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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic cases from ancient times to the 1960s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_cases_from_ancient_times_to_the_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Imperial China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tang_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Tang dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgian_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Belgian Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>French Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Rhodesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_racial_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_racial_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Religious and racial antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_racial_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fascist_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Fascist Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_cases_(1970s_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_cases_(1970s_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historic cases (1970s to present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historic_cases_(1970s_to_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic cases (1970s to present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_cases_(1970s_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Mauritania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Racial segregation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="عزل عنصري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عزل عنصري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregaci%C3%B3n_racial" title="Segregación racial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Segregación racial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seqreqasiya" title="Seqreqasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seqreqasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="জাতিগত বিভাজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতিগত বিভাজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сегрэгацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сегрэгацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Расова сегрегация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Расова сегрегация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregaci%C3%B3_racial" title="Segregació racial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segregació racial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasov%C3%A1_segregace" title="Rasová segregace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rasová segregace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation" title="Segregation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Segregation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassentrennung" title="Rassentrennung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rassentrennung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φυλετικός διαχωρισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλετικός διαχωρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregaci%C3%B3n_racial" title="Segregación racial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segregación racial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_segregacio" title="Rasa segregacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rasa segregacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraza_segregazio" title="Arraza segregazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arraza segregazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جداسازی نژادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جداسازی نژادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gr%C3%A9gation_raciale" title="Ségrégation raciale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ségrégation raciale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasseskieding" title="Rasseskieding – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rasseskieding" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregaci%C3%B3n_racial" title="Segregación racial – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Segregación racial" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A2%85_%EB%B6%84%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85" title="인종 분리 정책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인종 분리 정책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սեգրեգացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեգրեգացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregasi_ras" title="Segregasi ras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Segregasi ras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregazione_razziale" title="Segregazione razziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segregazione razziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הפרדה גזעית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרדה גזעית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სეგრეგაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეგრეგაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نَسلی علحیدگی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نَسلی علحیدگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сегрегация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сегрегация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сегрегация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сегрегация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segreg%C4%81cija" title="Segregācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Segregācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregacija" title="Segregacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Segregacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faji_szegreg%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Faji szegregáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Faji szegregáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengasingan_kaum" title="Pengasingan kaum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengasingan kaum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassensegregatie" title="Rassensegregatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rassensegregatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="人種隔離 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人種隔離" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raseadskillelse" title="Raseadskillelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raseadskillelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregatsiya" title="Segregatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Segregatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="توکمیز بیلوالی (توپیر) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توکمیز بیلوالی (توپیر)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregacja_rasowa" title="Segregacja rasowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Segregacja rasowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segrega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_racial" title="Segregação racial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segregação racial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segrega%C8%9Bie_rasial%C4%83" title="Segregație rasială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Segregație rasială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Расова сегрегация – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Расова сегрегация" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сегрегация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сегрегация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarja_racore" title="Ndarja racore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndarja racore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Racial segregation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregacija" title="Segregacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Segregacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جیاکردنەوەی نەژادیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیاکردنەوەی نەژادیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotuerottelu" title="Rotuerottelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rotuerottelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rassegregering" title="Rassegregering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rassegregering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlahing_paghihiwalay" title="Panlahing paghihiwalay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panlahing paghihiwalay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การแบ่งแยกเชื้อชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแบ่งแยกเชื้อชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сегрегація (суспільство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сегрегація (суспільство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Systemic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Color bar" and "Segregationist" redirect here. For the TV test pattern, see <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_color_bars" title="SMPTE color bars">SMPTE color bars</a>. For the short story, see <a href="/wiki/Segregationist_(short_story)" title="Segregationist (short story)">Segregationist (short story)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal,_Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg/262px-Negro_drinking_at_%22Colored%22_water_cooler_in_streetcar_terminal%2C_Oklahoma_City%2C_Oklahoma_by_Russell_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="176" class="mw-file-element" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racial segregation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/150px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/225px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg/300px-ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Overview</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_apartheid_by_country" title="Allegations of apartheid by country">Allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a> / <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical examples</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">Australia</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Pass system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_separate_schools_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial separate schools (Canada)">Separate schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_racial_laws" title="Italian racial laws">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li>French colonial empire <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greek–Turkish<wbr /> population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Jewish ghettos<wbr /> in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal & Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Legal_situation_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span class="nowrap">Contemporary examples</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romanyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy#Environmental_racism" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania#Segregation" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Erased" title="The Erased">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_wall" title="Roma wall">Roma walls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Ethnic_and_religious_discrimination" title="Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia–Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_schools_under_one_roof" title="Two schools under one roof">Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Gulf states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia#Abuse_and_scandals" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Human_rights" title="Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_South_Asian_labourers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Treatment of South Asian labourers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">South Asian labourers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthapuram_caste_wall" title="Uthapuram caste wall">Uthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements" title="Israeli law in the West Bank settlements">West Bank settlement law</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_barrier" title="West Bank barrier">barriers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_apartheid_by_country#Myanmar" title="Allegations of apartheid by country">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur#Allegations_of_apartheid" title="War in Darfur">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Statelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">Gender apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race or ethnicity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li>racial <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Racial segregation</b> is the separation of people into <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">racial</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic groups</a> in daily life. Segregation can involve the spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals by people of different races. Specifically, it may be applied to activities such as eating in restaurants, drinking from water fountains, using public toilets, attending schools, going to movie theaters, riding buses, renting or purchasing homes, renting hotel rooms, going to supermarkets, or attending places of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, segregation often allows close contact between members of different racial or ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">hierarchical</a> situations, such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race. Racial segregation has generally been outlawed worldwide. </p><p>Segregation is defined by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a> as "the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> with the proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, "The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racial segregation can amount to the international <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">crime of apartheid</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a> under the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Declaration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of the International Criminal Court">Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_cases_from_ancient_times_to_the_1960s">Historic cases from ancient times to the 1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historic cases from ancient times to the 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wherever multiracial communities have existed, racial segregation has also been practiced. Only areas with extensive <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, seem to be exempt from it, despite some social stratification within them.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imperial China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tang_dynasty">Tang dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sogdian_New_Year_Festival,_Northern_Qi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg/220px-Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg/330px-Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg/440px-Sogdian_New_Year_Festival%2C_Northern_Qi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic Han were banned from forming relationships with Sogdians, depicted here on the <a href="/wiki/Anyang_funerary_bed" title="Anyang funerary bed">Anyang funerary bed</a>, circa 567/573.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several laws which enforced racial segregation of foreigners from Chinese were passed by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 779, the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate#Successors" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a> to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Han Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 836, when Lu Chun was appointed as governor of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, he was disgusted to find Chinese living with foreigners and intermarriage between Chinese and foreigners. Lu enforced separation, banning interracial marriages, and made it illegal for foreigners to own property. Lu Chun believed his principles were just and upright.<sup id="cite_ref-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 836 law specifically banned Chinese from forming relationships with "Dark peoples" or "People of colour", which was used to describe foreigners, such as "<a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatrans</a>", among others.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg/500px-%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg/750px-%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg/1000px-%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%8C%E6%B2%BB%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Han and Manchu people depicted together in separate styles of clothing</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> was founded not by Han Chinese, who form the majority of the Chinese population, but by <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, who are today an ethnic minority of China. The Manchus were keenly aware of their minority status, however, it was only later in the dynasty that they banned intermarriage. </p><p>Han defectors played a massive role in the Qing conquest of China. Han Chinese Generals of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> who defected to the Manchu were often <a href="/wiki/Heqin#Qing_dynasty" title="Heqin">given women from the Imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage</a> while the ordinary soldiers who defected were given non-royal Manchu women as wives. The Manchu leader <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> married one of his granddaughters to the Ming General <a href="/wiki/Li_Yongfang" title="Li Yongfang">Li Yongfang</a> after he surrendered <a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> to the Manchu in 1618.<sup id="cite_ref-ed._Walthall_2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed._Walthall_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a> (Manchu) women married most of the Han Chinese defectors in Liaodong.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese Generals <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Sike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Sike (page does not exist)">Sun Sike</a> (Sun Ssu-k'o), <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jimao" title="Geng Jimao">Geng Jimao</a> (Keng Chi-mao), <a href="/wiki/Shang_Kexi" title="Shang Kexi">Shang Kexi</a> (Shang K'o-hsi), and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> (Wu San-kuei).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women numbering 1,000 couples was arranged by Prince Yoto and <a href="/wiki/Hongtaiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongtaiji">Hongtaiji</a> in 1632 to promote harmony between the two ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ed._Walthall_2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed._Walthall_2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geng_Zhongming" title="Geng Zhongming">Geng Zhongming</a>, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title of Prince Jingnan, and his son Geng Jingmao managed to have both his sons <a href="/wiki/Geng_Jingzhong" title="Geng Jingzhong">Geng Jingzhong</a> and Geng Zhaozhong become court attendants under <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi</a> and marry Aisin Gioro women, with Haoge's (a son of Hong Taiji) daughter marrying Geng Jingzhong and Prince Abatai's (Hong Taiji) granddaughter marrying Geng Zhaozhong.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were made out of Han Chinese who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75%.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this multi-ethnic force in which Manchus were only a minority, which conquered China for the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was Han Chinese Bannermen who were responsible for the successful Qing conquest of China, they made up the majority of governors in the early Qing and were the ones who governed and administered China after the conquest, stabilizing Qing rule.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han Bannermen dominated the post of governor-general in the time of the Shunzhi and <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperors</a>, and also the post of governors, largely excluding ordinary Han civilians from the posts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Manchu <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners, it was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing implemented a policy of segregation between the Bannermen of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a> (Manchu Bannermen, Mongol Bannermen, Han Bannermen) and Han Chinese civilians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>. This ethnic segregation had cultural and economic reasons: intermarriage was forbidden to keep up the Manchu heritage and minimize <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicization</a>. Han Chinese civilians and Mongol civilians <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">were banned</a> from settling in Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han civilians and Mongol civilians were banned from crossing into each other's lands. Ordinary Mongol civilians in Inner Mongolia were banned from even crossing into other <a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Mongol Banners</a> (a banner in Inner Mongolia was an administrative division and not related to the Mongol Bannermen in the Eight Banners). </p><p>These restrictions did not apply to <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Han Bannermen</a>, who were settled in Manchuria by the Qing. Han bannermen were differentiated from Han civilians by the Qing and treated differently. </p><p>The Qing Dynasty started <a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">colonizing Manchuria with Han Chinese</a> later on in the dynasty's rule, but the Manchu area was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Outer Willow Palisade</a>, which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate. </p><p>The policy of segregation applied directly to the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">banner</a> garrisons, most of which occupied a separate walled zone within the cities in which they were stationed. Manchu Bannermen, Han Bannermen, and Mongol Bannermen were separated from the Han civilian population. While the Manchus followed the governmental structure of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, their ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han Chinese civilian officials who had passed the highest levels of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">state examinations</a>, and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_societies">Colonial societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgian_Congo">Belgian Congo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Belgian Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo#Social_inequality_and_racial_discrimination" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo § Social inequality and racial discrimination</a></div> <p>From 1952, and even more so after the triumphant visit of <a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin</a> to the colony in 1955, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_P%C3%A9tillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Léon Pétillon">Léon Pétillon</a> (1952–1958) worked to create a "Belgian-Congolese community", in which Black and White people were to be treated as equals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a> remained in place, and between 1959 and 1962 thousands of mixed-race Congolese children were forcibly deported from the Congo by the Belgian government and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and taken to Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Algeria">French Algeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria#Discrimination" title="French Algeria">French Algeria § Discrimination</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nat" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigénat">Indigénat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(French_colonialism)" title="Assimilation (French colonialism)">Assimilation (French colonialism)</a></div> <p>Following its conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman</a> controlled <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1830, for well over a century, France maintained <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonial empires">colonial rule</a> in the territory which has been described as "quasi-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial law of 1865 allowed Arab and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> Algerians to apply for <a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">French citizenship</a> only if they abandoned their <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Muslim</a> identity; Azzedine Haddour argues that this established "the formal structures of a political apartheid".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camille Bonora-Waisman writes that "in contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates", this "colonial apartheid society" was unique to Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonora-Waisman_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonora-Waisman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This "internal system of apartheid" met with considerable resistance from the Muslims affected by it, and is cited as one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Rouge" title="Toussaint Rouge">1954 insurrection</a> and ensuing <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">independence war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rhodesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Creation_of_the_Tribal_Trust_Lands" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">South Rhodesia Land Apportionment Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesialand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rhodesialand.png/250px-Rhodesialand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rhodesialand.png/330px-Rhodesialand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rhodesialand.png/500px-Rhodesialand.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Land apportionment in Rhodesia in 1965</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Land_Apportionment_Act_of_1930" title="Land Apportionment Act of 1930">Land Apportionment Act of 1930</a> passed in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) was a segregationist measure that governed land allocation and acquisition in rural areas, making distinctions between Blacks and Whites.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One highly publicised legal battle occurred in 1960 involving the opening of a new theatre that was to be open to all races; the proposed unsegregated <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public toilets</a> at the newly built <a href="/wiki/Reps_Theatre" title="Reps Theatre">Reps Theatre</a> in 1959 caused an argument called <a href="/wiki/Reps_Theatre#"The_Battle_of_the_Toilets"" title="Reps Theatre">"The Battle of the Toilets"</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Asians_from_Uganda" title="Expulsion of Asians from Uganda">Expulsion of Asians from Uganda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583,_KIRK1,_5(B),_R23930288.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583%2C_KIRK1%2C_5%28B%29%2C_R23930288.jpg/170px-Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583%2C_KIRK1%2C_5%28B%29%2C_R23930288.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583%2C_KIRK1%2C_5%28B%29%2C_R23930288.jpg/255px-Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583%2C_KIRK1%2C_5%28B%29%2C_R23930288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583%2C_KIRK1%2C_5%28B%29%2C_R23930288.jpg/340px-Idi_Amin_-Archives_New_Zealand_AAWV_23583%2C_KIRK1%2C_5%28B%29%2C_R23930288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Idi Amin, pictured shortly after the expulsion</figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of British rule in 1962, Indian people living in Uganda existed in segregated ethnic communities with their own schools and healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians constituted 1% of the population but earned a fifth of the national income and controlled 90% of the country's businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">President of Uganda</a> <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> ordered the expulsion of the country's Indian minority with disastrous consequences for the local economy. The government confiscated some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates, along with cars, homes and other household goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Jørgensen1981_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jørgensen1981-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_racial_antisemitism">Religious and racial antisemitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious and racial antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Antisemitism in Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">History of European Jews in the Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Jewish ghettos in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jews in Europe</a> were generally forced, by decree or by informal pressure, to live in highly segregated <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1204, the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a> required Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and it also required them to wear distinctive clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced segregation of Jews spread throughout Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Jews were restricted to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, the Western frontier of the Russian Empire which roughly corresponds to the modern-day countries of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 20th century, the majority of Europe's Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement. </p><p>From the beginning of the 15th century, Jewish populations in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> were confined to <a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">mellahs</a>. In cities, a <i>mellah</i> was surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. In contrast, rural <i>mellahs</i> were separate villages whose sole inhabitants were Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Benjamin" title="J. J. Benjamin">J. J. Benjamin</a> wrote about the lives of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Iran">Persian Jews</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>…they are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity, and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If a Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If... a Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 16 May 1940 in Norway, the <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Administrasjonsr%C3%A5det" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrasjonsrådet">Administrasjonsrådet</a></i></span> asked the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Rikskommisariatet</a> why radio receivers had been confiscated from Jews in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Administrasjonsrådet</i></span> thereafter "quietly" accepted<sup id="cite_ref-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> racial segregation between Norwegian citizens, has been claimed by <a href="/wiki/Tor_Bomann-Larsen" title="Tor Bomann-Larsen">Tor Bomann-Larsen</a>. Furthermore, he claimed that this segregation "created a <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>. 2 years later (with <i>NS-styret</i> in the ministries of Norway) Norwegian police <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deportees_from_Norway_during_World_War_II" title="Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II">arrested citizens at the addresses</a> where radios had previously been confiscated from Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascist_Italy">Fascist Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fascist Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism_and_racism" title="Italian fascism and racism">Italian fascism and racism</a></div> <p>In 1938, under pressure from the Nazis, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">fascist regime</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, passed a series of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Racial_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Racial Laws">racial laws</a> which instituted an official segregationist policy in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian Empire</a>, this policy was especially directed against <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a>. This policy enforced various segregationist norms, like the laws which banned Jews from teaching or studying in ordinary schools and universities, banned Jews from owning industries that were reputed to be very important to the nation, banned Jews from working as journalists, banned Jews from joining the military, and banned Jews from marrying non-Jews. As an immediate consequence of the introduction of the 'provvedimenti per la difesa della razza' (norms for the defence of the race), many of the best Italian scientists quit their jobs, and some of them also left Italy. Amongst these scientists were the internationally-known physicists <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (whose wife was Jewish), <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Pontecorvo" title="Bruno Pontecorvo">Bruno Pontecorvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita" title="Tullio Levi-Civita">Tullio Levi-Civita</a>, mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Federigo_Enriques" title="Federigo Enriques">Federigo Enriques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Fubini" title="Guido Fubini">Guido Fubini</a> and even the fascist propaganda director, art critic and journalist <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Margherita Sarfatti</a>, who was one of Mussolini's mistresses. <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a>, who would successively win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Medicine">Nobel Prize for Medicine</a>, was forbidden to work at the university. Upon the passage of the racial law, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> cancelled his honorary membership in the <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a></span></span>. </p><p>After 1943, when <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> was <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Civil_war_(1943–1945)" title="Kingdom of Italy">occupied by the Nazis</a>, Italian Jews were rounded up and became victims of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Holocaust</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Nur für Deutsche</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg/250px-Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg/330px-Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg/500px-Nur_fur_deutsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>"Nur für deutsche Fahrgäste" ("Only for German passengers") on the tram number 8 in German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>German praise for America's system of <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a>, which was expressed in <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, was continuous throughout the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitman_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. was the global leader of codified racism, and its race laws fascinated the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitman_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>National Socialist Handbook for Law and Legislation</i> of 1934–35, edited by Hitler's lawyer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>, contains a pivotal essay by Herbert Kier on the recommendations for race legislation which devoted a quarter of its pages to U.S. legislation—from segregation, race-based citizenship, immigration regulations, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-miscegenation">anti-miscegenation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitman_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This directly inspired the two principal <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitman_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ban on interracial marriage (anti-miscegenation) prohibited sexual relations and marriages between people classified as "<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>" and "non-Aryan". Such relationships were called <i><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i> (race defilement). At first the laws were aimed primarily at Jews but were later extended to "<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Gypsies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negroes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh1991_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aryans found guilty could face incarceration in a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a>, while non-Aryans could face the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve the so-called purity of the German blood, after the war began, the Nazis extended the race defilement law to include all foreigners (non-Germans).<sup id="cite_ref-Majer2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majer2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the General Government of <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> in 1940, the Nazis divided the population into different groups, each with different rights, food rations, allowed housing strips in the cities, public transportation, etc. In an effort to split the Polish people's identity, they attempted to establish ethnic divisions of <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goralenvolk" title="Goralenvolk">Goralenvolk</a>), based on these groups' alleged "Germanic component". </p><p>During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">Nazi-controlled states</a> were forced to wear something that identified them as Jewish, such as a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow ribbon or a star of David</a>, and along with <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romas</a> (Gypsies), they were subjected to discrimination by the racial laws. Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> patients and Jewish professors were not permitted to teach Aryan pupils. In addition, Jews were not allowed to use any form of public transportation, besides the ferry, and they were only allowed to shop in Jewish stores from 3–5 pm. After <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> ("The Night of Broken Glass"), the Jews were fined 1,000,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> for the damage which was done by Nazi troops and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> members. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lwow_Ghetto_(spring_1942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lwow_Ghetto_%28spring_1942%29.jpg/250px-Lwow_Ghetto_%28spring_1942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lwow_Ghetto_%28spring_1942%29.jpg/330px-Lwow_Ghetto_%28spring_1942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lwow_Ghetto_%28spring_1942%29.jpg/500px-Lwow_Ghetto_%28spring_1942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Women behind the barbed wire fence of the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów Ghetto</a> in occupied Poland, Spring 1942</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> as "undesirable" racial groups in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>. The Nazis established <a href="/wiki/Ghettos_in_occupied_Europe_1939%E2%80%931944" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939–1944">ghettos</a> in order to confine Jews and sometimes, they confined Romas in tightly packed areas of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, turning them into <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> was the largest of these ghettos, with 400,000 people. The <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź Ghetto</a> was the second largest, holding about 160,000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> citizens were transported to the Reich for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> (in all, about 12 million forced laborers were employed in the German war economy inside <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were subject to deeper discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear a yellow with purple border and letter "<a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a>" (for Polen/Polish) cloth identifying tag sewn to their clothing, subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>, and banned from <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>. </p><p>While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, Polish laborers, as a rule, were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages than Western Europeans – in many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> outside work were forbidden, and sexual relations (<i><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i> or "racial defilement") were punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_Canada" title="Racial segregation in Canada">Racial segregation in Canada</a></div> <p>Racial segregation was widespread and deeply imbedded into the fabric of Canadian society prior to the Canadian constitution of 1982. Multiple court decisions, including one from the Supreme Court of Canada in 1939, upheld racial segregation as valid. The last black specifically segregated school closed in Ontario in 1965, while the last black specifically segregated school closed in Nova Scotia in 1983. The last racially segregated Indigenous school closed in 1996 in Saskatchewan.<sup id="cite_ref-ency_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ency-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada has had multiple white only neighbourhoods and cities, white only public spaces, stores, universities, hospitals, employment, restaurants, theatres, sports arenas and universities. Though the black population in Canada was significantly less than the black population in the United States, severe restrictions on black people existed in all forms, particularly in immigration, employment access and mobility. Unlike in the United States, racial segregation in Canada applied to all non-whites and was historically enforced through laws, court decisions and social norms with a closed immigration system that barred virtually all non-whites from immigrating until 1962. Section 38 of the 1910 Immigration Act permitted the government to prohibit the entry of immigrants "belonging to any race deemed unsuited to the climate or requirements of Canada, or of immigrants of any specified class, occupation or character."<sup id="cite_ref-ency_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ency-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Racial segregation practices extended to many areas of employment in Canada. Black men and women in Quebec were historically relegated to the service sector regardless of their educational attainment. White business owners and even provincial and federal government agencies often did not hire black people, with explicit rules preventing their employment. When the labour movement took hold in Canada near the end of the 19th century, workers began organizing and forming trade unions with the aim of improving the working conditions and quality of life for employees. However, black workers were systematically denied membership to these unions, and worker's protection was reserved exclusively for whites.<sup id="cite_ref-ency_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ency-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, people of <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wendish</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a>, origin were not allowed to join some <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a>, "down into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DurbanSign1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/170px-DurbanSign1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/255px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/DurbanSign1989.jpg/340px-DurbanSign1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>": sign on Durban beach in English, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> system carried out by <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> minority rule enacted a nationwide social policy "separate development" with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> victory in the <a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a>, following the "colour bar"-discriminatory legislation dating back to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer republics</a> before which, while repressive to Black South Africans along with other minorities, had not gone nearly so far. </p><p>Apartheid laws can be generally divided into following acts. Firstly, the <a href="/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950" title="Population Registration Act, 1950">Population Registration Act</a> in 1950 classified residents in South Africa into four racial groups: "black", "white", "<a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a>", and "Indian" and noted their racial identities on their identifications. Secondly, the <a href="/wiki/Group_Areas_Act" title="Group Areas Act">Group Areas Act</a> in 1950 assigned different regions according to different races. People were forced to live in their corresponding regions and the action of passing the boundaries without a permit was made illegal, extending pass laws that had already curtailed black movement. Thirdly, under the <a href="/wiki/Reservation_of_Separate_Amenities_Act,_1953" title="Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953">Reservation of Separate Amenities Act</a> in 1953, amenities in public areas, like hospitals, universities and parks, were labeled separately according to particular races. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953" title="Bantu Education Act, 1953">Bantu Education Act</a> in 1953 segregated national education in South Africa as well. Additionally, the government of the time enforced the <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a>, which deprived Black South Africans of their right to travel freely within their own country. Under this system Black South Africans were severely restricted from urban areas, requiring authorisation from a white employer to enter. </p><p>Uprisings and protests against apartheid appeared immediately when apartheid arose. As early as 1949, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">Youth League</a> of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) advocated the ending of apartheid and suggested fighting against racial segregation by various methods. During the following decades, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a>, students' protests, labor strikes, and church group activism etc. In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Racially_Based_Land_Measures_Act,_1991" title="Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991">Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act</a> was passed, repealing laws enforcing racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> won in the first <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">multiracial democratic election</a> in South Africa. His success fulfilled the ending of apartheid in South African history. Although the Legacy of Apartheid and Segregationism is still ongoing to this day in South Africa with high <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial inequality">racial inequality</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-apartheid_south_africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-apartheid south africa (page does not exist)">post-apartheid south africa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African-American history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">Racism against African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes (United States)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> was mandated by law in some states and enforced along with <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a> (prohibitions against <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>), until the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> led by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> struck down racial segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> abolishing <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> were introduced to codify <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racial discrimination</a>. The laws mandated strict segregation of the races. Though many of these laws were passed shortly after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> ended, they only became formalized after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction era</a> in 1877. The period that followed the Reconstruction era is known as the <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">nadir of American race relations</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg/220px-ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg/330px-ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg/440px-ColoredSailersRoomWWINOLA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Colored Sailors room in World War I</figcaption></figure> <p>While the U.S. Supreme Court majority in the 1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> case explicitly permitted "<a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>" facilities (specifically, transportation facilities), Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissent</a>, protested that the decision would "stimulate aggressions ... upon the admitted rights of colored citizens", "arouse race hate", and "perpetuate a feeling of distrust between [the] races. Feelings between Whites and Blacks were so tense, even the jails were segregated."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elected in 1912, President <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> tolerated the extension of segregation throughout the federal government that was already underway.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Blacks were drafted and served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_I" title="Military history of African Americans">segregated units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. military was still heavily segregated in World War II. The air force and the marines had no Blacks enlisted in their ranks. There were Blacks in the <a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Navy Seabees</a>. The army had only five African-American officers.<sup id="cite_ref-fonerblack_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonerblack-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, no African-American would receive the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> during the war, and their tasks in the war were largely reserved to noncombat units. Black soldiers had to sometimes give up their seats in trains to the <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">Nazi prisoners of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fonerblack_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonerblack-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A club which was central to the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> in the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> was a whites-only establishment, where Blacks (such as <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>) were allowed to perform, but they were only allowed to perform in front of a white audience.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the reception to honor his success at the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a> was not permitted to enter through the main doors of the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_New_York" title="Waldorf Astoria New York">Waldorf Astoria New York</a> and instead forced to travel up to the event in a <a href="/wiki/Freight_elevator" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight elevator">freight elevator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first black <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> recipient, actress <a href="/wiki/Hattie_McDaniel" title="Hattie McDaniel">Hattie McDaniel</a>, was not permitted to attend the premiere of <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Loew%27s_Grand_Theatre" title="Loew's Grand Theatre">Loew's Grand Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia's</a> segregation laws. During the <a href="/wiki/12th_Academy_Awards" title="12th Academy Awards">12th Academy Awards</a> ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a> in Los Angeles, McDaniel was required to sit at a segregated table at the far wall of the room; the hotel had a no-blacks policy, but allowed McDaniel in as a favor.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_segregation_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_segregation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her final wish to be buried in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Forever_Cemetery" title="Hollywood Forever Cemetery">Hollywood Forever Cemetery</a> was denied because the graveyard was restricted to Whites only.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_segregation_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_segregation-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 September 1964, <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> announced <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> would not play to a segregated audience in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Concert_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concert-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City officials relented following this announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Concert_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concert-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contract for a 1965 Beatles concert at the <a href="/wiki/Cow_Palace" title="Cow Palace">Cow Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> specifies that the band "not be required to perform in front of a segregated audience".<sup id="cite_ref-Concert_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concert-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">American sports</a> were racially segregated until the mid-twentieth century. In <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_the_United_States" title="Baseball in the United States">baseball</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro leagues</a>" were established by <a href="/wiki/Rube_Foster" title="Rube Foster">Rube Foster</a> for non-white players, such as Negro league baseball, which ran through the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_the_United_States" title="Basketball in the United States">basketball</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Fives" title="Black Fives">Black Fives</a> (all-black teams) were established in 1904, and emerged in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and other cities. Racial segregation in basketball lasted until 1950 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> became racially integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We_want_white_tenants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/We_want_white_tenants.jpg/220px-We_want_white_tenants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/We_want_white_tenants.jpg/330px-We_want_white_tenants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/We_want_white_tenants.jpg/440px-We_want_white_tenants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5974" data-file-height="4753" /></a><figcaption>White tenants seeking to prevent Blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign. <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many U.S. states banned <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">interracial marriage</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> passing the first <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">anti-miscegenation law</a> in 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though opposed to slavery in the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> stated during the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_Debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln-Douglas Debates">Lincoln-Douglas Debates</a> in 1858: </p> <blockquote> <p>"I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races, that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Likewise, when former president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> was asked by a reporter in 1963 if interracial marriage would become widespread in the U.S., he responded, "I hope not; I don’t believe in it", before asking a question often aimed at anyone advocating racial integration: "Would you want your daughter to marry a Negro? She won't love someone who isn't her color."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Mildred_and_Richard_Loving" title="Mildred and Richard Loving">Mildred Loving, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man</a>, were prosecuted in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> because their marriage violated the state's anti-miscegenation statute, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Act of 1924</a>, which prohibited marriage between people classified as white and people classified as "<a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored</a>" (persons of non-white ancestry).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their one-year prison sentence was suspended, in 1963 they sought the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, which filed an appeal on their behalf that eventually found its way to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. In 1967 the court issued a historic ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> that invalidated all laws prohibiting interracial marriage in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22,_1956,_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/220px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/330px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg/440px-Rosa_Parks_being_fingerprinted_by_Deputy_Sheriff_D.H._Lackey_after_being_arrested_on_February_22%2C_1956%2C_during_the_Montgomery_bus_boycott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5748" data-file-height="4549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a white person</figcaption></figure> <p>Institutionalized racial segregation was ended as an official practice during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> by the efforts of such civil rights activists as <a href="/wiki/Clarence_M._Mitchell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence M. Mitchell Jr.">Clarence M. Mitchell Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a> working for social and political freedom during the period from the end of World War II through the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> desegregation order of 1961, the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a> in 1964 and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> in 1965 supported by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. Many of their efforts were acts of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> aimed at disrupting the enforcement of racial segregation rules and laws, such as refusing to give up a seat in the black part of the bus to a white person (Rosa Parks), or holding <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a> at all-white <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diner" class="extiw" title="wikt:diner">diners</a>. </p><p>By 1968, all forms of segregation had been declared unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, and by 1970 support for formal legal segregation had dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a>'s decision on landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a> in 1954 outlawed segregation in public schools, and its decision on <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i> in 1964 prohibits racial segregation and discrimination in public institutions and <a href="/wiki/Public_accommodations_in_the_United_States" title="Public accommodations in the United States">public accommodations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Housing Act">Fair Housing Act</a> of 1968, administered and enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Housing_and_Equal_Opportunity" title="Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity">Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity</a>, prohibited discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability. Formal racial discrimination became illegal in school systems, businesses, the American military, other civil services and the government. However, implicit racism continues to this day through avenues like <a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">occupational segregation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, there has been a trend that reverses those efforts to desegregate schools made by those mandatory school desegregation orders.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_cases_(1970s_to_present)"><span id="Historic_cases_.281970s_to_present.29"></span>Historic cases (1970s to present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historic cases (1970s to present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Human rights in Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandargate_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandargate scandal">Bandargate scandal</a></div> <p>On 28 April 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Representatives of Bahrain">lower house</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Bahrain">Bahraini Parliament</a> passed a law banning unmarried migrant workers from living in residential areas. To justify the law, Nasser Fadhala, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a>, a close ally of the government, said "bachelors also use these houses to make alcohol, run prostitute rings or to rape children and housemaids".<sup id="cite_ref-migrantworkers3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrantworkers3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sadiq Rahma, technical committee head, who is a member of <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a>, said: "The rules we are drawing up are designed to protect the rights of both the families and the Asian bachelors (..) these labourers often have habits which are difficult for families living nearby to tolerate (..) they come out of their homes half dressed, brew alcohol illegally in their homes, use prostitutes and make the neighbourhood dirty (..) these are poor people who often live in groups of 50 or more, crammed into one house or apartment," said Mr Rahma. "The rules also state that there must be at least one bathroom for every five people (..) there have also been cases in which young children have been sexually molested."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Bahrain Centre for Human Rights">Bahrain Centre for Human Rights</a> issued a press release condemning this decision as discriminatory and promoting negative racist attitudes towards migrant workers.<sup id="cite_ref-migrantworkers3_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrantworkers3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-migrantworkers2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrantworkers2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nabeel_Rajab" title="Nabeel Rajab">Nabeel Rajab</a>, then BCHR vice president, said: "It is appalling that Bahrain is willing to rest on the benefits of these people's hard work, and often their suffering, but that they refuse to live with them in equality and dignity. The solution is not to force migrant workers into ghettos, but to urge companies to improve living conditions for workers – and not to accommodate large numbers of workers in inadequate space, and to improve the standard of living for them."<sup id="cite_ref-migrantworkers3_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrantworkers3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-migrantworkers2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migrantworkers2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1965, racial segregation in schools, stores and most aspects of public life existed legally in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and informally in other provinces such as <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, there has been a concern expressed by some academics that major Canadian cities are becoming more segregated on income and ethnic lines. Reports have indicated that the inner suburbs of post-merger <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a><sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Bedroom_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedroom communities">bedroom communities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a><sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have become steadily more immigrant and <a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">visible minority</a> dominated communities and have lagged behind other neighbourhoods in average income. A <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC</a> panel in Vancouver in 2012 discussed the growing public fear that the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a> in Greater Vancouver (such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Han Chinese</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond B.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabis in Vancouver">Punjabis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey, B.C.</a>) amounted to a type of <a href="/wiki/Self-segregation" title="Self-segregation">self-segregation</a>. In response to these fears, many minority activists have pointed out that most Canadian neighbourhoods remain predominately White, and yet white people are never accused of "self-segregation". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mohawks_of_Kahnaw%C3%A1:ke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke">Mohawk tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake">Kahnawake</a> has been criticized for evicting non-Mohawks from the Mohawk reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohawks who marry outside of their tribal nation lose their right to live in their homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalpost.com_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalpost.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thestar.com_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mohawk government claims that its policy of nationally exclusive membership is for the preservation of its identity,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no exemption for those who adopt <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk language</a> or culture.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalpost.com_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalpost.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All interracial couples were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they have lived on the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-thestar.com_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exemption is for mixed national couples married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the nationally exclusive membership policy, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Tribunal" title="Canadian Human Rights Tribunal">Canadian Human Rights Tribunal</a> ruled that the Mohawk government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A long-standing practice of national segregation has also been imposed upon the commercial salmon fishery in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> since 1992 when separate commercial fisheries were created for select aboriginal groups on three B.C. river systems. Canadians of other nations who fish in the separate fisheries have been arrested, jailed and prosecuted. Although the fishermen who were prosecuted were successful at trial in <a href="/wiki/R_v_Kapp" title="R v Kapp">R v Kapp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this decision was overturned on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">Two military coups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> in 1987 removed a democratically elected government led by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Fijians" title="Indo-Fijians">Indo-Fijians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coup was supported principally by the <a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">ethnic Fijian</a> population. </p><p>A new constitution was promulgated in 1990, establishing Fiji as a republic, with the offices of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Fiji" title="President of Fiji">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Prime Minister</a>, two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Senate</a>, and a clear majority of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Fiji" title="House of Representatives of Fiji">House of Representatives</a> reserved for ethnic Fijians; ethnic Fijian ownership of the land was also entrenched in the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these provisions were ended with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Constitution_of_Fiji" title="1997 Constitution of Fiji">1997 Constitution</a>, although the President (and 14 of the 32 Senators) were still selected by the all-indigenous <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Chiefs" title="Great Council of Chiefs">Great Council of Chiefs</a>. The last of these distinctions were removed by the <a href="/wiki/2013_Constitution_of_Fiji" title="2013 Constitution of Fiji">2013 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiji's case is a situation of <i>de facto</i> racial segregation,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Fiji has a long complex history of more than 3500 years as a divided tribal nation, with unification under 96 years of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">British rule</a> also bringing other racial groups, particularly immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg/250px-Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg/330px-Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg/500px-Barrier_Gate_at_Bilin_Palestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A barrier gate at <a href="/wiki/Bil%27in" title="Bil'in">Bil'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a> proclaims equal rights to all <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">citizens</a> regardless of ethnicity, denomination or race. Israel has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_Discrimination_in_Products,_Services_and_Entry_into_Places_of_Entertainment_and_Public_Places_Law,_2000" title="Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000">discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employment_(Equal_Opportunities)_Law,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988">equality in Employment</a>, libel based on race or ethnicity).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is however, in practice, significant institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Israeli Supreme Court</a> sent a message against racial segregation in a case involving the <a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Slonim</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hassidic</a> sect of the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, ruling that segregation between <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> students in a school is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that they seek "to maintain an equal level of religiosity, not from racism".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to the charges, the Slonim <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredim</a> invited Sephardi girls to school, and added in a statement: "All along, we said it's not about race, but the High Court went out against our <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>, and therefore we went to prison."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to many cultural differences, and animosity towards a minority perceived to wish to annihilate Israel, a system of passively co-existing communities, segregated along ethnic lines has emerged in Israel, with Arab-Israeli minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream". This de facto segregation also exists between different Jewish ethnic groups ("<i>edot</i>") such as <a href="/wiki/Sepharadim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepharadim">Sepharadim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> (Jews of Ethiopian descent),<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which leads to de facto segregated schools, housing and public policy. The government has embarked on a program to shut down such schools, in order to force integration, but some in the Ethiopian community complained that not all such schools have been closed.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2007 poll commissioned by the Center Against Racism and conducted by the GeoCartographia Institute, 75% of Israeli Jews would not agree to live in a building with Arab residents, 60% would not accept any Arab visitors at their homes, 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of their right to vote, and 59% believe that the culture of Arabs is primitive.<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneratedil_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedil-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, a public opinion poll showed that 53% of the polled Israeli Jews said they would not object to an Arab living in their building, while 42% said they would. Asked whether they would object to Arab children being in their child's class in school, 49% said they would not, 42% said they would.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secular Israeli public was found to be the most tolerant, while the religious and <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> respondents were the most discriminatory. </p><p>Some commentators have sought to find commonalities between apartheid in South Africa and the political situation in Israel. A system of apartheid, <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">a system of institutionalized segregation and discrimination</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> proper. There is near-total physical separation between the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian">Palestinian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settler</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, as well as the judicial separation that governs both communities, which discriminates against the Palestinians in a wide range of ways. Israel also discriminates against <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian citizens of Israel">its own Palestinian citizens</a>. Palestinians in the occupied territories live under <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> and are progressively segregated, barred from <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a>, and discriminated against. After institutionalized segregation, Palestinians face eventual <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacement</a> of their homes by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlers">Israeli settlers</a> at which point they barred from returning home, and the Palestinian areas becomes annexed into the Israeli state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other commentators have sought to refute these allegations of apartheid. Palestinian citizens of Israel participate in elections (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_members_of_the_Knesset" title="List of Arab members of the Knesset">List of Arab members of the Knesset</a>) and members of the judiciary include Palestinians. The Supreme Court contains at <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel#Current_judges" title="Supreme Court of Israel">least one Palestinian person</a>. Jewish and Palestinian Israelis both attend colleges and universities in Israel. Hospital facilities in Israel treat all Israelis, regardless of religion or creed. Lastly, Jewish Israelis are in the majority in Israel proper, comprising some 73% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">population</a>. These characteristics are not associated with a system of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this Arab Israelis, face constant systemic discrimination, and Palestinians in the west bank live under military occupation. Likewise Jewish Israelis on average hold racist views, with 72% of Jewish Israelis being distrustful of Arabs as a group,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> 75% disproving of Arab-Jewish marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is compared to 9% of Americans who held negative views of <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">intermarriage</a> marriage in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Islam in the US which on average is approved as much as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> and certain Christian denominations according to Pew Research Center in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">British colonial rule in Kenya</a> in 1964 led to an inadvertent increase in ethnic segregation. Through private purchases and government schemes, farmland previously held by <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">European farmers</a> was transferred to African owners. These farms were further sub-divided into smaller localities, and, due to joint migration, many adjacent localities were occupied by members of different ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (April 2017)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This separation along these boundaries persists today. Kimuli Kasara, in a study of recent ethnic violence in the wake of the disputed <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">2007-08 Kenyan elections</a>, used these post-colonial boundaries as an <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental variable">instrument</a> for the degree of ethnic segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_variable#Interpretation_as_two-stage_least_squares" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental variable">2 Stage Least Squares Regression analysis</a>, Kasara showed that increased ethnic segregation in Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province" title="Rift Valley Province">Rift Valley Province</a> is associated with an increase in ethnic violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liberia" title="Constitution of Liberia">Constitution of Liberia</a> limits Liberian nationality to <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> people<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberian nationality law</a>). </p><p>While Lebanese and Indian nationals are active in trading, as well as in the retail and service sectors, and Europeans and Americans work in the mining and agricultural sectors, these minority groups with long-tenured residence in the Republic are precluded from becoming citizens as a result of their race.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumiputra">Bumiputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg/300px-Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg/450px-Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg/600px-Himpunan_Bantah_ICERD_-_Pandangan_Drone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of Malaysian Malay <i>bumiputeras</i> protesting against the ratification of ICERD.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Article_153_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia">article in its constitution</a> which distinguishes the ethnic Malays and the non-ethnic Malays people—i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bumiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumiputra">bumiputra</a>—from the non-Bumiputra such as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Indians</a>, among others, under the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">social contract</a>, of which by law would guarantee the former certain special rights and privileges. To question these rights and privileges is strictly prohibited under the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_1960" title="Internal Security Act 1960">Internal Security Act</a> (ISA), legalised by the 10th Article (IV) of the Constitution of Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, non-Malays are treated as <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-class citizens">second-class citizens</a> in Malaysia, facing many roadblocks and discrimination in matters such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malaysia is also not a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> (ICERD), one of the only few countries in the world not to do so. A possible ratification in 2018 led to an <a href="/wiki/2018_anti-ICERD_rally" title="2018 anti-ICERD rally">anti-ICERD mass rally</a> by Malay supremacists at the country's capital to prevent it, threatening a racial conflict if it does happen.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privileges mentioned herein covers—few of which—the economical and education aspects of Malaysians, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">Malaysian New Economic Policy</a>; an economic policy criticised by Thierry Rommel, who headed a European Commission's delegation to Malaysia, as an excuse for "significant protectionism"<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a quota maintaining higher access of Malays into public universities. </p><p>Such racial segregation policies have caused significant rates of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">human capital flight</a> (brain drain) from Malaysia. A study by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> highlighted that among the main factors behind the Malaysian brain drain include social injustice. It stated that the high rates of emigration of non-bumiputera Malaysians from the country is driven by discriminatory policies that appear to favour Malays/Bumiputeras—such as providing exclusive additional assistance in starting businesses and educational opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritania">Mauritania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mauritania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Slavery in Mauritania</a> was finally criminalized in August 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was already abolished in 1980, although it was still affecting the black Africans. The number of slaves in the country was not known exactly, but it was estimated to be up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For centuries, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a> lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by white Moors of Arab/Berber ancestry. Many descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribes today still adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremacist">supremacist</a> ideology of their ancestors. This ideology has led to oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in the region of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">Racial segregation in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Although racial segregation was never made legal in the UK, pubs, workplaces, shops and other commercial premises operated a "colour bar" where non-white customers were banned from using certain rooms and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segregation also operated in the 20th century in certain professions,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in housing and even at Buckingham Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour bar in pubs was deemed illegal by the <a href="/wiki/Race_Relations_Act_1965" title="Race Relations Act 1965">Race Relations Act 1965</a> but other institutions such as members' clubs could still bar people because of their race until a few years later. </p><p>The United Kingdom nowadays has no legally sanctioned system of racial segregation and has a substantial list of laws that demand racial equality.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.uk_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.uk-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to many cultural differences between the pre-existing system of passively co-existing communities, segregation along racial lines has emerged in parts of the United Kingdom, with minority communities being left "marooned outside the mainstream".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The affected and 'ghettoised' communities are often largely representative of <a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> and other Sub-Continentals, and has been thought to be the basis of ethnic tensions, and a deterioration of the standard of living and levels of education and employment among ethnic minorities in poorer areas. These factors are considered by some to have been a cause of the 2001 English race riots in <a href="/wiki/2001_Bradford_riots" title="2001 Bradford riots">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_Oldham_riots" title="2001 Oldham riots">Oldham</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_Harehills_riot" title="2001 Harehills riot">Harehills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a> which have large Asian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccsr.ac.uk_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccsr.ac.uk-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may be some indication that such segregation, particularly in residential terms, seems to be the result of the unilateral 'steering' of ethnic groups into particular areas as well as a culture of vendor discrimination and distrust of ethnic minority clients by some estate agents and other property professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be indicative of a market preference amongst the more wealthy to reside in areas of less ethnic mixture; less ethnic mixture being perceived as increasing the value and desirability of a residential area. This is likely as other theories such as "ethnic <a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">self segregation</a>" have sometimes been shown to be baseless, and a majority of ethnic respondents to a few surveys on the matter have been in favour of wider social and residential integration.<sup id="cite_ref-ccsr.ac.uk_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccsr.ac.uk-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2"><span class="anchor" id="RS-US"></span> United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States#Contemporary" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States § Contemporary</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/De_facto#Segregation" title="De facto">De facto segregation</a> in the United States has increased since the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, while official segregation has been outlawed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozol2005_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozol2005-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a> (1974) that de facto racial segregation was acceptable, as long as schools were not actively making policies for racial exclusion; since then, schools have been segregated due to myriad indirect factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Kozol2005_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kozol2005-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a> is part of how white communities in America maintained some level of racial segregation. It is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as mortgages, banking, insurance, access to jobs,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> access to health care, or even supermarkets<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to residents in certain, often racially determined,<sup id="cite_ref-eastny_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastny-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> areas. The most effective form of redlining, and the practice most commonly meant by the term, refers to <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage Discrimination">mortgage discrimination</a>. Over the next twenty years, a succession of further court decisions and federal laws, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a></i> and measure to end <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage Discrimination">mortgage discrimination</a> in 1975, would completely invalidate <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> racial segregation and discrimination in the U.S. According to Rajiv Sethi, an economist at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, black-white <a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">segregation in housing</a> is slowly declining for most metropolitan areas in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-sethi-soma_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sethi-soma-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racial segregation or separation can lead to social, economic and political tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty years (the year 2000) after the civil rights era, the United States remained in many areas a residentially segregated society, in which Blacks, whites and <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics in the United States">Hispanics</a> inhabit different neighborhoods of vastly different quality.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sethi-soma_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sethi-soma-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dan Immergluck writes that in 2002 small businesses in black neighborhoods still received fewer loans, even after accounting for businesses density, businesses size, industrial mix, neighborhood income, and the credit quality of local businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory D. Squires wrote in 2003 that it is clear that race has long affected and continues to affect the policies and practices of the insurance industry.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers living in American <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner cities</a> have a harder time finding jobs than suburban workers.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some academics have labeled the desire of many whites to avoid having their children attend academically inferior integrated schools as being a factor in "<a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>" from the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 study in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> showed that groups of homeowners of all races tended to self-segregate in order to be with people of the same economic status, education level and race.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been mostly replaced, although today many white Americans are willing to pay a premium to live in a predominantly white neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-vigdor_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigdor-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equivalent housing in white areas commands a higher rent.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These higher rents are largely attributable to <a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">exclusionary zoning</a> policies that restrict the supply of housing. Through the 1990s, residential segregation remained at its extreme and has been called "<a href="/wiki/Hypersegregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersegregation">hypersegregation</a>" by some sociologists or "American Apartheid".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <i>Johnson v. California</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_543" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543">543</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/499/">499</a> (2005) that the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Corrections" class="mw-redirect" title="California Department of Corrections">California Department of Corrections</a>' unwritten practice of racially segregating prisoners in its prison reception centers—which California claimed was for inmate safety (gangs in California, as throughout the U.S., usually organize on racial lines)—is to be subject to <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>, the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_review" title="Constitutional review">constitutional review</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blaxit" title="Blaxit">Blaxit</a> movement promotes the expatriation of African-American people to Africa or Europe for cultural, racial, and economic reasons, in an attempt to deal with historic segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caste#Yemen" title="Caste">Castes in Yemen</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> elite practices a form of discrimination against the lower class <a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Akhdam">Al-Akhdam</a> people based on their racial characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amity%E2%80%93enmity_complex" title="Amity–enmity complex">Amity–enmity complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">Black separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Discrimination based on skin tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White supremacy § White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchillWachter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schill, Michael; Wachter, Susan (2001). "Principles to Guide Housing Policy at the Beginning of the Millennium". <i>Cityscape</i>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.536.5952">10.1.1.536.5952</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cityscape&rft.atitle=Principles+to+Guide+Housing+Policy+at+the+Beginning+of+the+Millennium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.536.5952%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Schill&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wachter%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission-against-racism-and-intolerance">"European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) - Homepage - European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) - www.coe.int"</a>. <i>European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240720171245/https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission-against-racism-and-intolerance/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+against+Racism+and+Intolerance+%28ECRI%29&rft.atitle=European+Commission+against+Racism+and+Intolerance+%28ECRI%29+-+Homepage+-+European+Commission+against+Racism+and+Intolerance+%28ECRI%29+-+www.coe.int&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Feuropean-commission-against-racism-and-intolerance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/10session/A.HRC.10.11.Add.1.pdf">"Recommendations of the Forum on Minority Issues A/HRC/10/11/Add.1 — para. 27"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918200706/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/10session/A.HRC.10.11.Add.1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recommendations+of+the+Forum+on+Minority+Issues+A%2FHRC%2F10%2F11%2FAdd.1+%E2%80%94+para.+27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fhrcouncil%2Fdocs%2F10session%2FA.HRC.10.11.Add.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488135/racial-segregation">"Racial segregation"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. 28 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503194521/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488135/racial-segregation">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Racial+segregation&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F488135%2Fracial-segregation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_H._Schafer_1963_22_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_H._Schafer1963" class="citation book cs1">Edward H. Schafer (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&q=chinese+uighurs+779+edict+lure+canton+836+foreigners+and+chinese+lu+governor+forbade+marriages+forced+separate&pg=PA22"><i>The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2"><bdi>978-0-520-05462-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051626/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqAGIL02BWQC&q=chinese+uighurs+779+edict+lure+canton+836+foreigners+and+chinese+lu+governor+forbade+marriages+forced+separate&pg=PA22#v=snippet&q=chinese%20uighurs%20779%20edict%20lure%20canton%20836%20foreigners%20and%20chinese%20lu%20governor%20forbade%20marriages%20forced%20separate&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+golden+peaches+of+Samarkand%3A+a+study+of+T%CA%BBang+exotics&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05462-2&rft.au=Edward+H.+Schafer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqAGIL02BWQC%26q%3Dchinese%2Buighurs%2B779%2Bedict%2Blure%2Bcanton%2B836%2Bforeigners%2Band%2Bchinese%2Blu%2Bgovernor%2Bforbade%2Bmarriages%2Bforced%2Bseparate%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Edward_Lewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Mark Edward Lewis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpgVvAh2_EsC&q=836+law+tang+dynasty&pg=PA170"><i>China's cosmopolitan empire: the Tang dynasty</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03306-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03306-1"><bdi>978-0-674-03306-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051633/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpgVvAh2_EsC&q=836+law+tang+dynasty&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+cosmopolitan+empire%3A+the+Tang+dynasty&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03306-1&rft.au=Mark+Edward+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpgVvAh2_EsC%26q%3D836%2Blaw%2Btang%2Bdynasty%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Gernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Gernet (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern"><i>A history of Chinese civilization</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/294">294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2010</span>. <q>836 decree chinese people of colour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ed._Walthall_2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ed._Walthall_2008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ed._Walthall_2008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalthall2008" class="citation book cs1">Walthall, Anne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA148"><i>ed. Walthall</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520254442" title="Special:BookSources/9780520254442"><bdi>9780520254442</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051624/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ed.+Walthall&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780520254442&rft.aulast=Walthall&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXHbhsfaJAYC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWakeman1977" class="citation book cs1">Wakeman, Frederic (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA79"><i>Wakeman</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029336809" title="Special:BookSources/9780029336809"><bdi>9780029336809</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051631/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wakeman&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780029336809&rft.aulast=Wakeman&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORBmFSFcJKoC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKagan2010" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Kimberly (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai1_5IHQ9vsC&pg=PA95"><i>Crossley</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674054097" title="Special:BookSources/9780674054097"><bdi>9780674054097</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051624/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai1_5IHQ9vsC&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossley&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674054097&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAi1_5IHQ9vsC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatsonEbrey1991" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Rubie S.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA179"><i>eds. Watson, Ebrey</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520071247" title="Special:BookSources/9780520071247"><bdi>9780520071247</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051656/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=eds.+Watson%2C+Ebrey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520071247&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Rubie+S.&rft.au=Ebrey%2C+Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAIcwz3V_JsC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWakeman,_Frederic_Jr.1985" class="citation book cs1">Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA1017"><i>The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520048041" title="Special:BookSources/9780520048041"><bdi>9780520048041</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731033512/https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA1017">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+The+Manchu+Reconstruction+of+Imperial+Order+in+Seventeenth-century+China&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.isbn=9780520048041&rft.au=Wakeman%2C+Frederic+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nXLwSG2O8AC%26pg%3DPA1017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaquinRawski1987" class="citation book cs1">Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfgQNWXpyoC&pg=PA141"><i>Naquin</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300046022" title="Special:BookSources/0300046022"><bdi>0300046022</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051625/https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfgQNWXpyoC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naquin&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0300046022&rft.aulast=Naquin&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Rawski%2C+Evelyn+Sakakida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpfgQNWXpyoC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFairbankGoldman2006" class="citation book cs1">Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZt0TgTAgPoC&pg=PA146"><i>Fairbank, Goldman</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036659" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036659"><bdi>9780674036659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairbank%2C+Goldman&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780674036659&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+King&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZt0TgTAgPoC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.uoregon.edu/inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing3.htm">"Summing up Naquin/Rawski"</a>. <i>pages.uoregon.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819105038/https://pages.uoregon.edu/inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pages.uoregon.edu&rft.atitle=Summing+up+Naquin%2FRawski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.uoregon.edu%2Finaasim%2FMingqing04%2FQing3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatsonEbrey1991" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Rubie S.; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAIcwz3V_JsC&pg=PA175"><i>eds. Watson, Ebrey</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520071247" title="Special:BookSources/9780520071247"><bdi>9780520071247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=eds.+Watson%2C+Ebrey&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520071247&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Rubie+S.&rft.au=Ebrey%2C+Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAIcwz3V_JsC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpence1990" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vI1RRslLNSwC&pg=PA41"><i>Spencer</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393307801" title="Special:BookSources/9780393307801"><bdi>9780393307801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spencer&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780393307801&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvI1RRslLNSwC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpence1988" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Jonathan D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXiSxh1oGe0C&pg=PA5"><i>Spence</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300042779" title="Special:BookSources/0300042779"><bdi>0300042779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0300042779&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXiSxh1oGe0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111230216/http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%20notes-final.pdf">"Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chss.iup.edu/chr/CHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%20notes-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wang+2004%2C+pp.+215%E2%80%93216+%26+219%E2%80%93221.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chss.iup.edu%2Fchr%2FCHR-2004Fall-11-WANG-research%2520notes-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalthall2008" class="citation book cs1">Walthall, Anne (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA140"><i>Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520254442" title="Special:BookSources/9780520254442"><bdi>9780520254442</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806052152/https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA140#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Servants+of+the+Dynasty%3A+Palace+Women+in+World+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=9780520254442&rft.aulast=Walthall&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQXHbhsfaJAYC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing2.htm">"From Ming to Qing"</a>. Darkwing.uoregon.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182234/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~inaasim/Mingqing04/Qing2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Ming+to+Qing&rft.pub=Darkwing.uoregon.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarkwing.uoregon.edu%2F~inaasim%2FMingqing04%2FQing2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPétillon1967" class="citation book cs1">Pétillon, L. A. M. (1967). <i>Témoignage et réflexions</i>. Brussels: Renaissance du Livre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%A9moignage+et+r%C3%A9flexions&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Renaissance+du+Livre&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9tillon&rft.aufirst=L.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParavicini2019" class="citation news cs1">Paravicini, Giulia (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-congo/belgium-apologizes-for-colonial-era-abduction-of-mixed-race-children-idUSKCN1RG2NF">"Belgium apologizes for colonial-era abduction of mixed-race children"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711005737/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-belgium-congo/belgium-apologizes-for-colonial-era-abduction-of-mixed-race-children-idUSKCN1RG2NF">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Belgium+apologizes+for+colonial-era+abduction+of+mixed-race+children&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Paravicini&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-belgium-congo%2Fbelgium-apologizes-for-colonial-era-abduction-of-mixed-race-children-idUSKCN1RG2NF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell2000" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David Scott (2000). <i>Presidential Power in Fifth Republic France</i>. Berg Publishers. p. 36. <q>Algeria was in fact a colony but constitutionally was a part of France and not thought of in the 1950s (even by many on the left) as a colony. It was a society of nine million or so 'Muslim' Algerians who were dominated by the million settlers of diverse origins (but fiercely French) who maintained a quasi-apartheid regime</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Power+in+Fifth+Republic+France&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDebra_Kelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Debra Kelly (2005). <i>Autobiography And Independence: Selfhood and Creativity in North African Postcolonial Writing in French</i>. Liverpool University Press. p. 43. <q>...[the] <i>senatus-consulte</i> of 1865 stipulated that all the colonised indigenous were under French jurisdiction, i.e., French nationals subjected to French laws, but it restricted citizenship only to those who renounced their Muslim religion and culture. There was an obvious split in French legal discourse: a split between nationality and citizenship which established the formal structures of political apartheid encouraging the existence of 'French subjects' disenfranchised, without any citizenship rights, treated as objects of French law and not citizens</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+And+Independence%3A+Selfhood+and+Creativity+in+North+African+Postcolonial+Writing+in+French&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Debra+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonora-Waisman-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonora-Waisman_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonora-Waisman2003" class="citation book cs1">Bonora-Waisman, Camille (2003). <i>France and the Algerian Conflict: Issues in Democracy and Political Stability, 1988–1995</i>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 3. <q>In contrast with the Moroccan and Tunisian protectorates, Algeria was made an integral part of France and became a colony of settlement for more than one million Europeans... under colonial rule, Algerians encountered France's 'civilising mission' only through the plundering of lands and colonial apartheid society...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Algerian+Conflict%3A+Issues+in+Democracy+and+Political+Stability%2C+1988%E2%80%931995&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bonora-Waisman&rft.aufirst=Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wall_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWall2001" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Irwin M. (2001). <i>France, the United States, and the Algerian War</i>. University of California Press. p. 262. <q>As a settler colony with an internal system of apartheid, administered under the fiction that it was part of metropolitan France, and endowed with a powerful colonial lobby that virtually determined the course of French politics with respect to its internal affairs, it experienced insurrection in 1954 on the part of its Muslim population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Algerian+War&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Irwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJENNINGS1935" class="citation book cs1">JENNINGS, A. C. (July 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100934"><i>LAND APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA, African Affairs</i></a>. Vol. XXXIV. pp. <span class="nowrap">296–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a100934">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100934</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728140658/https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article-abstract/XXXIV/CXXXVI/296/26206?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LAND+APPORTIONMENT+IN+SOUTHERN+RHODESIA%2C+African+Affairs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1935-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a100934&rft.aulast=JENNINGS&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a100934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamal1976">Jamal 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.aliran.com/thinking-allowed-online/idi-amins-expulsion-of-asians-in-1972-devastated-ugandas-economy">"Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians in 1972 pummelled Uganda's economy"</a>. 14 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713031759/https://m.aliran.com/thinking-allowed-online/idi-amins-expulsion-of-asians-in-1972-devastated-ugandas-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idi+Amin%27s+expulsion+of+Asians+in+1972+pummelled+Uganda%27s+economy&rft.date=2022-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.aliran.com%2Fthinking-allowed-online%2Fidi-amins-expulsion-of-asians-in-1972-devastated-ugandas-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/taking-stock-of-ugandas-economy-55-years-after-independence-85238">"Taking stock of Uganda's economy 55 years after independence"</a>. 8 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806052215/https://theconversation.com/taking-stock-of-ugandas-economy-55-years-after-independence-85238">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taking+stock+of+Uganda%27s+economy+55+years+after+independence&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftaking-stock-of-ugandas-economy-55-years-after-independence-85238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jørgensen1981-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jørgensen1981_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJørgensen1981">Jørgensen 1981</a>, pp. 285–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWirth,_Louis1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wirth,_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirth, Louis">Wirth, Louis</a> (1997). <i>The Ghetto</i>. Transaction Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-983-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-983-7"><bdi>1-56000-983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghetto&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56000-983-7&rft.au=Wirth%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702212123/http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/jew.htm">"A Short History of the Jewish Tradition"</a>. .kenyon.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/jew.htm">the original</a> on 2 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Jewish+Tradition&rft.pub=.kenyon.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kenyon.edu%2Fprojects%2Fmargin%2Fjew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232679/ghetto">"Ghetto"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ghetto&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F232679%2Fghetto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-215022/anti-Semitism">"Anti-Semitism in modern Europe"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426143551/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-215022/anti-Semitism">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism+in+modern+Europe&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-215022%2Fanti-Semitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106134057/http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/017/morocco.html">"The Jews of Morocco, by Ralph G. Bennettett"</a>. Sefarad.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/017/morocco.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Morocco%2C+by+Ralph+G.+Bennettett&rft.pub=Sefarad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefarad.org%2Fpublication%2Flm%2F017%2Fmorocco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis (1984), pp. 181–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folk,_fører_og_frifinnelse_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBomann-larsen2011" class="citation web cs1">Bomann-larsen, Tor (29 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenposten.no/article/ap-aw0BO.html">"Folk, fører og frifinnelse"</a>. <i>Aftenposten</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728140657/https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikk/i/aw0BO/folk-foerer-og-frifinnelse">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Folk%2C+f%C3%B8rer+og+frifinnelse&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft.aulast=Bomann-larsen&rft.aufirst=Tor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Farticle%2Fap-aw0BO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitman-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2017" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, James Q. (2017). <i>Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+American+Model%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Making+of+Nazi+Race+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._H._Milton2001" class="citation book cs1">S. H. Milton (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany". In Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus (ed.). <i>Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 216, 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691086842" title="Special:BookSources/9780691086842"><bdi>9780691086842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Gypsies%22+as+social+outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=216%2C+231&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780691086842&rft.au=S.+H.+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh1991-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh1991_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Burleigh1991" class="citation book cs1">Michael Burleigh (7 November 1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich"><i>The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-39802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+State%3A+Germany+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39802-2&rft.au=Michael+Burleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialstate00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"1". <i>The Laws for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour</i>. 15 September 1935. <q>Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law, they were concluded abroad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=The+Laws+for+the+Protection+of+German+Blood+and+German+Honour&rft.date=1935-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeila_J._Rupp1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leila_J._Rupp" title="Leila J. Rupp">Leila J. Rupp</a> (1978). <i>Mobilizing Women for War</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04649-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04649-2"><bdi>0-691-04649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+War&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-691-04649-2&rft.au=Leila+J.+Rupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majer2003-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majer2003_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiemut_Majer2003" class="citation book cs1">Diemut Majer (2003). <i>"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945</i>. JHU Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3&rft.au=Diemut+Majer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/HOLOCAUST/timeline/ghettos.htm">"Holocaust Timeline: The Ghettos"</a>. Fcit.usf.edu. 23 November 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503154427/http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/ghettos.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Timeline%3A+The+Ghettos&rft.pub=Fcit.usf.edu&rft.date=1939-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2FHOLOCAUST%2Ftimeline%2Fghettos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Marek" class="citation web cs1">Michael Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810111755/https://www.dw.com/en/final-compensation-pending-for-former-nazi-forced-laborers/a-1757323">"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"</a>. Dw-world.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Compensation+Pending+for+Former+Nazi+Forced+Laborers&rft.pub=Dw-world.de&rft.au=Michael+Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1757323%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014235036/http://summeroftruth.org/enemy/barracks.html">"Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War"</a>. Summeroftruth.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://summeroftruth.org/enemy/barracks.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Labor+at+Ford+Werke+AG+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Summeroftruth.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsummeroftruth.org%2Fenemy%2Fbarracks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401234751/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">"Hitler's Plans"</a>. Dac.neu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Plans&rft.pub=Dac.neu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dac.neu.edu%2Fholocaust%2FHitlers_Plans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm">"Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era"</a>. Holocaust-trc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716193932/http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poles%3A+Victims+of+the+Nazi+Era&rft.pub=Holocaust-trc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-trc.org%2Fpoles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ency-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ency_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ency_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ency_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenry" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Natasha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada">"Racial segregation of Black people in Canada"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324054026/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/racial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Racial+segregation+of+Black+people+in+Canada&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fracial-segregation-of-black-people-in-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003632/http://www.ifl-leipzig.com/fileadmin/daten/downloads/DOWNLOADCENTER/Publikationen/internationale%20Zusammenfassungen%20Europa%20Regional/2002/Heft2/en.pdf">"The Situation with the Sorbs in the Past and Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifl-leipzig.com/fileadmin/daten/downloads/DOWNLOADCENTER/Publikationen/internationale%20Zusammenfassungen%20Europa%20Regional/2002/Heft2/en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Situation+with+the+Sorbs+in+the+Past+and+Present&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifl-leipzig.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fdaten%2Fdownloads%2FDOWNLOADCENTER%2FPublikationen%2Finternationale%2520Zusammenfassungen%2520Europa%2520Regional%2F2002%2FHeft2%2Fen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raabe, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann1996" class="citation book cs1">Zimmermann, Reinhard (1996). <i>Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Cross%3A+Civil+Law+and+Common+Law+in+South+Africa&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Virginia <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Integrity Act">Racial Integrity Act</a>, Virginia Code § 20–58 and § 20–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html">"The Court's Decision – Separate Is Not Equal"</a>. <i>americanhistory.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313032737/https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanhistory.si.edu&rft.atitle=The+Court%27s+Decision+%E2%80%93+Separate+Is+Not+Equal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fbrown%2Fhistory%2F5-decision%2Fcourts-decision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf">"The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary+Law+School+Scholarship+Repository&rft.atitle=The+Warren+Court%3A+Completion+of+a+Constitutional+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F73968804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483">"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka"</a>. <i>Oyez</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905074149/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Brown+v.+Board+of+Education+of+Topeka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1940-1955%2F347us483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515">"Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States"</a>. <i>Oyez</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805163032/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/515">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Heart+of+Atlanta+Motel%2C+Inc.+v.+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1964%2F515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEric_FonerRandall_Kennedy2004" class="citation news cs1">Eric Foner; Randall Kennedy (3 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040503/fonerkennedy">"Brown at 50"</a>. The Nation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825224228/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040503/fonerkennedy">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brown+at+50&rft.date=2004-05-03&rft.au=Eric+Foner&rft.au=Randall+Kennedy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20040503%2Ffonerkennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAugust_MeierElliott_Rudwick1967" class="citation book cs1">August Meier; Elliott Rudwick (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/273560"><i>The Rise of Segregation in the Federal Bureaucracy, 1900–1930</i></a>. Vol. 28. Clark Atlanta University. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F273560">10.2307/273560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/273560">273560</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209130301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/273560">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Segregation+in+the+Federal+Bureaucracy%2C+1900%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Clark+Atlanta+University&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F273560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F273560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=August+Meier&rft.au=Elliott+Rudwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F273560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMjagkij2011" class="citation book cs1">Mjagkij, Nina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1021967"><i>Loyalty in time of trial: the African American experience during World War I</i></a>. African American history series. ProQuest (Firm). Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loyalty+in+time+of+trial%3A+the+African+American+experience+during+World+War+I&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.series=African+American+history+series&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mjagkij&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.ebookcentral.proquest.com%2Fchoice%2Fpublicfullrecord.aspx%3Fp%3D1021967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fonerblack-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fonerblack_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fonerblack_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoner2012" class="citation book cs1">Foner, Eric (1 February 2012). <i>Give Me Liberty!: An American History</i> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393935530" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393935530"><bdi>978-0393935530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Me+Liberty%21%3A+An+American+History&rft.pages=696&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0393935530&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ella Fitzgerald</i>. Holloway House Publishing. 1989. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ella+Fitzgerald&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Holloway+House+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwartz-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schwartz_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2007" class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Larry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016393.html">"Owens pierced a myth"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000706211910/http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016393.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Owens+pierced+a+myth&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fsportscentury%2Ffeatures%2F00016393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA_segregation-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LA_segregation_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA_segregation_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbramovitch2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Abramovitch, Seth (19 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/oscars-first-black-winner-accepted-774335">"Oscar's First Black Winner Accepted Her Honor in a Segregated 'No Blacks' Hotel in L.A."</a> <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111073046/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/oscars-first-black-winner-accepted-774335">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Oscar%27s+First+Black+Winner+Accepted+Her+Honor+in+a+Segregated+%27No+Blacks%27+Hotel+in+L.A.&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Abramovitch&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Ffeatures%2Foscars-first-black-winner-accepted-774335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Concert-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Concert_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concert_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Concert_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14963752">"The Beatles banned segregated audiences, contract shows"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609104021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14963752">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Beatles+banned+segregated+audiences%2C+contract+shows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-14963752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLanctot2008" class="citation book cs1">Lanctot, Neil (2008). <i>Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negro+League+Baseball%3A+The+Rise+and+Ruin+of+a+Black+Institution&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lanctot&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27215799">"How 'Black Fives' led to racial integration in basketball"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920114126/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27215799">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=How+%27Black+Fives%27+led+to+racial+integration+in+basketball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-27215799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1965/10/interracial-marriage-and-the-law/660731/">"Interracial Marriage and the Law"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928172507/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1965/10/interracial-marriage-and-the-law/660731/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Interracial+Marriage+and+the+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1965%2F10%2Finterracial-marriage-and-the-law%2F660731%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Lincoln1989" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Lincoln (1989). <i>Speeches and Writings 1832–1858: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings : the Lincoln-Douglas Debates</i>. Vol. 1. Library of America. p. 638.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+and+Writings+1832%E2%80%931858%3A+Speeches%2C+Letters%2C+and+Miscellaneous+Writings+%3A+the+Lincoln-Douglas+Debates&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Abraham+Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallenstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Wallenstein, Peter (2004). <i>Tell the Court I Love My Wife: Race, Marriage, and Law--An American History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pioneer+of+interracial+marriage+looks+back&rft.date=2007-06-10&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Dionne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007-06-10-loving_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Racial Integrity Act of 1924</i> – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Integrity+Act+of+1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawing" class="citation web cs1">Lawing, Charles B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704053526/http://www.charlielawing.com/modhist_lovingv.virginia.pdf">"<i>Loving v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loving+v.+Virginia+and+the+Hegemony+of+%22Race%22&rft.aulast=Lawing&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlielawing.com%2Fmodhist_lovingv.virginia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html">"The Court's Decision – Separate Is Not Equal"</a>. <i>americanhistory.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313032737/https://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanhistory.si.edu&rft.atitle=The+Court%27s+Decision+%E2%80%93+Separate+Is+Not+Equal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fbrown%2Fhistory%2F5-decision%2Fcourts-decision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html">"Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead"</a>. <i>archive.nytimes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701083148/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren%2C+83%2C+Who+Led+High+Court+In+Time+of+Vast+Social+Change%2C+Is+Dead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483">"Brown v. Board of Education"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312225845/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/347/483">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Brown+v.+Board+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F347%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter1968" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jpost.com&rft.atitle=Hassidim+invite+Sephardi+girls+to+school&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D182335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2001" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Tanya (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwgJDV8Ho0cC&pg=9"><i>Ethiopian Jewish Immigrants in Israel: The Homeland Postponed</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700712380" title="Special:BookSources/9780700712380"><bdi>9780700712380</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806052156/https://books.google.com/books?id=EwgJDV8Ho0cC&pg=9#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Controversial+survey+ostensibly+highlights+widespread+anti-Arab+attitudes+in+Israel&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsurvey-highlights-anti-arab-attitudes-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid">"A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid"</a>. B'Tselem. 12 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165214/https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. It is alleged that these accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labelling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+regime+of+Jewish+supremacy+from+the+Jordan+River+to+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+This+is+apartheid&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft.date=2021-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fpublications%2Ffulltext%2F202101_this_is_apartheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSfard2020" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sfard" title="Michael Sfard">Sfard, Michael</a> (9 July 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid+2020/Apartheid+ENG.pdf">"The Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yesh_Din" title="Yesh Din">Yesh Din</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111112934/https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid%202020/Apartheid%20ENG.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yesh+Din&rft.atitle=The+Occupation+of+the+West+Bank+and+the+Crime+of+Apartheid%3A+Legal+Opinion&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Sfard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com%2Ffiles.yesh-din.org%2FApartheid%2B2020%2FApartheid%2BENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:51-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:51_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSfard2021" class="citation news cs1">Sfard, Michael (3 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/03/israeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories">"Why Israeli progressives have started to talk about 'apartheid'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (Opinion). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213236/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/03/israeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Israeli+progressives+have+started+to+talk+about+%27apartheid%27&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.aulast=Sfard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fjun%2F03%2Fisraeli-apartheid-israel-jewish-supremacy-occupied-territories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimes_of_Israel" class="citation web cs1">Times of Israel, Itai Hachem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/refuting-the-lie-of-the-israeli-apartheid/">"Refuting the lie of the Israeli "apartheid"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refuting+the+lie+of+the+Israeli+%E2%80%9Capartheid%E2%80%9D&rft.aulast=Times+of+Israel&rft.aufirst=Itai+Hachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Frefuting-the-lie-of-the-israeli-apartheid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaaretz" class="citation web cs1">Haaretz, Alon Pinchas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-04-28/ty-article/.highlight/the-a-word-why-israel-is-not-an-apartheid-state-despite-hrws-claims/0000017f-f52a-d47e-a37f-fd3e746a0000/">"The 'A' Word: Why Israel Is Not an Apartheid State, Despite HRW's Claims"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%E2%80%98A%E2%80%99+Word%3A+Why+Israel+Is+Not+an+Apartheid+State%2C+Despite+HRW%E2%80%99s+Claims&rft.aulast=Haaretz&rft.aufirst=Alon+Pinchas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2021-04-28%2Fty-article%2F.highlight%2Fthe-a-word-why-israel-is-not-an-apartheid-state-despite-hrws-claims%2F0000017f-f52a-d47e-a37f-fd3e746a0000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinancial_Times" class="citation web cs1">Financial Times, Mehul Strivastava. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/870ab8ec-fd92-41b2-b9fa-41cd530b9cda/">"Israel reacts to 'apartheid' label from Amnesty International"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+reacts+to+%E2%80%98apartheid%E2%80%99+label+from+Amnesty+International&rft.aulast=Financial+Times&rft.aufirst=Mehul+Strivastava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F870ab8ec-fd92-41b2-b9fa-41cd530b9cda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Lauren (10 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/10/world/israel-pew-study/index.html">"Survey: Israel's religious divisions run deep"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Survey%3A+Israel%E2%80%99s+religious+divisions+run+deep&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Fisrael-pew-study%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Travis (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2016/03/08/intergroup-marriage-and-friendship/">"11. Intergroup marriage and friendship"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11.+Intergroup+marriage+and+friendship&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fintergroup-marriage-and-friendship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Gretchen Livingston and Anna (18 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/05/18/2-public-views-on-intermarriage/">"2. Public views on intermarriage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2.+Public+views+on+intermarriage&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Gretchen+Livingston+and+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fsocial-trends%2F2017%2F05%2F18%2F2-public-views-on-intermarriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuthor2017" class="citation web cs1">Author, No (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/07/26/how-the-u-s-general-public-views-muslims-and-islam/">"7. How the U.S. general public views Muslims and Islam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7.+How+the+U.S.+general+public+views+Muslims+and+Islam&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Author&rft.aufirst=No&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2017%2F07%2F26%2Fhow-the-u-s-general-public-views-muslims-and-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOucho2002" class="citation book cs1">Oucho, John (2002). <i>Undercurrents of Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Buckingham+Palace+banned+ethnic+minorities+from+office+roles%2C+papers+reveal&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fjun%2F02%2Fbuckingham-palace-banned-ethnic-minorities-from-office-roles-papers-reveal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov.uk-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gov.uk_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/74/data.htm">"Race Relations Act 1976 (Repealed)"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705104021/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/74/data.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Race+Relations+Act+1976+%28Repealed%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1976%2F74%2Fdata.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4273414.stm">"Britons warned over 'segregation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061222184258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4273414.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Britons+warned+over+%27segregation%27&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F4273414.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1702799.stm">"Race 'segregation' caused riots"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212141758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1702799.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Race+%27segregation%27+caused+riots&rft.date=2001-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F1702799.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccsr.ac.uk-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccsr.ac.uk_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccsr.ac.uk_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609214608/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf">"Statistics of Racial Segregation: Measures, Evidence and Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/staff/Ludi/documents/UrbS_41_3_2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Racial+Segregation%3A+Measures%2C+Evidence+and+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccsr.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2FLudi%2Fdocuments%2FUrbS_41_3_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPHILLIPS2002" class="citation book cs1">PHILLIPS, D. (2002). <i>Movement to opportunity? South Asian relocation in northern cities</i>. School of Geography, University of Leeds. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movement+to+opportunity%3F+South+Asian+relocation+in+northern+cities&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=School+of+Geography%2C+University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=PHILLIPS&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kozol2005-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kozol2005_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kozol2005_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozol2005" class="citation book cs1">Kozol, Jonathan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shameofnation00jona"><i>The Shame of the Nation</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5245-5"><bdi>978-1-4000-5245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shame+of+the+Nation&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5245-5&rft.aulast=Kozol&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshameofnation00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513204845/http://www.core.ucl.ac.be/services/psfiles/dp99/dp9913.pdf">"Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.core.ucl.ac.be/services/psfiles/dp99/dp9913.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racial+Discrimination+and+Redlining+in+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.core.ucl.ac.be%2Fservices%2Fpsfiles%2Fdp99%2Fdp9913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Eisenhauer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Elizabeth Eisenhauer (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007">"In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoJournal" title="GeoJournal">GeoJournal</a></i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GeoJo..53..125E">2001GeoJo..53..125E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007">10.1023/A:1015772503007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151164815">151164815</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728140655/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1015772503007">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=In+poor+health%3A+Supermarket+redlining+and+urban+nutrition&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151164815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GeoJo..53..125E&rft.au=Elizabeth+Eisenhauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1023%252FA%253A1015772503007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastny-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eastny_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Thabit2003" class="citation book cs1">Walter Thabit (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWo8OFJpFtAC"><i>How East New York Became a Ghetto</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-8267-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-8267-1"><bdi>0-8147-8267-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712165237/https://books.google.com/books?id=TWo8OFJpFtAC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+East+New+York+Became+a+Ghetto&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8147-8267-1&rft.au=Walter+Thabit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWo8OFJpFtAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sethi-soma-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sethi-soma_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sethi-soma_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSethiSomanathan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sethi, R.; <a href="/wiki/Rohini_Somanathan" title="Rohini Somanathan">Somanathan, R.</a> (2004). "Inequality and Segregation". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>112</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1296–</span>1321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424742">10.1086/424742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Inequality+and+Segregation&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1296-%3C%2Fspan%3E1321&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F424742&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Somanathan%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keating_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeating1994" class="citation book cs1">Keating, William Dennis (1994). <i>The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods</i>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-147-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-147-4"><bdi>1-56639-147-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suburban+Racial+Dilemma%3A+Housing+and+Neighborhoods&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56639-147-4&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=William+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0222.htm">"Myth of the Melting Pot: America's Racial and Ethnic Divides"</a>. Washington post.com. 22 February 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525131448/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt0222.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Myth+of+the+Melting+Pot%3A+America%27s+Racial+and+Ethnic+Divides&rft.date=1998-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fmeltingpot%2Fmelt0222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassey2004" class="citation book cs1">Massey, Douglas S. (2004). <i>Segregation and stratification: A bio-social perspective</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Segregation+and+stratification%3A+A+bio-social+perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Douglas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImmergluck2002" class="citation journal cs1">Immergluck, D. (2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+Akhdam+people+suffer+history+of+discrimination&rft.date=2005-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.aspx%3Freportid%3D25634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dobratz, Betty A. and Shanks-Meile, Stephanie L, <i>White Power, White Pride: The White Separatist Movement in the United States</i>, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, 384 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6537-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6537-9">0-8018-6537-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamal1976" class="citation cs2">Jamal, Vali (June 1976), "Expulsion of a minority: essays on Ugandan Asians (Review)", <i>The Journal of Modern African Studies</i>, <b>14</b> (2), Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">357–</span>361, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022278x00053404">10.1017/s0022278x00053404</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/160072">160072</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155061156">155061156</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Expulsion+of+a+minority%3A+essays+on+Ugandan+Asians+%28Review%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155061156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F160072%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022278x00053404&rft.aulast=Jamal&rft.aufirst=Vali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJørgensen1981" class="citation cs2">Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09MNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA288"><i>Uganda: a modern history</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-643-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-643-0"><bdi>978-0-85664-643-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda%3A+a+modern+history&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-85664-643-0&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jelmert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09MNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Rural Face of White Supremacy: Beyond Jim Crow</i>, by Mark Schultz. University of Illinois Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02960-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02960-7">0-252-02960-7</a>.</li> <li>Yin, L. 2009. "The Dynamics of Residential Segregation in Buffalo: An Agent-Based Simulation" Urban Studies 46(13), pp2749–2770.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrook1997" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Thomas (1997). <i>Plessy v. Ferguson: A Brief History with Documents</i>. Boston: Bedford Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plessy+v.+Ferguson%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Bedford+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Chin, Gabriel J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0021-065X.4551">"The <i>Plessy</i> Myth: Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases"</a>. <i>Iowa Law Review</i>. <b>82</b>: 151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2F0021-065X.4551">10.17077/0021-065X.4551</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1121505">1121505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Plessy+Myth%3A+Justice+Harlan+and+the+Chinese+Cases&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1121505%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17077%2F0021-065X.4551&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17077%252F0021-065X.4551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2006" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colorblindjustic00elli"><i>Color-Blind Justice: Albion Tourgée and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-518139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color-Blind+Justice%3A+Albion+Tourg%C3%A9e+and+the+Quest+for+Racial+Equality+from+the+Civil+War+to+Plessy+v.+Ferguson&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518139-5&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolorblindjustic00elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFireside2004" class="citation book cs1">Fireside, Harvey (2004). <i>Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1293-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-1293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separate+and+Unequal%3A+Homer+Plessy+and+the+Supreme+Court+Decision+That+Legalized+Racism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1293-9&rft.aulast=Fireside&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrigoryevaRuef2015" class="citation journal cs1">Grigoryeva, Angelina; Ruef, Martin (August 2015). "The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Review" title="American Sociological Review">American Sociological Review</a></i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">814–</span>842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122415589170">10.1177/0003122415589170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55724945">55724945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Demography+of+Racial+Segregation&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E814-%3C%2Fspan%3E842&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122415589170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55724945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grigoryeva&rft.aufirst=Angelina&rft.au=Ruef%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutt2007" class="citation book cs1">Hutt, William Harold (2007). <i>The economics of the colour bar</i>. Auburn, Alabama: The Ludwig von Mises Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economics+of+the+colour+bar&rft.place=Auburn%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=The+Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=William+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLofgren1987" class="citation book cs1">Lofgren, Charles A. (1987). <i>The Plessy Case: A Legal-Historical Interpretation</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plessy+Case%3A+A+Legal-Historical+Interpretation.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Lofgren&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMedley2003" class="citation book cs1">Medley, Keith Weldon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weasfreemenpless00medl"><i>We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson</i></a>. Gretna, LA: Pelican. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-120-2"><bdi>978-1-58980-120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+As+Freemen%3A+Plessy+v.+Ferguson&rft.place=Gretna%2C+LA&rft.pub=Pelican&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58980-120-2&rft.aulast=Medley&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweasfreemenpless00medl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNightengale2012" class="citation book cs1">Nightengale, Carl H. (2012). <i>Segregation: A Global History of Divided Cities</i>. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-58074-6"><bdi>978-0-226-58074-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Segregation%3A+A+Global+History+of+Divided+Cities&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-58074-6&rft.aulast=Nightengale&rft.aufirst=Carl+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Raffel, Jeffrey. <i>Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience</i> (Bloomsbury, 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2a7OEAAAQBAJ&dq=HISTORICAL+DICTIONARY+OF+SCHOOL+SEGREGATION+AND+DESEGREGATION&pg=PR7">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTushnet2008" class="citation book cs1">Tushnet, Mark (2008). <i>I dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases</i>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0036-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0036-6"><bdi>978-0-8070-0036-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+dissent%3A+Great+Opposing+Opinions+in+Landmark+Supreme+Court+Cases&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-0036-6&rft.aulast=Tushnet&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+segregation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Anderson, Carol (2016). White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. Bloomsbury USA <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63286-413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63286-413-0">978-1-63286-413-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_segregation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Racial_segregation" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808091642/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/Medley1003.htm">Review of 'We As Freeman: Plessy v. Ferguson'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488135/racial-segregation">Encyclopædia Britannica: Article on Racial Segregation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041114125050/http://www.skidmore.edu/~dkarp/Social%20Issues/E/history.html">A study of segregation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php">South Africa's District Six Museum which examines forced segregation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Segregation_by_type" title="Template talk:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation_by_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Segregation by type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Segregation_in_countries_by_type_(in_some_countries,_categories_overlap)584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Committee" title="Tal Committee">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Muslims_from_Serbia_(1862)" title="Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Saudi_Arabia" title="Religious segregation">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Bahrain" title="Religious segregation">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation#Myanmar" title="Religious segregation">Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethnic and racial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Canada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgaria and Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_population_exchange" title="Czechoslovak–Hungarian population exchange">Czechoslovakia and Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_situation_in_the_French_suburbs" title="Social situation in the French suburbs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche" title="Nur für Deutsche">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Portugal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racial segregation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_resistance" title="Massive resistance">Massive resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Afghanistan" title="Sex segregation in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Iran" title="Sex segregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_separation_in_Judaism" title="Gender separation in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation_in_public_restrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex segregation in public restrooms">Sex segregation in public restrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_zoning" title="Exclusionary zoning">Exclusionary zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">Residential segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafrada" title="Hafrada">Hafrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">Majority minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rankism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid" title="Social apartheid">Social apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Segregation" title="Category:Segregation">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caste" title="Category:Caste">caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_segregation" title="Category:Sex segregation">gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racial_segregation" title="Category:Racial segregation">racial</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Segregation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Segregation">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racism459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racism_topics" title="Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racism_topics" title="Template talk:Racism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racism459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_racism" title="Aversive racism">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_racism" title="Covert racism">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_on_the_Internet" title="Racism on the Internet">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_racism" title="Gendered racism">Gendered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_racism" title="Internalized racism">Internalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_racism" title="Patent racism">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_racism" title="Laissez-faire racism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_racism" title="Linguistic racism">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonial_racism" title="Neocolonial racism">Neocolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_racism" title="Romantic racism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_racism" title="Societal racism">Societal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_racism" title="Symbolic racism">Symbolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations<br />of racism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Discrimination based on nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">Hypodescent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">Hyperdescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_capitalism" title="Racial capitalism">Racial capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">Racial hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">Racial profiling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Africa" title="Racism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Racism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia" title="Racism in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_Korea" title="Racism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Korea" title="Racism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Libya" title="Racism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Sudan" title="Racism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe" title="Racism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Denmark" title="Racism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Poland" title="Racism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal" title="Racism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Spain" title="Racism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Ukraine" title="Racism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Iran" title="Racism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" title="Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Mexico" title="Racism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_America" title="Racism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Argentina" title="Racism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Brazil" title="Racism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Chile" title="Racism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racism by target</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanese Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Korean sentiment in Japan">Zainichi Koreans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynoir" title="Misogynoir">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Jewish_communities" title="Racism in Jewish communities">In Jewish communities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the LGBT community">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Muslim_communities" title="Racism in Muslim communities">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_wine_industry" title="Racism in the wine industry">Wine industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Racial supremacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Casteism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_plastic_surgery" title="Ethnic plastic surgery">Ethnic plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_back_to_where_you_came_from" title="Go back to where you came from">Go back to where you came from</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk_democracy" title="Herrenvolk democracy">Herrenvolk democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interminority_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Interminority racism in the United States">Interminority racism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Hispanic_and_Latino_American_communities" title="Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities">Hispanics/Latinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics_of_racism" title="Psychometrics of racism">Psychometrics of racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Race and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_card" title="Race card">Race card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_misrepresentation" title="Racial misrepresentation">Racial misrepresentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Racial figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport_in_Australia" title="Racism in sport in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Racism" title="Category:Racism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Racism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Racism">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Serers" title="Persecution of Serers">Serers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_curricula" title="Bias in curricula">In curricula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">in Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_rights_movement" title="Autism rights movement">Autism rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_audition" title="Blind audition">Blind audition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_movement_against_apartheid" title="Music in the movement against apartheid">Music in the movement against apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_pride" title="Mad pride">Mad pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" 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