوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجازة قلبية رئوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_qan_d%C3%B6vran%C4%B1_aparat%C4%B1" title="Süni qan dövranı aparatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süni qan dövranı aparatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivaci%C3%B3_cardiopulmonar" title="Derivació cardiopulmonar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Derivació cardiopulmonar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimot%C4%9Bln%C3%AD_ob%C4%9Bh" title="Mimotělní oběh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mimotělní oběh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baip%C3%A1s_cardiopulmonar" title="Baipás cardiopulmonar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baipás cardiopulmonar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="بای‌پس قلبی ریوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بای‌پس قلبی ریوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_extracorporelle" title="Circulation extracorporelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circulation extracorporelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seach-chonair_cro%C3%AD_is_scamh%C3%B3g" title="Seach-chonair croí is scamhóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seach-chonair croí is scamhóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Արյան արհեստական շրջանառություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արյան արհեստական շրջանառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_pintas_jantung_paru" title="Mesin pintas jantung paru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin pintas jantung paru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circolazione_extracorporea" title="Circolazione extracorporea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circolazione extracorporea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%91-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="מכונת לב-ריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונת לב-ריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ხელოვნური სისხლის მიმოქცევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხელოვნური სისხლის მიმოქცევა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Жасалма кан айландыруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жасалма кан айландыруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADv-t%C3%BCd%C5%91_g%C3%A9p" title="Szív-tüdő gép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szív-tüdő gép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർഡിയോപൾമണറി ബൈപാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർഡിയോപൾമണറി ബൈപാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%82%BA%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="人工心肺装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工心肺装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ucoserce" title="Płucoserce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płucoserce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_extracorp%C3%B3rea" title="Circulação extracorpórea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circulação extracorpórea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantelesni_krvotok" title="Vantelesni krvotok – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vantelesni krvotok" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q552304#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cardiopulmonary_bypass" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_bypass"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&oldid=1261860265" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&id=1261860265&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCardiopulmonary_bypass"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCardiopulmonary_bypass"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cardiopulmonary_bypass" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q552304" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heart-lung_machine&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart-lung machine">Heart-lung machine</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Cardiopulmonary bypass</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg/280px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg/420px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg/560px-Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6010" data-file-height="4586" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A heart–lung machine (upper right) in a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">coronary artery bypass surgery</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=39.61&Submit=Search&action=search">39.61</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002315">D002315</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OPS-301" title="OPS-301">OPS-301 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other <a href="/wiki/Procedure_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Procedure codes">codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22570829</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552304" class="extiw" title="d:Q552304">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cardiopulmonary bypass</b> (<b>CPB</b>) or <b>heart-lung machine</b>, also called <b>the pump</b> or <b>CPB pump</b>, is a machine that temporarily takes over the function of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> during <a href="/wiki/Open-heart_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-heart surgery">open-heart surgery</a> by maintaining the circulation of blood and oxygen throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Raja.92_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raja.92-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such it is an <a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracorporeal">extracorporeal device</a>. </p><p>CPB is operated by a <a href="/wiki/Perfusionist" title="Perfusionist">perfusionist</a>. The machine mechanically circulates and oxygenates blood throughout the patient's body while bypassing the heart and lungs allowing the surgeon to work in a bloodless surgical field. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cardiopulmonary_bypass" title="Special:EditPage/Cardiopulmonary bypass">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png/300px-Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png/450px-Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png/600px-Blausen_0468_Heart-Lung_Machine.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of one typical way that a heart-lung machine may be connected to the veins and arteries near the heart. The three implements on the left represent (<i>from top to bottom</i>) the pump, the oxygenator, and the reservoir.</figcaption></figure><p>CPB is commonly used in operations or surgical procedures involving the heart. The technique allows the surgical team to oxygenate and circulate the patient's blood, thus allowing the surgeon to operate safely on the heart. In many operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">coronary artery bypass grafting</a> (CABG), the heart is <a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">arrested</a>, due to the degree of the difficulty of operating on a beating heart. </p><p>Operations requiring the opening of the chambers of the heart, for example <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">mitral valve repair</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">replacement</a>, requires the use of CPB. This is to avoid engulfing air systemically, and to provide a bloodless field to increase visibility for the surgeon. The machine pumps the blood and, using an oxygenator, allows red blood cells to pick up oxygen, as well as allowing carbon dioxide levels to decrease. This mimics the function of the heart and the lungs, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hypothermia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CPB can be used for the induction of total body <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_hypothermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, a state in which the body can be maintained for up to 45 minutes without <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a> (blood flow). If blood flow is stopped at normal <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a>, permanent <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a> can occur in three to four minutes — death may follow. Similarly, CPB can be used to rewarm individuals who have <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. This rewarming method of using CPB is successful if the core temperature of the patient is above 16 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooled_blood">Cooled blood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cooled blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blood is cooled during CPB and is returned to the body. The cooled blood slows the body's basal metabolic rate, decreasing its demand for oxygen. Cooled blood usually has a higher viscosity, but the various crystalloid or colloidal solutions that are used to prime the bypass tubing serve to dilute the blood. Maintaining appropriate blood pressure for organs is a challenge, but it is monitored carefully during the procedure. Hypothermia is also maintained (if necessary), and the body temperature is usually kept at 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a> (ECMO) is a simplified version of the <a href="/wiki/Heart_lung_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart lung machine">heart lung machine</a> that includes a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal pump</a> and an oxygenator to temporarily take over the function of heart and/or the lungs. ECMO is useful for post-cardiac surgery patients with cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, patients with acute pulmonary failure, massive <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolisms">pulmonary embolisms</a>, lung trauma from infections, and a range of other problems that impair cardiac or pulmonary function. </p><p>ECMO gives the heart and/or lungs time to repair and recover, but is only a temporary solution. Patients with terminal conditions, cancer, severe nervous system damage, uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, and other conditions may not be candidates for ECMO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_scenarios">Usage scenarios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage scenarios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CPB is used in scenarios such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass surgery</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cardiac valve repair and/or replacement (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic valve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic valve">pulmonic valve</a>)</li> <li>Repair of large <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septal</a> defects (<a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">atrial septal defect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_septal_defect" title="Ventricular septal defect">ventricular septal defect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_septal_defect" title="Atrioventricular septal defect">atrioventricular septal defect</a>)</li> <li>Repair and/or palliation of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">congenital heart defects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetralogy_of_Fallot" title="Tetralogy of Fallot">Tetralogy of Fallot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great vessels</a>)</li> <li>Transplantation (<a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">lung transplantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart–lung transplantation">heart–lung transplantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">liver transplantation</a>)</li> <li>Repair of some large <a href="/wiki/Aneurysms" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneurysms">aneurysms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">aortic aneurysms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aneurysm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral aneurysm">cerebral aneurysms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_thromboendarterectomy" title="Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy">Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Madani2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madani2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_thrombectomy" title="Pulmonary thrombectomy">Pulmonary thrombectomy</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Isolated limb perfusion<sup id="cite_ref-Lich_2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lich_2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications_and_special_considerations">Contraindications and special considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contraindications and special considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no absolute contraindications to cardiopulmonary bypass.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are several factors that need to be considered by the care team when planning an operation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heparin-induced_thrombocytopenia" title="Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia">Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heparin-induced_thrombocytopenia_and_thrombosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis">heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis</a> are potentially life-threatening conditions associated with the administration of heparin. In both of these conditions, <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> against heparin are formed which causes <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">platelet activation</a> and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">blood clots</a>. Because heparin is typically used in CPB, patients who are known to have the antibodies responsible for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis require alternative forms of anticoagulation. <a href="/wiki/Bivalirudin" title="Bivalirudin">Bivalirudin</a> is the most studied heparin-alternative in people with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis requiring CPB.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small percentage of patients, such as those with an <a href="/wiki/Antithrombin_III_deficiency" title="Antithrombin III deficiency">antithrombin III deficiency</a>, may exhibit resistance to heparin. In these patients, patients may need additional heparin, fresh frozen plasma, or other blood products such as recombinant anti-thrombin III to achieve adequate anticoagulation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Persistent_left_superior_vena_cava" title="Persistent left superior vena cava">persistent left superior vena cava</a> is thoracic system variation in which the left-sided vena cava fails to involute during normal development. It is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system, occurring in approximately 0.3% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abnormality is often detected on pre-operative imaging studies, but may also be discovered intra-operatively. A persistent left superior vena cava may make it difficult to achieve proper venous drainage or deliver of retrograde <a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">cardioplegia</a>. Management of a persistent left superior vena cava during CPB depends on factors such as the size and drainage site of the vena cava variation.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cerebral perfusion, brain blood circulation, always has to be under consideration when using CPB. Due to the nature of CPB and its impact on circulation, the body's own <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_autoregulation" title="Cerebral autoregulation">cerebral autoregulation</a> is affected. The occurrence and attempts of preventing this issue has been addressed many times, but still without complete understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_complications">Risks and complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Risks and complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Potential complications of cardiopulmonary bypass </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Complication </th> <th>Incidence <br />(events/1000) </th> <th>Death or serious <br />injury (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protamine_sulfate" title="Protamine sulfate">Protamine reaction</a><sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">Thrombosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.3–0.4 </td> <td>2.6–5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">Aortic dissection</a><sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.4–0.8 </td> <td>14.3–33.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas embolism">Gas embolism</a> </td> <td>0.2–1.3 </td> <td>0.2–8.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Massive systemic gas embolism<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.03–0.07 </td> <td>50–52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dislodging of cannula (causing massive bleeding)<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>0.2–1.6 </td> <td>4.2–7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">Arrhythmias</a><sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capillary_leak_syndrome" title="Capillary leak syndrome">Capillary leak syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">Hemolysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Postperfusion_syndrome" title="Postperfusion syndrome">Postperfusion syndrome</a> ("pumphead")<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>CPB is not without risk, and there are a number of associated problems. As a consequence, CPB is only used during the several hours a cardiac surgery may take. CPB is known to activate the coagulation cascade and stimulate inflammatory mediators, leading to hemolysis and coagulopathies. This problem worsens as complement proteins build on the membrane oxygenators.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, most oxygenators come with a manufacturer's recommendation that they are only used for a maximum of six hours, although they are sometimes used for up to ten hours, with care being taken to ensure they do not clot off and stop working. For longer periods than this, a <a href="/wiki/Membrane_oxygenator" title="Membrane oxygenator">membrane oxygenator</a> is used, which can be in operation for up to 31 days — such as in a Taiwanese case, for 16 days, after which the patient received a heart transplant.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common complication associated with CPB is a <a href="/wiki/Protamine_sulfate" title="Protamine sulfate">protamine</a> reaction during anticoagulation reversal.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three types of protamine reactions, and each may cause life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a> (type I), <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> (type II), or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a> (type III).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients with prior exposure to protamine, such as those who have had a previous <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a> (protamine is contained in sperm) or <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetics</a> (protamine is contained in <a href="/wiki/NPH_insulin" title="NPH insulin">neutral protamine hagedorn</a> (NPH) insulin formulations), are at an increased risk of type II protamine reactions due to cross-sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because protamine is a fast-acting drug, it is typically given slowly to allow for monitoring of possible reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first step in management of a protamine reaction is to immediately stop the protamine infusion. <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> are used for all types of protamine reactions. <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">Chlorphenamine</a> is used for type II (anaphylactic) reactions. For type III reactions, heparin is redosed and the patient may need to go back on bypass.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CPB may contribute to immediate cognitive decline. The heart-lung blood circulation system and the connection surgery itself release a variety of debris into the bloodstream, including bits of blood cells, tubing, and plaque. For example, when surgeons clamp and connect the aorta to tubing, resulting emboli may block blood flow and cause mini strokes. Other heart surgery factors related to mental damage may be events of hypoxia, high or low body temperature, abnormal blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, and fever after surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardiopulmonary bypass devices consist of two main functional units: the <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oxygenator" title="Oxygenator">oxygenator</a>. These units remove oxygen-depleted blood from a patient's body and replace it with oxygen-rich blood through a series of tubes, or hoses. Additionally, a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> is used to control body temperature by heating <i>or</i> cooling the blood in the circuit. All components of the circuit are coated internally by <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> or another anticoagulant to prevent clotting within the circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg/250px-Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg/375px-Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg/500px-Perfusionist_opearting_heart_lung_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Perfusionist operating a modern heart lung machine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tubing">Tubing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tubing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The components of the CPB circuit are interconnected by a series of tubes made of <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone rubber</a> or <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumps">Pumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Centrifugal_pump">Centrifugal pump</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Centrifugal pump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many CPB circuits now employ a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal pump</a> for the maintenance and control of blood flow during CPB. By altering the speed of revolution (RPM) of the pump head, blood flow is produced by <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a>. This type of pumping action is considered to be superior to the roller pump because it is thought to prevent over-pressurization, clamping, or kinking of lines, and makes less damage to blood products (<a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roller_pump">Roller pump</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roller pump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pump console usually comprises several rotating, motor-driven pumps that <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltically</a> "massage" the tubing. <b>This action gently propels the blood through the tubing.</b> This is commonly referred to as a roller pump, or <a href="/wiki/Peristaltic_pump" title="Peristaltic pump">peristaltic pump</a>. The pumps are more affordable than their centrifugal counterparts but are susceptible to over-pressurization if the lines become clamped or kinked.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also more likely to cause a massive air embolism and require constant, close supervision by the perfusionist.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygenator">Oxygenator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oxygenator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxygenator" title="Oxygenator">oxygenator</a> is designed to add <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to infused <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and remove some <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_exchangers">Heat exchangers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heat exchangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because hypothermia is frequently used in CPB (to reduce metabolic demands), heat exchangers are implemented to warm and cool blood within the circuit. Heating and cooling is accomplished by passing the line through a warm or ice water bath, and a separate heat exchanger is required for the cardioplegia line.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannulae">Cannulae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cannulae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannulae</a> are sewn into the patient's body in a variety of locations, depending on the type of surgery. A venous cannula removes oxygen depleted venous blood from a patient's body, and an arterial cannula infuses oxygen-rich blood into the arterial system. The main determinants of cannula size selection is determined by the patient's <i>size</i> and <i>weight</i>, <i>anticipated flow rate</i>, and the <i>size of the vessel</i> being cannulated.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">Cardioplegia</a> cannula delivers a Cardioplegia solution to cause the heart to stop beating. </p><p>Some commonly used cannulation sites: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Venous </th> <th>Arterial </th> <th>Cardioplegia </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">Right atrium</a> </td> <td>Proximal <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, distal to the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_cross-clamp" title="Aortic cross-clamp">cross-clamp</a> </td> <td>Proximal <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>, proximal to the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_cross-clamp" title="Aortic cross-clamp">cross-clamp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vena_cavae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cavae">Vena cavae</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">Coronary sinus</a> (retrograde delivery) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">Femoral vein</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">Axillary artery</a> </td> <td>Coronary ostia </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Distal <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> </td> <td>Bypass grafts (during <a href="/wiki/CABG" class="mw-redirect" title="CABG">CABG</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Apex of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardioplegia">Cardioplegia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cardioplegia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">Cardioplegia</a></div> <p>Cardioplegia is a fluid solution used to protect the heart during CPB. It is delivered via a cannula to the opening of the coronary arteries (usually by way of the aortic root) and/or to the cardiac veins (by way of the coronary sinus).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These delivery methods are referred to <b>antegrade</b> or <b>retrograde</b>, respectively. Cardioplegia solution protects the heart by arresting, or stopping the heart. This then decreases the heart's metabolic demand. There are multiple types of cardioplegia solutions, but most work by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">fast sodium currents</a> in the heart, which prevent conduction of the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>. Other types of solutions act by inhibiting calcium's actions on <a href="/wiki/Myocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocyte">myocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-operative_planning">Pre-operative planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pre-operative planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CPB requires significant forethought before surgery. In particular, the cannulation, cooling, and cardio-protective strategies must be coordinated between the <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfusionist" title="Perfusionist">perfusionist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cannulation_strategy">Cannulation strategy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cannulation strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cannulation strategy varies on several operation-specific and patient-specific details. Nonetheless, a surgeon will place a <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> in the right atrium, vena cava, or femoral vein to withdraw blood from the body. The cannula used to return oxygenated blood is usually inserted in the ascending aorta, but there is a possibility that it is inserted in the femoral artery, axillary artery, or brachiocephalic artery according to the demand of the surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the cannula is inserted, venous blood is drained from the body by the cannula into a reservoir. This blood is then filtered, cooled, or warmed, and oxygenated before it returns to the body through a mechanical pump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intra-operative_technique">Intra-operative technique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Intra-operative technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A CPB circuit must be primed with fluid and all air expunged from the arterial line/cannula before connection to the patient. The circuit is primed with a <a href="/wiki/Crystalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalloids">crystalloid</a> solution and sometimes blood products are also added. Prior to cannulation (typically after opening the pericardium when using central cannulation), <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> is administered until the <a href="/wiki/Activated_clotting_time" title="Activated clotting time">activated clotting time</a> is above 480 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arterial cannulation site is inspected for <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> or other disease. Preoperative imaging or an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> probe may be used to help identify aortic calcifications that could potentially become dislodged and cause an occlusion or <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. Once the cannulation site has been deemed safe, two concentric, diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Purse_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Purse string">pursestring</a> sutures are placed in the distal ascending aorta. A stab incision with a <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a> is made within the pursestrings and the arterial cannula is passed through the incision. It is important the cannula is passed perpendicular to the aorta to avoid creating an <a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">aortic dissection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pursestrings sutures are cinched around the cannula using a tourniquet and secured to the cannula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, the perfusionist advances the arterial line of the CPB circuit and the surgeon connects the arterial line coming from the patient to the arterial line coming from the CPB machine. Care must be taken to ensure no air is in the circuit when the two are connected, or else the patient could develop an <a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">air embolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sites for arterial cannulation include the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">axillary artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_artery" title="Brachiocephalic artery">brachiocephalic artery</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a>. </p><p>Aside from the differences in location, <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</a> cannulation is performed similarly to arterial cannulation. Since calcification of the <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous system</a> is less common, the inspection or use of an ultrasound for calcification at the cannulation sites is unnecessary. Also, because the venous system is under much less pressure than the arterial system, only a single suture is required to hold the cannula in place.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If only a single cannula is to be used (dual-stage cannulation), it is passed through the <a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">right atrial appendage</a>, through the tricuspid valve, and into the inferior vena cava.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If two cannula are required (single-stage cannulation), the first one is typically passed through the superior vena cava and the second through the inferior vena cava.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral vein</a> may also be cannulated in select patients. </p><p>If the heart must be stopped for the operation, <a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">cardioplegia</a> cannulas are also required. Antegrade cardioplegia (forward flowing, through the heart's arteries), retrograde cardioplegia (backwards flowing, through the heart's veins), or both types may be used depending on the operation and surgeon preference. For antegrade cardioplegia, a small incision is made in the aorta proximal to the arterial cannulation site (between the heart and arterial cannulation site) and the cannula is placed through this to deliver cardioplegia to the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>. For retrograde cardioplegia, an incision is made on the posterior (back) surface of the heart through the <a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a>. The cannula is placed in this incision, passed through the tricuspid valve, and into the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardioplegia lines are connected to the CPB machine. </p><p>At this point, the patient is ready to go on bypass. Blood from the venous cannula(s) enters the CPB machine by gravity where it is oxygenated and cooled (if necessary) before returning to the body through the arterial cannula. Cardioplegia can now be administered to stop the heart, and a cross-clamp is placed across the aorta between the arterial cannula and cardioplegia cannula to prevent the arterial blood from flowing backwards into the heart. Setting appropriate blood pressure targets to maintain the health and function of the organs including the brain and kidney are important considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the patient is ready to come off of bypass support, the cross-clamp and cannulas are removed and <a href="/wiki/Protamine_sulfate" title="Protamine sulfate">protamine sulfate</a> is administered to reverse the anticoagulative effects of heparin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg/130px-1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg/195px-1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg/260px-1955_heart_lung_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A heart lung machine used in London's <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital" title="Middlesex Hospital">Middlesex Hospital</a> in 1958. <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum, London</a> (2008) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg/130px-Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg/195px-Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg/260px-Cardiopulmonary_bypass_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Cardiopulmonary bypass machine used at the University of Michigan in the 1960s.</figcaption></figure><p>The Austrian-German physiologist <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Frey" title="Maximilian von Frey">Maximilian von Frey</a> constructed an early prototype of a heart-lung machine in 1885. This was conducted at <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a>'s Physiological Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such machines were not feasible before the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> in 1916, which prevents blood <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a>. </p><p>The Soviet scientist <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Brukhonenko" title="Sergei Brukhonenko">Sergei Brukhonenko</a> developed a heart-lung machine for total body perfusion in 1926 named the <i>Autojektor</i>, which was used in experiments with dogs, some of which were showcased in the 1940 film <i><a href="/wiki/Experiments_in_the_Revival_of_Organisms" title="Experiments in the Revival of Organisms">Experiments in the Revival of Organisms</a></i>. A team of scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> (including Eric Charles, a chemical engineer) were among the pioneers of this technology. </p><p>For four years work was undertaken to improve the machine, and on April 5, 1951, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Dennis" title="Clarence Dennis">Clarence Dennis</a> led the team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Minnesota Medical Center">University of Minnesota Medical Center</a> that conducted the first human operation involving open cardiotomy with temporary mechanical takeover of both heart and lung functions. The patient did not survive due to an unexpected complex congenital heart defect, but the machine had proved to be workable.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One member of the team was Dr <a href="/wiki/Russell_M._Nelson" title="Russell M. Nelson">Russell M. Nelson</a>, (who later became president of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>), and he performed the first open heart surgery in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> in November 1951 which was successful.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first successful mechanical support of left ventricular function was performed on July 3, 1952, by <a href="/wiki/Forest_Dewey_Dodrill" title="Forest Dewey Dodrill">Forest Dewey Dodrill</a> using a machine co-developed with General Motors, the <a href="/wiki/Dodrill-GMR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodrill-GMR">Dodrill-GMR</a>. The machine was later used to support the right ventricular function.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first successful open heart procedure on a human utilizing the heart lung machine was performed by <a href="/wiki/John_Heysham_Gibbon" title="John Heysham Gibbon">John Gibbon</a> and Frank F. Allbritten Jr. on May 6, 1953, at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University_Hospital" title="Thomas Jefferson University Hospital">Thomas Jefferson University Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon's machine was further developed into a reliable instrument by a surgical team led by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Kirklin" title="John W. Kirklin">John W. Kirklin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> in the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxygenator" title="Oxygenator">oxygenator</a> was first conceptualized in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> and developed into practical extracorporeal oxygenators by French and German experimental physiologists in the 19th century. Bubble oxygenators have no intervening barrier between blood and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. <a href="/wiki/Membrane_oxygenator" title="Membrane oxygenator">Membrane oxygenators</a> introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the <a href="/wiki/Clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting">blood trauma</a> of direct-contact oxygenators. Much work since the 1960s focused on overcoming the gas exchange handicap of the membrane barrier, leading to the development of high-performance microporous hollow-fibre oxygenators that eventually replaced direct-contact oxygenators in cardiac theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Ken Litzie patented a closed emergency heart bypass system which reduced circuit and component complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This device improved patient survival after cardiac arrest because it could be rapidly deployed in non-surgical settings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Raja.92-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raja.92_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStefanouDimarakis2020" class="citation book cs1">Stefanou D, Dimarakis I (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcPPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">"9. Adult cardiopulmonary bypass"</a>. In Raja SG (ed.). <i>Cardiac Surgery: A Complete Guide</i>. Springer. pp. 93–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-24174-2_9">10.1007/978-3-030-24174-2_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24176-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24176-6"><bdi>978-3-030-24176-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1142507832">1142507832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Adult+cardiopulmonary+bypass&rft.btitle=Cardiac+Surgery%3A+A+Complete+Guide&rft.pages=93-99&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1142507832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-24174-2_9&rft.isbn=978-3-030-24176-6&rft.aulast=Stefanou&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Dimarakis%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcPPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-AtassiToegChanRuel2016" class="citation book cs1">Al-Atassi, Talal; Toeg, Hadi D.; Chan, Vincent; Ruel, Marc (2016). "88. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting". In Sellke, Frank; <a href="/wiki/Pedro_J._del_Nido" title="Pedro J. del Nido">del Nido, Pedro J.</a> (eds.). <i>Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest</i>. Vol. 2. pp. 1551–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-24126-7.00088-0">10.1016/B978-0-323-24126-7.00088-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-24126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-24126-7"><bdi>978-0-323-24126-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/921885673">921885673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=88.+Coronary+Artery+Bypass+Grafting&rft.btitle=Sabiston+and+Spencer+Surgery+of+the+Chest&rft.pages=1551-88&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F921885673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-323-24126-7.00088-0&rft.isbn=978-0-323-24126-7&rft.aulast=Al-Atassi&rft.aufirst=Talal&rft.au=Toeg%2C+Hadi+D.&rft.au=Chan%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Ruel%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madani2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madani2016_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadani2016" class="citation book cs1">Madani, Michael M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgzYCwAAQBAJ&q=Pulmonary+thromboendarterectomy+pte+pea&pg=PA541">"50. Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy"</a>. In Peacock, Andrew J.; Naeije, Robert; Rubin, Lewis J. (eds.). <i>Pulmonary Circulation: Diseases and Their Treatment</i> (4th ed.). CRC Press. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-1991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-1991-9"><bdi>978-1-4987-1991-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1303508907">1303508907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=50.+Pulmonary+Thromboendarterectomy&rft.btitle=Pulmonary+Circulation%3A+Diseases+and+Their+Treatment&rft.pages=541&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1303508907&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-1991-9&rft.aulast=Madani&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgzYCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPulmonary%2Bthromboendarterectomy%2Bpte%2Bpea%26pg%3DPA541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasazzaRonconGreco2005" class="citation journal cs1">Casazza F, Roncon L, Greco F (Oct 2005). "Pulmonary embolism: treatment of the acute episode". <i>Ital Heart J</i>. <b>6</b> (10): 818–23. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16270473">16270473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ital+Heart+J.&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+embolism%3A+treatment+of+the+acute+episode&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=818-23&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16270473&rft.aulast=Casazza&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Roncon%2C+L&rft.au=Greco%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lich_2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lich_2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Lich B, Brown M (2004). <i>The Manual of Clinical Perfusion</i> (2nd ed.). Fort Myers, Florida: perfusion.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9753396-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9753396-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9753396-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manual+of+Clinical+Perfusion&rft.place=Fort+Myers%2C+Florida&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=perfusion.com&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9753396-0-2&rft.aulast=Lich&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Brown%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmailMiskolczi2019" class="citation cs2">Ismail A, Miskolczi SY (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482190/">"Cardiopulmonary Bypass"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29489210">29489210</a>, NBK482190<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Cardiopulmonary+Bypass&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29489210&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Miskolczi%2C+SY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK482190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShore-LessersonBakerFerrarisGreilich2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shore-Lesserson L, Baker RA, Ferraris VA, Greilich PE, Fitzgerald D, Roman P, Hammon JW (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2017.09.061">"The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and The American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology: Clinical Practice Guidelines-Anticoagulation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass"</a>. <i>The Annals of Thoracic Surgery</i>. <b>105</b> (2): 650–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2017.09.061">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.09.061</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29362176">29362176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Thoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+Society+of+Thoracic+Surgeons%2C+The+Society+of+Cardiovascular+Anesthesiologists%2C+and+The+American+Society+of+ExtraCorporeal+Technology%3A+Clinical+Practice+Guidelines-Anticoagulation+During+Cardiopulmonary+Bypass&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=650-662&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2017.09.061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29362176&rft.aulast=Shore-Lesserson&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Baker%2C+RA&rft.au=Ferraris%2C+VA&rft.au=Greilich%2C+PE&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+D&rft.au=Roman%2C+P&rft.au=Hammon%2C+JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.athoracsur.2017.09.061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinleyGreenberg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Finley A, Greenberg C (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2FANE.0b013e31827e4e62">"Review article: heparin sensitivity and resistance: management during cardiopulmonary bypass"</a>. <i>Anesthesia and Analgesia</i>. <b>116</b> (6): 1210–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1213%2FANE.0b013e31827e4e62">10.1213/ANE.0b013e31827e4e62</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23408671">23408671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22500786">22500786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anesthesia+and+Analgesia&rft.atitle=Review+article%3A+heparin+sensitivity+and+resistance%3A+management+during+cardiopulmonary+bypass&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1210-22&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22500786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23408671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1213%2FANE.0b013e31827e4e62&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1213%252FANE.0b013e31827e4e62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergKnüppelGeipelKohl2006" class="citation journal cs1">Berg C, Knüppel M, Geipel A, Kohl T, Krapp M, Knöpfle G, et al. (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fuog.2704">"Prenatal diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava and its associated congenital anomalies"</a>. <i>Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 274–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fuog.2704">10.1002/uog.2704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456841">16456841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26364072">26364072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+in+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Prenatal+diagnosis+of+persistent+left+superior+vena+cava+and+its+associated+congenital+anomalies&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-280&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26364072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16456841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fuog.2704&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kn%C3%BCppel%2C+M&rft.au=Geipel%2C+A&rft.au=Kohl%2C+T&rft.au=Krapp%2C+M&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6pfle%2C+G&rft.au=Germer%2C+U&rft.au=Hansmann%2C+M&rft.au=Gembruch%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fuog.2704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohn LH (2017-08-28). <i>Cardiac surgery in the adult</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-184487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-184487-1"><bdi>978-0-07-184487-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/930496902">930496902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardiac+surgery+in+the+adult&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F930496902&rft.isbn=978-0-07-184487-1&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=LH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthurssonKjellbergTovedalLennmyr2023" class="citation journal cs1">Arthursson H, Kjellberg G, Tovedal T, Lennmyr F (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10026164">"Cerebral oxygenation and autoregulation during rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass"</a>. <i>Perfusion</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 523–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02676591211064961">10.1177/02676591211064961</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10026164">10026164</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35038948">35038948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perfusion&rft.atitle=Cerebral+oxygenation+and+autoregulation+during+rewarming+on+cardiopulmonary+bypass&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=523-9&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10026164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35038948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F02676591211064961&rft.aulast=Arthursson&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kjellberg%2C+G&rft.au=Tovedal%2C+T&rft.au=Lennmyr%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10026164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouchoukosKirklin2013" class="citation book cs1">Kouchoukos NT, Kirklin JW (2013). <i>Kirklin/Barratt-Boyes cardiac surgery : morphology, diagnostic criteria, natural history, techniques, results, and indications</i> (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4605-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4605-7"><bdi>978-1-4557-4605-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812289395">812289395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirklin%2FBarratt-Boyes+cardiac+surgery+%3A+morphology%2C+diagnostic+criteria%2C+natural+history%2C+techniques%2C+results%2C+and+indications&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812289395&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-4605-7&rft.aulast=Kouchoukos&rft.aufirst=NT&rft.au=Kirklin%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapar2016" class="citation book cs1">Lapar DJ (2016). <i>Tsra review of cardiothoracic surgery</i>. Createspace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5232-1716-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5232-1716-8"><bdi>978-1-5232-1716-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953497320">953497320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsra+review+of+cardiothoracic+surgery.&rft.pub=Createspace&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953497320&rft.isbn=978-1-5232-1716-8&rft.aulast=Lapar&rft.aufirst=DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news126460484.html">Man survives 16 days without a heart</a> United Press International. April 3, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyboMadsen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nybo M, Madsen JS (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2008.00274.x">"Serious anaphylactic reactions due to protamine sulfate: a systematic literature review"</a>. <i>Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology</i>. <b>103</b> (2): 192–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2008.00274.x">10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00274.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18816305">18816305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basic+%26+Clinical+Pharmacology+%26+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Serious+anaphylactic+reactions+due+to+protamine+sulfate%3A+a+systematic+literature+review&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192-6&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1742-7843.2008.00274.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18816305&rft.aulast=Nybo&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Madsen%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1742-7843.2008.00274.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutz2009" class="citation web cs1">Stutz B (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=pumphead-heart-lung-machine">"Pumphead: Does the heart-lung machine have a dark side?"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Pumphead%3A+Does+the+heart-lung+machine+have+a+dark+side%3F&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Stutz&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dpumphead-heart-lung-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation web cs1">Davies H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebme.co.uk/articles/clinical-engineering/cardiopulmonary-bypass-machine-cpb">"Cardiopulmonary bypass machine — CPB"</a>. <i>www.ebme.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ebme.co.uk&rft.atitle=Cardiopulmonary+bypass+machine+%E2%80%94+CPB&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebme.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fclinical-engineering%2Fcardiopulmonary-bypass-machine-cpb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokadam2015" class="citation book cs1">Mokadam NA (2015). <i>Cardiopulmonary bypass : a primer</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/922073684">922073684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardiopulmonary+bypass+%3A+a+primer&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922073684&rft.aulast=Mokadam&rft.aufirst=NA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussefWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Youssef SJ, Williams JA (2013). <i>TSRA Primer of Cardiothoracic Surgery</i>. Chicago, IL: TSRA/TSDA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9894023-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9894023-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9894023-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TSRA+Primer+of+Cardiothoracic+Surgery&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=TSRA%2FTSDA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9894023-0-9&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Williams%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouchoukosKirklin2013" class="citation book cs1">Kouchoukos NT, Kirklin JW (2013). <i>Kirklin/Barratt-Boyes cardiac surgery : morphology, diagnostic criteria, natural history, techniques, results, and indications</i> (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4605-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-4605-7"><bdi>978-1-4557-4605-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812289395">812289395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirklin%2FBarratt-Boyes+cardiac+surgery+%3A+morphology%2C+diagnostic+criteria%2C+natural+history%2C+techniques%2C+results%2C+and+indications&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812289395&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-4605-7&rft.aulast=Kouchoukos&rft.aufirst=NT&rft.au=Kirklin%2C+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotaniKataokaIzawaFujioka2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kotani, Yuki; Kataoka, Yuki; Izawa, Junichi; Fujioka, Shoko; Yoshida, Takuo; Kumasawa, Junji; Kwong, Joey SW (2022-11-30). Cochrane Heart Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD013494.pub2">"High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2022</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD013494.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD013494.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9709767">9709767</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36448514">36448514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=High+versus+low+blood+pressure+targets+for+cardiac+surgery+while+on+cardiopulmonary+bypass&rft.volume=2022&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9709767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36448514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013494.pub2&rft.aulast=Kotani&rft.aufirst=Yuki&rft.au=Kataoka%2C+Yuki&rft.au=Izawa%2C+Junichi&rft.au=Fujioka%2C+Shoko&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+Takuo&rft.au=Kumasawa%2C+Junji&rft.au=Kwong%2C+Joey+SW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD013494.pub2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmer HG (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6654655">"The heart-lung machine was invented twice—the first time by Max von Frey"</a>. <i>Clinical Cardiology</i>. <b>26</b> (9): 443–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fclc.4960260914">10.1002/clc.4960260914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6654655">6654655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14524605">14524605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cardiology&rft.atitle=The+heart-lung+machine+was+invented+twice%26mdash%3Bthe+first+time+by+Max+von+Frey&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=443-5&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6654655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14524605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fclc.4960260914&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=HG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6654655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dennis_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisSprengNelsonKarlson1951" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis C, Spreng DS, Nelson GE, Karlson KE, Nelson RM, Thomas JV, et al. (October 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802968">"Development of a pump-oxygenator to replace the heart and lungs; an apparatus applicable to human patients, and application to one case"</a>. <i>Annals of Surgery</i>. <b>134</b> (4): 709–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000658-195110000-00017">10.1097/00000658-195110000-00017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802968">1802968</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14878382">14878382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Development+of+a+pump-oxygenator+to+replace+the+heart+and+lungs%3B+an+apparatus+applicable+to+human+patients%2C+and+application+to+one+case&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=709-721&rft.date=1951-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1802968%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14878382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000658-195110000-00017&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Spreng%2C+DS&rft.au=Nelson%2C+GE&rft.au=Karlson%2C+KE&rft.au=Nelson%2C+RM&rft.au=Thomas%2C+JV&rft.au=Eder%2C+WP&rft.au=Varco%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1802968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pCEDAAAAMBAJ"><i>Popular Science</i></a>. Bonnier Corporation. 1 February 1951. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pCEDAAAAMBAJ/page/n105">4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Science&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft.date=1951-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_pCEDAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131234/https://healthcare.utah.edu/publicaffairs/news/2015/Russell_Nelson_60_heart_anniversary.php">"Celebrating 60 Years of Cardiac Surgery in Utah With Russell M. Nelson, M.D."</a> University of Utah. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthcare.utah.edu/publicaffairs/news/2015/Russell_Nelson_60_heart_anniversary.php">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+60+Years+of+Cardiac+Surgery+in+Utah+With+Russell+M.+Nelson%2C+M.D.&rft.pub=University+of+Utah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthcare.utah.edu%2Fpublicaffairs%2Fnews%2F2015%2FRussell_Nelson_60_heart_anniversary.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2008" class="citation book cs1">Norton J (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surgerybasicscie00nort"><i>Surgery: Basic science and clinical evidence</i></a></span>. NY: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surgerybasicscie00nort/page/n1473">1473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30800-5"><bdi>978-0-387-30800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgery%3A+Basic+science+and+clinical+evidence&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=1473&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-30800-5&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurgerybasicscie00nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedlund2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hedlund KD (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC101205">"A Tribute to Frank F Alibritten, Jr. Origin of the left ventricular vent during the early years of open-heart surgery with the Gibbon heart-lung machine"</a>. <i>Texas Heart Institute Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 292–6. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC101205">101205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11777154">11777154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+Heart+Institute+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Tribute+to+Frank+F+Alibritten%2C+Jr.+Origin+of+the+left+ventricular+vent+during+the+early+years+of+open-heart+surgery+with+the+Gibbon+heart-lung+machine&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=292-6&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC101205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11777154&rft.aulast=Hedlund&rft.aufirst=KD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC101205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uab.edu/newsarchive/42933-john-kirklin-cardiac-surgery-pioneer-dead-at-age-86">John Kirklin Cardiac Surgery Pioneer Dead at Age 86</a>." (April 23, 2004) University of Alabama at Birmingham. press release</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim_2006-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lim_2006_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lim MW (October 2006). "The history of extracorporeal oxygenators". <i>Anaesthesia</i>. <b>61</b> (10): 984–995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.2006.04781.x">10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04781.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16978315">16978315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24970815">24970815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=The+history+of+extracorporeal+oxygenators&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=984-995&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24970815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16978315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.2006.04781.x&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFLitzie_K,_Roberts_CP1985"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.justia.com/patent/4540399">US 4540399</a>, Litzie K, Roberts CP, "US Patent for Emergency bypass system", issued 10 September 1985,  assigned to C.R. Bard, Inc and Lifestream International, LLC.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4540399&rft.cc=US&rft.title=US+Patent+for+Emergency+bypass+system&rft.inventor=Litzie+K%2C+Roberts+CP&rft.assignee=C.R.+Bard%2C+Inc&rft.date=10 September 1985"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichmanJoyoDembitskyGriffith1990" class="citation journal cs1">Reichman RT, Joyo CI, Dembitsky WP, Griffith LD, Adamson RM, Daily PO, et al. (January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-4975%2890%2990363-B">"Improved patient survival after cardiac arrest using a cardiopulmonary support system"</a>. <i>The Annals of Thoracic Surgery</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 101–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-4975%2890%2990363-B">10.1016/0003-4975(90)90363-B</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2297254">2297254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Thoracic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Improved+patient+survival+after+cardiac+arrest+using+a+cardiopulmonary+support+system&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-5&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0003-4975%2890%2990363-B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2297254&rft.aulast=Reichman&rft.aufirst=RT&rft.au=Joyo%2C+CI&rft.au=Dembitsky%2C+WP&rft.au=Griffith%2C+LD&rft.au=Adamson%2C+RM&rft.au=Daily%2C+PO&rft.au=Overlie%2C+PA&rft.au=Smith%2C+SC&rft.au=Jaski%2C+BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0003-4975%252890%252990363-B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesselEdmunds2003" class="citation book cs1">Hessel EA, Edmunds LH (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210154850/http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/cgi/content/full/2/2003/317#">"Extracorporeal Circulation: Perfusion Systems"</a>. In Cohn LH, Edmunds LH (eds.). <i>Cardiac Surgery in the Adult</i>. McGraw-Hill. pp. 317–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-184487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-184487-1"><bdi>978-0-07-184487-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/930496902">930496902</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org/cgi/content/full/2/2003/317">the original</a> on 2006-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extracorporeal+Circulation%3A+Perfusion+Systems&rft.btitle=Cardiac+Surgery+in+the+Adult&rft.pages=317-338&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F930496902&rft.isbn=978-0-07-184487-1&rft.aulast=Hessel&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+LH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcardiacsurgery.ctsnetbooks.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F2%2F2003%2F317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cardiopulmonary_bypass" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cardiopulmonary bypass">Cardiopulmonary bypass</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestpracticeperfusion.org">International Consortium For Evidence-Based Perfusion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://circuitsurfers.com/">CircuitSurfers: A Perfusion Blog about Cardiopulmonary Bypass</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101192126/http://mmcts.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/collection/cardiopulmonary_bypass">Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery. Cardiopulmonary bypass collection.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Collection/CID/BX">"The Clarence Dennis Papers"</a>. <i>Profiles in Science</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profiles+in+Science&rft.atitle=The+Clarence+Dennis+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2Fps%2Fretrieve%2FCollection%2FCID%2FBX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACardiopulmonary+bypass" class="Z3988"></span> credited with the first attempt at cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template talk:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Heart valves</a><br />and septa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve_repair" title="Heart valve repair">Valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvulotomy" title="Valvulotomy">Valvulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">Mitral valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valvuloplasty">Valvuloplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplasty" title="Aortic valvuloplasty">aortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valvuloplasty">mitral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_replacement" title="Valve replacement">Valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_repair" title="Aortic valve repair">Aortic valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacement" title="Aortic valve replacement">Aortic valve replacement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_procedure" title="Ross procedure">Ross procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_aortic_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter aortic valve replacement">Transcatheter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">Mitral valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_pulmonary_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement">Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">production of septal defect in heart</span></dt> <dd><i>enlargement of existing septal defect</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septostomy" title="Atrial septostomy">Atrial septostomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balloon_septostomy" title="Balloon septostomy">Balloon septostomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>creation of septal defect in heart</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Hanlon_procedure" title="Blalock–Hanlon procedure">Blalock–Hanlon procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fontan_procedure" title="Fontan procedure">Fontan procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rastelli_procedure" title="Rastelli procedure">Rastelli procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sano_shunt" title="Sano shunt">Sano shunt</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">compound procedures</span></dt> <dd>for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great vessels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arterial_switch_operation" title="Arterial switch operation">Arterial switch operation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mustard_procedure" title="Mustard procedure">Mustard procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Senning_procedure" title="Senning procedure">Senning procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>for univentricular defect <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Norwood_procedure" title="Norwood procedure">Norwood procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kawashima_procedure" title="Kawashima procedure">Kawashima procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> shunt <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Taussig_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blalock–Taussig shunt">Blalock–Taussig shunt</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">SVC</a> to the right <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">PA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_procedure" title="Glenn procedure">Glenn procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cardiac vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">CHD</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Angioplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Bypass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/MIDCAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDCAB">MIDCAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Off-pump_coronary_artery_bypass" title="Off-pump coronary artery bypass">Off-pump CAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TECAB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECAB">TECAB</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bare-metal_stent" title="Bare-metal stent">Bare-metal stent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">Drug-eluting stent</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Obstacle removal</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentall_procedure" title="Bentall procedure">Bentall procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve-sparing_aortic_root_replacement" title="Valve-sparing aortic root replacement">Valve-sparing aortic root replacement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeCompte_maneuver" title="LeCompte maneuver">LeCompte maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">Pericardiocentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_window" title="Pericardial window">Pericardial window</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiectomy" title="Pericardiectomy">Pericardiectomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyoplasty" title="Cardiomyoplasty">Cardiomyoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dor_procedure" title="Dor procedure">Dor procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septal_myectomy" title="Septal myectomy">Septal myectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular reduction">Ventricular reduction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_septal_ablation" title="Alcohol septal ablation">Alcohol septal ablation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction system</a></span></dt> <dd>Maze procedure (<a href="/wiki/Cox_maze_procedure" title="Cox maze procedure">Cox maze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimaze_procedure" title="Minimaze procedure">minimaze</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catheter_ablation" title="Catheter ablation">Catheter ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">Cryoablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker insertion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S-ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="S-ICD">S-ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy" title="Cardiac resynchronization therapy">Cardiac resynchronization therapy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage_occlusion" title="Left atrial appendage occlusion">Left atrial appendage occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotomy" title="Cardiotomy">Cardiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vectorcardiography" title="Vectorcardiography">Vectorcardiography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_loop_recorder" title="Implantable loop recorder">Implantable loop recorder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Cardiac stress test</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_protocol" title="Bruce protocol">Bruce protocol</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology_study" title="Electrophysiology study">Electrophysiology study</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiovascular MRI</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_ventriculography" title="Cardiac ventriculography">Ventriculography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_catheterization" title="Coronary catheterization">Coronary catheterization</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac CT">Cardiac CT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phonocardiogram" title="Phonocardiogram">Phonocardiogram</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Function tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_cardiography" title="Impedance cardiography">Impedance cardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistocardiography" title="Ballistocardiography">Ballistocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardioversion" title="Cardioversion">Cardioversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcutaneous_pacing" title="Transcutaneous pacing">Transcutaneous pacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cardiac_procedures" title="Category:Cardiac procedures">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vascular_surgery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vascular_procedures" title="Template:Vascular procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vascular_procedures" title="Template talk:Vascular procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vascular procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vascular_surgery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology#Vascular" title="Interventional radiology">Endovascular surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arterial_disease" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Arterial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Vascular bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">Angioplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">Carotid endarterectomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenting">Stenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_stenting" title="Carotid stenting">Carotid stenting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varicose_veins" title="Varicose veins">Venous disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_phlebectomy" title="Ambulatory phlebectomy">Ambulatory phlebectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_surgery" title="Laser surgery">Laser surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerotherapy" title="Sclerotherapy">Sclerotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_stripping" title="Vein stripping">Vein stripping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">venous</a> access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venous_cutdown" title="Venous cutdown">Venous cutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriotomy" title="Arteriotomy">Arteriotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebotomy" title="Phlebotomy">Phlebotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">Aortic aneurysm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aortic_dissection" title="Aortic dissection">dissection</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endovascular_aneurysm_repair" title="Endovascular aneurysm repair">Endovascular aneurysm repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_aortic_surgery" title="Open aortic surgery">Open aortic surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cardiopulmonary bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardioplegia" title="Cardioplegia">Cardioplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolated_organ_perfusion_technique" title="Isolated organ perfusion technique">Isolated organ perfusion technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_access" title="Vascular access">Vascular access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revascularization" title="Revascularization">Revascularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_rib_resection" title="First rib resection">First rib resection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seldinger_technique" title="Seldinger technique">Seldinger technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_snare" title="Vascular snare">Vascular snare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subtraction_angiography" title="Digital subtraction angiography">Digital subtraction angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">Cerebral angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescein_angiography" title="Fluorescein angiography">Fluorescein angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Magnetic resonance angiography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portography" title="Portography">Portography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_phlebography" class="mw-redirect" title="Impedance phlebography">Impedance phlebography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultrasound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid ultrasonography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other diagnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angioscopy" title="Angioscopy">Angioscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle%E2%80%93brachial_pressure_index" title="Ankle–brachial pressure index">Ankle–brachial pressure index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_pressure" title="Toe pressure">Toe pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552304#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cardiopulmonary Bypass"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020219">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mimotělní oběh"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph249463&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553142505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&oldid=1261860265">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&oldid=1261860265</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_equipment" title="Category:Medical equipment">Medical equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_inventions" title="Category:German inventions">German inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventions" title="Category:Soviet inventions">Soviet inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2024">Articles needing additional references from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 December 2024, at 10:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiopulmonary_bypass&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5ccf8d5c58-cc55g","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.691","walltime":"0.863","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4045,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138485,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4197,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":148020,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 741.201 1 -total"," 34.84% 258.271 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.93% 140.346 13 Template:Cite_book"," 14.21% 105.339 5 Template:Navbox"," 13.01% 96.454 1 Template:Cardiac_surgery"," 11.45% 84.841 2 Template:Short_description"," 9.83% 72.857 1 Template:Infobox_medical_intervention"," 8.30% 61.513 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.92% 58.720 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.94% 51.452 1 Template:Unreferenced_section"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.420","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9161828,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-65c9bb7d57-lrwtx","timestamp":"20241208100735","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cardiopulmonary bypass","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiopulmonary_bypass","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q552304","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q552304","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-05T23:00:28Z","dateModified":"2024-12-08T10:07:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery_Image_657C-PH.jpg","headline":"technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery"}</script> </body> </html>