CINXE.COM
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="norton-safeweb-site-verification" content="24usqpep0ejc5w6hod3dulxwciwp0djs6c6ufp96av3t4whuxovj72wfkdjxu82yacb7430qjm8adbd5ezlt4592dq4zrvadcn9j9n-0btgdzpiojfzno16-fnsnu7xd" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://substackcdn.com" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.21e891a6ec8eb1b8d469.css" /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/color_links.33eb7c3bd37d78bc2dc3.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/entry-ac25194e.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/index-fa6e9dfc.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/LazyComponent-856acd57.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/index-d3c45219.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/theme-c2d8479d.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/FPHeader-6f515a8c.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/CommunityPostView-e34c60c6.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Menu-d642b189.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Divider-f90fb756.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ProfileHoverCard-c9cba829.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/UserBadge-d10c54cf.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Tooltip-d0af0cf2.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Avatar-b965e52c.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/LockThinIcon-6d3a77c0.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Select-c5a84323.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Field-6e53593d.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ThemedPostHeader-93e7bde0.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/TableOfContents-84044a82.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ImageViewerModal-3811bdd5.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/mention-395cbae3.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Recipe-796f9114.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ShareAssetButtons-3dec9b2c.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/FilePicker-011ef325.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/index-09c41cf3.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/viralGifts-f43f8649.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/IntroPopup-3c09dac8.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Switch-6bb7e637.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ShowsVideoPlayer-6c0c0eb2.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/recentSurfaces-fa9efc75.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/SectionLogo-44ead5a1.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/BulwarkCallout-42b8163a.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/overflow_menu-db9a534e.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/NavbarUserWidget-fac5f6fb.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ShareableImageModal-4e616c35.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/SegmentedButton-f360c1e5.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/TabBar-c0819249.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/RadioField-898d171f.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/UnreadBadge-2cbd5ba6.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/common-f9316d1e.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Radio-c45ba470.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/CookieConsentFooter-0d9aca19.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/newsletter_item_list-ce4aa0ff.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/CreditCardIcon-c6de514f.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/comments_page-83ec46a1.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/ChatAppUpsell-5a642ab8.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/RewardBox-5297e7a9.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/Logo-8a4d9999.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/onboarding-3eeb943f.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/setup_all_podcasts-9189be33.css" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0, viewport-fit=cover" /> <meta name="author" content="Babbage" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins" /> <title data-preact-helmet>Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800 : Origins and Architecture</title> <meta data-preact-helmet name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:type" content="article"><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:title" content="Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800 : Origins and Architecture"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:title" content="Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800 : Origins and Architecture"><meta data-preact-helmet name="description" content="Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design"><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:description" content="Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:description" content="Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design"><meta data-preact-helmet property="og:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1200,h_600,c_fill,f_jpg,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fthechipletter.substack.com%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fpost_preview%2F139425169%2Ftwitter.jpg%3Fversion%3D4"><meta data-preact-helmet name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Ffavicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Ffavicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Ffavicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Ffavicon-48x48.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-167x167.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="1024x1024" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F54ab933b-bb40-4d44-b697-bbb33b8ee32c%2Fapple-touch-icon-1024x1024.png"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/feed" title="The Chip Letter"/> <style>:root{--color_theme_bg_pop:#538cfa;--background_pop:#538cfa;--color_theme_bg_web:#ffffff;--cover_bg_color:#ffffff;--background_pop_darken:#3a7bf9;--print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_darken:#3a7bf9;--color_theme_print_on_pop:#ffffff;--border_subtle:rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.5);--background_subtle:rgba(229, 238, 254, 0.4);--print_pop:#538cfa;--color_theme_accent:#538cfa;--cover_print_primary:#363737;--cover_print_secondary:#757575;--cover_print_tertiary:#b6b6b6;--cover_border_color:#538cfa;--font_family_headings_preset:'SF Pro Display', -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Inter', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';--font_weight_headings_preset:900;--font_family_body_preset:'SF Pro Display', -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Inter', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol';--font_weight_body_preset:400;--font_preset_heading:heavy_sans;--font_preset_body:sans;--home_hero:magazine-5;--home_posts:grid;--home_show_top_posts:true;--web_bg_color:#ffffff;--background_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--color_theme_bg_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--background_contrast_2:#dddddd;--color_theme_bg_contrast_2:#dddddd;--background_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--color_theme_bg_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--background_contrast_4:#929292;--color_theme_bg_contrast_4:#929292;--background_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_bg_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_detail:#e6e6e6;--background_contrast_pop:rgba(83, 140, 250, 0.4);--color_theme_bg_contrast_pop:rgba(83, 140, 250, 0.4);--input_background:#ffffff;--cover_input_background:#ffffff;--tooltip_background:#191919;--web_bg_color_h:0;--web_bg_color_s:0%;--web_bg_color_l:100%;--print_on_web_bg_color:#363737;--print_secondary_on_web_bg_color:#868787;--selected_comment_background_color:#fdf9f3;--background_pop_rgb:83, 140, 250;--background_pop_rgb_pc:83 140 250;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb:83, 140, 250;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb_pc:83 140 250;--color_theme_accent_rgb:83, 140, 250;--color_theme_accent_rgb_pc:83 140 250;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.21e891a6ec8eb1b8d469.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/color_links.33eb7c3bd37d78bc2dc3.css" /> <style></style> </head> <body class=""> <div id="entry"> <div id="main" class="main typography use-theme-bg"><div data-testid="navbar" class="main-menu animated"><div class="main-menu-content"><div class="topbar"><div class="topbar-content"><div class="navbar-logo-container"><a href="/" native><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_96,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png" class="navbar-logo"/></a></div><h1 class="navbar-title left-align loading"><a href="/" native class="navbar-title-link">The Chip Letter</a></h1><div class="navbar-buttons"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><span><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button></span><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Share Publication" id="trigger296385" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296386" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-share"><path d="M4 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-8"></path><polyline points="16 6 12 2 8 6"></polyline><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="2" y2="15"></line></svg></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="noncontributor-cta-button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _button_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _button2_1wc5i_137 _priority_primary_1wc5i_71 _size_md_1wc5i_155">Subscribe</button><button tabindex="0" type="button" native data-href="https://substack.com/sign-in?redirect=%2Fp%2Fmotorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins&for_pub=thechipletter" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _button_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _button2_1wc5i_137 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83 _size_md_1wc5i_155">Sign in</button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="topbar-spacer"></div></div><div><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","url":"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins","mainEntityOfPage":"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins","headline":"Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800 : Origins and Architecture","description":"Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg"}],"datePublished":"2023-12-11T17:00:47+00:00","dateModified":"2023-12-11T17:00:47+00:00","isAccessibleForFree":true,"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Babbage","url":"https://substack.com/@thechipletter","description":"Using the history of computing to understand the future","identifier":"user:102722254","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","contentUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png","thumbnailUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_128,h_128,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png"}}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"The Chip Letter","url":"https://thechipletter.substack.com","description":"Byte sized stories about the history of computing.","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","name":"Subscribers","interactionType":"https://schema.org/SubscribeAction","userInteractionCount":10000},"identifier":"pub:1063960","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png","contentUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png","thumbnailUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_128,h_128,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png","contentUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png","thumbnailUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_128,h_128,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png"}}}</script><div class="single-post-container"><div class="container"><div class="single-post"><article class="typography newsletter-post post"><div inert role="dialog" class="modal typography out gone share-dialog popup"><div class="modal-table"><div class="modal-row"><div class="modal-cell modal-content no-fullscreen"><div class="container"><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="close-modal" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft modal-btn modal-exit-btn no-margin _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="secondary" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _elevatedTheme_jpget_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-24 pc-padding-24 pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 _border-detail_1yrbq_25 pc-borderRadius-md _container_1xu3k_8"><h4 class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _align-center_h3mln_13 _line-height-24_h3mln_83 _font-display_h3mln_103 _size-20_h3mln_59 _weight-bold_h3mln_151 _reset_h3mln_1">Share this post</h4><a href="https://substack.com/home/post/p-139425169?utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219"><div style="background:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(52,52,84,0.75), rgba(52,52,84,0.75)), var(--color-dark-bg-secondary);" tabindex="0" draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-md _showFocus_1yrbq_72 _postAttachment_k1scs_563"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset _border-bottom-detail_1yrbq_31 _vibrantHeader_k1scs_607"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,h_222,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 520w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,h_444,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1040,h_545,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1040w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,h_666,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,h_762,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1560,h_817,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1560w" sizes="520px"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg" sizes="520px" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,h_222,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 520w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,h_444,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1040,h_545,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1040w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,h_666,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,h_762,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1560,h_817,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1560w" width="520" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _postImage_k1scs_611 _vibrantPostImage_k1scs_617 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-padding-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-2 pc-minWidth-0 _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-position-relative pc-reset"><div style="width:18px;height:18px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _bg-white_1yrbq_295 pc-borderRadius-xs _overflow-hidden_1yrbq_315 _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png" sizes="100vw" alt="The Chip Letter" width="36" height="36" style="width:18px;height:18px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div><div class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _ellipsis_1yrbq_343 _color-vibrance-secondary_h3mln_229 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _nowrap_h3mln_249 _reset_h3mln_1">The Chip Letter</div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-vibrance-primary_h3mln_226 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _clamp_h3mln_254 _clamp-2_h3mln_263 _reset_h3mln_1">Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and Architecture</div></div></div></div></a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-reset"><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M7.50008 14.1666H5.83341C4.72835 14.1666 3.66854 13.7276 2.88714 12.9462C2.10573 12.1648 1.66675 11.105 1.66675 9.99992C1.66675 8.89485 2.10573 7.83504 2.88714 7.05364C3.66854 6.27224 4.72835 5.83325 5.83341 5.83325H7.50008M12.5001 5.83325H14.1667C15.2718 5.83325 16.3316 6.27224 17.113 7.05364C17.8944 7.83504 18.3334 8.89485 18.3334 9.99992C18.3334 11.105 17.8944 12.1648 17.113 12.9462C16.3316 13.7276 15.2718 14.1666 14.1667 14.1666H12.5001M6.66675 9.99992H13.3334"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Copy link</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M20 10C20 4.47715 15.5229 0 10 0C4.47715 0 0 4.47715 0 10C0 14.9912 3.65684 19.1283 8.4375 19.8785V12.8906H5.89844V10H8.4375V7.79688C8.4375 5.29063 9.93047 3.90625 12.2146 3.90625C13.3084 3.90625 14.4531 4.10156 14.4531 4.10156V6.5625H13.1922C11.95 6.5625 11.5625 7.3334 11.5625 8.125V10H14.3359L13.8926 12.8906H11.5625V19.8785C16.3432 19.1283 20 14.9912 20 10Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Facebook</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M9.9958 11.0646C10.2693 11.0646 10.5346 10.9569 10.7915 10.7248L19.0717 3.431C18.6241 3.13262 18.1102 3 17.3974 3H2.60257C1.88976 3 1.37587 3.13262 0.920011 3.431L9.20011 10.7248C9.46534 10.9569 9.73057 11.0646 9.9958 11.0646ZM0.215499 15.9465L6.34893 9.82137L0.198922 4.40075C0.107749 4.5748 0 4.99751 0 5.56941V14.7199C0 15.2503 0.0828842 15.6316 0.215499 15.9465ZM2.35391 17.2892H17.646C18.2511 17.2892 18.7235 17.14 19.0385 16.9245L12.731 10.6171L11.5209 11.6945C11.0402 12.1173 10.518 12.3328 9.9958 12.3328C9.48197 12.3328 8.95975 12.1173 8.47905 11.6945L7.26894 10.6171L0.961455 16.9245C1.27642 17.14 1.74057 17.2892 2.35391 17.2892ZM19.7844 15.9465C19.9088 15.6316 20 15.2503 20 14.7199V5.56941C20 4.99751 19.8922 4.5748 19.8011 4.40075L13.651 9.82137L19.7844 15.9465Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Email</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M1.96484 0.624512H18.0354V2.70052H1.96484V0.624512Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 4.77655H18.0354V6.85254H1.96484V4.77655Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 8.92857V19.9505L10.0001 14.6347L18.0354 19.9505V8.92857H1.96484Z" stroke="none"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Notes</div></a><a id="trigger296387" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296388" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">More</div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="post-header"><h1 class="post-title unpublished">Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and Architecture</h1><h3 class="subtitle">Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design</h3><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset byline-wrapper"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-alignItems-center _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset facepile"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _faces_6cuho_7 _size-40_6cuho_23"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/102722254-babbage" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-display-flex _flexAuto_1yrbq_305 pc-reset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_80,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_80,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png" sizes="100vw" alt width="80" style="z-index:1;" class="_img_16u6n_1 facepile-face _face_6cuho_7 _size-40_6cuho_23 _first_6cuho_90 _last_6cuho_94 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-primary-text_h3mln_190 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><a href="https://substack.com/@thechipletter" class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1">Babbage</a></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Dec 11, 2023</div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _border-top-detail-themed_1yrbq_47 _border-bottom-detail-themed_1yrbq_50 post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><a role="button" aria-label="Like (31)" aria-pressed="false" class="post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">31</div></a><div inert role="dialog" class="modal typography out gone share-dialog popup"><div class="modal-table"><div class="modal-row"><div class="modal-cell modal-content no-fullscreen"><div class="container"><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="close-modal" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft modal-btn modal-exit-btn no-margin _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="secondary" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _elevatedTheme_jpget_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-24 pc-padding-24 pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 _border-detail_1yrbq_25 pc-borderRadius-md _container_1xu3k_8"><h4 class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _align-center_h3mln_13 _line-height-24_h3mln_83 _font-display_h3mln_103 _size-20_h3mln_59 _weight-bold_h3mln_151 _reset_h3mln_1">Share this post</h4><a href="https://substack.com/home/post/p-139425169?utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219"><div style="background:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(52,52,84,0.75), rgba(52,52,84,0.75)), var(--color-dark-bg-secondary);" tabindex="0" draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-md _showFocus_1yrbq_72 _postAttachment_k1scs_563"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset _border-bottom-detail_1yrbq_31 _vibrantHeader_k1scs_607"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,h_222,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 520w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,h_444,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1040,h_545,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1040w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,h_666,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,h_762,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1560,h_817,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1560w" sizes="520px"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg" sizes="520px" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,h_222,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 520w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,h_444,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1040,h_545,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1040w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,h_666,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,h_762,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1560,h_817,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1560w" width="520" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _postImage_k1scs_611 _vibrantPostImage_k1scs_617 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-padding-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-2 pc-minWidth-0 _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-position-relative pc-reset"><div style="width:18px;height:18px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _bg-white_1yrbq_295 pc-borderRadius-xs _overflow-hidden_1yrbq_315 _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png" sizes="100vw" alt="The Chip Letter" width="36" height="36" style="width:18px;height:18px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div><div class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _ellipsis_1yrbq_343 _color-vibrance-secondary_h3mln_229 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _nowrap_h3mln_249 _reset_h3mln_1">The Chip Letter</div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-vibrance-primary_h3mln_226 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _clamp_h3mln_254 _clamp-2_h3mln_263 _reset_h3mln_1">Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and Architecture</div></div></div></div></a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-reset"><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M7.50008 14.1666H5.83341C4.72835 14.1666 3.66854 13.7276 2.88714 12.9462C2.10573 12.1648 1.66675 11.105 1.66675 9.99992C1.66675 8.89485 2.10573 7.83504 2.88714 7.05364C3.66854 6.27224 4.72835 5.83325 5.83341 5.83325H7.50008M12.5001 5.83325H14.1667C15.2718 5.83325 16.3316 6.27224 17.113 7.05364C17.8944 7.83504 18.3334 8.89485 18.3334 9.99992C18.3334 11.105 17.8944 12.1648 17.113 12.9462C16.3316 13.7276 15.2718 14.1666 14.1667 14.1666H12.5001M6.66675 9.99992H13.3334"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Copy link</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M20 10C20 4.47715 15.5229 0 10 0C4.47715 0 0 4.47715 0 10C0 14.9912 3.65684 19.1283 8.4375 19.8785V12.8906H5.89844V10H8.4375V7.79688C8.4375 5.29063 9.93047 3.90625 12.2146 3.90625C13.3084 3.90625 14.4531 4.10156 14.4531 4.10156V6.5625H13.1922C11.95 6.5625 11.5625 7.3334 11.5625 8.125V10H14.3359L13.8926 12.8906H11.5625V19.8785C16.3432 19.1283 20 14.9912 20 10Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Facebook</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M9.9958 11.0646C10.2693 11.0646 10.5346 10.9569 10.7915 10.7248L19.0717 3.431C18.6241 3.13262 18.1102 3 17.3974 3H2.60257C1.88976 3 1.37587 3.13262 0.920011 3.431L9.20011 10.7248C9.46534 10.9569 9.73057 11.0646 9.9958 11.0646ZM0.215499 15.9465L6.34893 9.82137L0.198922 4.40075C0.107749 4.5748 0 4.99751 0 5.56941V14.7199C0 15.2503 0.0828842 15.6316 0.215499 15.9465ZM2.35391 17.2892H17.646C18.2511 17.2892 18.7235 17.14 19.0385 16.9245L12.731 10.6171L11.5209 11.6945C11.0402 12.1173 10.518 12.3328 9.9958 12.3328C9.48197 12.3328 8.95975 12.1173 8.47905 11.6945L7.26894 10.6171L0.961455 16.9245C1.27642 17.14 1.74057 17.2892 2.35391 17.2892ZM19.7844 15.9465C19.9088 15.6316 20 15.2503 20 14.7199V5.56941C20 4.99751 19.8922 4.5748 19.8011 4.40075L13.651 9.82137L19.7844 15.9465Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Email</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M1.96484 0.624512H18.0354V2.70052H1.96484V0.624512Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 4.77655H18.0354V6.85254H1.96484V4.77655Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 8.92857V19.9505L10.0001 14.6347L18.0354 19.9505V8.92857H1.96484Z" stroke="none"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Notes</div></a><a id="trigger296389" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296390" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">More</div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a role="button" href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comments" aria-label="View comments (7)" class="post-ufi-button style-button post-ufi-comment-button has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">7</div></a><a role="button" aria-label="View repost options" class="post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><path d="M21 3V8M21 8H16M21 8L18 5.29962C16.7056 4.14183 15.1038 3.38328 13.3879 3.11547C11.6719 2.84766 9.9152 3.08203 8.32951 3.79031C6.74382 4.49858 5.39691 5.65051 4.45125 7.10715C3.5056 8.5638 3.00158 10.2629 3 11.9996M3 21V16M3 16H8M3 16L6 18.7C7.29445 19.8578 8.89623 20.6163 10.6121 20.8841C12.3281 21.152 14.0848 20.9176 15.6705 20.2093C17.2562 19.501 18.6031 18.3491 19.5487 16.8925C20.4944 15.4358 20.9984 13.7367 21 12" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></g></svg><div class="label">2</div></a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><a role="button" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="View share options" class="post-ufi-button style-button no-icon has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div id="§" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/i/139425169/" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_sm_1wc5i_147 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-imag" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" rel><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg" width="1024" height="986" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":986,"width":1024,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":536594,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":true,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" class="sizing-normal" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Motorola 6800 Die Shot - Pauli Rautakorpi, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Why write about the Motorola 6800 (pronounced ‘sixty-eight hundred’)? For the generation that grew up with home computers in the late 1970s, the 6800 was the 6502’s slightly boring uncle. It was used in ‘grown-up’ devices, like cash machines, but it was slower, more expensive and generally less interesting than the 6502.</em></p><p><em>In reality, the 6800 was a highly innovative design that, just as much as competing products from Intel, represented a major step forward in making computing widely accessible to all.</em></p><p><em><span>Intel would eventually ‘win’ in microprocessors with the x86 architecture, and winners write the history, but Motorola deserves just as much respect as an early pioneer. This is probably why the 6800 came top of </span><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/the-virtues-of-the-8-bit-era-eight" rel>our poll</a><span> of which 8-bit design to write about.</span></em></p><p><em>The story of the 6800 is also a story of how a corporation can develop innovative technology with enormous potential, only to self-sabotage and hand the advantage to a competitor. We’ll see how this happened in Part 2 of the story of the 6800. We’ll also discover that, remarkably, almost 50 years after its launch you can still buy the 6800 today!</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{"url":"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share","text":"Share","action":null,"class":null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share" rel><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr/></div><p>For modern readers the name Motorola is probably most familiar as a brand of cell phones made by Motorola Mobility, now a subsidiary of Chinese multinational Lenovo. Cell phones combine digital and wireless electronics and the roots of Motorola Mobility are in Motorola Inc. which, for many decades, operated at the leading edge of both fields.</p><p>Motorola Inc, was founded as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation by the brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin in 1929. Early products included a car radio which was given the brand Motorola, combining ‘Motor’ and ‘ola’ used in other audio products such as the ‘Victorola’ phonograph or record player. The car radios became so successful that the company changed its name to Motorola in 1947.</p><p>By the early 1950s the future of electronics lay in the transistor and Motorola built its first manufacturing plant for transistors, at a cost of $1.5m, in Phoenix, Arizona. Dan Noble, Vice President of Communications and Electronics, wrote enthusiastically and prophetically, about the new devices in the company’s 1955 annual report:</p><blockquote><p>"The word 'revolution' may not be too strong to apply to the change which will take place in electronic equipment of all kinds within the next five years. The development of the transistor and other semi-conductor devices will reduce the size of equipment, improve the reliability of operation, and substantially reduce the operational power requirements. Not only will transistors replace vacuum tubes in many electronic equipments, but they will make possible the development of new devices for instrumentation, metering, controlling, detection, communications, and computing.”</p></blockquote><p>By the mid 1960s, under the leadership of Lester Hogan, Motorola was making a variety of transistors, other discrete semiconductors and integrated circuits in Arizona. Hogan would ‘defect’ from Motorola to Fairchild Camera and Instrument in 1968, to become Chairman and CEO. Taking eight of his Motorola team, nicknamed ‘Hogan’s heroes’, with him, Hogan would replace Robert Noyce, when Noyce and Gordon Moore left Fairchild to found Intel.</p><p>The loss of Hogan and much of Motorola’s senior semiconductor team was just one contributor to a turbulent time for the company’s semiconductor division. The industry was in the middle of a transition from Bipolar to MOS integrated circuits. And a number of competitors were appearing, including the ‘Fairchildren’, companies founded by former Fairchild employees, including, crucially, Noyce and Moore’s Intel.</p><p>In the midst of all this change at the start of the 1970s, it became apparent to Motorola’s, mostly new, senior management team, that a number of firms were working on the development of microprocessors.</p><p>Tom Bennett, who would become a key member of Motorola’s microprocessor team, had been introduced to the idea in the form of early sketches for what would become the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, by Intel’s Ted Hoff. Bennett had been working on calculators at Victor Comptometer in Chicago, when he’d been approached by Hoff to see if he would be interested in using the proposed Intel chip in new calculator designs.</p><p>Bennett joined Motorola in 1971 to try to help them enter the calculator business. It was soon clear to Bennett, and others, that the microprocessor had much wider application than calculators. It could solve lots of other problems that had previously needed custom, complex and difficult ‘random logic’ designs. </p><p><span>Bennett had responsibility development of custom chips for potential external Motorola customers. One of those chips was a custom microprocessor for Olivetti. Motorola won the design, but couldn’t manufacture the chip in the required PMOS (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMOS_logic#:~:text=PMOS%20or%20pMOS%20logic%20(from,%2Deffect%20transistors%20(MOSFETs)." rel>p-channel Metal Oxide Silicon</a><span>) process. Instead the design had to be licensed to competitor Mostek, who were able to build it, and who launched it as the Mostek 5065. Bill Lattin would later describe Motorola at the time:</span></p><blockquote><p>…we had a rotating set of management, and nobody ever seemed to stick very long, and nobody ever understood the technology very deeply, and that was a real problem, because not only were implanters expensive. You needed clean rooms. This was a very expensive operation. Motorola wanted to get in, but they were, you know, didn’t quite understand what it was gonna take to get in.</p></blockquote><p><span>Motorola’s inability to manufacture the 5065 must have been embarrassing. Lattin, received a, typically direct, recruitment pitch from Intel’s Andy Grove, who had taught Lattin at Berkeley, quoted in </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Inside-Intel-Worlds-Powerful-Company/dp/0452276438/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0" rel>Inside Intel</a><span>:</span></p><blockquote><p>‘Grove had a very abrasive style,' Lattin recalled. 'It didn't work well with me... The recruiting style was: Motorola doesn't have a chance - we're going to kick their butts.'</p></blockquote><p>Lattin declined Grove’s offer. The 5065 saga possibly convinced Motorola’s management that they needed to sort out their manufacturing processes. It certainly gave members of the Motorola team valuable experience in designing a microprocessor.</p><h4 class="header-anchor-post">Starting the 6800 Project<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div id="§starting-the-project" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/i/139425169/starting-the-project" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_sm_1wc5i_147 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p>But was making a microprocessor worth the considerable investment needed? At first Motorola’s marketing department quoted expected sales of only 18,000 microprocessors over five years.</p><p>But Bennett and colleagues continued to look for sales opportunities. National Data Corp (NDC) presented a proposal that would have required 200,000 microprocessors. NDC was a ‘time-sharing’ company that saw the opportunity to use a microprocessor in terminals connected to their central system. Nothing came of the NDC project, but it showed the sales potential and provided the impetus to start a new project to design a microprocessor..</p><p>So a team was assembled in Phoenix, Arizona. Bennett would become chief architect of the project. He was joined by Jeff LaVell and Bill Lattin. Together they used data that LaVell had gathered from talking to potential customers, to devise a series of integrated circuit building blocks. These could be used to create a range of systems, with an emphasis on those that needed communications capability. The 6800 would be joined by chips that would provide memory (6801, 6802 and 6803), input and output capabilities (6820 ‘Peripheral Interface Adapter’ and 6850 ‘Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter’) and even a modem chip (6860).</p><p>John Buchanan who would do circuit design and the layout of the 6800 and the other chips. Rod Orgill assisted Buchanan with analysis of the design and layout. Bill Mensch worked on the design of the 6820. Chuck Peddle joined the 6800 team in 1973, after the design of the microprocessor was completed but worked on the 6820 and then on the marketing of the designs. The final team remained small, with around seventeen members in total. </p><h4 class="header-anchor-post">6800 Challenges and Innovations<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div id="§challenges-and-innovations" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/i/139425169/challenges-and-innovations" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_sm_1wc5i_147 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p>To build the 6800 and the other members of the family the team had to get both the logic design and the fabrication technology working. On the logic design Bennett would describe the approach as follows:</p><blockquote><p>My original plan for it was to basically use a PLA [Programmable logic Array]-type control. But we couldn’t get enough speed out of it. So if you looked at the chip, the top part of it is all ROM, which does the initial decode of the instructions, and then after that there was a state counter, and that state counter cycled through, depending on how many separate steps it took to get the instruction completed.</p></blockquote><p><span>The layout of the 6800, with ROM at the top, registers and the arithmetic and logic unit at the bottom and control logic between the two can be seen in die shots and in the the ‘</span><a href="http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html" rel>Visual 6800</a><span>’ simulation, that shows how signals in the 6800 change as the 6800 runs (click on the picture below to see the 6800 in operation - highly recommended!)</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" rel><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":1456,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":411268,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":"http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html","belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" class="sizing-normal" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"/></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Screenshot of Visual 6800 Simulation</figcaption></figure></div><p>On fabrication, the team made matters harder for themselves by aiming for a design that needed just a +5 volt input, unlike the +5,-5 and +12 volt inputs needed by competitors.</p><h4 class="header-anchor-post">Launch and competition with Intel<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div id="§launch-and-competition-with-intel" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/i/139425169/launch-and-competition-with-intel" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_sm_1wc5i_147 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p>Layout of the 6800’s design started at the end of 1972, but it took until February 1974 for the first parts, working apart from a few instructions with bugs, to be available.</p><p>The 6800 was announced in March 1974, just a month after Intel announced the competing Intel 8080. However, Intel had the 8080 in full production by April 1974, whilst the 6800 continued to be plagued by number of production issues that Motorola took several months to solve. The 6800 would only enter full production in November 1974, giving Intel a vital lead of a few months.</p><p>The 8080’s designer Federico Faggin later said:</p><blockquote><p>Eventually, in the middle of 1974, the 6800 came out. That showed that our lead that was a year and a half was cut down by nine months. It was a major blow to me. But still, we maintained the lead.</p><p>... Motorola used a 5 volt process technology that was not ready for prime time, so their chip was very large and very slow. So it was not a match for the 8080, and that was actually what allowed the 8080 to gain market acceptance, despite the fact that, in my opinion, the 6800 had a better architecture. It was a more regular architecture. It did not suffer from this patch over the 8008 that the 8080 represented, and it had a better addressing mode. It was a nicer machine.</p></blockquote><p>At introduction the 6800 was 29mm^2 and could only run at 1 MHz when compared to the 8080’s 20 mm^2 die size and ‘up to 2 MHz’ clock frequency.</p><p>Still, even if the 5 volt process wasn't quite ready, the simplicity of the design gave Motorola a key advantage. </p><p>And the new Motorola family of chips was very capable. When the 6800 launched, the marketing material placed a lot of emphasis on the capabilities of the 6800 family of chips (known as the M6800 family) and on the communications capabilities of the family.</p><blockquote><p>The M6800 family is the first LSI family designed as a coherent modular building block approach to the implementation of microcomputer systems. From the deceptively powerful MC6800 Microprocessor to the byte-organized family memories, to the capability expanding peripheral and communications interface adapters, the M6800 family plays together as the total product solution for microcomputer designs.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-imag" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" rel><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg" width="1200" height="831.5934065934066" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":false,"imageSize":"large","height":1009,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":1200,"bytes":610120,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" class="sizing-large" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Motorola Advert for the M6800 family from the April 1975 Edition of Electronics magazine</figcaption></figure></div><p>One notable feature of the M6800 family at launch was the quality of the documentation for the chips. Motorola’s 700 page manual for the system even showed how to use the 6800 family to create a complete ‘Point-of-Sale’ terminal.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-imag" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" rel><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg" width="1200" height="1394.4444444444443" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":false,"imageSize":"large","height":1506,"width":1296,"resizeWidth":1200,"bytes":125644,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" class="sizing-large" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Layout of a complete ‘transaction terminal’ system using M6800 family chips</figcaption></figure></div><p>So in the 6800 and the M6800 family, Motorola had a serious contender.</p><p>And it’s clear from the investment that Motorola’s management made in the project that they understood the importance of the 6800. An early 6800 development system was demonstrated to Motorola’s then CEO Bob Galvin, the son of one of the founders of the company.</p><p>It’s all the more surprising then that Motorola’s management should be careless with the team that designed the 6800. So careless, in fact, that their actions would lead to the creation of a new and powerful competitor to their new design. A competitor that would change the course of computing history. We’ll see how this happened in Part 2 of the story of the 6800.</p><div data-component-name="SubscribeWidget" class="subscribe-widget"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div class="_container_11q5m_1"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form _form_11q5m_6"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe-widget"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="_sideBySideWrap_11q5m_10"><div class="_emailInputWrapper_11q5m_57"><input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." class="pencraft _emailInput_11q5m_23"/></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" class="button rightButton primary subscribe-btn _button_11q5m_76"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div><h4 class="header-anchor-post">The Architecture of the 6800<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div id="§the-architecture-of-the" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/i/139425169/the-architecture-of-the" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_sm_1wc5i_147 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p>Unlike the Intel 8080, the 6800 wasn’t based on an existing microprocessor design. The Motorola design team largely had a ‘blank slate’, within the limitations of the technology of the time, so it’s interesting to look at their choices.</p><p>The 6800 design can be contrasted with the 8080. The Intel processor had lots of general purpose registers (A,B,C,D,E,H,L) some of which could be grouped to form 16-bit registers (BC, DE, HL). By contrast the 6800 had just two 8-bit accumulators (A and B) and a 16 bit index register (IX). Unlike the 8080, the 6800 had no 16-bit addition or subtraction.</p><p>The PDP-8 is often quoted as the model for the 6800, but it’s only a very loose model. The PDP-8 was a 12-bit machine, with a single 12-bit general purpose ‘accumulator’.</p><p>Wikipedia has some example 6800 assembly language code which shows off the general style and some of the weaknesses of the 6800. The sample code copies a block of memory from one location to another. The repeated 16-bit loads and stores from memory of the source and destination of the copy (using the index register ix - eg ‘ldx src’ ‘stx src’) is inefficient when compared to an architecture that could keep two memory addresses in registers at the same time. The 6800’s approach contrasts with the relative economy and efficiency of the same task on an Intel 8080, which makes use of the 8080’s multiple 16-bit registers.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-imag" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" rel><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg" width="728" height="452" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":false,"imageSize":"normal","height":904,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":728,"bytes":112542,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" class="sizing-normal" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Memory copy in 6800 assembly </figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-imag" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" rel><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg" width="1456" height="826" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":826,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":86816,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" class="sizing-normal" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">… and in 8080 assembly</figcaption></figure></div><p>Despite the lower clock frequency and smaller set of registers, there were ways in which the 6800 would outperform the 8080. </p><p>A simple instruction to load an 8-bit constant into the accumulator (‘MVI A, #FF’ in 8080 assembly language) would take 7 clock cycles in the 8080, whereas the corresponding instruction (“LDA A #FF” in 6800 assembly language) took just two clock cycles, meaning that even at half the ‘clock speed’ the 6800 would execute this instruction almost twice as quickly.</p><p>The 6800 also had some useful addressing modes. The indexed mode would add an 8-bit constant to the 16-bit index register to form a new 16-bit address, which could be used as a source for a load or an arithmetic, logic or compare instruction. Thus a single two byte instruction could perform an ‘add’ to create a new memory address and perform an arithmetic operation and all in just five clock cycles.</p><p>On paper the 6800 may have looked like it was, as Intel’s Faggin said, ‘very slow’, but Motorola would argue that it was ‘deceptively powerful’. The rivalry between 8080 derived and 6800 style designs would be a feature of the microcomputer market over the next decade.</p><div data-component-name="SubscribeWidget" class="subscribe-widget"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div class="_container_11q5m_1"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form _form_11q5m_6"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe-widget"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="_sideBySideWrap_11q5m_10"><div class="_emailInputWrapper_11q5m_57"><input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." class="pencraft _emailInput_11q5m_23"/></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" class="button rightButton primary subscribe-btn _button_11q5m_76"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div><p></p></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="post-footer"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _border-top-detail-themed_1yrbq_47 _border-bottom-detail-themed_1yrbq_50 post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><a role="button" aria-label="Like (31)" aria-pressed="false" class="post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">31</div></a><div inert role="dialog" class="modal typography out gone share-dialog popup"><div class="modal-table"><div class="modal-row"><div class="modal-cell modal-content no-fullscreen"><div class="container"><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="close-modal" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft modal-btn modal-exit-btn no-margin _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="secondary" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _elevatedTheme_jpget_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-24 pc-padding-24 pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 _border-detail_1yrbq_25 pc-borderRadius-md _container_1xu3k_8"><h4 class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _align-center_h3mln_13 _line-height-24_h3mln_83 _font-display_h3mln_103 _size-20_h3mln_59 _weight-bold_h3mln_151 _reset_h3mln_1">Share this post</h4><a href="https://substack.com/home/post/p-139425169?utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219"><div style="background:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(52,52,84,0.75), rgba(52,52,84,0.75)), var(--color-dark-bg-secondary);" tabindex="0" draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-md _showFocus_1yrbq_72 _postAttachment_k1scs_563"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset _border-bottom-detail_1yrbq_31 _vibrantHeader_k1scs_607"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,h_222,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 520w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,h_444,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1040,h_545,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1040w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,h_666,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,h_762,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1560,h_817,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1560w" sizes="520px"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg" sizes="520px" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,h_222,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_520,h_272,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 520w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,h_444,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1040,h_545,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1040w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,h_666,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,h_762,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1560,h_817,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1560w" width="520" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _postImage_k1scs_611 _vibrantPostImage_k1scs_617 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-padding-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-2 pc-minWidth-0 _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-position-relative pc-reset"><div style="width:18px;height:18px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _bg-white_1yrbq_295 pc-borderRadius-xs _overflow-hidden_1yrbq_315 _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png" sizes="100vw" alt="The Chip Letter" width="36" height="36" style="width:18px;height:18px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div><div class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _ellipsis_1yrbq_343 _color-vibrance-secondary_h3mln_229 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _nowrap_h3mln_249 _reset_h3mln_1">The Chip Letter</div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-vibrance-primary_h3mln_226 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _clamp_h3mln_254 _clamp-2_h3mln_263 _reset_h3mln_1">Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and Architecture</div></div></div></div></a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-reset"><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M7.50008 14.1666H5.83341C4.72835 14.1666 3.66854 13.7276 2.88714 12.9462C2.10573 12.1648 1.66675 11.105 1.66675 9.99992C1.66675 8.89485 2.10573 7.83504 2.88714 7.05364C3.66854 6.27224 4.72835 5.83325 5.83341 5.83325H7.50008M12.5001 5.83325H14.1667C15.2718 5.83325 16.3316 6.27224 17.113 7.05364C17.8944 7.83504 18.3334 8.89485 18.3334 9.99992C18.3334 11.105 17.8944 12.1648 17.113 12.9462C16.3316 13.7276 15.2718 14.1666 14.1667 14.1666H12.5001M6.66675 9.99992H13.3334"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Copy link</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M20 10C20 4.47715 15.5229 0 10 0C4.47715 0 0 4.47715 0 10C0 14.9912 3.65684 19.1283 8.4375 19.8785V12.8906H5.89844V10H8.4375V7.79688C8.4375 5.29063 9.93047 3.90625 12.2146 3.90625C13.3084 3.90625 14.4531 4.10156 14.4531 4.10156V6.5625H13.1922C11.95 6.5625 11.5625 7.3334 11.5625 8.125V10H14.3359L13.8926 12.8906H11.5625V19.8785C16.3432 19.1283 20 14.9912 20 10Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Facebook</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M9.9958 11.0646C10.2693 11.0646 10.5346 10.9569 10.7915 10.7248L19.0717 3.431C18.6241 3.13262 18.1102 3 17.3974 3H2.60257C1.88976 3 1.37587 3.13262 0.920011 3.431L9.20011 10.7248C9.46534 10.9569 9.73057 11.0646 9.9958 11.0646ZM0.215499 15.9465L6.34893 9.82137L0.198922 4.40075C0.107749 4.5748 0 4.99751 0 5.56941V14.7199C0 15.2503 0.0828842 15.6316 0.215499 15.9465ZM2.35391 17.2892H17.646C18.2511 17.2892 18.7235 17.14 19.0385 16.9245L12.731 10.6171L11.5209 11.6945C11.0402 12.1173 10.518 12.3328 9.9958 12.3328C9.48197 12.3328 8.95975 12.1173 8.47905 11.6945L7.26894 10.6171L0.961455 16.9245C1.27642 17.14 1.74057 17.2892 2.35391 17.2892ZM19.7844 15.9465C19.9088 15.6316 20 15.2503 20 14.7199V5.56941C20 4.99751 19.8922 4.5748 19.8011 4.40075L13.651 9.82137L19.7844 15.9465Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Email</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M1.96484 0.624512H18.0354V2.70052H1.96484V0.624512Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 4.77655H18.0354V6.85254H1.96484V4.77655Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 8.92857V19.9505L10.0001 14.6347L18.0354 19.9505V8.92857H1.96484Z" stroke="none"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Notes</div></a><a id="trigger296395" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296396" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">More</div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><a role="button" href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comments" aria-label="View comments (7)" class="post-ufi-button style-button post-ufi-comment-button has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">7</div></a><a role="button" aria-label="View repost options" class="post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><path d="M21 3V8M21 8H16M21 8L18 5.29962C16.7056 4.14183 15.1038 3.38328 13.3879 3.11547C11.6719 2.84766 9.9152 3.08203 8.32951 3.79031C6.74382 4.49858 5.39691 5.65051 4.45125 7.10715C3.5056 8.5638 3.00158 10.2629 3 11.9996M3 21V16M3 16H8M3 16L6 18.7C7.29445 19.8578 8.89623 20.6163 10.6121 20.8841C12.3281 21.152 14.0848 20.9176 15.6705 20.2093C17.2562 19.501 18.6031 18.3491 19.5487 16.8925C20.4944 15.4358 20.9984 13.7367 21 12" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></g></svg><div class="label">2</div></a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><a role="button" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="View share options" class="post-ufi-button style-button no-icon has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></a></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _button_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _button2_1wc5i_137 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46 _size_md_1wc5i_155"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-arrow-left"><path d="m12 19-7-7 7-7"></path><path d="M19 12H5"></path></svg>Previous</button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _button_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _button2_1wc5i_137 _priority_secondary_1wc5i_46 _size_md_1wc5i_155">Next<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-arrow-right"><path d="M5 12h14"></path><path d="m12 5 7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></article></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div id="discussion" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-32 pc-paddingBottom-32 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-32 pc-reset container"><h4 class="pencraft pc-reset _line-height-24_h3mln_83 _font-display_h3mln_103 _size-20_h3mln_59 _weight-bold_h3mln_151 _reset_h3mln_1">Discussion about this post</h4><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-padding-4 pc-position-relative pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 pc-borderRadius-full _tabBar_1hroo_1 _segments_18trq_55"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-paddingLeft-12 pc-paddingRight-12 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-unset_1yrbq_232 _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _outline-none_1yrbq_64 _border-unset_1yrbq_21 pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349 _showFocus_1yrbq_72 pencraft _segment_18trq_55 _active_18trq_26"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-14_h3mln_43 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1 _segmentText_18trq_65 _active_18trq_26">Comments</div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-paddingLeft-12 pc-paddingRight-12 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-unset_1yrbq_232 _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _outline-none_1yrbq_64 _border-unset_1yrbq_21 pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349 _showFocus_1yrbq_72 pencraft _segment_18trq_55"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-14_h3mln_43 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1 _segmentText_18trq_65">Restacks</div></button><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-boxShadow-sm pc-position-absolute pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 pc-borderRadius-full _segmentPill_18trq_80"></div></div></div></div><div class="single-post-section comments-section"><div class="container"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div data-test-id="comment-input" class="pencraft pc-display-flex _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset comment-input-wrap"><form method="post" novalidate class="form comment-input"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_64,h_64,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Flogged-out.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_64,h_64,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Flogged-out.png" sizes="100vw" alt width="64" height="64" style="width:32px;height:32px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _avatar_1c7wr_1 pencraft pc-reset pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset comment-input-right"><textarea data-gramm="false" data-gramm_editor="false" data-enable-grammarly="false" name="body" placeholder="Write a comment..."></textarea><div id="error-container"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="comment-list post-page-root-comment-list"><div class="comment-list-items"><div class="comment"><div id="comment-53956631" class="comment-anchor"></div><div id="comment-53956631-reply" class="comment-anchor"></div><table class="comment-content"><tr><td class="comment-head"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><div class="user-head"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/11346276-eric-smith"><div class="profile-img-wrap"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_66,h_66,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e605c8a-3d8c-47e4-94ed-3fa27910db5b_144x144.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_66,h_66,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e605c8a-3d8c-47e4-94ed-3fa27910db5b_144x144.png" sizes="100vw" alt width="66" height="66" class="_img_16u6n_1 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></a></div></div></td><td class="comment-rest"><div class="comment-meta"><span class="commenter-name"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset pc-display-inline-flex"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/11346276-eric-smith"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-primary-text_h3mln_190 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Eric Smith</div></a></div></div></span><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/53956631" rel="nofollow" native class="comment-timestamp">Apr 15</a><span class="highlight"><svg role="img" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M20.4134 4.58753C19.9121 4.08434 19.3164 3.68508 18.6606 3.41266C18.0047 3.14023 17.3015 3 16.5914 3C15.8812 3 15.178 3.14023 14.5222 3.41266C13.8663 3.68508 13.2707 4.08434 12.7694 4.58753L12 5.36717L11.2306 4.58753C10.7293 4.08434 10.1337 3.68508 9.47781 3.41266C8.82195 3.14023 8.11878 3 7.40863 3C6.69847 3 5.9953 3.14023 5.33944 3.41266C4.68358 3.68508 4.08793 4.08434 3.58665 4.58753C1.46832 6.70656 1.33842 10.2849 4.00631 13.0037L12 21L19.9937 13.0037C22.6616 10.2849 22.5317 6.70656 20.4134 4.58753Z"></path></g></svg><span class="highlight-text">Liked by Babbage</span></span></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>If any DEC mini had influence on the MC6800 architecture, it was the PDP-11, not so much the PDP-8. The ONLY similarity to the PDP-8 is that both are accumulator-based architectures, while the PDP-11 has 8 general-purpose reisters. (Well, really 7, but who's counting.) Even there, the MC6800 is a bit closer to the PDP-11 by virtue of having TWO accumulators.</span></p><p><span>But the big similarity with the PDP-11 is the instruction set. The PDP-8 has only 8 instructions, none of which are very similar to the MC6800. The PDP-11 has a lot of instructions, and almost all of them have equivalents in the MC6800, even with related mnemonics.</span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Reply</div></div></a></span><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-share"><path d="M4 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-8"></path><polyline points="16 6 12 2 8 6"></polyline><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="2" y2="15"></line></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Share</div></div></a></span><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="trigger296401" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296402" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton_1wc5i_172 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonOldColors_1wc5i_70 _priority_secondary-theme_1wc5i_280 _fill_empty_1wc5i_370"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></td></tr></table><div class="more-replies-container"><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/53956631" class="more-replies">1 reply by Babbage</a></div><div class="comment-list-collapser"><div class="comment-list-collapser-line"></div></div></div><div class="comment"><div id="comment-51314257" class="comment-anchor"></div><div id="comment-51314257-reply" class="comment-anchor"></div><table class="comment-content"><tr><td class="comment-head"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><div class="user-head"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/197668346-mark-d-overholser"><div class="profile-img-wrap"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_66,h_66,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffbd3cc0-dc96-4436-8274-bbdd349fa46d_144x144.png"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_66,h_66,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fffbd3cc0-dc96-4436-8274-bbdd349fa46d_144x144.png" sizes="100vw" alt width="66" height="66" class="_img_16u6n_1 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></a></div></div></td><td class="comment-rest"><div class="comment-meta"><span class="commenter-name"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset pc-display-inline-flex"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/197668346-mark-d-overholser"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-primary-text_h3mln_190 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Mark D. Overholser</div></a></div></div></span><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/51314257" rel="nofollow" native class="comment-timestamp">Mar 9</a><span class="highlight"><svg role="img" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M20.4134 4.58753C19.9121 4.08434 19.3164 3.68508 18.6606 3.41266C18.0047 3.14023 17.3015 3 16.5914 3C15.8812 3 15.178 3.14023 14.5222 3.41266C13.8663 3.68508 13.2707 4.08434 12.7694 4.58753L12 5.36717L11.2306 4.58753C10.7293 4.08434 10.1337 3.68508 9.47781 3.41266C8.82195 3.14023 8.11878 3 7.40863 3C6.69847 3 5.9953 3.14023 5.33944 3.41266C4.68358 3.68508 4.08793 4.08434 3.58665 4.58753C1.46832 6.70656 1.33842 10.2849 4.00631 13.0037L12 21L19.9937 13.0037C22.6616 10.2849 22.5317 6.70656 20.4134 4.58753Z"></path></g></svg><span class="highlight-text">Liked by Babbage</span></span></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>A really Great Article on the Motorola 6800 Family.. Myself, as a Tandy Color Computer user since 2012 and a Tano Dragon Users since 2016, adding the Hitachi CMOS HD6309 is going another level in the MC6809 Family. Many people replace the MC6809 with the HD6309 because of the tremendous advancements available.. Advancements that Hitachi didn't tell Motorola about.. If you can, please add a Fourth Part to your series... <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_6309" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" class="linkified">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_6309</a></span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Reply</div></div></a></span><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-share"><path d="M4 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-8"></path><polyline points="16 6 12 2 8 6"></polyline><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="2" y2="15"></line></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Share</div></div></a></span><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="trigger296403" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296404" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton_1wc5i_172 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonOldColors_1wc5i_70 _priority_secondary-theme_1wc5i_280 _fill_empty_1wc5i_370"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></td></tr></table><div class="more-replies-container"><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/51314257" class="more-replies">1 reply by Babbage</a></div><div class="comment-list-collapser"><div class="comment-list-collapser-line"></div></div></div></div></div><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comments" class="more-comments">5 more comments...</a></div></div></div><div class="single-post-section"><div class="container"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-paddingTop-24 pc-paddingBottom-24 pc-reset"><div class="portable-archive empty-list"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingLeft-8 pc-paddingRight-8 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-padding-4 pc-position-relative pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 pc-borderRadius-full _segments_18trq_55"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-paddingLeft-12 pc-paddingRight-12 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-unset_1yrbq_232 _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _outline-none_1yrbq_64 _border-unset_1yrbq_21 pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349 _showFocus_1yrbq_72 pencraft _segment_18trq_55 _active_18trq_26"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-14_h3mln_43 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1 _segmentText_18trq_65 _active_18trq_26">Top</div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-paddingLeft-12 pc-paddingRight-12 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-unset_1yrbq_232 _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _outline-none_1yrbq_64 _border-unset_1yrbq_21 pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349 _showFocus_1yrbq_72 pencraft _segment_18trq_55"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-14_h3mln_43 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1 _segmentText_18trq_65">Latest</div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-paddingLeft-12 pc-paddingRight-12 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-unset_1yrbq_232 _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _outline-none_1yrbq_64 _border-unset_1yrbq_21 pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349 _showFocus_1yrbq_72 pencraft _segment_18trq_55"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-14_h3mln_43 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1 _segmentText_18trq_65">Discussions</div></button><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-height-32 pc-boxShadow-sm pc-position-absolute pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 pc-borderRadius-full _segmentPill_18trq_80"></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button></div><div class="portable-archive-list"><p class="portable-archive-empty">No posts</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="subscribe-footer"><div class="container"><p>Ready for more?</p><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div><div class="_container_11q5m_1"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form _form_11q5m_6"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe_footer"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="_sideBySideWrap_11q5m_10"><div class="_emailInputWrapper_11q5m_57"><input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." class="pencraft _emailInput_11q5m_23 _emailInputOnAccentBackground_11q5m_49"/></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" class="button rightButton primary subscribe-btn _button_11q5m_76 _buttonOnAccentBackground_11q5m_89"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer-wrap publication-footer"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="footer themed-background"><div class="container"><div class="footer-blurbs"><div class="footer-copyright-blurb">© 2024 The Chip Letter</div><div class="footer-terms-blurb"><a href="https://substack.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Privacy</a><span> ∙ </span><a href="https://substack.com/tos" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Terms</a><span> ∙ </span><a href="https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Collection notice</a></div></div><div class="footer-buttons"><a native href="https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer" class="footer-substack-cta start-publishing"><svg role="img" width="1000" height="1000" viewBox="0 0 1000 1000" fill="#FF6719" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M764.166 348.371H236.319V419.402H764.166V348.371Z"></path><path d="M236.319 483.752V813.999L500.231 666.512L764.19 813.999V483.752H236.319Z"></path><path d="M764.166 213H236.319V284.019H764.166V213Z"></path></g></svg> Start Writing</a><a native href="https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button" class="footer-substack-cta get-the-app no-icon">Get the app</a></div><div translated class="pencraft pc-reset _reset_h3mln_1 footer-slogan-blurb"><a href="https://substack.com" native>Substack</a> is the home for great culture</div></div></div></div></div><div inert role="dialog" class="modal typography out gone share-dialog popup"><div class="modal-table"><div class="modal-row"><div class="modal-cell modal-content no-fullscreen"><div class="container"><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="close-modal" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft modal-btn modal-exit-btn no-margin _iconButton2_1wc5i_678 _iconButtonBase_1wc5i_172 _buttonBase_1wc5i_1 _buttonNew_1wc5i_97 _size_md_1wc5i_155 _priority_tertiary_1wc5i_83"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="secondary" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-x"><path d="M18 6 6 18"></path><path d="m6 6 12 12"></path></svg></button><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _pubTheme_16d2q_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _elevatedTheme_jpget_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-24 pc-padding-24 pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 _border-detail_1yrbq_25 pc-borderRadius-md _container_1xu3k_8"><h4 class="pencraft _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset _align-center_h3mln_13 _line-height-24_h3mln_83 _font-display_h3mln_103 _size-20_h3mln_59 _weight-bold_h3mln_151 _reset_h3mln_1">Share</h4><a href class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset _animate_1yrbq_199 _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset _elevatedTheme_jpget_1"><div tabindex="0" rel="nofollow noopener ugc" target="_blank" draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-padding-12 pc-position-relative pc-reset _bg-primary_1yrbq_189 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-md _showFocus_1yrbq_72 _postAttachment_k1scs_563"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-2 pc-minWidth-0 _flexGrow_1yrbq_302 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _clamp_h3mln_254 _clamp-2_h3mln_263 _reset_h3mln_1"></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 pc-borderRadius-md"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-fg-secondary)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></div></div></div></a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-reset"><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M7.50008 14.1666H5.83341C4.72835 14.1666 3.66854 13.7276 2.88714 12.9462C2.10573 12.1648 1.66675 11.105 1.66675 9.99992C1.66675 8.89485 2.10573 7.83504 2.88714 7.05364C3.66854 6.27224 4.72835 5.83325 5.83341 5.83325H7.50008M12.5001 5.83325H14.1667C15.2718 5.83325 16.3316 6.27224 17.113 7.05364C17.8944 7.83504 18.3334 8.89485 18.3334 9.99992C18.3334 11.105 17.8944 12.1648 17.113 12.9462C16.3316 13.7276 15.2718 14.1666 14.1667 14.1666H12.5001M6.66675 9.99992H13.3334"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Copy link</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M20 10C20 4.47715 15.5229 0 10 0C4.47715 0 0 4.47715 0 10C0 14.9912 3.65684 19.1283 8.4375 19.8785V12.8906H5.89844V10H8.4375V7.79688C8.4375 5.29063 9.93047 3.90625 12.2146 3.90625C13.3084 3.90625 14.4531 4.10156 14.4531 4.10156V6.5625H13.1922C11.95 6.5625 11.5625 7.3334 11.5625 8.125V10H14.3359L13.8926 12.8906H11.5625V19.8785C16.3432 19.1283 20 14.9912 20 10Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Facebook</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M9.9958 11.0646C10.2693 11.0646 10.5346 10.9569 10.7915 10.7248L19.0717 3.431C18.6241 3.13262 18.1102 3 17.3974 3H2.60257C1.88976 3 1.37587 3.13262 0.920011 3.431L9.20011 10.7248C9.46534 10.9569 9.73057 11.0646 9.9958 11.0646ZM0.215499 15.9465L6.34893 9.82137L0.198922 4.40075C0.107749 4.5748 0 4.99751 0 5.56941V14.7199C0 15.2503 0.0828842 15.6316 0.215499 15.9465ZM2.35391 17.2892H17.646C18.2511 17.2892 18.7235 17.14 19.0385 16.9245L12.731 10.6171L11.5209 11.6945C11.0402 12.1173 10.518 12.3328 9.9958 12.3328C9.48197 12.3328 8.95975 12.1173 8.47905 11.6945L7.26894 10.6171L0.961455 16.9245C1.27642 17.14 1.74057 17.2892 2.35391 17.2892ZM19.7844 15.9465C19.9088 15.6316 20 15.2503 20 14.7199V5.56941C20 4.99751 19.8922 4.5748 19.8011 4.40075L13.651 9.82137L19.7844 15.9465Z"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Email</div></a><a class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg role="img" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M1.96484 0.624512H18.0354V2.70052H1.96484V0.624512Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 4.77655H18.0354V6.85254H1.96484V4.77655Z" stroke="none"></path><path d="M1.96484 8.92857V19.9505L10.0001 14.6347L18.0354 19.9505V8.92857H1.96484Z" stroke="none"></path></g></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">Notes</div></a><a id="trigger296405" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog296406" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-width-64 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _cursor-pointer_1yrbq_219 _button_qtdwu_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-width-64 pc-height-64 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _bg-secondary_1yrbq_192 _animate_1yrbq_199 pc-borderRadius-lg _icon_qtdwu_4"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-primary_h3mln_166 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-semibold_h3mln_148 _reset_h3mln_1">More</div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="left:auto;right:16px;bottom:16px;z-index:999;transform:translateY(0px);" class="pencraft pc-position-fixed pc-reset _sizing-border-box_1yrbq_349"></div><div></div> </div> <script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/6c2ff3e3828e4017b7faf7b63e24cdf8.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script> window.Sentry && window.Sentry.onLoad(function() { window.Sentry.init({ environment: window._preloads.sentry_environment, dsn: window._preloads.sentry_dsn, }) }) </script> <script>window._preloads = JSON.parse("{\"isEU\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"country\":\"SG\",\"base_url\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_vNnuGHOFnt4mM7V9PuCAAPJz\",\"captcha_site_key\":\"6LdYbsYZAAAAAIFIRh8X_16GoFRLIReh-e-q6qSa\",\"pub\":{\"apple_pay_disabled\":false,\"apex_domain\":null,\"author_id\":102722254,\"byline_images_enabled\":true,\"bylines_enabled\":true,\"chartable_token\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"copyright\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"cover_photo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/42ef7654-ffdb-4329-9b19-fca0de59d068_1280x851.png\",\"created_at\":\"2022-08-28T13:07:52.880Z\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_publication_theme_id\":null,\"default_comment_sort\":\"best_first\",\"default_coupon\":null,\"default_group_coupon\":null,\"default_show_guest_bios\":true,\"email_banner_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"email_from\":null,\"embed_tracking_disabled\":false,\"explicit\":false,\"expose_paywall_content_to_search_engines\":true,\"fb_pixel_id\":null,\"fb_site_verification_token\":null,\"flagged_as_spam\":false,\"founding_subscription_benefits\":[],\"free_subscription_benefits\":[\"Occasional public posts\"],\"ga_pixel_id\":null,\"google_site_verification_token\":null,\"google_tag_manager_token\":null,\"hero_image\":null,\"hero_text\":\"Byte sized stories about the history of computing.\",\"hide_intro_subtitle\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":null,\"hide_podcast_feed_link\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"magaziney\",\"id\":1063960,\"image_thumbnails_always_enabled\":false,\"invite_only\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"logo_url_wide\":null,\"logo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png\",\"minimum_group_size\":2,\"moderation_enabled\":true,\"name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"paid_subscription_benefits\":[\"Subscriber-only posts and full archive\"],\"parsely_pixel_id\":null,\"payments_state\":\"enabled\",\"paywall_free_trial_enabled\":false,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"paid_podcast_episode_art_url\":null,\"podcast_byline\":null,\"podcast_description\":null,\"podcast_enabled\":false,\"podcast_feed_url\":null,\"podcast_title\":null,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"require_clickthrough\":false,\"rss_feed_url\":null,\"rss_website_url\":null,\"show_pub_podcast_tab\":false,\"show_recs_on_homepage\":true,\"subdomain\":\"thechipletter\",\"subscriber_invites\":0,\"support_email\":null,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"theme_var_color_links\":true,\"theme_var_cover_bg_color\":null,\"trial_end_override\":null,\"twitter_pixel_id\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"post_reaction_faces_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"plans\":[{\"id\":\"price_1NwoCyJKYeomqh7fk4kRMyR2\",\"object\":\"plan\",\"active\":true,\"aggregate_usage\":null,\"amount\":5000,\"amount_decimal\":\"5000\",\"billing_scheme\":\"per_unit\",\"created\":1696261136,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"year\",\"interval_count\":1,\"livemode\":true,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\"},\"meter\":null,\"nickname\":\"$50 a year\",\"product\":\"prod_N1qUl6rHUrF2DO\",\"tiers\":null,\"tiers_mode\":null,\"transform_usage\":null,\"trial_period_days\":null,\"usage_type\":\"licensed\",\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":8000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"8000\"},\"brl\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":28500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"28500\"},\"cad\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":7000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"7000\"},\"chf\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4600\"},\"dkk\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":35000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"35000\"},\"eur\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4700,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4700\"},\"gbp\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4000\"},\"mxn\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":92000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"92000\"},\"nok\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":53500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"53500\"},\"nzd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":8500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"8500\"},\"pln\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":20500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"20500\"},\"sek\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":53500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"53500\"},\"usd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":5000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"5000\"}}},{\"id\":\"monthly6usd\",\"object\":\"plan\",\"active\":true,\"aggregate_usage\":null,\"amount\":600,\"amount_decimal\":\"600\",\"billing_scheme\":\"per_unit\",\"created\":1676385975,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"month\",\"interval_count\":1,\"livemode\":true,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\"},\"meter\":null,\"nickname\":\"$6 a month\",\"product\":\"prod_NM81621m5lfKT2\",\"tiers\":null,\"tiers_mode\":null,\"transform_usage\":null,\"trial_period_days\":null,\"usage_type\":\"licensed\",\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":1000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"1000\"},\"brl\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":3400,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"3400\"},\"cad\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":900,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"900\"},\"chf\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"600\"},\"dkk\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4200,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4200\"},\"eur\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"600\"},\"gbp\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"500\"},\"mxn\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":11500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"11500\"},\"nok\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":6500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"6500\"},\"nzd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":1000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"1000\"},\"pln\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":2500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"2500\"},\"sek\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":6500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"6500\"},\"usd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"600\"}}},{\"id\":\"founding10000usd\",\"name\":\"founding10000usd\",\"nickname\":\"founding10000usd\",\"active\":true,\"amount\":10000,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"year\",\"interval_count\":1,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\",\"founding\":\"yes\",\"no_coupons\":\"yes\",\"short_description\":\"Founding Member\",\"short_description_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"minimum\":\"5000\",\"minimum_local\":{\"aud\":8000,\"brl\":29500,\"cad\":7000,\"chf\":4500,\"dkk\":36000,\"eur\":4800,\"gbp\":4000,\"mxn\":102500,\"nok\":55500,\"nzd\":9000,\"pln\":21000,\"sek\":55500,\"usd\":5000}},\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"unit_amount\":15500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"brl\":{\"unit_amount\":58500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"cad\":{\"unit_amount\":14000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"chf\":{\"unit_amount\":9000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"dkk\":{\"unit_amount\":72000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"eur\":{\"unit_amount\":10000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"gbp\":{\"unit_amount\":8000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"mxn\":{\"unit_amount\":204500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"nok\":{\"unit_amount\":111000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"nzd\":{\"unit_amount\":17500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"pln\":{\"unit_amount\":42000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"sek\":{\"unit_amount\":110500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"usd\":{\"unit_amount\":10000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"}}}],\"stripe_user_id\":\"acct_1MHmhTJKYeomqh7f\",\"stripe_country\":\"GB\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_51MHmhTJKYeomqh7fiEnN3VtX81haGLZ1hZQJq5gkOhZ25A2gt0oUDovfSWfhQwKYTKTosRrY0uVoZe06tCMHAtyE00UBYaJmJC\",\"automatic_tax_enabled\":false,\"author_name\":\"Babbage\",\"author_handle\":\"thechipletter\",\"author_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"author_bio\":\"Using the history of computing to understand the future\",\"twitter_share_on_publish_opt_in\":false,\"has_custom_tos\":false,\"has_custom_privacy\":false,\"theme\":{\"background_pop_color\":\"#538cfa\",\"web_bg_color\":\"#ffffff\",\"cover_bg_color\":\"#ffffff\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"color_links\":null,\"font_preset_heading\":\"heavy_sans\",\"font_preset_body\":\"sans\",\"font_family_headings\":null,\"font_family_body\":null,\"font_family_ui\":null,\"font_size_body_desktop\":null,\"print_secondary\":null,\"custom_css_web\":null,\"custom_css_email\":null,\"home_hero\":\"magazine-5\",\"home_posts\":\"grid\",\"home_show_top_posts\":true,\"hide_images_from_list\":false,\"home_hero_alignment\":\"left\",\"home_hero_show_podcast_links\":true,\"default_post_header_variant\":null},\"threads_v2_settings\":{\"photo_replies_enabled\":true,\"first_thread_email_sent_at\":\"2022-11-18T15:59:03.27+00:00\",\"create_thread_minimum_role\":\"paid\",\"activated_at\":\"2022-11-18T15:58:29.52+00:00\",\"reader_thread_notifications_enabled\":true,\"boost_free_subscriber_chat_preview_enabled\":true,\"push_suppression_enabled\":false},\"default_group_coupon_percent_off\":null,\"pause_return_date\":null,\"has_posts\":true,\"has_recommendations\":true,\"first_post_date\":\"2022-08-28T14:06:07.650Z\",\"has_podcast\":false,\"has_free_podcast\":false,\"has_subscriber_only_podcast\":false,\"has_community_content\":true,\"twitter_permissions\":\"read\",\"rankingDetail\":\"Hundreds of paid subscribers\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Tens of thousands of subscribers\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Over 18,000 subscribers\",\"rankingDetailByLanguage\":{\"de\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Hunderte von Paid-Abonnenten\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Zehntausende von Abonnenten\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"\u00DCber 18,000 Abonnenten\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"},\"es\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Cientos de suscriptores de pago\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Decenas de miles de suscriptores\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"M\u00E1s de 18,000 suscriptores\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"},\"fr\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Des centaines d'abonn\u00E9s payants\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Des dizaines de milliers d'abonn\u00E9s\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Plus de 18,000 abonn\u00E9s\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"},\"pt\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Centenas de subscritores pagos\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Dezenas de milhares de subscritores\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Mais de 18,000 subscritores\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"},\"pt-br\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Centenas de assinantes pagantes\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Dezenas de milhares de assinantes\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Mais de 18,000 assinantes\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"},\"it\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Centinaia di abbonati a pagamento\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Decine di migliaia di abbonati\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Oltre 18,000 abbonati\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"},\"en\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Hundreds of paid subscribers\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Tens of thousands of subscribers\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":10000,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":\"Over 18,000 subscribers\",\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\"}},\"freeSubscriberCount\":\"18,000\",\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"18K+\",\"author_bestseller_tier\":100,\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"notes_feed_enabled\":true,\"last_chat_post_at\":\"2024-08-08T07:00:06.753Z\",\"no_follow\":false,\"paywall_chat\":\"free\",\"sections\":[{\"id\":101317,\"created_at\":\"2024-01-07T10:08:43.198Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-03-08T13:22:01.663Z\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"name\":\"Chiplets\",\"description\":\"Bits of computing history and more\",\"slug\":\"chiplets\",\"is_podcast\":false,\"is_live\":true,\"is_default_on\":false,\"sibling_rank\":0,\"port_status\":\"success\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f79e87bf-96cf-4823-9a96-fbded7634afa_1280x1280.png\",\"hide_from_navbar\":false,\"email_from_name\":\"\",\"hide_posts_from_pub_listings\":false,\"email_banner_url\":null,\"cover_photo_url\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":false,\"hide_intro_subtitle\":false,\"ignore_publication_email_settings\":false,\"podcastSettings\":null,\"spotifyPodcastSettings\":null,\"pageTheme\":null,\"showLinks\":[],\"podcastPalette\":{\"DarkMuted\":{\"population\":72,\"rgb\":[73,153,137]},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"population\":6013,\"rgb\":[4,100,84]},\"LightMuted\":{\"population\":7,\"rgb\":[142,198,186]},\"LightVibrant\":{\"population\":3,\"rgb\":[166,214,206]},\"Muted\":{\"population\":6,\"rgb\":[92,164,156]},\"Vibrant\":{\"population\":5,\"rgb\":[76,164,146]}},\"spotify_podcast_settings\":null}],\"multipub_migration\":null,\"navigationBarItems\":[{\"id\":\"98160ec5-f662-4120-a6ad-6c896b1bb393\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"sibling_rank\":0,\"link_title\":null,\"link_url\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":true,\"standard_key\":\"about\",\"post_tag_id\":null,\"postTag\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":null},{\"id\":\"405d12de-2940-4bc9-9995-251c6486903f\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"sibling_rank\":1,\"link_title\":null,\"link_url\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":true,\"standard_key\":\"chat\",\"post_tag_id\":null,\"postTag\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":null},{\"id\":\"89fb8070-5e5c-4793-8058-f40f3bd7a461\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"sibling_rank\":2,\"link_title\":null,\"link_url\":null,\"section_id\":101317,\"post_id\":null,\"is_hidden\":null,\"standard_key\":null,\"post_tag_id\":null,\"postTag\":null,\"post\":null,\"section\":{\"id\":101317,\"created_at\":\"2024-01-07T10:08:43.198Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-03-08T13:22:01.663Z\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"name\":\"Chiplets\",\"description\":\"Bits of computing history and more\",\"slug\":\"chiplets\",\"is_podcast\":false,\"is_live\":true,\"is_default_on\":false,\"sibling_rank\":0,\"port_status\":\"success\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f79e87bf-96cf-4823-9a96-fbded7634afa_1280x1280.png\",\"hide_from_navbar\":false,\"email_from_name\":\"\",\"hide_posts_from_pub_listings\":false,\"email_banner_url\":null,\"cover_photo_url\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":false,\"hide_intro_subtitle\":false,\"ignore_publication_email_settings\":false}},{\"id\":\"ed47d8f6-e0bd-4091-b187-85d4f68c0d80\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"sibling_rank\":3,\"link_title\":\"Start Here\",\"link_url\":\"\",\"section_id\":null,\"post_id\":146157981,\"is_hidden\":null,\"standard_key\":null,\"post_tag_id\":null,\"postTag\":null,\"post\":{\"id\":146157981,\"publication_id\":1063960,\"is_published\":true,\"title\":\"New to The Chip Letter? Start Here!\",\"body\":\"s3://substack-content/post/146157981/2024-07-01T08-38-37-551Z/2e602fd0905040fb729d4959303eef3ea0d34a52\",\"slug\":\"new-to-the-chip-letter-start-here\",\"post_date\":\"2024-07-01T09:28:06.707Z\",\"draft_title\":\"New to The Chip Letter? Start Here!\",\"draft_body\":\"s3://substack-content/post/146157981/2024-07-01T08-38-37-551Z/2e602fd0905040fb729d4959303eef3ea0d34a52\",\"draft_updated_at\":\"2024-07-01T09:29:22.896Z\",\"subtitle\":\"Welcome!\",\"draft_subtitle\":\"Welcome!\",\"email_sent_at\":null,\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"podcast_url\":\"\",\"draft_podcast_url\":\"\",\"podcast_duration\":null,\"draft_podcast_duration\":null,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"podcast_description\":null,\"podcast_subtitle\":null,\"explicit\":null,\"podcast_content\":null,\"podcast_guid\":null,\"social_title\":\"New to The Chip Letter? Start Here!\",\"description\":\"Welcome!\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/80840031-e417-4e23-b373-d274c7285d23_1456x970.webp\",\"imported_podcast_url\":null,\"imported_podcast_art_url\":null,\"uuid\":\"01cb221b-7d17-412c-8026-7aa3bd0c98c1\",\"write_comment_permissions\":\"everyone\",\"should_send_email\":false,\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"updated_at\":\"2024-07-01T09:29:34.711Z\",\"canonical_url\":null,\"subscriber_set_id\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"section_chosen\":true,\"draft_section_id\":null,\"show_guest_bios\":true,\"reply_to_post_id\":null,\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"word_count\":1007,\"video_upload_id\":null,\"draft_video_upload_id\":null,\"draft_created_at\":\"2024-07-01T08:38:37.532Z\",\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"draft_podcast_upload_id\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"draft_voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"draft_podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"legacy_podcast_file_size\":null,\"syndicate_voiceover_to_rss\":false,\"audience_before_archived\":null,\"should_send_stats_email\":true,\"exempt_from_archive_paywall\":false,\"has_explicit_paywall\":false,\"inbox_sent_at\":null,\"editor_v2\":false,\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"has_dismissed_tk_warning\":false,\"is_metered\":false},\"section\":null}],\"contributors\":[{\"name\":\"Babbage\",\"handle\":\"thechipletter\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":true,\"user_id\":102722254,\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"bio\":\"Using the history of computing to understand the future\"}],\"threads_v2_enabled\":true,\"viralGiftsConfig\":{\"id\":\"721e0f2f-2b0c-48e2-90dc-0b071205d755\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"enabled\":true,\"gifts_per_user\":5,\"gift_length_months\":1,\"send_extra_gifts\":true,\"message\":\"Byte sized stories about the history of computing.\",\"created_at\":\"2022-12-22T11:18:38.484406+00:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2022-12-22T11:18:38.484406+00:00\",\"days_til_invite\":14,\"send_emails\":true,\"show_link\":null,\"grant_email_body\":null,\"grant_email_subject\":null},\"tier\":2,\"no_index\":false,\"can_set_google_site_verification\":true,\"can_have_sitemap\":true,\"founding_plan_name_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"draft_plans\":[{\"id\":\"price_1NwoCyJKYeomqh7fk4kRMyR2\",\"object\":\"plan\",\"active\":true,\"aggregate_usage\":null,\"amount\":5000,\"amount_decimal\":\"5000\",\"billing_scheme\":\"per_unit\",\"created\":1696261136,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"year\",\"interval_count\":1,\"livemode\":true,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\"},\"meter\":null,\"nickname\":\"$50 a year\",\"product\":\"prod_N1qUl6rHUrF2DO\",\"tiers\":null,\"tiers_mode\":null,\"transform_usage\":null,\"trial_period_days\":null,\"usage_type\":\"licensed\",\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":8000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"8000\"},\"brl\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":28500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"28500\"},\"cad\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":7000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"7000\"},\"chf\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4600\"},\"dkk\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":35000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"35000\"},\"eur\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4700,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4700\"},\"gbp\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4000\"},\"mxn\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":92000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"92000\"},\"nok\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":53500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"53500\"},\"nzd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":8500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"8500\"},\"pln\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":20500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"20500\"},\"sek\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":53500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"53500\"},\"usd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":5000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"5000\"}}},{\"id\":\"monthly6usd\",\"object\":\"plan\",\"active\":true,\"aggregate_usage\":null,\"amount\":600,\"amount_decimal\":\"600\",\"billing_scheme\":\"per_unit\",\"created\":1676385975,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"month\",\"interval_count\":1,\"livemode\":true,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\"},\"meter\":null,\"nickname\":\"$6 a month\",\"product\":\"prod_NM81621m5lfKT2\",\"tiers\":null,\"tiers_mode\":null,\"transform_usage\":null,\"trial_period_days\":null,\"usage_type\":\"licensed\",\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":1000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"1000\"},\"brl\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":3400,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"3400\"},\"cad\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":900,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"900\"},\"chf\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"600\"},\"dkk\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":4200,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"4200\"},\"eur\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"600\"},\"gbp\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"500\"},\"mxn\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":11500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"11500\"},\"nok\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":6500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"6500\"},\"nzd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":1000,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"1000\"},\"pln\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":2500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"2500\"},\"sek\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":6500,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"6500\"},\"usd\":{\"custom_unit_amount\":null,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\",\"unit_amount\":600,\"unit_amount_decimal\":\"600\"}}},{\"id\":\"founding10000usd\",\"name\":\"founding10000usd\",\"nickname\":\"founding10000usd\",\"active\":true,\"amount\":10000,\"currency\":\"usd\",\"interval\":\"year\",\"interval_count\":1,\"metadata\":{\"substack\":\"yes\",\"founding\":\"yes\",\"no_coupons\":\"yes\",\"short_description\":\"Founding Member\",\"short_description_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"minimum\":\"5000\",\"minimum_local\":{\"aud\":8000,\"brl\":29500,\"cad\":7000,\"chf\":4500,\"dkk\":36000,\"eur\":4800,\"gbp\":4000,\"mxn\":102500,\"nok\":55500,\"nzd\":9000,\"pln\":21000,\"sek\":55500,\"usd\":5000}},\"currency_options\":{\"aud\":{\"unit_amount\":15500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"brl\":{\"unit_amount\":58500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"cad\":{\"unit_amount\":14000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"chf\":{\"unit_amount\":9000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"dkk\":{\"unit_amount\":72000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"eur\":{\"unit_amount\":10000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"gbp\":{\"unit_amount\":8000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"mxn\":{\"unit_amount\":204500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"nok\":{\"unit_amount\":111000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"nzd\":{\"unit_amount\":17500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"pln\":{\"unit_amount\":42000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"sek\":{\"unit_amount\":110500,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"},\"usd\":{\"unit_amount\":10000,\"tax_behavior\":\"unspecified\"}}}],\"base_url\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com\",\"hostname\":\"thechipletter.substack.com\",\"is_on_substack\":false,\"spotify_podcast_settings\":null,\"podcastPalette\":{\"DarkMuted\":{\"population\":72,\"rgb\":[73,153,137]},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"population\":6013,\"rgb\":[4,100,84]},\"LightMuted\":{\"population\":7,\"rgb\":[142,198,186]},\"LightVibrant\":{\"population\":3,\"rgb\":[166,214,206]},\"Muted\":{\"population\":6,\"rgb\":[92,164,156]},\"Vibrant\":{\"population\":5,\"rgb\":[76,164,146]}},\"pageThemes\":{\"podcast\":null},\"multiple_pins\":true,\"live_subscriber_counts\":false,\"subscribeCardVersionHash\":\"76ccaa3ef49ca4bbcfa38c69c3b22d32\"},\"confirmedLogin\":false,\"hide_intro_popup\":false,\"block_auto_login\":false,\"domainInfo\":{\"isSubstack\":true,\"customDomain\":null},\"experimentFeatures\":{},\"experimentExposures\":{},\"siteConfigs\":{\"score_upsell_email\":\"experiment\",\"first_chat_email_enabled\":true,\"notes_video_max_duration_minutes\":5,\"reader-onboarding-promoted-pub\":737237,\"pub_creation_captcha_behavior\":\"risky_pubs\",\"new_commenter_approval\":false,\"pub_update_opennode_api_key\":false,\"note_velocity_insertion_min_ratio\":null,\"embedding_search_using_quantized_field\":false,\"zendesk_automation_cancellations\":false,\"hide_book_a_meeting_button\":false,\"note_velocity_insertion_max_ratio\":null,\"mfa_action_box_enabled\":false,\"publication_max_bylines\":35,\"no_contest_charge_disputes\":false,\"new_subscription_management\":false,\"publication_tabs_reorder\":false,\"comp_expiry_email_new_copy\":\"NONE\",\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"traffic_rule_check_enabled\":false,\"amp_emails_enabled\":false,\"enable_post_summarization\":false,\"image_deep_link_enabled\":false,\"bitcoin_enabled\":false,\"show_entire_square_image\":false,\"hide_subscriber_count\":false,\"publication_author_display_override\":\"\",\"custom_themes_substack_player_for_video_embeds\":false,\"generate_pdf_tax_report\":false,\"live_stream_email_all_subscribers\":true,\"show_generic_post_importer\":false,\"enable_pledges_modal\":true,\"include_pdf_invoice\":false,\"app_upsell_after_posting_notes\":\"experiment\",\"platform_searcher_enabled\":false,\"upload_to_youtube\":true,\"use_post_podcast_import_batching\":true,\"meetings_v1\":false,\"live_stream_share_override_pub_id\":0,\"exempt_from_gtm_filter\":false,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu\":false,\"boost_optin_modal_enabled\":true,\"trending_topics_live_mode\":false,\"post_blogspot_importer\":false,\"pub_tts_override\":\"default\",\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"skip_welcome_email\":false,\"chat_reader_thread_notification_default\":false,\"scheduled_pinned_posts\":false,\"disable_redirect_outbound_utm_params\":false,\"reader_gift_referrals_enabled\":true,\"enable_bestseller_survey_modal\":false,\"dont_show_guest_byline\":false,\"like_comments_enabled\":true,\"extended_podcast_episode_metadata\":false,\"livekit_track_egress_custom_base_url\":\"\",\"enable_author_note_email_toggle\":false,\"meetings_embed_publication_name\":false,\"pub_funded_gift_expiry_sequence\":\"experiment\",\"people_you_may_know_algorithm\":\"experiment\",\"welcome_screen_blurb_override\":\"\",\"post_recipients_batch_limit\":1000,\"like_posts_enabled\":true,\"notes_publication_mentions_enabled\":false,\"twitter_player_card_enabled\":true,\"show_app_upsell_subscribe_flow\":true,\"feed_promoted_user\":false,\"writer_beta_android_enable_post_editor_v2\":false,\"section_specific_csv_imports_enabled\":false,\"custom_themes_free_press_custom_paywall\":false,\"bypass_profile_substack_logo_detection\":false,\"use_preloaded_player_sources\":false,\"generate_twitter_card_with_lamda\":false,\"list_pruning_enabled\":false,\"facebook_connect\":false,\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe\":false,\"underlined_colored_links\":false,\"android_enable_post_editor_launch\":false,\"temporal_livestream_ended_draft\":false,\"max_image_upload_mb\":32,\"modal_rec_variant_user\":\"control\",\"extract_stripe_receipt_url\":false,\"enable_thefp_theme\":false,\"live_stream_notifications_disbled\":false,\"enable_android_dms_writer_beta\":false,\"threads_suggested_ios_version\":null,\"pledges_disabled\":false,\"threads_minimum_ios_version\":812,\"hide_podcast_email_setup_link\":false,\"subscribe_captcha_behavior\":\"default\",\"publication_ban_sample_rate\":0,\"grant_viral_gifts_to_gift_recipients\":\"experiment\",\"show_lives_in_election_tab\":false,\"custom_themes_substack_subscribe_modal\":false,\"share_viral_gift_as_link\":\"experiment\",\"continue_support_cta_in_newsletter_emails\":false,\"bloomberg_syndication_enabled\":false,\"custom_publication_theme\":false,\"lists_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_ended_zync_delay\":15,\"generated_database_maintenance_mode\":false,\"allow_document_freeze\":false,\"enable_top_search_ios\":true,\"podcast_main_feed_is_firehose\":false,\"pub_app_incentive_gift\":\"\",\"no_embed_redirect\":false,\"translate_mobile_app\":false,\"customized_email_from_name_for_new_follow_emails\":\"treatment\",\"spotify_open_access_sandbox_mode\":false,\"fullstory_enabled\":true,\"chat_reply_poll_interval\":3,\"enable_reader_marketing_page\":false,\"force_pub_links_to_use_subdomain\":false,\"email_existing_users_on_import\":false,\"always_show_cookie_banner\":false,\"hide_media_download_option\":false,\"twitter_figures_enabled\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"feed_item_source_debug_mode\":false,\"writer_beta_android_enable_post_editor\":false,\"daily_promoted_notes_enabled\":true,\"publication_homepage_title_display_override\":\"\",\"pub_banned_word_list\":\"\",\"post_preview_highlight_byline\":false,\"4k_video\":false,\"custom_themes_substack_video_player\":false,\"bypass_unlock_token_limit\":false,\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"notifications_disabled\":\"\",\"cross_post_notification_threshold\":1000,\"facebook_connect_prod_app\":true,\"messages_inbox_page_size\":50,\"minimum_android_version\":756,\"feed_main_disabled\":false,\"use_mobile_app_post_unlock_flow\":true,\"use_og_image_as_twitter_image_for_post_previews\":false,\"always_use_podcast_channel_art_as_episode_art_in_rss\":false,\"cookie_preference_middleware_enabled\":false,\"seo_tier_override\":\"NONE\",\"no_follow_links\":false,\"publisher_api_enabled\":false,\"zendesk_support_priority\":\"default\",\"enable_subscriber_referrals_awards\":true,\"live_stream_creation_enabled_for_bestsellers\":true,\"thread_permalink_preview_min_ios_version\":4192,\"post_management_search_engine\":\"elasticsearch\",\"internal_android_enable_post_editor\":false,\"imported_banner_email_experiment_enabled\":true,\"web_reader_podcasts_tab\":false,\"phone_verification_fallback_to_twilio\":true,\"send_as_email_reply_bar\":\"experiment\",\"live_stream_creation_enabled\":false,\"disable_card_element_in_europe\":false,\"enable_global_navigation_ios_beta\":false,\"enable_web_typing_indicators\":false,\"custom_themes_substack_audio_player\":false,\"web_vitals_sample_rate\":10,\"allow_live_stream_auto_takedown\":\"true\",\"skip_twitter_step_in_writer_onboarding\":true,\"temporal_zync_post_editor\":false,\"use_ranker_for_category_tabs\":false,\"ai_image_generation_enabled\":true,\"disable_personal_substack_initialization\":false,\"section_specific_welcome_pages\":false,\"local_payment_methods\":\"control\",\"posts_in_rss_feed\":20,\"post_rec_endpoint\":\"\",\"publisher_dashboard_section_selector\":false,\"reader_surveys_platform_question_order\":\"36,1,4,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35\",\"negative_feedback_in_onboarding\":\"experiment\",\"login_guard_app_link_in_email\":true,\"modal_rec_variant_content\":\"control\",\"monthly_sub_is_one_off\":false,\"unread_notes_activity_digest\":\"control\",\"display_cookie_settings\":false,\"welcome_page_query_params\":false,\"enable_mobile_publication_setup\":false,\"enable_free_podcast_urls\":false,\"notes_implicit_engagement_weight_pct\":10,\"use_microlink_for_instagram_embeds\":false,\"post_notification_batch_delay_ms\":30000,\"android_top_search_enabled\":true,\"social_context_in_pymk_feed_module_v2\":\"treatment-nofacepile\",\"ios_post_stats_for_admins\":false,\"live_stream_concurrent_viewer_count_drawer\":false,\"section_specific_preambles\":false,\"android_live_stream_multihost_enabled\":false,\"show_menu_on_posts\":false,\"app_upsell_follow_prompt\":\"control\",\"trust_and_safety_features_enabled\":false,\"free_signup_confirmation_behavior\":\"with_email_validation\",\"opt_into_all_trending_topics\":false,\"ios_writer_stats_public_launch_v2\":false,\"enable_configurable_did_identity\":true,\"enable_android_post_stats\":false,\"ios_chat_revamp_enabled\":false,\"post_notification_batch_chunk_size\":100,\"republishing_enabled\":false,\"app_mode\":false,\"show_phone_banner\":true,\"enable_author_pages\":false,\"enable_decagon_chat\":true,\"first_month_upsell\":\"experiment\",\"twitter_connect_flows_enabled\":false,\"enable_user_contacts\":true,\"gift_post_unlocks_recipient_2\":\"experiment\",\"live_stream_invite_ttl_seconds\":300,\"welcome_page_update_desktop_visuals_limited\":\"experiment\",\"rss_verification_code\":\"\",\"notification_post_emails\":\"experiment\",\"pin_primary_publication_chat_ios_v2\":\"treatment_thread_list\",\"exclude_from_pymk_suggestions\":false,\"chat_suppress_contributor_push_option_enabled\":false,\"rate_limit_live_reaction_messages_v2\":\"15ps\",\"custom_themes_free_press_newsletters_page\":false,\"export_hooks_enabled\":false,\"audio_encoding_bitrate\":null,\"bestseller_pub_override\":false,\"extra_seats_coupon_type\":false,\"post_subdomain_universal_links\":false,\"post_import_max_file_size\":26214400,\"live_stream_creation_from_desktop_enabled\":false,\"fast_css_inline_enabled\":true,\"livekit_reconnect_slate_url\":\"https://mux-livestream-assets.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/custom-disconnect-slate-tall.png\",\"live_stream_track_egress\":true,\"minimum_ios_version\":2200,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"enable_bestseller_survey_modal_override\":false,\"android_live_streams_enabled\":true,\"enable_android_dms\":false,\"non_mfa_password_login_guard\":\"block_suspicious\",\"feed_ranker_use_user_comment_reaction_cache\":true,\"mobile_feed_full_bleed_beta\":false,\"web_feed_more_like_this\":false,\"recipes_enabled\":false,\"disable_deletion\":false,\"livekit_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"clip_focused_video_upload_flow\":false,\"live_stream_max_guest_users\":2,\"unitary_image_moderation_percent\":100,\"can_reimport_unsubscribed_users_with_2x_optin\":false,\"android_feed_ufi_updates_2\":\"control\",\"live_event_mixin\":\"\",\"review_incoming_email\":\"default\",\"app_install_prompts\":\"native_banner_if_supported\",\"ios_chat_uikit\":false,\"daily_promoted_note_intelligent_delivery\":\"control\",\"thread_permalink_preview_min_android_version\":2037,\"enable_home_screen_nav_bar_hiding_ios\":false,\"enable_email_login_code\":true,\"publisher_banner\":\"\",\"gift_from_substack_finish_claiming\":\"treatment\",\"load_test_unichat\":false,\"phone_verification_banned_countries\":\"PH, BD, UA, PK, UZ, ID, MA, KG, ML, AZ, GT, SN, BZ, EG, MM, MX, VN, ZW, NG, JO, RU, MY, KE, CN\",\"enable_small_queue_cards_ios\":true,\"free_press_combo_subscribe_flow_enabled\":false,\"gift_from_substack_reminder\":\"experiment\",\"gift_from_substack_modal\":\"experiment\",\"gifts_from_substack_feature_available\":true,\"blocked_email_domains\":\"nastyx.com,heweek.com,marchub.com,wesolar.io,cetnob.com,asaud.com,sigmazon.com,ofionk.com,degcos.com,janfab.com,obisims.com,esterace.com,barakal.com,coloruz.com,rogtat.com,ploncy.com,konetas.com,pelagius.net,teeuk.com,laafd.com,vjuum.com,txcct.com,rteet.com,dpptd.com,funvahnuwa.com,btcmod.com\",\"gift_from_substack_finish_claiming_followup_emails_enabled\":true,\"gift_from_substack_about_to_expire_emails_enabled\":true,\"gift_from_substack_reminder_v2\":\"treatment_original_body_text\",\"grant_viral_gifts_chain_automatically\":true,\"themed_quotes_enabled\":false,\"app_install_reminder_email\":\"experiment\",\"enable_top_search\":true,\"ios_post_bottom_units\":\"experiment\",\"enable_apple_news_sync\":false,\"postsById_batch_size\":20,\"banned_image_generation_word_list\":\"nude, naked, unclothed, undressed, withoutclothes, sex, sexy, erotic, topless, bottomless, barechest, barebody, scantilyclad, suggestive, lingerie, bikini, underwear, panties, bra, thong, porn, pornographic, provocative, orgy, fetish, kinky, bdsm, domination, submission, lewd, explicit, genitals, penis, vagina, buttocks, anus, breasts, nipples, areola, privateparts, crotch, pubicarea, thighgap, intercourse, masturbation, ejaculation, penetration, moaning, groping, fondling, exposing, stripping, flashing, adultcontent, XXX, NSFW, OnlyFans, camgirl, escort, prostitute, callgirl, massage, striptease, ass, busty, strip, stripclub, tits, spanking, pawg, bimbo, crotch, succubus, seductive\",\"thefp_show_sections\":false},\"publicationSettings\":{\"block_ai_crawlers\":false,\"credit_token_enabled\":true,\"custom_tos_and_privacy\":false,\"did_identity\":null,\"disable_optimistic_bank_payments\":false,\"display_welcome_page_details\":true,\"enable_meetings\":false,\"payment_pledges_enabled\":true,\"enable_post_page_conversion\":true,\"enable_prev_next_nav\":true,\"enable_restacking\":true,\"gifts_from_substack_disabled\":false,\"google_analytics_4_token\":null,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu_enabled\":false,\"medium_length_description\":\"\",\"notes_feed_enabled\":true,\"paywall_unlock_tokens\":true,\"post_preview_crop_gravity\":\"auto\",\"reader_referrals_enabled\":false,\"reader_referrals_leaderboard_enabled\":false,\"seen_coming_soon_explainer\":false,\"seen_google_analytics_migration_modal\":false,\"local_currency_modal_seen\":true,\"local_payment_methods_modal_seen\":true,\"twitter_pixel_signup_event_id\":null,\"twitter_pixel_subscribe_event_id\":null,\"use_local_currency\":true,\"welcome_page_opt_out_text\":\"Just show me the chips!\",\"cookie_settings\":\"\",\"show_restacks_below_posts\":true,\"homepage_message_text\":\"\",\"homepage_message_link\":\"\"},\"publicationUserSettings\":null,\"userSettings\":{\"user_id\":null,\"activity_likes_enabled\":true,\"hasDismissedSectionToNewsletterRename\":false,\"is_guest_post_enabled\":true,\"feed_web_nux_seen_at\":null,\"has_seen_select_to_restack_tooltip_nux\":false,\"invite_friends_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"suggestions_feed_item_last_shown_at\":null,\"has_seen_select_to_restack_modal\":false,\"last_home_tab\":null,\"last_notification_alert_shown_at\":null,\"disable_reply_hiding\":false,\"newest_seen_chat_item_published_at\":null,\"explicitContentEnabled\":false,\"contactMatchingEnabled\":false,\"messageRequestLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableInviteLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableChatLevel\":\"everyone\",\"creditTokensTreatmentExposed\":false,\"appBadgeIncludesChat\":false,\"autoPlayVideo\":true,\"smart_delivery_enabled\":false,\"chatbotTermsLastAcceptedAt\":null,\"has_seen_notes_post_app_upsell\":false,\"substack_summer_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"first_note_id\":null},\"subscriberCountDetails\":\"tens of thousands of subscribers\",\"mux_env_key\":\"u42pci814i6011qg3segrcpp9\",\"sentry_environment\":\"production\",\"launchWelcomePage\":false,\"noIndex\":false,\"post\":{\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"audience_before_archived\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins\",\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"editor_v2\":false,\"exempt_from_archive_paywall\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"id\":139425169,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"podcast_duration\":null,\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_url\":\"\",\"post_date\":\"2023-12-11T17:00:47.163Z\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"show_guest_bios\":true,\"slug\":\"motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins\",\"social_title\":\"Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800 : Origins and Architecture\",\"subtitle\":\"Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design\",\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"title\":\"Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and Architecture\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"video_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"everyone\",\"restacks\":2,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":31},\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"section_pins\":[],\"previous_post_slug\":\"why-are-there-no-minicomputers-any\",\"next_post_slug\":\"8-bit-learning-from-the-sources\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg\",\"cover_image_is_square\":true,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":139425169,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"voiceoverUpload\":null,\"has_voiceover\":false,\"description\":\"Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design\",\"body_html\":\"<h4></h4><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1024\\\" height=\\\"986\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":986,"width":1024,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":536594,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":true,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" fetchpriority=\\\"high\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Motorola 6800 Die Shot - Pauli Rautakorpi, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Why write about the Motorola 6800 (pronounced \u2018sixty-eight hundred\u2019)? For the generation that grew up with home computers in the late 1970s, the 6800 was the 6502\u2019s slightly boring uncle. It was used in \u2018grown-up\u2019 devices, like cash machines, but it was slower, more expensive and generally less interesting than the 6502.</em></p><p><em>In reality, the 6800 was a highly innovative design that, just as much as competing products from Intel, represented a major step forward in making computing widely accessible to all.</em></p><p><em>Intel would eventually \u2018win\u2019 in microprocessors with the x86 architecture, and winners write the history, but Motorola deserves just as much respect as an early pioneer. This is probably why the 6800 came top of <a href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/the-virtues-of-the-8-bit-era-eight\\\">our poll</a> of which 8-bit design to write about.</em></p><p><em>The story of the 6800 is also a story of how a corporation can develop innovative technology with enormous potential, only to self-sabotage and hand the advantage to a competitor. We\u2019ll see how this happened in Part 2 of the story of the 6800. We\u2019ll also discover that, remarkably, almost 50 years after its launch you can still buy the 6800 today!</em></p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"url":"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share","text":"Share","action":null,"class":null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share\\\"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>For modern readers the name Motorola is probably most familiar as a brand of cell phones made by Motorola Mobility, now a subsidiary of Chinese multinational Lenovo. Cell phones combine digital and wireless electronics and the roots of Motorola Mobility are in Motorola Inc. which, for many decades, operated at the leading edge of both fields.</p><p>Motorola Inc, was founded as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation by the brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin in 1929. Early products included a car radio which was given the brand Motorola, combining \u2018Motor\u2019 and \u2018ola\u2019 used in other audio products such as the \u2018Victorola\u2019 phonograph or record player. The car radios became so successful that the company changed its name to Motorola in 1947.</p><p>By the early 1950s the future of electronics lay in the transistor and Motorola built its first manufacturing plant for transistors, at a cost of $1.5m, in Phoenix, Arizona. Dan Noble, Vice President of Communications and Electronics, wrote enthusiastically and prophetically, about the new devices in the company\u2019s 1955 annual report:</p><blockquote><p>\\\"The word 'revolution' may not be too strong to apply to the change which will take place in electronic equipment of all kinds within the next five years. The development of the transistor and other semi-conductor devices will reduce the size of equipment, improve the reliability of operation, and substantially reduce the operational power requirements. Not only will transistors replace vacuum tubes in many electronic equipments, but they will make possible the development of new devices for instrumentation, metering, controlling, detection, communications, and computing.\u201D</p></blockquote><p>By the mid 1960s, under the leadership of Lester Hogan, Motorola was making a variety of transistors, other discrete semiconductors and integrated circuits in Arizona. Hogan would \u2018defect\u2019 from Motorola to Fairchild Camera and Instrument in 1968, to become Chairman and CEO. Taking eight of his Motorola team, nicknamed \u2018Hogan\u2019s heroes\u2019, with him, Hogan would replace Robert Noyce, when Noyce and Gordon Moore left Fairchild to found Intel.</p><p>The loss of Hogan and much of Motorola\u2019s senior semiconductor team was just one contributor to a turbulent time for the company\u2019s semiconductor division. The industry was in the middle of a transition from Bipolar to MOS integrated circuits. And a number of competitors were appearing, including the \u2018Fairchildren\u2019, companies founded by former Fairchild employees, including, crucially, Noyce and Moore\u2019s Intel.</p><p>In the midst of all this change at the start of the 1970s, it became apparent to Motorola\u2019s, mostly new, senior management team, that a number of firms were working on the development of microprocessors.</p><p>Tom Bennett, who would become a key member of Motorola\u2019s microprocessor team, had been introduced to the idea in the form of early sketches for what would become the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, by Intel\u2019s Ted Hoff. Bennett had been working on calculators at Victor Comptometer in Chicago, when he\u2019d been approached by Hoff to see if he would be interested in using the proposed Intel chip in new calculator designs.</p><p>Bennett joined Motorola in 1971 to try to help them enter the calculator business. It was soon clear to Bennett, and others, that the microprocessor had much wider application than calculators. It could solve lots of other problems that had previously needed custom, complex and difficult \u2018random logic\u2019 designs. </p><p>Bennett had responsibility development of custom chips for potential external Motorola customers. One of those chips was a custom microprocessor for Olivetti. Motorola won the design, but couldn\u2019t manufacture the chip in the required PMOS (<a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMOS_logic#:~:text=PMOS%20or%20pMOS%20logic%20(from,%2Deffect%20transistors%20(MOSFETs).\\\">p-channel Metal Oxide Silicon</a>) process. Instead the design had to be licensed to competitor Mostek, who were able to build it, and who launched it as the Mostek 5065. Bill Lattin would later describe Motorola at the time:</p><blockquote><p>\u2026we had a rotating set of management, and nobody ever seemed to stick very long, and nobody ever understood the technology very deeply, and that was a real problem, because not only were implanters expensive. You needed clean rooms. This was a very expensive operation. Motorola wanted to get in, but they were, you know, didn\u2019t quite understand what it was gonna take to get in.</p></blockquote><p>Motorola\u2019s inability to manufacture the 5065 must have been embarrassing. Lattin, received a, typically direct, recruitment pitch from Intel\u2019s Andy Grove, who had taught Lattin at Berkeley, quoted in <a href=\\\"https://www.amazon.com/Inside-Intel-Worlds-Powerful-Company/dp/0452276438/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0\\\">Inside Intel</a>:</p><blockquote><p>\u2018Grove had a very abrasive style,' Lattin recalled. 'It didn't work well with me... The recruiting style was: Motorola doesn't have a chance - we're going to kick their butts.'</p></blockquote><p>Lattin declined Grove\u2019s offer. The 5065 saga possibly convinced Motorola\u2019s management that they needed to sort out their manufacturing processes. It certainly gave members of the Motorola team valuable experience in designing a microprocessor.</p><h4>Starting the 6800 Project</h4><p>But was making a microprocessor worth the considerable investment needed? At first Motorola\u2019s marketing department quoted expected sales of only 18,000 microprocessors over five years.</p><p>But Bennett and colleagues continued to look for sales opportunities. National Data Corp (NDC) presented a proposal that would have required 200,000 microprocessors. NDC was a \u2018time-sharing\u2019 company that saw the opportunity to use a microprocessor in terminals connected to their central system. Nothing came of the NDC project, but it showed the sales potential and provided the impetus to start a new project to design a microprocessor..</p><p>So a team was assembled in Phoenix, Arizona. Bennett would become chief architect of the project. He was joined by Jeff LaVell and Bill Lattin. Together they used data that LaVell had gathered from talking to potential customers, to devise a series of integrated circuit building blocks. These could be used to create a range of systems, with an emphasis on those that needed communications capability. The 6800 would be joined by chips that would provide memory (6801, 6802 and 6803), input and output capabilities (6820 \u2018Peripheral Interface Adapter\u2019 and 6850 \u2018Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter\u2019) and even a modem chip (6860).</p><p>John Buchanan who would do circuit design and the layout of the 6800 and the other chips. Rod Orgill assisted Buchanan with analysis of the design and layout. Bill Mensch worked on the design of the 6820. Chuck Peddle joined the 6800 team in 1973, after the design of the microprocessor was completed but worked on the 6820 and then on the marketing of the designs. The final team remained small, with around seventeen members in total. </p><h4>6800 Challenges and Innovations</h4><p>To build the 6800 and the other members of the family the team had to get both the logic design and the fabrication technology working. On the logic design Bennett would describe the approach as follows:</p><blockquote><p>My original plan for it was to basically use a PLA [Programmable logic Array]-type control. But we couldn\u2019t get enough speed out of it. So if you looked at the chip, the top part of it is all ROM, which does the initial decode of the instructions, and then after that there was a state counter, and that state counter cycled through, depending on how many separate steps it took to get the instruction completed.</p></blockquote><p>The layout of the 6800, with ROM at the top, registers and the arithmetic and logic unit at the bottom and control logic between the two can be seen in die shots and in the the \u2018<a href=\\\"http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html\\\">Visual 6800</a>\u2019 simulation, that shows how signals in the 6800 change as the 6800 runs (click on the picture below to see the 6800 in operation - highly recommended!)</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1456\\\" height=\\\"1456\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":1456,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":411268,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":"http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html","belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Screenshot of Visual 6800 Simulation</figcaption></figure></div><p>On fabrication, the team made matters harder for themselves by aiming for a design that needed just a +5 volt input, unlike the +5,-5 and +12 volt inputs needed by competitors.</p><h4>Launch and competition with Intel</h4><p>Layout of the 6800\u2019s design started at the end of 1972, but it took until February 1974 for the first parts, working apart from a few instructions with bugs, to be available.</p><p>The 6800 was announced in March 1974, just a month after Intel announced the competing Intel 8080. However, Intel had the 8080 in full production by April 1974, whilst the 6800 continued to be plagued by number of production issues that Motorola took several months to solve. The 6800 would only enter full production in November 1974, giving Intel a vital lead of a few months.</p><p>The 8080\u2019s designer Federico Faggin later said:</p><blockquote><p>Eventually, in the middle of 1974, the 6800 came out. That showed that our lead that was a year and a half was cut down by nine months. It was a major blow to me. But still, we maintained the lead.</p><p>... Motorola used a 5 volt process technology that was not ready for prime time, so their chip was very large and very slow. So it was not a match for the 8080, and that was actually what allowed the 8080 to gain market acceptance, despite the fact that, in my opinion, the 6800 had a better architecture. It was a more regular architecture. It did not suffer from this patch over the 8008 that the 8080 represented, and it had a better addressing mode. It was a nicer machine.</p></blockquote><p>At introduction the 6800 was 29mm^2 and could only run at 1 MHz when compared to the 8080\u2019s 20 mm^2 die size and \u2018up to 2 MHz\u2019 clock frequency.</p><p>Still, even if the 5 volt process wasn't quite ready, the simplicity of the design gave Motorola a key advantage. </p><p>And the new Motorola family of chips was very capable. When the 6800 launched, the marketing material placed a lot of emphasis on the capabilities of the 6800 family of chips (known as the M6800 family) and on the communications capabilities of the family.</p><blockquote><p>The M6800 family is the first LSI family designed as a coherent modular building block approach to the implementation of microcomputer systems. From the deceptively powerful MC6800 Microprocessor to the byte-organized family memories, to the capability expanding peripheral and communications interface adapters, the M6800 family plays together as the total product solution for microcomputer designs.</p></blockquote><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1200\\\" height=\\\"831.5934065934066\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":false,"imageSize":"large","height":1009,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":1200,"bytes":610120,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-large\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Motorola Advert for the M6800 family from the April 1975 Edition of Electronics magazine</figcaption></figure></div><p>One notable feature of the M6800 family at launch was the quality of the documentation for the chips. Motorola\u2019s 700 page manual for the system even showed how to use the 6800 family to create a complete \u2018Point-of-Sale\u2019 terminal.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1200\\\" height=\\\"1394.4444444444443\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":false,"imageSize":"large","height":1506,"width":1296,"resizeWidth":1200,"bytes":125644,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-large\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Layout of a complete \u2018transaction terminal\u2019 system using M6800 family chips</figcaption></figure></div><p>So in the 6800 and the M6800 family, Motorola had a serious contender.</p><p>And it\u2019s clear from the investment that Motorola\u2019s management made in the project that they understood the importance of the 6800. An early 6800 development system was demonstrated to Motorola\u2019s then CEO Bob Galvin, the son of one of the founders of the company.</p><p>It\u2019s all the more surprising then that Motorola\u2019s management should be careless with the team that designed the 6800. So careless, in fact, that their actions would lead to the creation of a new and powerful competitor to their new design. A competitor that would change the course of computing history. We\u2019ll see how this happened in Part 2 of the story of the 6800.</p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"url":"https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?","text":"Subscribe now","action":null,"class":null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?\\\"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h4>The Architecture of the 6800</h4><p>Unlike the Intel 8080, the 6800 wasn\u2019t based on an existing microprocessor design. The Motorola design team largely had a \u2018blank slate\u2019, within the limitations of the technology of the time, so it\u2019s interesting to look at their choices.</p><p>The 6800 design can be contrasted with the 8080. The Intel processor had lots of general purpose registers (A,B,C,D,E,H,L) some of which could be grouped to form 16-bit registers (BC, DE, HL). By contrast the 6800 had just two 8-bit accumulators (A and B) and a 16 bit index register (IX). Unlike the 8080, the 6800 had no 16-bit addition or subtraction.</p><p>The PDP-8 is often quoted as the model for the 6800, but it\u2019s only a very loose model. The PDP-8 was a 12-bit machine, with a single 12-bit general purpose \u2018accumulator\u2019.</p><p>Wikipedia has some example 6800 assembly language code which shows off the general style and some of the weaknesses of the 6800. The sample code copies a block of memory from one location to another. The repeated 16-bit loads and stores from memory of the source and destination of the copy (using the index register ix - eg \u2018ldx src\u2019 \u2018stx src\u2019) is inefficient when compared to an architecture that could keep two memory addresses in registers at the same time. The 6800\u2019s approach contrasts with the relative economy and efficiency of the same task on an Intel 8080, which makes use of the 8080\u2019s multiple 16-bit registers.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"728\\\" height=\\\"452\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":false,"imageSize":"normal","height":904,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":728,"bytes":112542,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Memory copy in 6800 assembly </figcaption></figure></div><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1456\\\" height=\\\"826\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":826,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":86816,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">\u2026 and in 8080 assembly</figcaption></figure></div><p>Despite the lower clock frequency and smaller set of registers, there were ways in which the 6800 would outperform the 8080. </p><p>A simple instruction to load an 8-bit constant into the accumulator (\u2018MVI A, #FF\u2019 in 8080 assembly language) would take 7 clock cycles in the 8080, whereas the corresponding instruction (\u201CLDA A #FF\u201D in 6800 assembly language) took just two clock cycles, meaning that even at half the \u2018clock speed\u2019 the 6800 would execute this instruction almost twice as quickly.</p><p>The 6800 also had some useful addressing modes. The indexed mode would add an 8-bit constant to the 16-bit index register to form a new 16-bit address, which could be used as a source for a load or an arithmetic, logic or compare instruction. Thus a single two byte instruction could perform an \u2018add\u2019 to create a new memory address and perform an arithmetic operation and all in just five clock cycles.</p><p>On paper the 6800 may have looked like it was, as Intel\u2019s Faggin said, \u2018very slow\u2019, but Motorola would argue that it was \u2018deceptively powerful\u2019. The rivalry between 8080 derived and 6800 style designs would be a feature of the microcomputer market over the next decade.</p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"url":"https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?","text":"Subscribe now","action":null,"class":null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?\\\"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p>\",\"truncated_body_text\":\"Why write about the Motorola 6800 (pronounced \u2018sixty-eight hundred\u2019)? For the generation that grew up with home computers in the late 1970s, the 6800 was the 6502\u2019s slightly boring uncle. It was used in \u2018grown-up\u2019 devices, like cash m\u2026\",\"wordcount\":2441,\"postTags\":[],\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[162,56,94],\"population\":48},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[95,32,100],\"population\":455},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[199,104,104],\"population\":262},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[149,147,104],\"population\":548},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[52,52,84],\"population\":17},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[134,182,99],\"population\":84}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":102722254,\"name\":\"Babbage\",\"handle\":\"thechipletter\",\"previous_name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"bio\":\"Using the history of computing to understand the future\",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2022-08-28T13:07:25.701Z\",\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":1012118,\"user_id\":102722254,\"publication_id\":1063960,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":1063960,\"name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"subdomain\":\"thechipletter\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Byte sized stories about the history of computing.\",\"logo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png\",\"author_id\":102722254,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"created_at\":\"2022-08-28T13:07:52.880Z\",\"rss_website_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"copyright\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"founding_plan_name\":\"Founding Member\",\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"enabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"is_personal_mode\":false}},{\"id\":1841726,\"user_id\":102722254,\"publication_id\":1855156,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":1855156,\"name\":\"Babbage\u2019s Substack\",\"subdomain\":\"babbage\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Coming soon!\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"author_id\":102722254,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"created_at\":\"2023-08-05T08:29:46.732Z\",\"rss_website_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":null,\"copyright\":\"Babbage\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"is_personal_mode\":false}}],\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":100}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":31,\"comment_count\":7,\"child_comment_count\":5,\"audio_items\":[{\"post_id\":139425169,\"voice_id\":\"en-US-JennyNeural\",\"audio_url\":\"https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/139425169/tts/ae1ccf91-e80b-46e8-91b2-50ca2626774f/en-US-JennyNeural.mp3\",\"type\":\"tts\",\"status\":\"completed\"}],\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false},\"comments\":[{\"id\":53956631,\"body\":\"If any DEC mini had influence on the MC6800 architecture, it was the PDP-11, not so much the PDP-8. The ONLY similarity to the PDP-8 is that both are accumulator-based architectures, while the PDP-11 has 8 general-purpose reisters. (Well, really 7, but who's counting.) Even there, the MC6800 is a bit closer to the PDP-11 by virtue of having TWO accumulators.\\n\\nBut the big similarity with the PDP-11 is the instruction set. The PDP-8 has only 8 instructions, none of which are very similar to the MC6800. The PDP-11 has a lot of instructions, and almost all of them have equivalents in the MC6800, even with related mnemonics.\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":11346276,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2024-04-15T07:34:01.165Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"reply_from_post_id\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Eric Smith\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e605c8a-3d8c-47e4-94ed-3fa27910db5b_144x144.png\",\"handle\":\"spacewar\",\"reactor_names\":[\"Babbage\"],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":2},\"reaction_count\":2,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"spacewar\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":\"subscribed\",\"eligibleForGift\":false},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":7,\"children_count\":1,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false,\"childrenSummary\":\"1 reply by Babbage\"},{\"id\":51314257,\"body\":\"A really Great Article on the Motorola 6800 Family.. Myself, as a Tandy Color Computer user since 2012 and a Tano Dragon Users since 2016, adding the Hitachi CMOS HD6309 is going another level in the MC6809 Family. Many people replace the MC6809 with the HD6309 because of the tremendous advancements available.. Advancements that Hitachi didn't tell Motorola about.. If you can, please add a Fourth Part to your series... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_6309\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":197668346,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2024-03-09T23:44:16.447Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"reply_from_post_id\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Mark D. Overholser\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffbd3cc0-dc96-4436-8274-bbdd349fa46d_144x144.png\",\"handle\":\"marko555\",\"reactor_names\":[\"Babbage\"],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":1},\"reaction_count\":1,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"marko555\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":\"free_signup\",\"eligibleForGift\":true},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":6,\"children_count\":1,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false,\"childrenSummary\":\"1 reply by Babbage\"}],\"canonicalUrl\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins\",\"inlineComments\":false,\"readerIsSearchCrawler\":false,\"ogUrl\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins\",\"bannedFromNotes\":false,\"themeVariables\":{\"color_theme_bg_pop\":\"#538cfa\",\"background_pop\":\"#538cfa\",\"color_theme_bg_web\":\"#ffffff\",\"cover_bg_color\":\"#ffffff\",\"background_pop_darken\":\"#3a7bf9\",\"print_on_pop\":\"#ffffff\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_darken\":\"#3a7bf9\",\"color_theme_print_on_pop\":\"#ffffff\",\"border_subtle\":\"rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.5)\",\"background_subtle\":\"rgba(229, 238, 254, 0.4)\",\"print_pop\":\"#538cfa\",\"color_theme_accent\":\"#538cfa\",\"cover_print_primary\":\"#363737\",\"cover_print_secondary\":\"#757575\",\"cover_print_tertiary\":\"#b6b6b6\",\"cover_border_color\":\"#538cfa\",\"font_family_headings_preset\":\"'SF Pro Display', -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Inter', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'\",\"font_weight_headings_preset\":900,\"font_family_body_preset\":\"'SF Pro Display', -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Inter', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'\",\"font_weight_body_preset\":400,\"font_preset_heading\":\"heavy_sans\",\"font_preset_body\":\"sans\",\"home_hero\":\"magazine-5\",\"home_posts\":\"grid\",\"home_show_top_posts\":true,\"web_bg_color\":\"#ffffff\",\"background_contrast_1\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_1\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"background_contrast_2\":\"#dddddd\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_2\":\"#dddddd\",\"background_contrast_3\":\"#b7b7b7\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_3\":\"#b7b7b7\",\"background_contrast_4\":\"#929292\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_4\":\"#929292\",\"background_contrast_5\":\"#515151\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_5\":\"#515151\",\"color_theme_detail\":\"#e6e6e6\",\"background_contrast_pop\":\"rgba(83, 140, 250, 0.4)\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_pop\":\"rgba(83, 140, 250, 0.4)\",\"input_background\":\"#ffffff\",\"cover_input_background\":\"#ffffff\",\"tooltip_background\":\"#191919\",\"web_bg_color_h\":\"0\",\"web_bg_color_s\":\"0%\",\"web_bg_color_l\":\"100%\",\"print_on_web_bg_color\":\"#363737\",\"print_secondary_on_web_bg_color\":\"#868787\",\"selected_comment_background_color\":\"#fdf9f3\",\"background_pop_rgb\":\"83, 140, 250\",\"background_pop_rgb_pc\":\"83 140 250\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_rgb\":\"83, 140, 250\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_rgb_pc\":\"83 140 250\",\"color_theme_accent_rgb\":\"83, 140, 250\",\"color_theme_accent_rgb_pc\":\"83 140 250\"},\"recentEpisodes\":null,\"trackFrontendVisit\":true,\"isChatActive\":false,\"isMeetingsActive\":false,\"features\":{},\"showCookieBanner\":false,\"disabledCookies\":[],\"dd_env\":\"prod\",\"dd_ti\":true}")</script> <script>window._analyticsConfig = JSON.parse("{\"properties\":{\"subdomain\":\"thechipletter\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"has_plans\":true,\"pub_community_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_publication\":false,\"is_subscribed\":false,\"is_free_subscribed\":false,\"is_author\":false,\"is_contributor\":false,\"is_admin\":false,\"is_founding\":false},\"adwordsAccountId\":\"AW-316245675\",\"adwordsEventSendTo\":\"Tf76CKqcyL4DEKuN5pYB\"}")</script> <script type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/main-fd7bd0e8.js" charset="utf-8" defer></script> <script nomodule> (function() { var message = 'Your browser does not support modern JavaScript modules. Please upgrade your browser for the best experience.'; var warningDiv = document.createElement('div'); warningDiv.style.color = 'red'; warningDiv.style.padding = '10px'; warningDiv.style.margin = '10px 0'; warningDiv.style.border = '1px solid red'; warningDiv.style.backgroundColor = 'lightyellow'; warningDiv.innerText = message; document.body.prepend(warningDiv); })(); </script> <!-- Datadog Analytics --> <script> (function(h,o,u,n,d) { h=h[d]=h[d]||{q:[],onReady:function(c){h.q.push(c)}} d=o.createElement(u);d.async=1;d.src=n n=o.getElementsByTagName(u)[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(d,n) })(window,document,'script','https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/us1/v5/datadog-rum.js','DD_RUM') window.DD_RUM.onReady(function() { window.DD_RUM.init({ clientToken: 'puba71073f072643721169b68f352438710', applicationId: '2e321b35-c76b-4073-8d04-cc9a10461793', site: 'datadoghq.com', service: 'substack-web', env: window._preloads.dd_env, version: 'a7c68745f002f24e4d98fb6e9e8b5b139184066e', sessionSampleRate: 1, sessionReplaySampleRate: 100, trackUserInteractions: window._preloads.dd_ti, trackResources: true, trackLongTasks: true, defaultPrivacyLevel: 'mask-user-input', allowedTracingUrls: [/https?:\/\/(.+\/.)?substack(cdn)?\.com/] }); }) </script> <!-- End Datadog Analytics --> <!-- Cloudflare Web Analytics --> <script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js" data-cf-beacon='{"token": "216309cffb464db4b0e02daf0b8e8060"}'></script> <!-- End Cloudflare Web Analytics --> <!-- Fallback tracking pixels --> <noscript> <style> #nojs-banner { position: fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0; padding: 16px 16px 16px 32px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background: red; color: white; font-family: -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 13px; line-height: 13px; } #nojs-banner a { color: inherit; text-decoration: underline; } </style> <div id="nojs-banner"> This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please <a href="https://enable-javascript.com/" target="_blank">turn on JavaScript</a> or unblock scripts </div> </noscript> </body> </html>