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</a> <ul id="toc-Motorola's_history_in_semiconductors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5065" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5065"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 5065 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5065-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Development team </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MC6800_microprocessor_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MC6800_microprocessor_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 MC6800 microprocessor design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MC6800_microprocessor_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MOS_ICs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MOS_ICs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 MOS ICs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MOS_ICs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-M6800_family_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#M6800_family_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 M6800 family introduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-M6800_family_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_team_breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_team_breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Design team breakup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_team_breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_Austin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Austin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Move to Austin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Austin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_personal_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_personal_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Use in personal computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_personal_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Example code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Peripherals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%9C%EB%9D%BC_6800" title="모토로라 6800 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모토로라 6800" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC6800" title="MC6800 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MC6800" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2_6800" title="โมโตโรล่า 6800 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมโตโรล่า 6800" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Motorola 6800" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Motorola 6800" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">8-bit microprocessor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 16/32-bit microprocessor introduced in 1979, see <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Motorola 6800</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg/220px-Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg/330px-Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg/440px-Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="975" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Motorola MC6800 microprocessor</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1974; 50 years ago (1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Performance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 MHz to 2 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Data width</th><td class="infobox-data">8 bits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address width</th><td class="infobox-data">16 bits</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Architecture and classification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of instructions</th><td class="infobox-data">72</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Physical specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4,100</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Package</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40-pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">Motorola 6809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_6502" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS 6502">MOS 6502</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table>The 6800 ("sixty-eight hundred") is an <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> microprocessor designed and first manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> in 1974. The MC6800 microprocessor was part of the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800_family" title="Motorola 6800 family">M6800 Microcomputer System</a> (later dubbed 68xx<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) that also included serial and parallel interface <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> and other support chips. A significant design feature was that the M6800 family of ICs required only a single five-volt <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> at a time when most other microprocessors required three voltages. The M6800 Microcomputer System was announced in March 1974 and was in full production by the end of that year.<a href="#cite_note-MC6800_March_1974-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MC6800_$360-3">[3]</a> The 6800 has a 16-bit address bus that can directly access 64 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> of memory and an 8-bit bi-directional data bus. It has 72 instructions with seven addressing modes for a total of 197 <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcodes</a>. The original MC6800 could have a clock frequency of up to 1 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a>. Later versions had a maximum clock frequency of 2 MHz.<a href="#cite_note-M6800_Design_Data-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-BIST_6800-5">[5]</a> In addition to the ICs, Motorola also provided a complete <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">development system</a>. The customer could use the software on a remote <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">timeshare</a> computer or on an in-house <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> system. The Motorola EXORciser was a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> built with the M6800 ICs that could be used for <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototyping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> new designs. An expansive documentation package included datasheets on all ICs, two assembly language programming manuals, and a 700-page application manual that showed how to design a <a href="/wiki/Point-of-sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-of-sale">point-of-sale</a> terminal (a computerized <a href="/wiki/Cash_register" title="Cash register">cash register</a>) around the 6800.<a href="#cite_note-M6800_Apps_Manual-6">[6]</a> The 6800 was popular in <a href="/wiki/Computer_peripheral" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer peripheral">computer peripherals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_test_equipment" title="Electronic test equipment">test equipment</a> applications and point-of-sale terminals. It has also been used in arcade games<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and pinball machines.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The MC6802, introduced in 1977, included 128 bytes of RAM and an internal clock oscillator on chip. The MC6801 and MC6805 included RAM, ROM and I/O on a single chip and were popular in automotive applications. Some MC6805 models integrated a <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">Serial Peripheral Interface</a> (SPI).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">Motorola 6809</a> was an updated compatible design. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorola's_history_in_semiconductors">Motorola's history in semiconductors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motorola's history in semiconductors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motorola#History" title="Motorola">Motorola § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg/170px-Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg/255px-Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg/340px-Motorola_Transistor_Radio_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption> Motorola began making semiconductors in the 1950s.</figcaption></figure> Galvin Manufacturing Corporation was founded in 1928; the company name was changed to Motorola in 1947. They began commercial production of transistors at a new US$1.5 million facility in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_AR_1955_Report-10">[10]</a> By the mid-1960s, Motorola had expanded their semiconductor division under the direction of Lester Hogan. Motorola's <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and integrated circuits were used in-house for their communication, military, automotive and consumer products and they were also sold to other companies. In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> left <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> to found <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, and Fairchild responded by hiring Hogan as the new <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>. Eight other Motorola employees moved with him, they became known as "<a href="/wiki/Hogan%27s_heroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogan's heroes">Hogan's heroes</a>". The resulting chaos was nevertheless short lived, and the company continued to grow through this period.<a href="#cite_note-mostek-11">[11]</a> By 1973 the Semiconductor Products Division (SPD) had sales of $419 million and was the second largest semiconductor company after <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1975_Report-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5065">5065</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 5065">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mostek_5065" title="Mostek 5065">Mostek 5065</a></div> By the early 1970s it was clear that most of the large companies in the semiconductor space, including Fairchild and the still-new Intel, were planning to introduce <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. Intel began shopping around the initial concept of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>, and on their sales trips they visited <a href="/wiki/Victor_Comptometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Comptometer">Victor Comptometer</a> in Chicago looking for potential customers. Victor had introduced the world's first <a href="/wiki/Electronic_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic calculator">electronic calculator</a> that used <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victor_3900" title="Victor 3900">Victor 3900</a>. There, Tom Bennett saw the design.<a href="#cite_note-mostek-11">[11]</a> In 1971, Motorola decided to enter the calculator business. Looking for someone to lead the effort, the hired Bennett away from Victor. Shortly after joining, <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a> visited Motorola with a outline of a design for a microprocessor they were planning to use in a series of programmable calculators. Motorola agreed to complete the design and produce it on their PMOS lines in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-mostek-11">[11]</a> While the design was eventually completed successfully, their fab proved unable to produce the chips. The problems with the line had become obvious with a number of similar failures; it also proved unable to make competitive memory devices and other designs. To save the contract, Motorola licensed the design to their competitor, <a href="/wiki/Mostek" title="Mostek">Mostek</a>, with the requirement that Mostek could only sell outside the calculator market. Mostek then put the design on the market as the <a href="/wiki/Mostek_5065" title="Mostek 5065">Mostek 5065</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mostek-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_team">Development team</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development team">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png/220px-M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png/330px-M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png/440px-M6800_Family_Block_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption>Block diagram of a M6800 microcomputer system</figcaption></figure> Customers continued to approach the company with new ideas, and it became increasingly obvious that these concepts could be implemented using a single flexible microprocessor design. A new effort began in late 1971, but in early 1972, the marketing department returned a report stating they could only sell 18,000 over a five year period. Unconvinced, Bennett hired Link Young to try again. Young returned with a potential order for 200,000 from <a href="/wiki/National_Data_Corporation" title="National Data Corporation">National Data Corporation</a>, more than enough to start design work.<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008-13">[13]</a> The team was composed of designer Tom Bennett, engineering director Jeff LaVell, product marketer Link Young and systems designers Mike Wiles, Gene Schriber and Doug Powell.<a href="#cite_note-Malone_1995-14">[14]</a> They were all located in <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>, in greater <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>. By the time the project was finished, Bennett had 17 chip designers and layout people working on five chips. LaVell had 15 to 20 system engineers and there was another applications engineering group of similar size.<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008-13">[13]</a> Tom Bennett had a background in industrial controls and had worked for Victor Comptometer in the 1960s designing the first electronic calculator to use MOS ICs, the <a href="/wiki/Victor_3900" title="Victor 3900">Victor 3900</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1964_MOS_IC-15">[15]</a> In May 1969 <a href="/wiki/Marcian_Hoff" title="Marcian Hoff">Ted Hoff</a> showed Bennett early diagrams of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> to see if it would meet their calculator needs. Bennett joined Motorola in 1971 to design calculator ICs. He was soon assigned as the chief architect of the microprocessor project that produced the 6800.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_3962682-16">[16]</a> Others have taken credit for designing the 6800. In September 1975 <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Cushman" title="Robert H. Cushman">Robert H. Cushman</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDN_(magazine)" title="EDN (magazine)">EDN magazine's</a> microprocessor editor, interviewed Chuck Peddle about MOS Technology's new <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> microprocessor. Cushman then asked "Tom Bennett, master architect of the 6800", to comment about this new competitor.<a href="#cite_note-EDN_Sep_20_1975-17">[17]</a> After the 6800 project Bennett worked on automotive applications and Motorola became a major supplier of microprocessors used in automobiles. Jeff LaVell joined Motorola in 1966 and worked in the computer industry marketing organization. LaVell had previously worked for <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Collins" title="Rockwell Collins">Collins Radio</a> on their C8500 computer that was built with small scale <a href="/wiki/Emitter-coupled_logic" title="Emitter-coupled logic">ECL</a> ICs. In 1971, he led a group that examined the needs of their existing customers such as <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">National Cash Register</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation" title="Control Data Corporation">Control Data Corporation</a> (CDC), and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC). They would study the customer's products and try to identify functions that could be implemented in larger integrated circuits at a lower cost. The result of the survey was a family of 15 building blocks; each could be implemented in an integrated circuit.<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008-13">[13]</a> Some of these blocks were implemented in the initial M6800 release and more were added over the next few years. To evaluate the 6800 architecture while the chip was being designed, LaVell's team built an equivalent circuit using 451 small scale TTL ICs on five 10 by 10 inch (25 by 25 cm) circuit boards. Later they reduced this to 114 ICs on one board by using ROMs and MSI (medium scale integration) logic devices.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png/220px-Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png/330px-Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png/440px-Motorola_6800_processor_pinout.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>Motorola 6800 DIP chip <a href="/wiki/Pinout" title="Pinout">pinout</a></figcaption></figure> John Buchanan was a memory designer at Motorola when Bennett asked him to design a <a href="/wiki/Voltage_doubler" title="Voltage doubler">voltage doubler</a> for the 6800. Typical n-channel MOS IC's required three power supplies: −5 volts, +5 volts and +12 volts. The M6800 family was to use only one, +5 volts. It was easy to eliminate the −5 volt supply by using an internal <a href="/wiki/Voltage_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage inverter">voltage inverter</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Enhancement-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhancement-mode">enhancement-mode</a> logic also needed a supply of 10 to 12 volts. To address this, the design added an on-chip voltage doubler. Buchanan did the circuit design, analysis and layout for the 6800 microprocessor. He received patents on the voltage doubler and the 6800 chip layout.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_3942047-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_3987418-20">[20]</a> Rod Orgill assisted Buchanan with analyses and 6800 chip layout. Later Orgill would design the <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6501" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS Technology 6501">MOS Technology 6501</a> microprocessor that was socket compatible with the 6800. Bill Lattin joined Motorola in 1969 and his group provided the computer simulation tools for characterizing the new MOS circuits in the 6800. Lattin and Frank Jenkins had both attended UC Berkeley and studied computer circuit simulators under <a href="/wiki/Donald_Pederson" title="Donald Pederson">Donald Pederson</a>, the designer of the <a href="/wiki/SPICE" title="SPICE">SPICE</a> circuit simulator.<a href="#cite_note-SLIC_1971-21">[21]</a> Motorola's simulator, MTIME, was an advanced version of the TIME circuit simulator that Jenkins had developed at Berkeley. The group published a technical paper, "MOS-device modeling for computer implementation" in 1973 describing a "5-V single-supply n-channel technology" operating at 1 MHz. They could simulate a 50 MOSFET circuit on an IBM 370/165 mainframe computer.<a href="#cite_note-MOS_Modeling-22">[22]</a> In November 1975, Lattin joined Intel to work on their next generation microprocessor.<a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Nov_1975_Lattin-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mensch" title="Bill Mensch">Bill Mensch</a> joined Motorola in 1971 after graduating from the University of Arizona. He had worked several years as an electronics technician before earning his BSEE degree. The first year at Motorola was a series of three-month rotations through four different areas. Mensch did a flowchart for a modem that would become the 6860. He also worked the application group that was defining the M6800 system. After this training year, he was assigned to the 6820 <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Interface_Adapter" title="Peripheral Interface Adapter">Peripheral Interface Adapter</a> (PIA) development team. Mensch was a major contributor to the design of this chip and received a patent on the IC layout<a href="#cite_note-Mensch_3968478-24">[24]</a> and was named as a co-inventor of seven other M6800 system patents.<a href="#cite_note-Mensch_patents-25">[25]</a> Later Mensch would design the <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a> microprocessor. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg/220px-Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg/330px-Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg/440px-Motorola_M6800_manuals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MIKBUG" title="MIKBUG">MIKBUG</a> was part of the extensive M6800 microcomputer support developed by Motorola's Application Engineering Group.</figcaption></figure> Mike Wiles was a design engineer in Jeff LaVell's group and made numerous customer visits with Tom Bennett during 6800 product definition phase. He is listed as an inventor on eighteen 6800 patents but is best known for a computer program, <a href="/wiki/MIKBUG" title="MIKBUG">MIKBUG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiles_patents-26">[26]</a> This was a <a href="/wiki/Resident_monitor" title="Resident monitor">monitor</a> for a 6800 computer system that allowed the user to examine the contents of RAM and to save or load programs to tape. This 512 byte program occupied half of an MCM6830 ROM.<a href="#cite_note-MIKBUG-27">[27]</a> This ROM was used in the Motorola MEK6800 design evaluation kit and early hobby computer kits.<a href="#cite_note-SWTPC_6800_MIKBUG-28">[28]</a> Wiles stayed with Motorola, moved to Austin and helped design the MC6801 microcontroller that was released in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels_1996-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Peddle" title="Chuck Peddle">Chuck Peddle</a> joined the design team in 1973 after the 6800 processor design was done but he contributed to overall system design and to several peripheral chips, particularly the 6820 (PIA) parallel interface.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall_2006-30">[30]</a> Peddle is listed as an inventor on sixteen Motorola patents, most have six or more co-inventors.<a href="#cite_note-Peddle_patents-31">[31]</a> Like the other engineers on the team, Peddle visited potential customers and solicited their feedback. Peddle and John Buchanan built one of the earliest 6800 demonstration boards.<a href="#cite_note-6800_demo_board-32">[32]</a> In August 1974, Chuck Peddle left Motorola and joined a small semiconductor company in Pennsylvania, <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology" title="MOS Technology">MOS Technology</a>. There he led the team that designed the 6500 microprocessor family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MC6800_microprocessor_design">MC6800 microprocessor design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: MC6800 microprocessor design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png/330px-MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png/495px-MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png/660px-MC6800_Processor_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption> A Motorola MC6800 microprocessor registers and I/O lines</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:88%;width:27em;"> <caption>Motorola 6800 registers </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">15 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">14 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">13 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">11 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">10 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">09 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">08 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">07 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">06 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">05 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">04 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">03 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">02 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">01 </td> <td style="width:10px; text-align:center;">00 </td> <td style="width:auto;">(bit position) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17">Main registers </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="8">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">A </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">A accumulator </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="8">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">B </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">B accumulator </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17">Index registers </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">IX </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Index register </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">SP </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Stack Pointer </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17">Program counter </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="16">PC </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Program Counter </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17">Status register </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="8">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Half-carry_flag" title="Half-carry flag">H</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interrupt_flag" title="Interrupt flag">I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sign_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign flag">N</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Zero_flag" title="Zero flag">Z</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Overflow_flag" title="Overflow flag">V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carry_flag" title="Carry flag">C</a> </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">Flags </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Motorola 6800 and the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a> were designed at the same time and were similar in function. The 8080 was an extension and enhancement of the Intel 8008, which in turn was an LSI implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a>-based CPU design used in the <a href="/wiki/Datapoint_2200" title="Datapoint 2200">Datapoint 2200</a>. The 6800 architecture was a TTL-compatible LSI design modeled after the DEC <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> processor.<a href="#cite_note-PDP_11_influence-33">[33]</a> The 6800 had an 8-bit bidirectional data bus, a 16-bit address bus that could address 64 KB of memory, and came in a 40-pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a> package. The 6800 had two 8-bit accumulators, a 16-bit index register, and a 16-bit stack pointer. The direct addressing mode, often known as the <a href="/wiki/Zero_page" title="Zero page">zero page</a> in other processors, allowed fast access to the first 256 bytes of memory. I/O devices were addressed as memory so there were no special I/O instructions. When the 6800 was reset, it loaded the program counter from the highest address and started execution at the memory location stored there.<a href="#cite_note-μP_Roundup_1976-34">[34]</a> The 6800 had a three-state control that would disable the address bus to allow another device <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a>. For instance, a <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> controller could load data into memory without requiring any support from the CPU. It was even possible to have two 6800 processors access the same memory.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, in practice systems of such complexity usually required the use of external bus transceivers to drive the system bus; in such circuits, the on-processor bus control was disabled entirely in favor of using the similar capabilities of the bus transceiver.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In contrast, the 6802 dispensed with this on-chip control entirely in order to free up pins for other functions in the same 40-pin package as the 6800, but this functionality could still be achieved using an external bus transceiver. MOS ICs typically used dual clock signals (a <a href="/wiki/Two-phase_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-phase clock">two-phase clock</a>) in the 1970s. These were generated externally for the 6800,<a href="#cite_note-MC6870-37">[37]</a> The 6800 had a minimum clock rate of 100 kHz, and initially ran at a maximum rate of 1 MHz. Higher-speed versions of the 6800 were released in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-MD_Sep_1975_8080A-38">[38]</a> Other divisions in Motorola developed components for the M6800 family. The Components Products Department designed the MC6870 two-phase clock IC, and the Memory Products group provided a full line of ROMs and RAMs. The CMOS group's MC14411 Bit Rate Generator provided a 75 to 9600 <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> clock for the MC6850 serial interface. The buffers for address and data buses were standard Motorola products. Motorola could supply every IC, transistor, and diode necessary to build an MC6800-based computer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MOS_ICs">MOS ICs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MOS ICs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_wafer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silicon_wafer.jpg/170px-Silicon_wafer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silicon_wafer.jpg/255px-Silicon_wafer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Silicon_wafer.jpg/340px-Silicon_wafer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption> A silicon wafer holding many integrated circuit chips</figcaption></figure> The first-generation metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) chips used p-channel field-effect transistors, known as p-channel <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a> (p-channel describes the configuration of the transistor). These ICs were used in calculators and in the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004. They were easy to produce but were slow and difficult to interface to the popular <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">TTL</a> digital logic ICs. An n-channel MOS integrated circuit could operate two or three times faster and was compatible with TTL. They were much more difficult to produce because of an increased sensitivity to contamination that required an ultra clean production line and meticulous process control.<a href="#cite_note-Verhofstadt_1976-39">[39]</a> Motorola did not have an n-channel MOS production capability and had to develop one for the 6800 family. Motorola's n-channel MOS test integrated circuits were complete in late 1971 and these indicated the clock rate would be limited to 1 MHz. These used "<a href="/wiki/Enhancement-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhancement-mode">enhancement-mode</a>" MOS transistors. There was a newer fabrication technology that used "<a href="/wiki/Depletion-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion-mode">depletion-mode</a>" MOS transistors as loads, which would allow smaller and faster circuits (this was also known as <a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_nMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion-load nMOS">depletion-load nMOS</a>). The "depletion-mode" processing required extra steps so Motorola decided to stay with "enhancement-mode" for the new single-supply-voltage design. The 1 MHz clock rate meant the chip designers would have to come up with several architectural innovations to speed up the microprocessor throughput.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_3962682-16">[16]</a> These resulting circuits were faster but required more area on the chip.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In the 1970s, semiconductors were fabricated on 3 inch (75 mm) diameter <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">silicon wafers</a>. Each wafer could produce 100 to 200 integrated circuit chips or dies. The technical literature would state the length and width of each chip in "mils" (0.001 inch). The current industry practice is to state the chip area. Processing wafers required multiple steps and flaws would appear at various locations on the wafer during each step. The larger the chip the more likely it would encounter a defect. The percentage of working chips, or yield, declined steeply for chips larger than 160 mils (4 mm) on a side. The target size for the 6800 was 180 mils (4.6 mm) on each side but the final size was 212 mils (5.4 mm) with an area of 29.0 mm2. At 180 mils, a 3-inch (76 mm) wafer will hold about 190 chips, 212 mils reduces that to 140 chips. At this size the yield may be 20% or 28 chips per wafer.<a href="#cite_note-Chip_Yield-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elmasry_1981-42">[42]</a> The Motorola 1975 annual report highlights the new MC6800 microprocessor but has several paragraphs on the "MOS yield problems."<a href="#cite_note-Motorola_1975_Report-12">[12]</a> The yield problem was solved with a design revision started in 1975 to use depletion mode in the M6800 family devices. The 6800 die size was reduced to 160 mils (4 mm) per side with an area of 16.5 mm2. This also allowed faster clock speeds, the MC68A00 would operate at 1.5 MHz and the MC68B00 at 2.0 MHz. The new parts were available in July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels_1996-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-MC6800D_March_1976-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="M6800_family_introduction">M6800 family introduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: M6800 family introduction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg/330px-Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg/495px-Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg/660px-Motorola_M6800_microcomputer_ad_April_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption> An early advertisement for the Motorola's M6800 family microcomputer system</figcaption></figure> The March 7, 1974 issue of <a href="/wiki/Electronics_(magazine)" title="Electronics (magazine)">Electronics</a> had a two-page story on the Motorola MC6800 microprocessor along with the MC6820 Peripheral Interface Adapter, the MC6850 Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter, the MCM6810 128 byte RAM and the MCM6830 1024 byte ROM.<a href="#cite_note-MC6800_March_1974_ROM-44">[44]</a> This was followed by an eight-page article in the April 18, 1974 issue, written by the Motorola design team.<a href="#cite_note-MC6800_April_1974-45">[45]</a> This issue also had an article introducing the Intel 8080.<a href="#cite_note-Intel_8080_April_1974-46">[46]</a> Both the Intel 8080 and the Motorola MC6800 processors began layout around December 1972. The first working 8080 chips were produced January 1974<a href="#cite_note-Intel_8080_Oral_History-47">[47]</a> and the first public announcement was in February 1974.<a href="#cite_note-ISSCC_1974_8080-48">[48]</a> The 8080 used same three voltage N-channel MOS process as Intel's existing memory chips allowing full production to begin that April. The first working MC6800 chips were produced in February 1974 and engineering samples were given to select customers. Hewlett-Packard in <a href="/wiki/Loveland,_Colorado" title="Loveland, Colorado">Loveland, Colorado</a> wanted the MC6800 for a new desktop calculator and had a prototype system working by June.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-MD_Oct_1975_HP_9815-50">[50]</a> The MC6800 used a new single-voltage N-channel MOS process that proved to be very difficult to implement. The M6800 microcomputer system was finally in production by November 1974. Motorola matched Intel's price for single microprocessor, $360.<a href="#cite_note-MC6850_1975-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Intel_$360-52">[52]</a> (The <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> was a well-known computer at this time.) In April 1975 the MEK6800D1 microcomputer design kit was offered for $300. The kit included all six chips in the M6800 family plus application and programming manuals.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_April_17,_1975-53">[53]</a> The price of a single MC6800 microprocessor was $175. Link Young was the product marketer that developed the total system approach for the M6800 family release. In addition to releasing a full set of support chips with the 6800 microprocessor, Motorola offered a software and hardware development system. The software development tools were available on remote <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> computers or the source code was available so the customer could use an in-house computer system. The software that would run on a microprocessor system was typically written in assembly language. The development system consisted of a text editor, assembler and a simulator.<a href="#cite_note-6800_programming_manual-54">[54]</a> This allowed the developer to test the software before the target system was complete. The hardware development was a desktop computer built with M6800 family CPU and peripherals known as the EXORcisor.<a href="#cite_note-MC6800_April_1974-45">[45]</a> Motorola offered a three- to five-day microprocessor design course for the 6800 hardware and software.<a href="#cite_note-M6800_Design_Course-55">[55]</a> This systems-oriented approach became the standard way new microprocessor were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Noyce_1980-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_team_breakup">Design team breakup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design team breakup">edit</a>]</div> The principal design effort on the M6800 family was complete in mid-1974, and many engineers left the group or the company. Several factors led to the break-up of the design group. Motorola had opened a new MOS semiconductor facility in Austin, Texas. The entire engineering team was scheduled to relocate there in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_Nov_14_1974-57">[57]</a> Many of the employees liked living in the Phoenix suburb of Mesa and were very wary about moving to Austin. The team leaders were unsuccessful with their pleas to senior management on deferring the move.<a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_July_1976-58">[58]</a> A recession hit the semiconductor industry in mid-1974 resulting in thousands of layoffs. A November 1974 issue of Electronics magazine reports that Motorola had laid off 4,500 employees, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> 7,000 and <a href="/wiki/Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a> 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_Nov_28_1974-59">[59]</a> Motorola's Semiconductor Products Division would lose thirty million dollars in the next 12 months and there were rumors that the IC group would be sold off. Motorola did not sell the division but they did change the management and organization.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_Nov_13_1975-60">[60]</a> By the end of 1974 Intel fired almost a third of its 3,500 employees.<a href="#cite_note-Tedlow_2007-61">[61]</a> The MOS IC business rebounded but job security was not taken for granted in 1974 and 1975.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chuck Peddle (and other Motorola engineers) had been visiting customers to explain the benefits of microprocessors. Both Intel and Motorola had initially set the price of a single microprocessor at $360. Many customers were hesitant to adopt this new microprocessor technology with such a high price tag. (The actual price for production quantities was much lower.) In mid-1974 Peddle proposed a simplified microprocessor that could be sold at a much lower price. Motorola's "total product family" strategy did not focus on the price of MPU but on reducing the customer's total design cost.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_Jan_1975-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Peddle's concept was repeatedly rejected, and eventually management told him to stop talking about it. He wrote a memo stating that these instructions were a clear statement that Motorola was abandoning the concept, meaning they could not claim <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> against it. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg/220px-MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg/330px-MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg/440px-MOS_6501_Ad_August_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Introductory advertisement for the MOS Technology MCS6501 microprocessor in August 1975</figcaption></figure> Peddle continued working for Motorola while looking for investors for his new microprocessor concept.<a href="#cite_note-Peddle_investors-64">[64]</a> After approaching Mostek and being rejected, in August 1974 Chuck Peddle left Motorola and joined a small semiconductor company in Pennsylvania, MOS Technology. He was followed by seven other Motorola engineers: Harry Bawcom, Ray Hirt, Terry Holdt, Mike James, Will Mathis, Bill Mensch and Rod Orgill.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall_2006-30">[30]</a> Peddle's group at MOS Technology developed two new microprocessors that were compatible with the Motorola peripheral chips like the 6820 PIA. Rod Orgill designed the MCS6501 processor that would plug into a MC6800 socket and Bill Mensch did the MCS6502 that had the clock generation circuit on chip. These microprocessors would not run 6800 programs because they had a different architecture and instruction set. The major goal was a microprocessor that would sell for under $25.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This would be done by removing non-essential features to reduce the chip size. An 8-bit stack pointer was used instead of a 16-bit one. The second accumulator was omitted. The address buffers did not have a three-state mode for Direct Memory Access (DMA) data transfers.<a href="#cite_note-Byte_Nov_1975_6502-65">[65]</a> The goal was to get the chip size down to 153 mils x 168 mils (3.9 mm × 4.3 mm).<a href="#cite_note-EDN_Sep_20_1975-17">[17]</a> Peddle was a very effective spokesman and the MOS Technology microprocessors were extensively covered in the trade press. One of the earliest was a full-page story on the MCS6501 and MCS6502 microprocessors in the July 24, 1975 issue of Electronics magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_July_24,_1975-66">[66]</a> Stories also ran in <a href="/wiki/EE_Times" title="EE Times">EE Times</a> (August 24, 1975),<a href="#cite_note-6502_EE_Times_1975-67">[67]</a> EDN (September 20, 1975), Electronic News (November 3, 1975) and Byte (November 1975). Advertisements for the 6501 appeared in several publications the first week of August 1975. The 6501 would be for sale at the WESCON trade show in San Francisco, September 16–19, 1975, for $20 each.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_Aug_7_1975-68">[68]</a> In September 1975 the advertisements included both the 6501 and the 6502 microprocessors. The 6502 would only cost $25.<a href="#cite_note-6502_Computer_Sep_1975-69">[69]</a> Motorola responded to MOS Technology's $20 microprocessor by immediately reducing the single-unit price of the 6800 microprocessor from $175 to $69<a href="#cite_note-MC6800_price_reduction-70">[70]</a> and then suing MOS Technology in November 1975.<a href="#cite_note-MD_Dec_1975_6502_Law_Suit-71">[71]</a> Motorola claimed that the eight former Motorola engineers used technical information developed at Motorola in the design of the 6501 and 6502 microprocessors. MOS Technology's other business, calculator chips, was declining due to a price war with Texas Instruments so their financial backer, <a href="/wiki/Allen-Bradley" title="Allen-Bradley">Allen-Bradley</a>, decided to limit the possible losses and sold the assets of MOS Technology back to the founders.<a href="#cite_note-Bagnall_2006-30">[30]</a> The lawsuit was settled in April 1976 with MOS Technology dropping the 6501 chip that would plug into a Motorola 6800 socket and licensing Motorola's peripheral chips.<a href="#cite_note-MD_May_1976_6501_dropped-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCCS_May_1976_6501-73">[73]</a> Motorola reduced the single-unit price of the 6800 to $35.<a href="#cite_note-Verhofstadt_1976-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCCS_May_1976_6800-74">[74]</a> The MOS Technology vs. Motorola lawsuit has developed a <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">David and Goliath</a> narrative over the years. One point was that Motorola did not have patents on the technology. This was technically true when the lawsuit was filed in late 1975[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On October 30, 1974, before the 6800 was released, Motorola filed numerous patents applications on the microprocessor family, and over twenty patents were subsequently granted. The first was to Tom Bennett on June 8, 1976, for the 6800 internal address bus.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett_3962682-16">[16]</a> The second was to Bill Mensch on July 6, 1976, for the 6820 chip layout.<a href="#cite_note-Mensch_3968478-24">[24]</a> Many of these patents named several of the departing engineers as co-inventors. These patents covered the 6800 bus and how the peripheral chips interfaced with the microprocessor.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Austin">Move to Austin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Move to Austin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg/220px-Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg/330px-Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg/440px-Motorola_MC6820L_MC6821L.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The M6800 family chips were redesigned to use depletion-mode technology. The MC6820 PIA became the MC6821.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg/220px-Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg/330px-Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg/440px-Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_August_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Three typical applications for the MC6800, as shown in a Motorola advertisement from August 1976: a point-of-sale terminal, an electronic signal tester, and a security card entry system.</figcaption></figure> Gary Daniels was designing ICs for electronic wristwatches when Motorola shut down their Timepiece Electronics Unit. Tom Bennett offered him a job in the microprocessor group in November 1974. Bennett did not want to leave the Phoenix area so Gary Daniels managed the microprocessor development in Austin. (Daniels was the microprocessor design manager for the next ten years before he was promoted to a vice president.) The first task was to redesign the 6800 MPU to improve the manufacturing yield and to operate at a faster clock. This design used depletion-mode technology and was known internally as the MC6800D. The transistor count went from 4000 to 5000 but the die area was reduced from 29.0 mm2 to 16.5 mm2 (allowing the price of the CPU to be lowered to $35). The maximum clock rate for selected parts doubled to 2 MHz. The other chips in the M6800 family were also redesigned to use depletion-mode technology. The Peripheral Interface Adapter had a slight change in the electrical characteristics of the I/O pins so the MC6820 became the MC6821.<a href="#cite_note-MC6821-76">[76]</a> These new IC were completed in July 1976. A new low-cost clock generator chip, the MC6875, was released in 1977. It replaced the $35 MC6870 hybrid IC. The MC6875 came in a 16-pin dip package and could use quartz crystal or a resistor capacitor network.<a href="#cite_note-MC6875_Byte_Dec_1977-77">[77]</a> Another project was incorporating 128 bytes of RAM and the clock generator on a single 11,000-transistor chip. The MC6802 microprocessor was released in March 1977. The companion MC6846 chip had 2048 byte ROM, an 8-bit bidirectional port and a programmable timer. This was a two-chip microcomputer. The 6802 has an on-chip oscillator that uses an external 4 MHz quartz crystal to produce the two-phase 1 MHz clock. The internal 128 byte RAM could be disabled by grounding a pin and devices with defective RAM were sold as a MC6808.<a href="#cite_note-MC6802_March_1977-78">[78]</a> The 6808 was rarely used as the main microprocessor on general-purpose computers, being more popular in embedded systems (the 1979 <a href="/wiki/ACFA-8" title="ACFA-8">ACFA-8</a> microcomputer proved an exception).<a href="#cite_note-collectible-79">[79]</a> A series of peripheral chip were introduced by 1978. The MC6840 programmable counter had three 16-bit binary counters that could be used for frequency measurement, event counting, or interval measurement. The MC6844 Direct Memory Access Controller could transfer data from an I/O controller to RAM without loading down the MC6800 microprocessor. The MC6845 CRT Controller (CRTC) provided the control logic for a character based computer terminal. The 6845 had support for a <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pen</a>, an alternative to a computer mouse. The MC6845 was a very popular chip: it was even used in the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">IBM Monochrome Display Adapter</a> and the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Color_Graphics_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Color Graphics Adapter">IBM Color Graphics Adapter</a> for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> and successors, where the 6845 was used with an Intel 8088 CPU.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> During the time of cold war technology embargoes, a 6845 clone named CM607 was produced in Bulgaria. The later <a href="/wiki/IBM_Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter">IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a> (EGA) card contained a custom IBM chip (the EGA CRTC) that replaced the Motorola 6845, adding many enhancements, in a mostly-compatible way. The <a href="/wiki/IBM_Video_Graphics_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Video Graphics Array">IBM Video Graphics Array</a> (VGA), which became ubiquitous (to the point that it is still emulated as the baseline functionality of most modern PC video adapter chips) incorporates a compatible near-superset of the EGA CRTC, still mostly-compatible with the MC6845 (but by this point without the light pen support, which the EGA CRTC retained). The MC6801 was a single-chip microcomputer (that today would also be called a microcontroller) incorporating a 6802 CPU with 128 bytes of RAM, a 2 KB ROM, a 16-bit timer, 31 programmable parallel I/O lines, and a serial port. (The MC6803 was the same except without the ROM and with fewer different bus configurations.) It could also use the I/O lines as data and address buses to connect to standard M6800 peripherals. The 6801 would execute 6800 code, but it had ten additional instructions, and the execution time of key instructions was reduced. The two 8-bit accumulators could act as a single 16-bit accumulator for double precision addition, subtraction and multiplication.<a href="#cite_note-MC6801-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-manual_6801-82">[82]</a> It was initially designed for automotive use, with General Motors as the lead customer. The first application was a trip computer for the 1978 Cadillac Seville.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This 35,000 transistor chip was too expensive for wide-scale adoption in automobiles, so a reduced function MC6805 single-chip microcomputer was designed. The MC6801 was one of the first microprocessors with a multiply instruction.<a href="#cite_note-manual_6801-82">[82]</a>: 4–45  The Hitachi HD6303 (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_6309" title="Hitachi 6309">Hitachi 6309</a>) is a second-source reimplementation of the Motorola MC6803, with a few additional instructions, and a slightly faster implementation of the 8x8 multiply instruction. The Hitachi HD6303 is used in the first PDA, the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Psion_Organiser" title="Psion Organiser">Psion Organiser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Hitachi HD6303 was also used in the 1983 "Pocket Telex".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Motorola MC6803 was also used in the <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_MC-10" title="TRS-80 MC-10">TRS-80 MC-10</a> and the closely related <a href="/wiki/Matra_Alice" title="Matra Alice">Matra Alice</a>. The MC<a href="/wiki/6809" class="mw-redirect" title="6809">6809</a> was the most advanced 8-bit microprocessor Motorola produced. It had a new instruction set that was similar to the 6800 but abandoned op-code compatibility for improved performance and high-level language support; the 6809 and 6800 were software compatible in that assemblers could (and generally did) generate code which was equivalent to 6800 opcodes that the 6809 did not directly emulate. In that sense, the 6809 was upward compatible with the 6800. The 6809 had two 16-bit index registers, two 16-bit stack pointers, and many instructions to perform 16-bit operations, including the first 8-bit multiply instruction (generating a 16-bit product) in a microprocessor. Other key points of the 6809 design were full support for both <a href="/wiki/Position-independent_code" title="Position-independent code">position-independent code</a> (object code that can run wherever it is loaded in memory) and <a href="/wiki/Reentrant_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Reentrant code">reentrant code</a> (object code that can be re-invoked when <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupted</a> or by calling itself recursively<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>), features previously seen only in much larger machines such as IBM 360 mainframes.<a href="#cite_note-MC6809-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_personal_computers">Use in personal computers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use in personal computers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SWTPC6800_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SWTPC6800_open.jpg/220px-SWTPC6800_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SWTPC6800_open.jpg/330px-SWTPC6800_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SWTPC6800_open.jpg/440px-SWTPC6800_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/SWTPC_6800" title="SWTPC 6800">SWTPC 6800</a> computer system, introduced in November 1975, was based on the MEK6800 design evaluation kit chip set.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altair_680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Altair_680.jpg/220px-Altair_680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Altair_680.jpg/330px-Altair_680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Altair_680.jpg/440px-Altair_680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>MITS Altair 680</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems" title="Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems">MITS</a> Altair 8800, the first successful personal computer, used the Intel 8080 microprocessor and was featured on the January 1975 cover of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Electronics" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PE_Jan_1975-89">[89]</a> The first personal computers using the Motorola 6800 were introduced in late 1975. Sphere Corporation of Bountiful, Utah ran a quarter-page advertisement in the July 1975 issue of Radio-Electronics for a $650 USD computer kit with a 6800 microprocessor, 4 kilobytes of RAM, a video board and a keyboard. This would display 16 lines of 32 characters on a TV or monitor.<a href="#cite_note-Sphere_Ad_July_1975-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sphere_1" title="Sphere 1">Sphere computer</a> kits began shipping in November 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Assembling_a_Sphere-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/SWTPC" title="SWTPC">Southwest Technical Products Corporation</a> of San Antonio, Texas, officially announced their <a href="/wiki/SWTPC_6800" title="SWTPC 6800">SWTPC 6800</a> Computer System in November 1975. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Green" title="Wayne Green">Wayne Green</a> visited SWTPC in August 1975 and described the SWTPC computer kit complete with photos of a working system in the October 1975 issue of <a href="/wiki/73_(magazine)" title="73 (magazine)">73</a>. The SWTPC 6800 was based on the Motorola MEK6800 design evaluation kit chip set and used the MIKBUG ROM Software.<a href="#cite_note-SWTPC_6800_MIKBUG-28">[28]</a> The MITS Altair 680 was on the cover of the November 1975 issue of Popular Electronics. The Altair 680 used a 6800 microprocessor and, unlike the SWTPC machine, also had a front panel with toggle switches and LEDs. The initial design had to be revised and first deliveries of the Altair 680B were in April 1976.<a href="#cite_note-CN_Apr_1976-92">[92]</a> Sphere was a small startup company and had difficulties delivering all of the products they announced. They filed for a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in April 1977.<a href="#cite_note-Sphere_Bankruptcy-93">[93]</a> The Altair 680B was popular but MITS focused most of the resources on their Altair 8800 computer system and they exited the hobby market in 1978. The Southwest Technical Products computer was the most successful 6800 based personal computer.<a href="#cite_note-Creative_Computing-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-SWTPC_6800_Floppy_Drive-95">[95]</a> Other companies, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_Signal_Broadcasting" title="Smoke Signal Broadcasting">Smoke Signal Broadcasting</a> (California), <a href="/wiki/Gimix" title="Gimix">Gimix</a> (Chicago), <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Scientific" title="Midwest Scientific">Midwest Scientific</a> (Olathe, Kansas), and Helix Systems (Hazelwood, Missouri), started producing SWTPC 6800 bus compatible boards and complete systems. <a href="/wiki/Technical_Systems_Consultants" title="Technical Systems Consultants">Technical Systems Consultants</a> of West Lafayette, Indiana, supplied tape based software for the 6800 (and later 6809) based computers and, after disk systems became available, operating systems and disk software as well. The 8080 systems were far more popular than the 6800 ones.<a href="#cite_note-NCCN_Dec_1977-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg/170px-Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg/255px-Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg/340px-Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>The Tektronix 4051 graphics computing system used a 6800 microprocessor.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tektronix_405x" class="mw-redirect" title="Tektronix 405x">Tektronix 4051</a> Graphics Computing System was introduced in October 1975. This was a professional desktop computer that had a 6800 microprocessor with up to 32 KB of user RAM, 300 KB magnetic tape storage, BASIC in ROM and a 1024 by 780 graphics display. The Tektronix 4051 sold for $7000 (equivalent to $39,600 in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-97">[97]</a>, rather higher than the personal computers using the 6800.<a href="#cite_note-Electronics_Oct_30_1975_Tek_4051-98">[98]</a> The 6800 processor was also used in the <a href="/wiki/APF-MP1000" title="APF-MP1000">APF MP1000</a> game console. The <a href="/wiki/Matsushita_JR_series" title="Matsushita JR series">Matsushita JR series</a> used a Panasonic <a href="/w/index.php?title=MN1800A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MN1800A (page does not exist)">MN1800A</a> <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a> microprocessor,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> compatible with the MC6802. HP introduced the 9815A desktop calculator based on the 6800 in 1975. All HP's other machines at the time used their own processor designs. It was fitted with 16k of ROM and 2k of RAM with optional IO expansion and RAM expansion to 4k. A later 9815S included both options as standard.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The architecture and instruction set of the 6800 were easy for beginners to understand and <a href="/wiki/Heathkit" title="Heathkit">Heathkit</a> developed a microprocessor course and the ET3400 6800 trainer. The course and trainer proved popular with individuals and schools.<a href="#cite_note-PS_Nov_1977_Heathkit-102">[102]</a> Motorola's next generation 8-bit microprocessor architecture, the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">MC6809</a> (1979), was not binary code compatible with the 6800, but nearly all assembly code would assemble and run on the 6809; 6800 family peripheral chips worked as a matter of course. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_code">Example code</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example code">edit</a>]</div> The following 6800 <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> source code is for a subroutine named <code>memcpy</code> that copies a block of data bytes of a given size from one location to another. The data block is copied one byte at a time, from lowest address to highest. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ca65 mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>; memcpy -- ; Copy a block of memory from one location to another. ; Called as a subroutine, note return to saved PC addr on exit ; Entry parameters ; cnt - Number of bytes to copy ; src - Address of source data block ; dst - Address of target data block cnt dw $0000 ; sets aside space for memory addr src dw $0000 ; sets aside space for memory addr dst dw $0000 ; sets aside space for memory addr memcpy public ldab cnt+1 ;Set B = cnt.L beq check ;If cnt.L=0, goto check loop ldx src ;Set IX = src ldaa ix ;Load A from (src) inx ;Set src = src+1 stx src ldx dst ;Set IX = dst staa ix ;Store A to (dst) inx ;Set dst = dst+1 stx dst decb ;Decr B bne loop ;Repeat the loop check tst cnt+0 ;If cnt.H=0, beq done ;Then quit dec cnt+0 ;Decr cnt.H ; loop back and do 256*(cnt.H+1) more copies (B=0) bra loop ;Repeat the loop done rts ;Return </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Peripherals">edit</a>]</div> List from "Motorola Microcomputer Components", November 1978. <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">Memory-mapped I/O</a> is used, and I/O ports are mapped to part of the main memory address space.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Part</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>MCM6810</td> <td>128 byte static RAM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg08.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg08.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6820</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Interface_Adapter" title="Peripheral Interface Adapter">Peripheral Interface Adapter</a> (PIA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg10.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg10.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6821</td> <td>Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg10.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg10.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6828</td> <td>Priority <a href="/wiki/Programmable_interrupt_controller" title="Programmable interrupt controller">Interrupt Controller</a> (PIC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg10.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg10.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MCM6830</td> <td>1024 byte ROM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg09.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg09.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6840</td> <td>Programmable Timer Module (PTM) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg10.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg10.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6843</td> <td>Floppy Disk Controller (FDC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg12.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg12.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6844</td> <td>Direct Memory Access Controller (DMAC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg13.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg13.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MC6845" class="mw-redirect" title="MC6845">MC6845</a></td> <td>CRT Controller (CRTC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg13.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg13.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6846</td> <td>ROM-I/O-Timer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg10.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg10.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6847" title="Motorola 6847">MC6847</a></td> <td>Video Display Generator (VDG) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC68488</td> <td>General Purpose Interface Adapter (GPIB) IEEE488 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg10.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg10.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MC6850" class="mw-redirect" title="MC6850">MC6850</a></td> <td>Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter (ACIA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg11.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg11.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6852</td> <td>Synchronous Serial Data Adapter (SDAA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg11.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg11.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6854</td> <td>Advanced Data Link Controller (ADLC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg11.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg11.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6859</td> <td>Data Security Device (DSD) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6860</td> <td>0–600 bit/s Digital Modem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg11.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg11.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6862</td> <td>2400 bit/s Modulator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg11.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg11.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6870</td> <td>Two-Phase Microprocessor Clock </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6870_ad_April_1976.jpg" title="File:Motorola MC6870 ad April 1976.jpg">Advertisement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6875</td> <td>Clock Generator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Motorola_Microcomputer_Components_1978_pg07.jpg" title="File:Motorola Microcomputer Components 1978 pg07.jpg">Brochure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MC6883</td> <td>Synchronous Address Multiplexer (SAM) </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_sources">Second sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second sources">edit</a>]</div> A common requirement for manufacturing companies was to require two or more sources for every part in the products they made. This ensured they could get parts if a supplier had financial problems or a disaster. Initially Motorola selected <a href="/wiki/American_Microsystems,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="American Microsystems, Inc.">American Microsystems Inc (AMI)</a> as a second source for the M6800 family. <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell Semiconductor">Rockwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">Thomson Semiconductors</a> were added later. <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Electronics" title="Rochester Electronics">Rochester Electronics</a> was authorized by Freescale/Motorola in 2014 to continue manufacturing any of the 8-bit peripherals and 8-bit processors of this era. Rochester specializes in fully authorized device duplication. Freescale has provided all the source design archives to enable <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Electronics" title="Rochester Electronics">Rochester Electronics</a> for this product and others. At the end of 2016, Rochester was fully qualified and shipping the MC6802 processor, the MC6840 PTM, and the MC6809 processor (including the MC68A09, and MC68B09 versions) and can still be bought today. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AMI S6800 MPU"><img alt="AMI S6800 MPU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg/120px-KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg/180px-KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg/240px-KL_AMI_S6800_Black_Background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> AMI S6800 MPU</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari_90_6001_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atari 90-6001"><img alt="Atari 90-6001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Atari_90_6001_1.jpg/120px-Atari_90_6001_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Atari_90_6001_1.jpg/180px-Atari_90_6001_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Atari_90_6001_1.jpg/240px-Atari_90_6001_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="475" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atari 90-6001</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fairchild F6802P and an AMI S6820 PIA"><img alt="Fairchild F6802P and an AMI S6820 PIA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg/120px-Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg/180px-Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg/240px-Fairchild_6802_AMI_6820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Fairchild F6802P and an AMI S6820 PIA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hitachi HD46800"><img alt="Hitachi HD46800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg/120px-Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg/180px-Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg/240px-Hitachi_HD46800_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="401" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Hitachi HD46800</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_histories">Oral histories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oral histories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102658123">"Intel 8080 Microprocessor Oral History Panel"</a> Steve Bisset, Federico Faggin, Hal Feeney, Edward Gelbach, Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor, Masatoshi Shima, Computer History Museum, April 26, 2007, moderator: David House.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102658073">"Zilog Z80 Microprocessor Oral History Panel"</a> Federico Faggin, Masatoshi Shima, Ralph Ungermann. Computer History Museum, April 27, 2007, moderator: Michael Slater.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102702020">"Motorola 6800 oral history panel: development and promotion"</a> Thomas H. Bennett, John Ekiss, William (Bill) Lattin, Jeff Lavell. Computer History Museum, March 28, 2008, moderator: David Laws.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508024231/http://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/complete_listing.html">Interview with William Mensch</a> Stanford and the Silicon Valley Project, October 9, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091031/http://silicongenesis.stanford.edu/transcripts/mensch.htm">Transcript</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXORmacs" class="mw-redirect" title="EXORmacs">EXORmacs</a>, a follow-up system for M68000 processors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> 16/32-bit successor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEK6800D2" title="MEK6800D2">MEK6800D2</a> a development kit for the 6800</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPuckett1981" class="citation journal cs1">Puckett, Dale (1981-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47">"68XX's Family Is Extended"</a>. InfoWorld. 3 (7). CW Communications: 46–47 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=68XX%27s+Family+Is+Extended&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=46-47&rft.date=1981-04-13&rft.aulast=Puckett&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDj4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6800_March_1974-2"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6800_March_1974_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Motorola joins microprocessor race with 8-bit entry". Electronics. 47 (5). New York: McGraw-Hill: 29–30. March 7, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Motorola+joins+microprocessor+race+with+8-bit+entry&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=1974-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6800_$360-3"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6800_$360_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Microcomputer system runs on one 5-V supply". Electronics. 47 (26). New York: McGraw-Hill: 114–115. December 26, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Microcomputer+system+runs+on+one+5-V+supply&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=114-115&rft.date=1974-12-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "Motorola's M6800 microcomputer system, which can operate from a single 5-volt supply, is moving out of the sampling stage and into full production." The small-quantity price of the MC6800 is $360. The MC6820 PIA cost $28. </li> <li id="cite_note-M6800_Design_Data-4"><a href="#cite_ref-M6800_Design_Data_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">M6800 Microcomputer System Design Data. Phoenix AZ: Motorola. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M6800+Microcomputer+System+Design+Data&rft.place=Phoenix+AZ&rft.pub=Motorola&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIST_6800-5"><a href="#cite_ref-BIST_6800_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsWilliam_C._Bruce1985" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, R. Gary; William C. Bruce (April 1985). "Built-In Self-Test Trends in Motorola Microprocessors". IEEE Design & Test of Computers. 2 (2). IEEE: 64–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMDT.1985.294865">10.1109/MDT.1985.294865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22719798">22719798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Design+%26+Test+of+Computers&rft.atitle=Built-In+Self-Test+Trends+in+Motorola+Microprocessors&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=64-71&rft.date=1985-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMDT.1985.294865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22719798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=R.+Gary&rft.au=William+C.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "… MC6800, which was introduced in 1974. The device was built in six-micron NMOS technology with about 4000 transistors." </li> <li id="cite_note-M6800_Apps_Manual-6"><a href="#cite_ref-M6800_Apps_Manual_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">M6800 Microprocessor Applications Manual. Phoenix AZ: Motorola. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M6800+Microprocessor+Applications+Manual&rft.place=Phoenix+AZ&rft.pub=Motorola&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://system16.com/hardware.php?id=758">"System 16 – Atari 6800 Based Hardware"</a>. system16.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316084830/http://system16.com/hardware.php?id=758">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=system16.com&rft.atitle=System+16+%E2%80%93+Atari+6800+Based+Hardware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsystem16.com%2Fhardware.php%3Fid%3D758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinball.flippers.info/system6repairpart1.asp">"Mark's Guide to Williams System 3 Through 7 Troubleshooting and Repair"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216151404/http://pinball.flippers.info/system6repairpart1.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2018-03-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark%27s+Guide+to+Williams+System+3+Through+7+Troubleshooting+and+Repair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinball.flippers.info%2Fsystem6repairpart1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bitsavers_motorolada8BitMicroprocessorandPeripheralData_34048525">components :: motorola :: dataBooks :: 1983 Motorola 8-Bit Microprocessor and Peripheral Data</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=components+%3A%3A+motorola+%3A%3A+dataBooks+%3A%3A+1983+Motorola+8-Bit+Microprocessor+and+Peripheral+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_motorolada8BitMicroprocessorandPeripheralData_34048525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motorola_AR_1955_Report-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_AR_1955_Report_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/en-xw/static_files/history-motorola-annual-report-archive-1955-4p12mb-24.pdf">Motorola 1955 Annual Report</a> (PDF). Chicago: Motorola. 1956. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810173519/http://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/en-xw/static_files/history-motorola-annual-report-archive-1955-4p12mb-24.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2017-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motorola+1955+Annual+Report&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Motorola&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorolasolutions.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fmsi%2Fdocs%2Fen-xw%2Fstatic_files%2Fhistory-motorola-annual-report-archive-1955-4p12mb-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mostek-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mostek_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mostek_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mostek_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mostek_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins">"Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800 : Origins and Architecture"</a>. The Chip Letter. 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chip+Letter&rft.atitle=Motorola%27s+Pioneering+8-bit+6800+%3A+Origins+and+Architecture&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthechipletter.substack.com%2Fp%2Fmotorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motorola_1975_Report-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1975_Report_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_1975_Report_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/en-xw/static_files/history-motorola-annual-report-archive-1975-7p61mb-36.pdf">Motorola 1975 Annual Report</a> (PDF). Chicago: Motorola. March 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810173514/http://www.motorolasolutions.com/content/dam/msi/docs/en-xw/static_files/history-motorola-annual-report-archive-1975-7p61mb-36.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2017-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motorola+1975+Annual+Report&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Motorola&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorolasolutions.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fmsi%2Fdocs%2Fen-xw%2Fstatic_files%2Fhistory-motorola-annual-report-archive-1975-7p61mb-36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorola_6800_Oral_History_2008_13-2">c</a> Motorola 6800 Oral History (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-Malone_1995-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Malone_1995_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1995" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Michael S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microprocessorbi0000malo">The Microprocessor: A Biography</a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 141–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94342-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-94342-0"><bdi>0-387-94342-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Microprocessor%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141-147&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-387-94342-0&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicroprocessorbi0000malo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1964_MOS_IC-15"><a href="#cite_ref-1964_MOS_IC_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1964-Commecial.html">"1964 – First Commercial MOS IC Introduced"</a>. Computer History Museum. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222203215/http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1964-Commecial.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1964+%E2%80%93+First+Commercial+MOS+IC+Introduced&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fsemiconductor%2Ftimeline%2F1964-Commecial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_3962682-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_3962682_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_3962682_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_3962682_16-2">c</a> Bennett, Thomas H., "Split low order internal address bus for microprocessor", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3962682A">US Patent 3962682</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313004545/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3962682A">Archived</a> 2022-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, issued June 8, 1976. Bennett is listed as an inventor on 18 M6800 family patents. </li> <li id="cite_note-EDN_Sep_20_1975-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EDN_Sep_20_1975_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EDN_Sep_20_1975_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Cushman" title="Robert H. Cushman">Cushman, Robert H.</a> (September 20, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424050556/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/Microprocessors/EDN_Sep_20_1975_6502.pdf">"2-1/2 Generation μP's -$10 Parts That Perform Like Low-End Mini's"</a> (PDF). EDN. 20 (17). Boston: Cahners Publishing: 36–42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/Microprocessors/EDN_Sep_20_1975_6502.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 24, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EDN&rft.atitle=2-1%2F2+Generation+%CE%BCP%27s+-%2410+Parts+That+Perform+Like+Low-End+Mini%27s&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=36-42&rft.date=1975-09-20&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swtpc.com%2Fmholley%2FMicroprocessors%2FEDN_Sep_20_1975_6502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> About the MOS Technology 6502 on page 40. "It measures just 168x183 mils now and will be shrunk 10% to 153x168 mils soon." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Electronics April 18, 1974. Photo of boards on page 82, description of circuit on page 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan_3942047-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_3942047_19-0">^</a> Buchanan, John K., "MOS DC Voltage booster circuit", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3942047A">US Patent 3942047</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313004041/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3942047A">Archived</a> 2022-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, issued March 2, 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan_3987418-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_3987418_20-0">^</a> Buchanan, John K., "Chip topography for MOS integrated circuitry microprocessor chip", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987418A">US Patent 3987418</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914195214/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987418A">Archived</a> 2022-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, issued October 19, 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-SLIC_1971-21"><a href="#cite_ref-SLIC_1971_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdlemanJenkins,_Francis_S.McCalla,_William_J.Pederson,_Donald._O1971" class="citation journal cs1">Idleman, Thomas E.; Jenkins, Francis S.; McCalla, William J.; Pederson, Donald. O (August 1971). "SLIC – A Simulator for Linear Integrated Circuits". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 6 (4). IEEE: 188–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971IJSSC...6..188I">1971IJSSC...6..188I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fjssc.1971.1050168">10.1109/jssc.1971.1050168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9200">0018-9200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+of+Solid-State+Circuits&rft.atitle=SLIC+%E2%80%93+A+Simulator+for+Linear+Integrated+Circuits&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=188-203&rft.date=1971-08&rft.issn=0018-9200&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjssc.1971.1050168&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971IJSSC...6..188I&rft.aulast=Idleman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Francis+S.&rft.au=McCalla%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Pederson%2C+Donald.+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOS_Modeling-22"><a href="#cite_ref-MOS_Modeling_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsLane,_E.Lattin,_W.Richardson,_W.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, Francis; Lane, E.; Lattin, W.; Richardson, W. (November 1973). "MOS-device modeling for computer implementation". IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory. 20 (6). IEEE: 649–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ftct.1973.1083758">10.1109/tct.1973.1083758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9324">0018-9324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Circuit+Theory&rft.atitle=MOS-device+modeling+for+computer+implementation&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=649-658&rft.date=1973-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ftct.1973.1083758&rft.issn=0018-9324&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Lane%2C+E.&rft.au=Lattin%2C+W.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> All of the authors were with Motorola's Semiconductor Products Division. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_Nov_1975_Lattin-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Nov_1975_Lattin_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler1975" class="citation journal cs1">Hoefler, Don (November 1, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/schreiner/1975/h75n12.htm">"Outer"</a>. Microelectronics News. Santa Clara, CA: 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614061603/http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/schreiner/1975/h75n12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microelectronics+News&rft.atitle=Outer&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1975-11-01&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmithsonianchips.si.edu%2Fschreiner%2F1975%2Fh75n12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Bill Lattin leaves Motorola to join Intel. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mensch_3968478-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mensch_3968478_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mensch_3968478_24-1">b</a> Mensch, William D., "Chip topography for MOS interface circuit", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3968478A">US Patent 3968478</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313004042/https://patents.google.com/patent/US3968478A">Archived</a> 2022-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, issued July 6, 1976. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mensch_patents-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Mensch_patents_25-0">^</a> Bill Memsch's is listed as an inventor on the following M6800 patents : 3979730, 4020472, 4086627, 4087855, 4145751, 4218740, 4263650 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiles_patents-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiles_patents_26-0">^</a> Michael F. Wiles is listed as an inventor on the following US Patents on the Motorola 6800 system: 3979730, 4003028, 4004281, 4004283, 4010448, 4016546, 4020472, 4030079, 4032896, 4037204, 4040035, 4069510, 4086627, 4087855, 4090236, 4145751, 4218740, 4263650 </li> <li id="cite_note-MIKBUG-27"><a href="#cite_ref-MIKBUG_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilesFelix1974" class="citation book cs1">Wiles, Mike; Felix, Andre (1974). Engineering Note 100: MCM6830L7 MIKBUG/MINIBUG ROM. Phoenix Arizona: Motorola Semiconductor Products.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Note+100%3A+MCM6830L7+MIKBUG%2FMINIBUG+ROM&rft.place=Phoenix+Arizona&rft.pub=Motorola+Semiconductor+Products&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wiles&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Felix%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWTPC_6800_MIKBUG-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SWTPC_6800_MIKBUG_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWTPC_6800_MIKBUG_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SWTPC_6800_Computer_Nov_1975.jpg">"SWTPC 6800: The Computer System You Have Been Waiting For"</a>. Byte. 1 (3). Peterborough MH: Green Publishing: Cover 2. November 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110011817/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SWTPC_6800_Computer_Nov_1975.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=SWTPC+6800%3A+The+Computer+System+You+Have+Been+Waiting+For&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=Cover+2&rft.date=1975-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ASWTPC_6800_Computer_Nov_1975.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> First advertisement for the SWTPC 6800 computer. </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels_1996-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_1996_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_1996_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1996" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, R. Gary (December 1996). "A Participant's Perspective". IEEE Micro. 16 (5). IEEE Computer Society: 21–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F40.546562">10.1109/40.546562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26787252">26787252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Micro&rft.atitle=A+Participant%27s+Perspective&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=21-31&rft.date=1996-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F40.546562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26787252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=R.+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Daniels, "My first assignment was to lead a small team to redesign the 6800 MPU to make it more manufacturable and so that higher speed versions could be selected." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagnall_2006-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_2006_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_2006_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagnall_2006_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnall2006" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, Brian (2006). On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise And Fall of Commodore. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Variant Press. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9738649-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9738649-0-7"><bdi>0-9738649-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge%3A+The+Spectacular+Rise+And+Fall+of+Commodore&rft.place=Winnipeg%2C+Manitoba&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Variant+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9738649-0-7&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Chapters 1 and 2 cover Chuck Peddle's early life, his time at Motorola and the genesis of the 6501/6502 microprocessors. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peddle_patents-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Peddle_patents_31-0">^</a> Charles Peddle is listed as an inventor on the following US Patents on the Motorola 6800 system: 3975712, 3979730, 4004283, 4006457, 4016546, 4020472, 4030079, 4032896, 4037204, 4040035, 4086627, 4087855, 4090236, 4145751, 4218740, 4263650. Most of these patents have six or more co-inventors. </li> <li id="cite_note-6800_demo_board-32"><a href="#cite_ref-6800_demo_board_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102711296">Motorola 6800 prototype board</a>. Computer History Museum. 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204183150/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102711296">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motorola+6800+prototype+board&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fcollections%2Faccession%2F102711296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Gift from Thomas H. Bennett, designer of the 6800 microprocessor. This 6800 prototype board was constructed by Chuck Peddle and John Buchanan. </li> <li id="cite_note-PDP_11_influence-33"><a href="#cite_ref-PDP_11_influence_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeruzzi2003" class="citation book cs1">Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0/page/244">A History of Modern Computing</a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru_0/page/244">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4"><bdi>0-262-53203-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Computing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-262-53203-4&rft.aulast=Ceruzzi&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernc00ceru_0%2Fpage%2F244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "The microprocessor phenomenon passed the PDP-11 by, even though elements of its architecture turned up in microprocessor designs (especially the Motorola 6800)." - Author interviewed <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell" title="Gordon Bell">Gordon Bell</a>, designer of the <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-μP_Roundup_1976-34"><a href="#cite_ref-μP_Roundup_1976_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Microprocessors: Designers gain new freedom as options multiply". Electronics. 49 (8). New York: McGraw-Hill: 78–100. April 15, 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Microprocessors%3A+Designers+gain+new+freedom+as+options+multiply&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=78-100&rft.date=1976-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> This was Electronics magazine annual microprocessor special edition </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Motorola 6800 Oral History (2008) pp. 15–16 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements1982" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Alan (1982). Microcomputer Design and Construction. Prentice-Hall. pp. 70, 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-580738-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-580738-7"><bdi>0-13-580738-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microcomputer+Design+and+Construction&rft.pages=70%2C+49&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-13-580738-7&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6870-37"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6870_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6870_ad_April_1976.jpg">"How to drive a microprocessor"</a>. Electronics. 49 (8). New York: McGraw-Hill: 159. April 15, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508134015/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6870_ad_April_1976.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=How+to+drive+a+microprocessor&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=159&rft.date=1976-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMotorola_MC6870_ad_April_1976.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> and Motorola's Component Products Department sold the MC6870 that included a quartz oscillator with the two-phase non-overlapping waveforms that the 6800 required, and later produced the MC6875. The Motorola 6802 processors included this circuitry on-chip. </li> <li id="cite_note-MD_Sep_1975_8080A-38"><a href="#cite_ref-MD_Sep_1975_8080A_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n03_Sep75.pdf">"Intel's Higher Speed 8080 μP"</a> (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (3). Cupertino CA: Microcomputer Associates: 7. September 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123102914/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n03_Sep75.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-23. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microcomputer+Digest&rft.atitle=Intel%27s+Higher+Speed+8080+%CE%BCP&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1975-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FmicrocomputerAssociates%2FMicrocomputer_Digest_v02n03_Sep75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verhofstadt_1976-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verhofstadt_1976_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verhofstadt_1976_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhofstadt1976" class="citation journal cs1">Verhofstadt, Peter (June 1976). "Evaluation of technology options for LSI processing elements". Proceedings of the IEEE. 64 (6). IEEE: 842–851. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1976.10234">10.1109/PROC.1976.10234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28259688">28259688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+technology+options+for+LSI+processing+elements&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=842-851&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1976.10234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28259688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Verhofstadt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Motorola 6800 Oral History (2008), p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chip_Yield-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Chip_Yield_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikes1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wikes, W. E. (January 1977). "A Microprocessor Chip Designed with the User in Mind". Computer. 10 (1). IEEE: 18–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1977.217492">10.1109/C-M.1977.217492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11802783">11802783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=A+Microprocessor+Chip+Designed+with+the+User+in+Mind&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-22&rft.date=1977-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FC-M.1977.217492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11802783%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wikes&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> This paper describes the Electronic Arrays <a href="/wiki/EA9002" class="mw-redirect" title="EA9002">EA9002</a> microprocessor that was 200 by 200 mils and fabricated on a 3 inch silicon wafer. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elmasry_1981-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Elmasry_1981_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmasry1981" class="citation book cs1">Elmasry, Mohamed I., ed. (1981). Digital MOS integrated circuits. IEEE Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87942-152-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87942-152-6"><bdi>978-0-87942-152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+MOS+integrated+circuits&rft.pub=IEEE+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87942-152-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> A 3-inch wafer can hold 200 dies of 160 by 160 mils. Total yield is Wafer yield x Assembly yield x Final test yield. In 1976 this was 40% x 80% x 85% or 26%. A 3 inch wafer with 200 die would yield 54 working microprocessors. </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6800D_March_1976-43"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6800D_March_1976_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Electronics Newsletter: 6800 gains speed, lower prices by summer". Electronics. 49 (5). New York: McGraw-Hill: 25. March 4, 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Electronics+Newsletter%3A+6800+gains+speed%2C+lower+prices+by+summer&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1976-03-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6800_March_1974_ROM-44"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6800_March_1974_ROM_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Motorola joins microprocessor race with 8-bit entry". Electronics. 47 (5). New York: McGraw-Hill: 29–30. March 7, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Motorola+joins+microprocessor+race+with+8-bit+entry&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=29-30&rft.date=1974-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988">The article used MC6830 for 128 byte RAM and MC6816 for the 1024 byte ROM. Motorola memory chips used MCM as a prefix. </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6800_April_1974-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MC6800_April_1974_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC6800_April_1974_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungTom_BennettJeff_LaVell1974" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Link; Tom Bennett; Jeff LaVell (April 18, 1974). "N-channel MOS technology yields new generation of microprocessors". Electronics. 47 (8). New York: McGraw-Hill: 88–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=N-channel+MOS+technology+yields+new+generation+of+microprocessors&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=88-95&rft.date=1974-04-18&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Link&rft.au=Tom+Bennett&rft.au=Jeff+LaVell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_8080_April_1974-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Intel_8080_April_1974_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimaFederico_Faggin1974" class="citation journal cs1">Shima, Masatoshi; Federico Faggin (April 18, 1974). "In switch to n-MOS microprocessor gets a 2-μs cycle time". Electronics. 47 (8). New York: McGraw-Hill: 95–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=In+switch+to+n-MOS+microprocessor+gets+a+2-%CE%BCs+cycle+time&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=1974-04-18&rft.aulast=Shima&rft.aufirst=Masatoshi&rft.au=Federico+Faggin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_8080_Oral_History-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Intel_8080_Oral_History_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2007" class="citation conference cs1">House, Dave (April 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102658123">Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8080 Microprocessor</a>. Mountain View, CA: Computer History Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020215722/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102658123">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Panel+on+the+Development+and+Promotion+of+the+Intel+8080+Microprocessor&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fcollections%2Faccession%2F102658123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISSCC_1974_8080-48"><a href="#cite_ref-ISSCC_1974_8080_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasatoshiFederico_FagginStanley_Mazor1974" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Masatoshi, Shima</a>; Federico Faggin; Stanley Mazor (February 1974). "An N-Channel 8-Bit Single Chip Microprocessor". Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. 1974 IEEE International. IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 56, 57, 229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISSCC.1974.1155265">10.1109/ISSCC.1974.1155265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=An+N-Channel+8-Bit+Single+Chip+Microprocessor&rft.btitle=Solid-State+Circuits+Conference.+Digest+of+Technical+Papers.+1974+IEEE+International&rft.pages=56%2C+57%2C+229&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society+Press&rft.date=1974-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FISSCC.1974.1155265&rft.aulast=Masatoshi&rft.aufirst=Shima&rft.au=Federico+Faggin&rft.au=Stanley+Mazor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Table 2 on page 229 gives the 8080 chip size as 164 x 191 mils. The 8008 was 124 x 173 mils </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Motorola 6800 Oral History (2008) pp. 9, 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-MD_Oct_1975_HP_9815-50"><a href="#cite_ref-MD_Oct_1975_HP_9815_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n04_Oct75.pdf">"HP designs custom 16-bit uC chip"</a> (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (4). Cupertino CA: Microcomputer Associates: 8. October 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923120937/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n04_Oct75.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microcomputer+Digest&rft.atitle=HP+designs+custom+16-bit+uC+chip&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FmicrocomputerAssociates%2FMicrocomputer_Digest_v02n04_Oct75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "The instrument is a companion to the firm's new 9815A calculator which uses a Motorola M6800 microcomputer and is priced at $2900." </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6850_1975-51"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6850_1975_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Motorola microprocessor set is 1 MHz n-MOS". Control Engineering. 21 (11): 11. November 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Control+Engineering&rft.atitle=Motorola+microprocessor+set+is+1+MHz+n-MOS&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1974-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> MC6800 microprocessor price was $360. The MC6850 asynchronous communications interface adaptor (ACIA) was slated for first quarter 1975 introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-Intel_$360-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Intel_$360_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynnis_Thompson_Kaye1984" class="citation book cs1">Glynnis Thompson Kaye, ed. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/brochures/brochures.htm">A Revolution in Progress – A History to Date of Intel</a>. Intel Corporation. p. 14. Order number:231295. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620212113/http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/brochures/brochures.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolution+in+Progress+%E2%80%93+A+History+to+Date+of+Intel&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Intel+Corporation&rft.date=1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fmuseum%2Farchives%2Fbrochures%2Fbrochures.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "Shima implemented the 8080 in about a year and the new device was introduced in April 1974 for $360." </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_April_17,_1975-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_April_17,_1975_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Motorola mounts M6800 drive". Electronics. 48 (8). New York: McGraw-Hill: 25. April 17, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Motorola+mounts+M6800+drive&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1975-04-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "Distributors are being stocked with the M6800 family, and the division is also offering an introductory kit that includes the family's six initial parts, plus applications and programming manuals, for $300." </li> <li id="cite_note-6800_programming_manual-54"><a href="#cite_ref-6800_programming_manual_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">M6800 Microprocessor Programming Manual. Phoenix AZ: Motorola Semiconductor Products. 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M6800+Microprocessor+Programming+Manual&rft.place=Phoenix+AZ&rft.pub=Motorola+Semiconductor+Products&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> This book was the instruction manual for the development software. Some of the software listing examples have dates from 1973 and 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-M6800_Design_Course-55"><a href="#cite_ref-M6800_Design_Course_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_M6800_Training_ad_April_1976.jpg">"It's Easy and Inexpensive"</a>. Electronics. 49 (8). New York: McGraw-Hill: 27. April 15, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110011828/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_M6800_Training_ad_April_1976.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=It%27s+Easy+and+Inexpensive.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1976-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMotorola_M6800_Training_ad_April_1976.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> The three-day design course cost $375 and included a copy of all the training materials. A company could schedule a course for 20 engineers at their own facility for $4000. </li> <li id="cite_note-Noyce_1980-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Noyce_1980_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyceMarcian_E._Hoff_Jr1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Noyce, Robert N.</a>; Marcian E. Hoff Jr (February 1981). "A History of Microprocessor Development at Intel". IEEE Micro. 1 (1). IEEE Computer Society Press: 8–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMM.1981.290812">10.1109/MM.1981.290812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37399846">37399846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Micro&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Microprocessor+Development+at+Intel&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-21&rft.date=1981-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMM.1981.290812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37399846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Noyce&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft.au=Marcian+E.+Hoff+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "Motorola also introduced a development system and four peripheral chips mated to the 6800. Motorola's systems-oriented approach influenced the industry; henceforth CPUs would be introduced with full support available rather than on a trailing schedule." </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_Nov_14_1974-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_Nov_14_1974_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Semiconductor makers delay expansion". Electronics. 47 (23). New York: McGraw-Hill: 82–85. November 14, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Semiconductor+makers+delay+expansion&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=82-85&rft.date=1974-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Motorola's Austin MOS plant already in operation. "However, engineering and marketing won't move until 1975." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_July_1976-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_July_1976_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hoefler, Don (July 3, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/schreiner/1976/h76713.htm">"Backfire"</a>. Microelectronics News. Santa Clara, CA: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302185247/http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/schreiner/1976/h76713.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microelectronics+News&rft.atitle=Backfire&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1976-07-03&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmithsonianchips.si.edu%2Fschreiner%2F1976%2Fh76713.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_Nov_28_1974-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_Nov_28_1974_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Semiconductor makers continue to trim employment". Electronics. 47 (24). New York: McGraw-Hill: 46. November 28, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Semiconductor+makers+continue+to+trim+employment&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1974-11-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_Nov_13_1975-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_Nov_13_1975_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller1975" class="citation journal cs1">Waller, Larry (November 13, 1975). "Motorola seeks to end skid". Electronics. 48 (23). New York: McGraw-Hill: 96–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Motorola+seeks+to+end+skid&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=96-98&rft.date=1975-11-13&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Summary: Semiconductor Products split into two parts, integrated circuits and discrete components. Semiconductor losses for the last four quarters exceeded $30 million. The sales organization lost its sensitivity to customer needs, "delays in responding to price cuts meant that customers bought elsewhere." Technical problems plagued IC production. The troubles are "not in design, but in chip and die yields." Problems have been solved. The MC6800 microprocessor "arrived in November 1974." </li> <li id="cite_note-Tedlow_2007-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Tedlow_2007_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedlow2007" class="citation book cs1">Tedlow, Richard S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQamXENAalkC&pg=PA158">Andy Grove: The Life and Times of an American Business Icon</a>. New York: Portfolio. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-182-1"><bdi>978-1-59184-182-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629230355/http://books.google.com/books?id=zQamXENAalkC&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2016-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andy+Grove%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+an+American+Business+Icon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Portfolio&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59184-182-1&rft.aulast=Tedlow&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQamXENAalkC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> "By the end of the year [1974], Intel had fired fully 30 percent of its thirty-five hundred employees." </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_Jan_1975-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_Jan_1975_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_6800_Total_Product_Family_1975.jpg">"It's the total product family"</a>. Electronics. 48 (1). New York: McGraw-Hill: 37. January 9, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111004455/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_6800_Total_Product_Family_1975.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=It%27s+the+total+product+family&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1975-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMotorola_6800_Total_Product_Family_1975.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Motorola advertisement emphasizing their complete set of peripheral chips and development tools. This shorten the customers product design cycle. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Motorola 6800 Oral History (2008) p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peddle_investors-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Peddle_investors_64-0">^</a> Bagnall (2006), "On the Edge". Page 10, "While still employed at Motorola, Peddle tried raising money to fund his new microprocessor. </li> <li id="cite_note-Byte_Nov_1975_6502-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Byte_Nov_1975_6502_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFylstra1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Fylstra" title="Dan Fylstra">Fylstra, Daniel</a> (November 1975). "Son of Motorola (or the $20 CPU Chip)". Byte. 1 (3). Peterborough, NH: Green Publishing: 56–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=Son+of+Motorola+%28or+the+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+data-sort-value%3D%227001200000000000000%E2%99%A0%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%2420%3C%2Fspan%3E+CPU+Chip%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=56-62&rft.date=1975-11&rft.aulast=Fylstra&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Comparison of the 6502 and the 6800 microprocessors. Author visited MOS Technology in August 1975. </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_July_24,_1975-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_July_24,_1975_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Microprocessor line offers 4, 8, 16 bits". Electronics. 48 (15). New York: McGraw-Hill: 118. July 24, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Microprocessor+line+offers+4%2C+8%2C+16+bits&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1975-07-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> The article covers the 6501 and 6502 plus the 28 pin versions that would only address 4K of memory. It also covered future devices such as "a design that Peddle calls a pseudo 16." </li> <li id="cite_note-6502_EE_Times_1975-67"><a href="#cite_ref-6502_EE_Times_1975_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Sugarman, Robert (25 August 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203105724/http://www.commodore.ca/gallery/magazines/misc/mos_605x_team_eetimes_august_1975.pdf">"Does the Country Need A Good $20 Microprocessor?"</a> (PDF). EE Times. Manhasset, New York: CMP Publications: 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commodore.ca/gallery/magazines/misc/mos_605x_team_eetimes_august_1975.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=Does+the+Country+Need+A+Good+%2420+Microprocessor%3F&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1975-08-25&rft.aulast=Sugarman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commodore.ca%2Fgallery%2Fmagazines%2Fmisc%2Fmos_605x_team_eetimes_august_1975.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_Aug_7_1975-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_Aug_7_1975_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"MOS 6501 Microprocessor beats 'em all". Electronics. 48 (16). New York: McGraw-Hill: 60–61. August 7, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=MOS+6501+Microprocessor+beats+%27em+all&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=60-61&rft.date=1975-08-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6502_Computer_Sep_1975-69"><a href="#cite_ref-6502_Computer_Sep_1975_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MOS_6501_6502_Ad_Sept_1975.jpg">"MOS 6502 the second of a low cost high performance microprocessor family"</a>. Computer. 8 (9). IEEE Computer Society: 38–39. September 1975. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1975.219074">10.1109/C-M.1975.219074</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224154043/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MOS_6501_6502_Ad_Sept_1975.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer&rft.atitle=MOS+6502+the+second+of+a+low+cost+high+performance+microprocessor+family&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=38-39&rft.date=1975-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FC-M.1975.219074&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMOS_6501_6502_Ad_Sept_1975.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6800_price_reduction-70"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6800_price_reduction_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotorola1975" class="citation journal cs1">Motorola (October 30, 1975). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_1975.jpg">"All this and unbundled $69 microprocessor"</a>. Electronics. 48 (22). McGraw-Hill: 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215093452/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_1975.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=All+this+and+unbundled+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%3Cspan+data-sort-value%3D%227001690000000000000%E2%99%A0%22%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%2469%3C%2Fspan%3E+microprocessor&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1975-10-30&rft.au=Motorola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AMotorola_MC6800_microprocessor_ad_1975.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> The quantity one price for the MC6800 was reduced from $175 to $69. The previous price for 50 to 99 units was $125. </li> <li id="cite_note-MD_Dec_1975_6502_Law_Suit-71"><a href="#cite_ref-MD_Dec_1975_6502_Law_Suit_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n06_Dec75.pdf">"Motorola Sues MOS Technology"</a> (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (6). Cupertino CA: Microcomputer Associates: 11. December 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704150106/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n06_Dec75.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microcomputer+Digest&rft.atitle=Motorola+Sues+MOS+Technology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FmicrocomputerAssociates%2FMicrocomputer_Digest_v02n06_Dec75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD_May_1976_6501_dropped-72"><a href="#cite_ref-MD_May_1976_6501_dropped_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n11_May76.pdf">"MOS Technology Drops 6501"</a> (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (11). Cupertino CA: Microcomputer Associates: 4. May 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108174135/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microcomputerAssociates/Microcomputer_Digest_v02n11_May76.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-01-08. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microcomputer+Digest&rft.atitle=MOS+Technology+Drops+6501&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1976-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FmicrocomputerAssociates%2FMicrocomputer_Digest_v02n11_May76.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCCS_May_1976_6501-73"><a href="#cite_ref-SCCS_May_1976_6501_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeener1976" class="citation journal cs1">Teener, Mike (May 1976). "Politics and Intrigue". SCCS Interface. 1 (6). Los Angeles: Southern California Computer Society: 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCCS+Interface&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Intrigue&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1976-05&rft.aulast=Teener&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988">"So Motorola sued and just recently won an out-of-court settlement that has MOS Technology paying $200,000 and stopping production on the 6501." </li> <li id="cite_note-SCCS_May_1976_6800-74"><a href="#cite_ref-SCCS_May_1976_6800_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"New 6800 Pricing". SCCS Interface. 1 (6). Los Angeles: Southern California Computer Society: 63. May 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCCS+Interface&rft.atitle=New+6800+Pricing&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1976-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> The new prices for the Motorola 6800 were $35 for 1–9 units, $32.50 for 10–49 and $29.25 for 50–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Motorola was awarded the following US Patents on the 6800 microprocessor family: 3962682, 3968478, 3975712, 3979730, 3979732, 3987418, 4003028, 4004281, 4004283, 4006457, 4010448, 4016546, 4020472, 4030079, 4032896, 4037204, 4040035, 4050096, 4069510, 4071887, 4086627, 4087855, 4090236, 4106091, 4145751, 4218740, 4263650 </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6821-76"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6821_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Advanced Information: 1.5 and 2.0 MHz Components for the M6800 Microcomputer System. Austin, Texas: Motorola Semiconductor Products. April 1977. pp. 4–6. ADI-429.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Information%3A+1.5+and+2.0+MHz+Components+for+the+M6800+Microcomputer+System.&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Motorola+Semiconductor+Products&rft.date=1977-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> The MC6820 became the MC6821 because the electrical characteristic of PA0–7 and PB0–7 pins changed slightly. The typical Input High Current went from −250 μAdc to −400 μAdc and the Input Low Current went from 1.0 mAdc to 1.3 mAdc. </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6875_Byte_Dec_1977-77"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6875_Byte_Dec_1977_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"New Clock Chip for 6800 Systems". Byte. 2 (12). Peterborough NH: Byte Publications: 210. December 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=New+Clock+Chip+for+6800+Systems&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1977-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Requiring only a 5 V supply and a quartz crystal or an RC network, the MC6875 provides buffered 2 phase clock outputs… $3.75 in 1000 piece quantities from Motorola Linear Products </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6802_March_1977-78"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6802_March_1977_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Texas Instruments and Motorola pare down microprocessors for low end market". Electronic. 50 (5). McGraw-Hill: 34, 36. March 3, 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic&rft.atitle=Texas+Instruments+and+Motorola+pare+down+microprocessors+for+low+end+market&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=34%2C+36&rft.date=1977-03-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> MC6802 microprocessor has oscillator and 128 byte RAM. MC6846 has ROM Timer and I/O. Samples later this month. </li> <li id="cite_note-collectible-79"><a href="#cite_ref-collectible_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2002" class="citation book cs1">Nadeau, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WXZNAAAACAAJ">Collectible Microcomputers</a>. Schiffer Book for Collectors (Illustrated ed.). Schiffer Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764316005" title="Special:BookSources/9780764316005"><bdi>9780764316005</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collectible+Microcomputers&rft.series=Schiffer+Book+for+Collectors&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780764316005&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWXZNAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The MDA (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_Display_and_Printer_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter">MDPA</a>) and CGA were both introduced by IBM simultaneously with the IBM PC in April 1981, as options for the PC and later for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">PC XT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">PC AT</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6801-81"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6801_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Product Preview MC6801. Austin, Texas: Motorola Semiconductor Products. August 1978. NP-93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Product+Preview+MC6801&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Motorola+Semiconductor+Products&rft.date=1978-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-manual_6801-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manual_6801_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_6801_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_motorola68ReferenceManualMay84_19173732">MC6801 8-bit Single-Chip Computer Reference Manual</a>. Motorola. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MC6801+8-bit+Single-Chip+Computer+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=Motorola&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_motorola68ReferenceManualMay84_19173732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Motorola 6800 Oral History (2008) pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Daniel Tufvesson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waveguide.se/?article=mc3-a-diy-8-bit-computer">"MC3 – A DIY 8-bit computer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226044050/https://www.waveguide.se/?article=mc3-a-diy-8-bit-computer">Archived</a> 2021-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> David Given. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowlark.com/2020-10-19-6303-arithmetic/index.html">"6303 arithmetic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126213704/http://cowlark.com/2020-10-19-6303-arithmetic/index.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Crypto Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/philips/px1000/">"PX-1000: Pocket telex"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518055728/https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/philips/px1000/">Archived</a> 2021-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> without the restriction that invocations must complete in the opposite of their order of initiation </li> <li id="cite_note-MC6809-88"><a href="#cite_ref-MC6809_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Product Preview MC6809. Austin, Texas: Motorola Semiconductor Products. December 1978. NP-98 R1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Product+Preview+MC6809&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Motorola+Semiconductor+Products&rft.date=1978-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-PE_Jan_1975-89"><a href="#cite_ref-PE_Jan_1975_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Edward_RobertsWilliam_Yates1975" class="citation magazine cs1">H. Edward Roberts; William Yates (January 1975). "Altair 8800 minicomputer". Popular Electronics. Vol. 7, no. 1. Ziff Davis. pp. 33–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Electronics&rft.atitle=Altair+8800+minicomputer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-38&rft.date=1975-01&rft.au=H.+Edward+Roberts&rft.au=William+Yates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sphere_Ad_July_1975-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Sphere_Ad_July_1975_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Computer System $650". Radio-Electronics. Vol. 42, no. 7. New York: Gernsback Publications. July 1975. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio-Electronics&rft.atitle=Computer+System+%24650&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1975-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assembling_a_Sphere-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Assembling_a_Sphere_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Bruce (July 1976). "Assembling a Sphere". Byte. 1 (11). Peterborough NH: Byte Publications: 18–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=Assembling+a+Sphere&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=18-20&rft.date=1976-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CN_Apr_1976-92"><a href="#cite_ref-CN_Apr_1976_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollini1976" class="citation journal cs1">Pollini, Steve (April 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162008/http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=8">"680-b ready for production"</a>. Computer Notes. 1 (11). MITS: 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://startup.nmnaturalhistory.org/gallery/notesViewer.php?ii=76_4&p=8">the original</a> on 2012-03-23. <q>MITS is now ready to begin full production of the Altair 680b</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Notes&rft.atitle=680-b+ready+for+production&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1976-04&rft.aulast=Pollini&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstartup.nmnaturalhistory.org%2Fgallery%2FnotesViewer.php%3Fii%3D76_4%26p%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sphere_Bankruptcy-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Sphere_Bankruptcy_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorell1977" class="citation journal cs1">Norell, Melvin (May 31, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/sphere/newsletter/Programma_Jun77.pdf">"Dear Sphere Microcomputer User"</a> (PDF). Programma News Letter. Los Angeles: Programma Consultants: 1–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810101726/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/sphere/newsletter/Programma_Jun77.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Programma+News+Letter&rft.atitle=Dear+Sphere+Microcomputer+User&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=1977-05-31&rft.aulast=Norell&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fsphere%2Fnewsletter%2FProgramma_Jun77.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creative_Computing-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Creative_Computing_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlGreen1980" class="citation book cs1">Ahl, David; Green, Burchenal (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc3/showpage.php?page=106">The Best of Creative Computing Volume 3</a>. Morristown, NJ: Creative Computing Press. pp. 106–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916688-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-916688-12-7"><bdi>0-916688-12-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041707/http://www.atariarchives.org/bcc3/showpage.php?page=106">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+of+Creative+Computing+Volume+3&rft.place=Morristown%2C+NJ&rft.pages=106-108&rft.pub=Creative+Computing+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-916688-12-7&rft.aulast=Ahl&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Green%2C+Burchenal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atariarchives.org%2Fbcc3%2Fshowpage.php%3Fpage%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> Interview with Daniel Meyer at the "Personal Computing 77" conference at Atlantic City NJ in August 1977 </li> <li id="cite_note-SWTPC_6800_Floppy_Drive-95"><a href="#cite_ref-SWTPC_6800_Floppy_Drive_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SWTPC_6800_Computer_Oct_1977.jpg">"SWTPC announces first dual minifloppy kit under $1,000"</a>. Byte. 2 (10). Peterborough NH: Green Publishing: Cover 2. October 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110011837/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SWTPC_6800_Computer_Oct_1977.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=SWTPC+announces+first+dual+minifloppy+kit+under+%241%2C000&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=Cover+2&rft.date=1977-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ASWTPC_6800_Computer_Oct_1977.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCN_Dec_1977-96"><a href="#cite_ref-NCCN_Dec_1977_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Wallace_(computer_scientist)" title="Bob Wallace (computer scientist)">Wallace, Bob</a> (December 1977). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northwest_Computer_Club_Dec_1977_pg09.jpg">"Bob's Bits: Personal Computers in 1976"</a>. Northwest Computer Club News. 2 (12). Renton WA: 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110011846/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Northwest_Computer_Club_Dec_1977_pg09.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2010-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwest+Computer+Club+News&rft.atitle=Bob%27s+Bits%3A+Personal+Computers+in+1976&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1977-12&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ANorthwest_Computer_Club_Dec_1977_pg09.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-97"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_97-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronics_Oct_30_1975_Tek_4051-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Electronics_Oct_30_1975_Tek_4051_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Terminal Talks Basic". Electronics. 42 (22). New York: McGraw-Hill: 120. October 30, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronics&rft.atitle=Terminal+Talks+Basic&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=120&rft.date=1975-10-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:Tektronix_4051_ad_April_1976.jpg" title="File:Tektronix 4051 ad April 1976.jpg">Ad for Tektronix 4051</a> in Electronics April 1976 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datasheetarchive.com/pdf/download.php?id=2fae23a9ce160f11ce15274d241e5a77bcb2b1&type=O&term=27--KUX">"Datasheet Archive 27--KUX datasheet download"</a>. www.datasheetarchive.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.datasheetarchive.com&rft.atitle=Datasheet+Archive+27--KUX+datasheet+download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datasheetarchive.com%2Fpdf%2Fdownload.php%3Fid%3D2fae23a9ce160f11ce15274d241e5a77bcb2b1%26type%3DO%26term%3D27--KUX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpmuseum.net/display_item.php?hw=146">"HP Computer Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HP+Computer+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpmuseum.net%2Fdisplay_item.php%3Fhw%3D146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpmuseum.org/hp9815.htm">"Hp 9815A/S"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hp+9815A%2FS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpmuseum.org%2Fhp9815.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS_Nov_1977_Heathkit-102"><a href="#cite_ref-PS_Nov_1977_Heathkit_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA133">"Heathkit Microprocessor Course"</a>. Popular Science. Vol. 211, no. 5. New York: Times Mirror Magazines. November 1977. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613093857/http://books.google.com/books?id=bwEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-13. Retrieved 2016-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Heathkit+Microprocessor+Course&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1977-11&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwEAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHAYES1978" class="citation book cs1">HAYES, JOHN P. (1978). Computer Architecture and Organization. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-027363-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-027363-4"><bdi>0-07-027363-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Architecture+and+Organization&rft.pages=419&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-07-027363-4&rft.aulast=HAYES&rft.aufirst=JOHN+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotorola+6800" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>6800 Assembly Language Programming; 1st Ed; Lance Leventhal; Osborne/McGraw-Hill; 484 pages; 1978; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0931988127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0931988127">978-0931988127</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/6800AssemblyLanguageProgramming/">(archive)</a></li> <li>Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques; 3rd Ed; Rodnay Zaks and Austin Lesea; Sybex; 466 pages; 1979; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89588-029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89588-029-1">978-0-89588-029-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MicroprocessorInterfacingTechniques_3rd_ed/">(archive)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_6800&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020317/http://www.wickensonline.co.uk/hx-20/M6800applMan_Mar75.pdf">MC6800 applications manual from 1975 – lots of information</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived July 24, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014000110/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/motorola/6800/M68MDOS3_MDOS3um_Jun79.pdf">MDOS User's Manual</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 14, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exorciser.net/excorindex_en.htm">Motorola Exorciser Emulator for Windows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exorsim.sourceforge.net">Open source Motorola Exorciser and SWTPC emulator for Linux/Cygwin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004041847/http://www.swtpc.com/mholley/MP_A/MIKBUG_Index.htm">MIKBUG</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 4, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=1&l0=cl&l1=680x">680x images and descriptions at cpu-collection.de</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/programming/CARDS/6800">Instruction set summary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401225622/http://www.ccso.co.uk/djc725/">Java Applet Simulator of a simplified M6800 Microprocessor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived April 1, 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html">Visual 6800 in JavaScript – transistor level graphical simulator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8bit-era.cz/6800.html">Instruction set summary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_MC14500B" title="Motorola MC14500B">14500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800_family" title="Motorola 6800 family">6800 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">6800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">6809</a> <ul><li>see also: <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_6309" title="Hitachi 6309">Hitachi 6309</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC05" title="Motorola 68HC05">68HC05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC08" title="Motorola 68HC08">68HC08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC11" title="Motorola 68HC11">68HC11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC12" title="Motorola 68HC12">68HC12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC16" title="Motorola 68HC16">68HC16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68000 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68008" title="Motorola 68008">68008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68010" title="Motorola 68010">68010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68012" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68012">68012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68020" title="Motorola 68020">68020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">68030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">68040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060" title="Motorola 68060">68060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_ColdFire" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale ColdFire">ColdFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_DragonBall" title="Freescale DragonBall">DragonBall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a> <a href="/wiki/68k" class="mw-redirect" title="68k">68k</a>-variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC000" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC000">68EC000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC020" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC020">68EC020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC030" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC030">68EC030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68EC040" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68EC040">68EC040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68LC040" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 68LC040">68LC040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060#68EC060" title="Motorola 68060">68EC060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68060#68LC060" title="Motorola 68060">68LC060</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/88000" class="mw-redirect" title="88000">88000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MC88100" class="mw-redirect" title="MC88100">MC88100</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MC88110" class="mw-redirect" title="MC88110">MC88110</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">Floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessors</a> (FPUs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68881" title="Motorola 68881">68881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68881#68882" title="Motorola 68881">68882</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management units</a> (MMU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68451" title="Motorola 68451">68451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68851" title="Motorola 68851">68851</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e200" title="PowerPC e200">PPC e200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_600" title="PowerPC 600">PPC 6xx</a>/<a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e300" title="PowerPC e300">e300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_7xx" title="PowerPC 7xx">PPC 7xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e500" title="PowerPC e500">PPC e500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_G4" title="PowerPC G4">PPC 74xx</a>/<a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e600" title="PowerPC e600">e600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e5500" title="PowerPC e5500">PPC e5500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QorIQ" title="QorIQ">QorIQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_e6500" title="PowerPC e6500">PPC e6500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Microcontrollers"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freescale_products#Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products">Microcontrollers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>6801/6803</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">6802</a></li> <li>6804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC05" title="Motorola 68HC05">68HC05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC08" title="Motorola 68HC08">68HC08</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_S08" title="Motorola S08">S08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_RS08" title="Freescale RS08">RS08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC11" title="Motorola 68HC11">68HC11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC12" title="Motorola 68HC12">68HC12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC16" title="Motorola 68HC16">68HC16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16/32-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_683XX" title="Freescale 683XX">683xx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_56000" title="Motorola 56000">DSP568xx</a> <ul><li>DSPcontroller</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">32-bit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">M·CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPC5xx" title="MPC5xx">MPC5xx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerQUICC" title="PowerQUICC">PowerQUICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC_5000" title="PowerPC 5000">PowerPC 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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