CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Joachim von Ribbentrop - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3b7dd3f4-18cc-4581-b073-b361630783cc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Joachim_von_Ribbentrop","wgTitle":"Joachim von Ribbentrop","wgCurRevisionId":1279764140,"wgRevisionId":1279764140,"wgArticleId":16547,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2015","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Oxford spelling from March 2013","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles with hCards","Pages with German IPA","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from August 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024","Articles needing additional references from May 2024","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles with excerpts","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing video clips","1893 births","1946 deaths","20th-century German nobility","20th-century German politicians","Ambassadors of Germany to the United Kingdom","Diplomats in the Nazi Party","Executed German mass murderers","Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia","Foreign relations of Nazi Germany","German Army personnel of World War I","German people convicted of crimes against humanity","German people convicted of the international crime of aggression","German Protestants","Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)","Government ministers of Nazi Germany","Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary","Holocaust perpetrators","Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936","Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938","Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945","Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany","Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact","Nobility in the Nazi Party","People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg","People executed for crimes against humanity","People from the Rhine Province","People from Wesel","Prussian Army personnel","Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class","SS-Obergruppenführer","World War II political leaders"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Joachim_von_Ribbentrop","wgRelevantArticleId":16547,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q101886","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.19"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1544"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1029"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Joachim von Ribbentrop - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop rootpage-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Joachim+von+Ribbentrop" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joachim+von+Ribbentrop" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Joachim+von+Ribbentrop" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Joachim+von+Ribbentrop" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_diplomatic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_diplomatic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Early diplomatic career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_diplomatic_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early diplomatic career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_diplomatic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undermining_Versailles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undermining_Versailles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Undermining Versailles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undermining_Versailles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_Commissioner_for_Disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Commissioner_for_Disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Special Commissioner for Disarmament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Commissioner_for_Disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dienststelle_Ribbentrop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dienststelle_Ribbentrop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Dienststelle Ribbentrop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dienststelle_Ribbentrop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador-Plenipotentiary_at_Large" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador-Plenipotentiary_at_Large"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Ambassador-Plenipotentiary at Large </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambassador-Plenipotentiary_at_Large-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Anglo-German Naval Agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Comintern_Pact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Comintern_Pact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Anti-Comintern Pact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Comintern_Pact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterans'_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans'_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Veterans' exchanges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans'_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ambassador to the United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Minister_of_the_Reich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Minister_of_the_Reich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Foreign Minister of the Reich </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_Minister_of_the_Reich-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign Minister of the Reich subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Minister_of_the_Reich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Munich_Agreement_and_Czechoslovakia's_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munich_Agreement_and_Czechoslovakia's_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Munich Agreement and Czechoslovakia's destruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munich_Agreement_and_Czechoslovakia's_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-German_non-aggression_pact,_December_1938" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-German_non-aggression_pact,_December_1938"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 French-German non-aggression pact, December 1938 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-German_non-aggression_pact,_December_1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_threat_to_Poland_and_British_guarantee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_threat_to_Poland_and_British_guarantee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 German threat to Poland and British guarantee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_threat_to_Poland_and_British_guarantee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pact_with_Soviet_Union_and_outbreak_of_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pact_with_Soviet_Union_and_outbreak_of_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Pact with Soviet Union and outbreak of World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pact_with_Soviet_Union_and_outbreak_of_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_wartime_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_wartime_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Relations with wartime allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_wartime_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Declining influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Arrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Trial and execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Film portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Joachim von Ribbentrop</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يواخيم فون ريبنتروب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يواخيم فون ريبنتروب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0oahim_fon_Ribbentrop" title="İoahim fon Ribbentrop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İoahim fon Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Іаахім фон Рыбентроп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іаахім фон Рыбентроп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Ёахім фон Рыбэнтроп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёахім фон Рыбэнтроп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Йоахим фон Рибентроп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоахим фон Рибентроп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BC_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80" title="Γιοάχιμ φον Ρίμπεντροπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιοάχιμ φον Ρίμπεντροπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE" title="یواخیم فون ریبنتروپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یواخیم فون ریبنتروپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EC%95%84%ED%9E%98_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="요아힘 폰 리벤트로프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요아힘 폰 리벤트로프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%B4_%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA" title="Յոախիմ ֆոն Ռիբենտրոպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոախիմ ֆոն Ռիբենտրոպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4" title="יואכים פון ריבנטרופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יואכים פון ריבנטרופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="იოახიმ ფონ რიბენტროპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოახიმ ფონ რიბენტროპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Иоахим Риббентроп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иоахим Риббентроп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioachimus_de_Ribbentrop" title="Ioachimus de Ribbentrop – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioachimus de Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joahims_fon_Ribentrops" title="Joahims fon Ribentrops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Joahims fon Ribentrops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Јоаким фон Рибентроп – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоаким фон Рибентроп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="യോഹിം ഫോൻ റിബൻത്രോപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യോഹിം ഫോൻ റിബൻത്രോപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="იოახიმ ფონ რიბენტროპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოახიმ ფონ რიბენტროპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يواخيم فون ريبنتروب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يواخيم فون ريبنتروب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Иоахим фон Риббентроп – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иоахим фон Риббентроп" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%92%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%97" title="ヨアヒム・フォン・リッベントロップ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨアヒム・フォン・リッベントロップ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8F%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%A1_%DF%9D%DF%AD%DF%90%DF%B2_%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%93%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%95%DF%99%DF%8F%DF%94" title="ߖߏߊߛ߭ߌߡ ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߙߌߓߍ߲ߕߙߏߔ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߏߊߛ߭ߌߡ ߝ߭ߐ߲ ߙߌߓߍ߲ߕߙߏߔ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="ربن ٹراپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ربن ٹراپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Риббентроп, Иоахим фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Риббентроп, Иоахим фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="ربن ٹراپ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ربن ٹراپ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Јоахим фон Рибентроп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоахим фон Рибентроп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Йоахим фон Риббентроп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йоахим фон Риббентроп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E" title="โยอาคิม ฟ็อน ริบเบินทร็อพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โยอาคิม ฟ็อน ริบเบินทร็อพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Йоахім фон Ріббентроп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоахім фон Ріббентроп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="ربن ٹراپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ربن ٹراپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joachim von Ribbentrop" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%81%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%9B%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E7%94%AB" title="要阿辛·冯·里宾特洛甫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="要阿辛·冯·里宾特洛甫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4" title="יאאכים פאן ריבענטראפ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאאכים פאן ריבענטראפ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E8%B3%93%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E7%94%AB" title="里賓特洛甫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="里賓特洛甫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E7%94%AB" title="约阿希姆·冯·里宾特洛甫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约阿希姆·冯·里宾特洛甫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101886#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&oldid=1279764140" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&id=1279764140&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJoachim_von_Ribbentrop">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJoachim_von_Ribbentrop">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101886" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German politician and diplomat (1893–1946)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ribbentrop" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Ribbentrop_(surname)" title="Ribbentrop (surname)">Ribbentrop (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Joachim von Ribbentrop</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810,_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a middle-aged man with short grey hair and a stern expression. He wears a dark military uniform, with a swastika on one arm. He is seated with his hands on a table with several papers on it, holding a pen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="696" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Ribbentrop in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Reich Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 February 1938 – 30 April 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Germany,_London" title="Embassy of Germany, London">German Ambassador to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 October 1936 – 4 February 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Adolf Hitler</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Hoesch" title="Leopold von Hoesch">Leopold von Hoesch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen">Herbert von Dirksen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Additional positions</th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>1933–1945</th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Greater German Reichstag</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop</div> (1893-04-30)30 April 1893 <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a>, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1946(1946-10-16) (aged 53) <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (1932–1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Anna Elisabeth Henkell</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1920)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Ribbentrop" title="Rudolf von Ribbentrop">Rudolf von Ribbentrop</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Businessman, diplomat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg/128px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg/192px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg/256px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="66" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1914–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">12th Hussar Regiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Criminal conviction<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Executed" class="mw-redirect" title="Executed">Executed</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Convictions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Conspiracy to commit crimes against peace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_of_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Death</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[joˈʔaxɪm fɔn ˈʁɪbəntʁɔp]</a>; 30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician and diplomat who served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> from 1938 to 1945. Ribbentrop first came to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s notice as a well-travelled businessman with more knowledge of the outside world than most senior Nazis and as a perceived authority on foreign affairs. He offered his house <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Fuschl" title="Schloss Fuschl">Schloss Fuschl</a> for the secret meetings in January 1933 that resulted in Hitler's appointment as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>. He became a close confidant of Hitler, to the dismay of some party members, who thought him unintelligent, superficial and lacking in talent. He was appointed ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court of St James's</a>, the royal court of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in 1936 and then Foreign Minister of Germany in February 1938. Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he played a key role in brokering the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> (an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> (the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact). He favoured retaining good relations with the Soviets, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. In late 1941, due to <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">American aid to Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">increasingly frequent "incidents"</a> in the North Atlantic between U-boats and American warships guarding convoys to Britain, Ribbentrop worked for the failure of the Japanese-American talks in Washington and for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japan</a> to attack the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_345-2">[2]</a> He did his utmost to support a <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States" title="German declaration of war against the United States">declaration of war</a> on the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._346–347-3">[3]</a> From 1941 onwards, Ribbentrop's influence declined. Arrested in June 1945, Ribbentrop was convicted and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">sentenced to death</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> for his role in starting World War II in Europe and enabling <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. On 16 October 1946, he became the first of the Nuremberg defendants to be <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Joachim von Ribbentrop was born in <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhenish Prussia</a>, to Richard Ulrich Friedrich Joachim Ribbentrop, a career army officer, and his wife Johanne Sophie Hertwig.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> He was not born with the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a> <a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> From 1904 to 1908, Ribbentrop took <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> courses at <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fabert" title="Lycée Fabert">Lycée Fabert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>'s most powerful fortress, and would become fluent in both French and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> A former teacher recalled Ribbentrop "was the most stupid in his class, full of vanity and very pushy".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Cashiering" title="Cashiering">cashiered</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> in 1908 for repeatedly disparaging <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> for his dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> and the Kaiser's <a href="/wiki/Eulenburg_affair" title="Eulenburg affair">alleged homosexuality</a>. As a result, the Ribbentrop family was often short of money.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> For the next 18 months, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Arosa" title="Arosa">Arosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, where the children continued to be taught by French and English private tutors, and Ribbentrop spent his free time skiing and mountaineering.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Following the stay in Arosa, Ribbentrop was sent to Britain for a year to improve his knowledge of English. Fluent in both <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, young Ribbentrop lived at various times in <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, France and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, before travelling to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He worked for the <a href="/wiki/Molsons_Bank" title="Molsons Bank">Molsons Bank</a> on <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Street,_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Street, Montreal">Stanley Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and then for the engineering firm M. P. and J. T. Davis on the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Bridge" title="Quebec Bridge">Quebec Bridge</a> reconstruction. He was also employed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Transcontinental_Railway" title="National Transcontinental Railway">National Transcontinental Railway</a>, which constructed a line from <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>. He worked as a journalist in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> but returned to Germany to recover from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He returned to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and set up a small business in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> importing German wine and champagne.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_7-12">[12]</a> In 1914, he competed for Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/Minto_Skating_Club" title="Minto Skating Club">Minto</a> ice-skating team and participated in the Ellis Memorial Trophy tournament in Boston in February.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_7-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> began later in 1914, Ribbentrop left Canada, which, as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, was at war with Germany, and found temporary sanctuary in the neutral <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_8-14">[14]</a> On 15 August 1914, he sailed from <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Holland_America_Line" title="Holland America Line">Holland-America</a> ship Potsdam, bound for <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_8-14">[14]</a> and on his return to Germany enlisted in the Prussian 12th <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussar</a> Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Ribbentrop served first on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a>, and was then transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_8-14">[14]</a> He earned a commission and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, having been wounded during his service. In 1918, 1st Lieutenant Ribbentrop was stationed in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> as a staff officer.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> During his time in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkey</a>, he became a friend of another staff officer, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1919, Ribbentrop met Anna Elisabeth Henkell ("Annelies" to her friends),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> the daughter of a wealthy Wiesbaden wine producer. They were married on 5 July 1920, and Ribbentrop began to travel throughout Europe as a wine salesman. He and Annelies had five children together.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1925, his aunt, Gertrud von Ribbentrop, adopted him, which allowed him to add the nobiliary particle von to his name.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Many of his peers and colleagues, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, would ridicule him later in life for not having been born with the title. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> In 1928, Ribbentrop was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as a businessman with foreign connections who "gets the same price for German champagne as others get for French champagne".<a href="#cite_note-current_708-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolf-Heinrich_Graf_von_Helldorff" title="Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff">Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff</a>, with whom Ribbentrop had served in the 12th Torgau Hussars in the First World War, arranged the introduction.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Ribbentrop and his wife joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> on 1 May 1932.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Ribbentrop began his political career by offering to be a secret emissary between Chancellor of Germany <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, his old wartime friend, and Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-Turner,_p._70-24">[24]</a> His offer was initially refused. Six months later, however, Hitler and Papen accepted his help.<a href="#cite_note-Turner,_p._70-24">[24]</a> Their change of heart occurred after General <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> ousted Papen in December 1932. This led to a complex set of intrigues in which Papen and various friends of president <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> negotiated with Hitler to oust Schleicher. On 22 January 1933, State Secretary <a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a> and Hindenburg's son <a href="/wiki/Oskar_von_Hindenburg" title="Oskar von Hindenburg">Oskar</a> met Hitler, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> at Ribbentrop's home in Berlin's exclusive <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Dahlem</a> district.<a href="#cite_note-Turner,_p._70-24">[24]</a> Over dinner, Papen made the fateful concession that if Schleicher's government were to fall, he would abandon his demand for the Chancellorship and instead use his influence with President Hindenburg to ensure Hitler got the Chancellorship.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Ribbentrop was not popular with the Nazi Party's <a href="/wiki/Alte_K%C3%A4mpfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alte Kämpfer">Alte Kämpfer</a> (Old Fighters); they nearly all disliked him.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Laurence Rees</a> described Ribbentrop as "the Nazi almost all the other leading Nazis hated".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> expressed a common view when he <a href="/wiki/Goebbels_diaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels diaries">confided to his diary</a> that "Von Ribbentrop bought his name, he married his money and he swindled his way into office".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Ribbentrop was among the few who could meet with Hitler at any time without an appointment, however, unlike Goebbels or Göring.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop#Dubious" title="Talk:Joachim von Ribbentrop">discuss</a>] During most of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> era, Ribbentrop was apolitical and displayed no <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> prejudices.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_16-30">[30]</a> A visitor to a party Ribbentrop threw in 1928 recorded that Ribbentrop had no political views beyond a vague admiration for <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a>, fear of Communism, and a wish to restore the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_16-30">[30]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> Jewish businessmen who did business with Ribbentrop in the 1920s and knew him well later expressed astonishment at the vicious antisemitism he later displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi era</a>, saying that they did not see any indications he had held such views.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_16-30">[30]</a> As a partner in his father-in-law's champagne firm, Ribbentrop did business with Jewish bankers and organised the Impegroma Importing Company ("Import und Export großer Marken") with Jewish financing.<a href="#cite_note-current_708-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_diplomatic_career">Early diplomatic career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early diplomatic career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Ribbentrop became Hitler's favourite foreign-policy adviser, partly by dint of his familiarity with the world outside Germany but also by flattery and sycophancy.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> One German diplomat later recalled, "Ribbentrop didn't understand anything about foreign policy. His sole wish was to please Hitler".<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> In particular, Ribbentrop acquired the habit of listening carefully to what Hitler was saying, memorizing his pet ideas and then later presenting Hitler's ideas as his own, a practice that much impressed Hitler as proving Ribbentrop was an ideal Nazi diplomat.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Ribbentrop quickly learned that Hitler always favoured the most radical solution to any problem and accordingly tendered his advice in that direction as a Ribbentrop aide recalled: <blockquote>When Hitler said "Grey", Ribbentrop said "Black, black, black". He always said it three times more, and he was always more radical. I listened to what Hitler said one day when Ribbentrop wasn't present: "With Ribbentrop it is so easy, he is always so radical. Meanwhile, all the other people I have, they come here, they have problems, they are afraid, they think we should take care and then I have to blow them up, to get strong. And Ribbentrop was blowing up the whole day and I had to do nothing. I had to break – much better!"<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></blockquote> Another reason for Ribbentrop's rise was Hitler's distrust of and disdain for Germany's professional diplomats. He suspected that they did not entirely support his revolution.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> However, the Foreign Office diplomats loyally served the government and rarely gave Hitler grounds for criticism,<a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen_p._59-36">[36]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> diplomats were ultranationalist, authoritarian and antisemitic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] As a result, there was enough overlap in values between both groups to allow most of them to work comfortably for the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Trevor-Roper_pp_241-242-37">[37]</a> Nonetheless, Hitler never quite trusted the Foreign Office and was on the lookout for someone to carry out his foreign policy goals.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen_p._59-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undermining_Versailles">Undermining Versailles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Undermining Versailles">edit</a>]</div> The Nazis and Germany's professional diplomats shared a goal in destroying the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and restoring Germany as a great power.<a href="#cite_note-Trevor-Roper_pp_241-242-37">[37]</a> In October 1933, German Foreign Minister Baron <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> presented a note at the <a href="/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="World Disarmament Conference">World Disarmament Conference</a> announcing that it was unfair that Germany should remain disarmed by Part V of the Versailles Treaty and demanded for the other powers to disarm to Germany's level or to rescind Part V and allow Germany Gleichberechtigung ("equality of armaments"). When France rejected Neurath's note, Germany stormed out of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and the World Disarmament Conference. It all but announced its intention of unilaterally violating Part V. Consequently, there were several calls in France for a <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a> to put an end to the Nazi regime while Germany was still more-or-less disarmed.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_40-41-38">[38]</a> However, in November, Ribbentrop arranged a meeting between Hitler and the French journalist <a href="/wiki/Fernand_de_Brinon" title="Fernand de Brinon">Fernand de Brinon</a>, who wrote for the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Matin_(France)" title="Le Matin (France)">Le Matin</a>. During the meeting, Hitler stressed what he claimed to be his love of peace and his friendship towards France.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_40-41-38">[38]</a> Hitler's meeting with Brinon had a huge effect on French public opinion and helped to put an end to the calls for a preventive war. It convinced many in France that Hitler was a man of peace, who wanted to do away only with Part V of the Versailles Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_40-41-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Commissioner_for_Disarmament">Special Commissioner for Disarmament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Special Commissioner for Disarmament">edit</a>]</div> In 1934, Hitler named Ribbentrop Special Commissioner for <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In his early years, Hitler's goal in foreign affairs was to persuade the world that he wished to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Defence_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence budget">defence budget</a> by making idealistic but very vague disarmament offers (in the 1930s, disarmament described <a href="/wiki/Arms_limitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms limitation">arms limitation</a> agreements).<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_56-40">[40]</a> At the same time, the Germans always resisted making concrete arms-limitations proposals, and they went ahead with increased military spending on grounds that other powers would not take up German arms-limitation offers.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_56-40">[40]</a> Ribbentrop was tasked with ensuring that the world remained convinced that Germany sincerely wanted an arms-limitation treaty, but he ensured that no such treaty was ever developed.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_56-40">[40]</a> On 17 April 1934, French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a> issued the so-called "Barthou note", which led to concerns on the part of Hitler that the French would ask for sanctions against Germany for violating Part V of the Versailles Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Ribbentrop volunteered to stop the rumoured sanctions and visited London and Rome.<a href="#cite_note-craig_422-42">[42]</a> During his visits, Ribbentrop met with British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Simon">Sir John Simon</a> and Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and asked them to postpone the next meeting of the Bureau of Disarmament in exchange for which Ribbentrop offered nothing in return other than promising better relations with Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-craig_422-42">[42]</a> The meeting of the Bureau of Disarmament went ahead as scheduled, but because no sanctions were sought against Germany, Ribbentrop could claim a success.<a href="#cite_note-craig_422-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dienststelle_Ribbentrop">Dienststelle Ribbentrop</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dienststelle Ribbentrop">edit</a>]</div> In August 1934, Ribbentrop founded an organization linked to the Nazi Party called the Büro Ribbentrop (later renamed the Dienststelle Ribbentrop). It functioned as an alternative foreign ministry.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Dienststelle Ribbentrop, which had its offices directly across from the Foreign Office's building on the Wilhelmstrasse in Berlin, had in its membership a collection of <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitlerjugend</a> alumni, dissatisfied businessmen, former reporters, and ambitious <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> members, all of whom tried to conduct a foreign policy independent of and often contrary to the official Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-craig_422-42">[42]</a> The Dienststelle served as an informal tool for the implementation of the foreign policy of Hitler, consciously bypassing the traditional foreign policy institutions and diplomatic channels of the German Foreign Office. However, the Dienststelle also competed with other Nazi party units active in the area of foreign policy, such as the foreign organization of the Nazis (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a>) led by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Bohle" title="Ernst Wilhelm Bohle">Ernst Bohle</a> and <a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Nazi Party office of foreign affairs</a> (APA) led by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> With the appointment of Ribbentrop to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in February 1938, the Dienststelle itself lost its importance, and about a third of the staff of the office followed Ribbentrop to the Foreign Office. Ribbentrop engaged in diplomacy on his own, such as when he visited France and met Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Barthou" title="Louis Barthou">Louis Barthou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_Ribbentrop,_p._52-45">[45]</a> During their meeting, Ribbentrop suggested for Barthou to meet Hitler at once to sign a Franco-German non-aggression pact.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_Ribbentrop,_p._52-45">[45]</a> Ribbentrop wanted to buy time to complete German rearmament by removing preventive war as a French policy option. The Barthou-Ribbentrop meeting infuriated <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a>, since the Foreign Office had not been informed.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Although the Dienststelle Ribbentrop was concerned with German relations in every part of the world, it emphasised <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-German relations">Anglo-German relations</a>, as Ribbentrop knew that Hitler favoured an alliance with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-craig_422-42">[42]</a> As such, Ribbentrop greatly worked during his early diplomatic career to realize Hitler's dream of an anti-Soviet Anglo-German alliance. Ribbentrop made frequent trips to Britain, and upon his return he always reported to Hitler that most British people longed for an alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-craig_422-42">[42]</a> In November 1934, Ribbentrop met <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Lord Cecil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Lord Lothian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On the basis of Lord Lothian's praise for the natural friendship between Germany and Britain, Ribbentrop informed Hitler that all elements of British society wished for closer ties with Germany. His report delighted Hitler, causing him to remark that Ribbentrop was the only person who told him "the truth about the world abroad".<a href="#cite_note-craig_425-48">[48]</a> Because the Foreign Office's diplomats were not so sunny in their appraisal of the prospects for an alliance, Ribbentrop's influence with Hitler increased.<a href="#cite_note-craig_425-48">[48]</a> Ribbentrop's personality, with his disdain for diplomatic niceties, meshed with what Hitler felt should be the relentless dynamism of a revolutionary regime.<a href="#cite_note-craig_425-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambassador-Plenipotentiary_at_Large">Ambassador-Plenipotentiary at Large</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ambassador-Plenipotentiary at Large">edit</a>]</div> Hitler rewarded Ribbentrop by appointing him Reich Minister Ambassador-Plenipotentiary at Large. In that capacity, Ribbentrop negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> (AGNA) in 1935 and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> in 1936. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anglo-German Naval Agreement">edit</a>]</div> Neurath did not think it possible to achieve the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. To discredit his rival, he appointed Ribbentrop head of the delegation sent to London to negotiate it.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Once the talks began, Ribbentrop issued an ultimatum to <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Sir John Simon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> informing him that if Germany's terms were not accepted in their entirety, the German delegation would go home.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Simon was angry with that demand, and walked out of the talks.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> However, to everyone's surprise, the next day the British accepted Ribbentrop's demands, and the AGNA was signed in London on 18 June 1935 by Ribbentrop and Sir <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a>, the new British Foreign Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The diplomatic success did much to increase Ribbentrop's prestige with Hitler, who called the day the AGNA was signed "the happiest day in my life". He believed it marked the beginning of an Anglo-German alliance, and ordered celebrations throughout Germany to mark the event.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Immediately after the AGNA was signed, Ribbentrop followed up with the next step that was intended to create the Anglo-German alliance, the <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a> (co-ordination) of all societies demanding the restoration of <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany's former colonies in Africa</a>. On 3 July 1935, it was announced that Ribbentrop would head the efforts to recover Germany's former African colonies.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Hitler and Ribbentrop believed that demanding colonial restoration would pressure the British into making an alliance with the Reich on German terms.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> However, there was a difference between Ribbentrop and Hitler: Ribbentrop sincerely wished to recover the former German colonies, but for Hitler, colonial demands were just a negotiating tactic. Germany would renounce its demands in exchange for a British alliance.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-Comintern_Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anti-Comintern Pact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg/220px-Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg/330px-Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg/440px-Anti-Comintern_Pact_signing_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop and the Japanese ambassador to Germany, <a href="/wiki/Kintomo_Mushakoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintomo Mushakoji">Kintomo Mushakoji</a>, sign the Anti-Comintern Pact on 25 November 1936</figcaption></figure> The Anti-Comintern Pact in November 1936 marked an important change in German foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Foreign Office had traditionally favoured a policy of friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/China-Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Nazi Germany relations">informal Sino-German alliance</a> had emerged by the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_81-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-craig_432-60">[60]</a> Neurath very much believed in maintaining Germany's good relations with China and mistrusted the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_81-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-craig_432-60">[60]</a> Ribbentrop was opposed to the Foreign Office's pro-China orientation and instead favoured an alliance with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_81-59">[59]</a> To that end, Ribbentrop often worked closely with General <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a>, who served first as the Japanese military attaché and then as ambassador in Berlin, to strengthen German-Japanese ties, despite furious opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and the Foreign Office, which preferred closer Sino-German ties.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_81-59">[59]</a> The origins of the Anti-Comintern Pact went back to mid-1935, when in an effort to square the circle between seeking a rapprochement with Japan and Germany's traditional alliance with China, Ribbentrop and Ōshima devised the idea of an anticommunist alliance as a way to bind China, Japan and Germany together.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg_342-61">[61]</a> However, when the Chinese made it clear that they had no interest in such an alliance (especially given that the Japanese regarded Chinese adhesion to the proposed pact as a way of subordinating China to Japan), both Neurath and War Minister <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a> persuaded Hitler to shelve the proposed treaty to avoid damaging Germany's good relations with China.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg_342-61">[61]</a> Ribbentrop, who valued Japanese friendship far more than that of the Chinese, argued that Germany and Japan should sign the pact without Chinese participation.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg_342-61">[61]</a> By November 1936, a revival of interest in a German-Japanese pact in both Tokyo and Berlin led to the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg_343-62">[62]</a> When the Pact was signed, invitations were sent to Italy, China, Britain and Poland to join. However, of the invited powers, only the Italians would ultimately sign.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg_343-62">[62]</a> The Anti-Comintern Pact marked the beginning of the shift on Germany's part from China's ally to Japan's ally.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veterans'_exchanges">Veterans' exchanges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Veterans' exchanges">edit</a>]</div> In 1935, Ribbentrop arranged for a series of much-publicised visits of First World War veterans to Britain, France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65-64">[64]</a> Ribbentrop persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Legion" title="Royal British Legion">Royal British Legion</a> and many French veterans' groups to send delegations to Germany to meet German veterans as the best way to promote peace.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65-64">[64]</a> At the same time, Ribbentrop arranged for members of the <a href="/wiki/Der_Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Frontkämpferbund</a>, the official German World War I veterans' group, to visit Britain and France to meet veterans there.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65-64">[64]</a> The veterans' visits and attendant promises of "never again" did much to improve the "New Germany's" image in Britain and France. In July 1935, Brigadier Sir Francis Featherstone-Godley led the British Legion's delegation to Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a>, the Legion's patron, made a much-publicized speech at the Legion's annual conference in June 1935 that stated that he could think of no better group of men than those of the Legion to visit and carry the message of peace to Germany and that he hoped that Britain and Germany would never fight again.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> As for the contradiction between German rearmament and his message of peace, Ribbentrop argued to whoever would listen that the German people had been "humiliated" by the Versailles Treaty, Germany wanted peace above all and German violations of Versailles were part of an effort to restore Germany's "self-respect". By the 1930s, much of British opinion had been convinced that the treaty was monstrously unfair and unjust to Germany, so as a result, many in Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(T._J.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Jones (T. J.)">Thomas Jones</a>, Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet, were very open to Ribbentrop's message that European peace would be restored if only the Treaty of Versailles could be done away with.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom">Ambassador to the United Kingdom</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ambassador to the United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In August 1936, Hitler appointed Ribbentrop <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_(diplomacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador (diplomacy)">ambassador</a> to the United Kingdom with orders to negotiate an Anglo-German alliance.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Ribbentrop arrived to take up his position in October 1936, formally presenting his credentials to <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a> on 30 October.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._112-113-69">[69]</a> Ribbentrop's time in London was marked by an endless series of social gaffes and blunders that worsened his already-poor relations with the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>. Invited to stay as a house guest of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Henry_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">7th Marquess of Londonderry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wynyard_Hall" title="Wynyard Hall">Wynyard Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, in November 1936, he was taken to a service in <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, and the hymn <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Things_of_Thee_Are_Spoken" title="Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken">Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken</a> was announced. As the organ played the opening bars, identical to the <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">German national anthem</a>, Ribbentrop gave the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> and had to be restrained by his host.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> At his wife's suggestion, Ribbentrop hired the Berlin interior decorator <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(diplomat)" title="Martin Luther (diplomat)">Martin Luther</a> to assist with his move to London and help realise the design of the new German embassy that Ribbentrop had built there (he felt that the existing embassy was insufficiently grand). Luther proved to be a master intriguer and became Ribbentrop's favourite hatchet man.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_107-71">[71]</a> Ribbentrop did not understand the limited role in government exercised by 20th-century British monarchs. He thought that <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII of the United Kingdom">King Edward VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, could dictate British foreign policy if he wanted.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_107-71">[71]</a> He convinced Hitler that he had Edward's support, but that was as much a delusion as his belief that he had impressed British society. In fact, Ribbentrop often displayed a fundamental misunderstanding of British politics and society. During the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication crisis in December 1936</a>, Ribbentrop reported to Berlin that it had been precipitated by an anti-German Jewish-Masonic-reactionary conspiracy to depose Edward, whom Ribbentrop represented as a staunch friend of Germany, and that civil war would soon break out in Britain between supporters of Edward and those of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. Ribbentrop's civil war predictions were greeted with incredulity by the British people who heard them.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_Carl_Alexander_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg">Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg</a> had told the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> that <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, Edward's lover and a suspected Nazi sympathizer, had slept with Ribbentrop in London in 1936; had remained in constant contact with him; and had continued to leak secrets.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Ribbentrop had a habit of summoning tailors from the best British firms, making them wait for hours and then sending them away without seeing him but with instructions to return the next day, only to repeat the process. That did immense damage to his reputation in British high society, as London's tailors retaliated by telling all their well-off clients that Ribbentrop was impossible to deal with.<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> In an interview, his secretary Reinhard Spitzy stated, "He [Ribbentrop] behaved very stupidly and very pompously and the British don't like pompous people".<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> In the same interview, Spitzy called Ribbentrop "pompous, conceited and not too intelligent" and stated he was an utterly insufferable man to work for.<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> In addition, Ribbentrop chose to spend as little time as possible in London to stay close to Hitler, which irritated the British Foreign Office immensely, as Ribbentrop's frequent absences prevented the handling of many routine diplomatic matters.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> referred to him as the <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Jew" title="Wandering Jew">"Wandering Aryan"</a> for his frequent trips home.)<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._125-127-75">[75]</a> As Ribbentrop alienated more and more people in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> warned Hitler that Ribbentrop was a "stupid ass".<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> Hitler dismissed Göring's concerns: "But after all, he knows quite a lot of important people in England." That remark led Göring to reply "Mein Führer, that may be right, but the bad thing is, they know him".<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> In February 1937, Ribbentrop committed a notable social gaffe by unexpectedly greeting <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> with the "German greeting", a stiff-armed Nazi salute:<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> the gesture nearly knocked over the King, who was walking forward to shake Ribbentrop's hand at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._125-127-75">[75]</a> Ribbentrop further compounded the damage to his image and caused a minor crisis in Anglo-German relations by insisting that henceforward all German diplomats were to greet heads of state by giving and receiving the stiff-arm fascist salute.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._125-127-75">[75]</a> The crisis was resolved when Neurath pointed out to Hitler that under Ribbentrop's rule, if the Soviet ambassador were to give the Communist clenched-fist salute, Hitler would be obliged to return it.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On Neurath's advice, Hitler disavowed Ribbentrop's demand that King George receive and give the "German greeting".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Most of Ribbentrop's time was spent demanding that Britain either sign the Anti-Comintern Pact or return the former German colonies in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> However, he also devoted considerable time to courting what he called the "men of influence" as the best way to achieve an Anglo-German alliance.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In order to achieve this he became a member of the Lansdowne Club, a private members club in Mayfair.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> He believed that the British aristocracy comprised some sort of secret society that ruled from behind the scenes, and that if he could befriend enough members of Britain's "secret government" he could bring about the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Almost all of the initially-favourable reports Ribbentrop provided to Berlin about the alliance's prospects were based on friendly remarks about the "New Germany" that came from British aristocrats such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">Lord Londonderry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Lord Lothian</a>. The rather cool reception that Ribbentrop received from British Cabinet ministers and senior bureaucrats did not make much of an impression on him at first.<a href="#cite_note-w58-83">[83]</a> This British governmental view, summarised by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Arthur_James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Robert, Viscount Cranborne</a>, Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a>, was that Ribbentrop always was a second-rate man.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 1935, Sir <a href="/wiki/Eric_Phipps" title="Eric Phipps">Eric Phipps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Germany">British Ambassador to Germany</a>, complained to London about Ribbentrop's British associates in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Fellowship" title="Anglo-German Fellowship">Anglo-German Fellowship</a>. He felt that they created "false German hopes as in regards to British friendship and caused a reaction against it in England, where public opinion is very naturally hostile to the Nazi regime and its methods".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In September 1937, the British Consul in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, writing about the group that Ribbentrop had brought to the Nuremberg Rally, reported that there were some "serious persons of standing among them" but that an equal number of Ribbentrop's British contingent were "eccentrics and few, if any, could be called representatives of serious English thought, either political or social, while they most certainly lacked any political or social influence in England".<a href="#cite_note-w58-83">[83]</a> In June 1937, when <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Ashley,_1st_Baron_Mount_Temple" title="Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple">Lord Mount Temple</a>, the Chairman of the Anglo-German Fellowship, asked to see Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> after meeting Hitler in a visit arranged by Ribbentrop, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Vansittart" title="Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart">Robert Vansittart</a>, the British Foreign Office's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Permanent Under-Secretary of State</a>, wrote a memo stating that: <blockquote>The P.M. [Prime Minister] should certainly not see Lord Mount Temple – nor should the S[ecretary] of S[tate]. We really must put a stop to this eternal butting in of amateurs – and Lord Mount Temple is a particularly silly one. These activities – which are practically confined to Germany – render impossible the task of diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></blockquote> After Vansittart's memo, members of the Anglo-German Fellowship ceased to see Cabinet ministers after they went on Ribbentrop-arranged trips to Germany. In February 1937, before a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, Ribbentrop suggested to Hitler that Germany, Italy and Japan begin a worldwide propaganda campaign with the aim of forcing Britain to return the former German colonies in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._48-87">[87]</a> Hitler turned down the idea, but nonetheless during his meeting with Lord Halifax, Ribbentrop spent much of the meeting demanding that Britain sign an alliance with Germany and return the former German colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._48-87">[87]</a> The German historian <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Klaus Hildebrand</a> noted that as early as the Ribbentrop–Halifax meeting the differing foreign policy views of Hitler and Ribbentrop were starting to emerge, with Ribbentrop more interested in restoring the pre-1914 German Imperium in Africa than the conquest of Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._48-87">[87]</a> Following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a>, who argued that Hitler had a Stufenplan (stage by stage plan) for world conquest, Hildebrand argued that Ribbentrop may not have fully understood what Hitler's Stufenplan was or that in pressing so hard for colonial restoration, he was trying to score a personal success that might improve his standing with Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In March 1937, Ribbentrop attracted much adverse comment in the British press when he gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Trade_Fair" title="Leipzig Trade Fair">Leipzig Trade Fair</a> in Leipzig in which he declared that German economic prosperity would be satisfied "through the restoration of the former German colonial possessions, or by means of the German people's own strength."<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_128-89">[89]</a> The implied threat that if colonial restoration did not occur, the Germans would take back their former colonies by force attracted a great deal of hostile commentary on the inappropriateness of an ambassador threatening his host country in such a manner.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_128-89">[89]</a> Ribbentrop's negotiating style, a mix of bullying bluster and icy coldness coupled with lengthy monologues praising Hitler, alienated many.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The American historian <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> once observed that of all the voluminous memoir literature of the diplomatic scene of 1930s Europe, there are only two positive references to Ribbentrop.<a href="#cite_note-Craig,_p._419-91">[91]</a> Of the two references, General <a href="/wiki/Leo_Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" title="Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg">Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg</a>, the German military attaché in London, commented that Ribbentrop had been a brave soldier in World War I, and the wife of the Italian Ambassador to Germany, Elisabetta Cerruti, called Ribbentrop "one of the most diverting of the Nazis".<a href="#cite_note-Craig,_p._419-91">[91]</a> In both cases, the praise was limited, with Cerruti going on to write that only in Nazi Germany was it possible for someone as superficial as Ribbentrop to rise to be a minister of foreign affairs, and Geyr von Schweppenburg called Ribbentrop an absolute disaster as ambassador in London.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The British historian/television producer <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Rees" title="Laurence Rees">Laurence Rees</a> noted for his 1997 series <a href="/wiki/The_Nazis:_A_Warning_from_History" title="The Nazis: A Warning from History">The Nazis: A Warning from History</a> that every single person interviewed for the series who had known Ribbentrop expressed a passionate hatred for him. One German diplomat, Herbert Richter, called Ribbentrop "lazy and worthless", while another, Manfred von Schröder, was quoted as saying Ribbentrop was "vain and ambitious". Rees concluded, "No other Nazi was so hated by his colleagues".<a href="#cite_note-Rees_93-32">[32]</a> In November 1937, Ribbentrop was placed in a highly-embarrassing situation since his forceful advocacy of the return of the former German colonies led British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> and French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Delbos" title="Yvon Delbos">Yvon Delbos</a> to offer to open talks on returning the former German colonies in return for which the Germans would make binding commitments to respect their borders in Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Since Hitler was not interested in obtaining the former colonies, especially if the price was a brake on expansion into Eastern Europe, Ribbentrop was forced to turn down the Anglo-French offer that he had largely brought about.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_146-94">[94]</a> Immediately after turning down the Anglo-French offer on colonial restoration, Ribbentrop, for reasons of pure malice, ordered the Reichskolonialbund to increase the agitation for the former German colonies, a move that exasperated both the Foreign Office and the <a href="/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ministry of Foreign Affairs">French Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_146-94">[94]</a> As the Italian Foreign Minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, noted in his diary in late 1937, Ribbentrop had come to hate Britain with all the "fury of a woman scorned".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Ribbentrop—and Hitler, for that matter—never understood that British foreign policy aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of Germany, not an alliance with it.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> When Ribbentrop traveled to Rome in November 1937 to oversee Italy's adhesion to the Anti-Comintern Pact, he made clear to his hosts that the pact was really directed against Britain. As Ciano noted in his diary, the Anti-Comintern Pact was "anti-Communist in theory, but in fact unmistakably anti-British".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Believing himself to be in a state of disgrace with Hitler over his failure to achieve the British alliance, Ribbentrop spent December 1937 in a state of depression and, together with his wife, wrote two lengthy documents for Hitler that denounced Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_146-94">[94]</a> In the first report to Hitler, which was presented on 2 January 1938, Ribbentrop stated that "England is our most dangerous enemy".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In the same report, Ribbentrop advised Hitler to abandon the idea of a British alliance and instead embrace the idea of an alliance of Germany, Japan and Italy to destroy the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michalka_1985,_pp._271–273-99">[99]</a> Ribbentrop wrote in his "Memorandum for the Führer" that "a change in the status quo in the East to Germany's advantage can only be accomplished by force" and that the best way to achieve it was to build a global anti-British alliance system.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65-100">[100]</a> Besides converting the Anti-Comintern Pact into an anti-British military alliance, Ribbentrop argued that German foreign policy should work to "winning over all states whose interests conform directly or indirectly to ours."<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65-100">[100]</a> By the last statement, Ribbentrop clearly implied that the Soviet Union should be included in the anti-British alliance system he had proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Minister_of_the_Reich">Foreign Minister of the Reich</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign Minister of the Reich">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083,_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-18083%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop as <a href="/wiki/SS-Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Gruppenführer">SS-Gruppenführer</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> In early 1938, Hitler asserted his control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, in part by sacking Neurath.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 4 February 1938, Ribbentrop succeeded Neurath as Foreign Minister. Ribbentrop's appointment has generally been seen as an indication that German foreign policy was moving in a more radical direction. In contrast to Neurath's cautious and less bellicose nature, Ribbentrop unequivocally supported war in 1938 and 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_195-102">[102]</a> Ribbentrop's time as Foreign Minister can be divided into three periods. In the first, from 1938 to 1939, he tried to persuade other states to align themselves with Germany for the coming war. In the second, from 1939 to 1943, Ribbentrop attempted to persuade other states to enter the war on Germany's side or at least to maintain pro-German neutrality. He was also involved in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Willi" title="Operation Willi">Operation Willi</a>, an attempt to convince the former <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a> to lobby his brother, now the king, on behalf of Germany. Many historians have suggested that Hitler was prepared to reinstate the Duke of Windsor as king in the hope of establishing a fascist Britain.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> If Edward would agree to work openly with Nazi Germany, he would be given financial assistance and would hopefully come to be a "compliant" king. Reportedly, 50 million Swiss francs were set aside for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-c157-104">[104]</a> The plan was never realised.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-c157-104">[104]</a> In the final phase, from 1943 to 1945, he had the task of trying to keep Germany's allies from leaving her side. During the course of all three periods, Ribbentrop frequently met leaders and diplomats from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>. During all of that time, Ribbentrop feuded with various other Nazi leaders.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> As time went by, Ribbentrop started to oust the Foreign Office's old diplomats from their senior positions and replace them with men from the Dienststelle. As early as 1938, 32 per cent of the offices in the Foreign Ministry were held by men who previously served in the Dienststelle.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> One of Ribbentrop's first acts as Foreign Minister was to achieve a total <a href="/wiki/Volte-face" title="Volte-face">volte-face</a> in Germany's Far Eastern policies. Ribbentrop was instrumental in February 1938 in persuading Hitler to recognize the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and to renounce German claims upon its former colonies in the Pacific, which were now held by Japan.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> By April 1938, Ribbentrop had ended all <a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)">German arms shipments to China</a> and had all of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> officers serving with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> recalled, with the threat that the families of the officers in China would be sent to concentration camps if the officers did not return to Germany immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_179-110">[110]</a> In return, the Germans received little thanks from the Japanese, who refused to allow any new German businesses to be set up in the part of China they had occupied and continued with their policy of attempting to exclude all existing German and all other Western businesses from Japanese-occupied China.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_179-110">[110]</a> At the same time, the end of the informal Sino-German alliance led Chiang to terminate all concessions and contracts held by German companies in Kuomintang China.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munich_Agreement_and_Czechoslovakia's_destruction">Munich Agreement and Czechoslovakia's destruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Munich Agreement and Czechoslovakia's destruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13007%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Abreise_von_Daladier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>The French Premier <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> (centre) with Ribbentrop at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Summit</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a>, the State Secretary from 1938 to 1943, opposed the general trend in German foreign policy towards attacking the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> and feared that it might cause a general war that Germany would lose. Weizsäcker had no moral objections to the idea of destroying Czechoslovakia but opposed only the timing of the attack. He favoured the idea of a "chemical" destruction of Czechoslovakia in which Germany, Hungary and Poland would close their frontiers to destabilise Czechoslovakia economically. He strongly disliked Ribbentrop's idea of a "mechanical" destruction of Czechoslovakia by war, which he saw as too risky. However, despite all of their reservations and fears about Ribbentrop, whom they saw as recklessly seeking to plunge Germany into a general war before the Reich was ready, neither Weizsäcker nor any of the other professional diplomats were prepared to confront their chief.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001,_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen,_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0921-0500-001%2C_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen%2C_Verabschieung_Chamberlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> with Ribbentrop at the Munich Summit, 1938</figcaption></figure> Before the Anglo-German summit at Berchtesgaden on 15 September 1938, the British Ambassador, Sir <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a>, and Weizsäcker worked out a private arrangement for Hitler and Chamberlain to meet with no advisers present as a way of excluding the ultrahawkish Ribbentrop from attending the talks.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_193-113">[113]</a> Hitler's interpreter, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schmidt_(interpreter)" title="Paul Schmidt (interpreter)">Paul Schmidt</a>, later recalled that it was "felt that our Foreign Minister would prove a disturbing element" at the Berchtesgaden summit.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_193-113">[113]</a> In a moment of pique at his exclusion from the Chamberlain-Hitler meeting, Ribbentrop refused to hand over Schmidt's notes of the summit to Chamberlain, a move that caused much annoyance on the British side.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Ribbentrop spent the last weeks of September 1938 looking forward very much to the German-Czechoslovak war that he expected to break out on 1 October 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_195-102">[102]</a> Ribbentrop regarded the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> as a diplomatic defeat for Germany, as it deprived Germany of the opportunity to wage the war to destroy Czechoslovakia that Ribbentrop wanted to see. The <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> issue, which was the ostensible subject of the German-Czechoslovak dispute, had been a pretext for German aggression.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> During the Munich Conference, Ribbentrop spent much of his time brooding unhappily in the corners.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_196-116">[116]</a> Ribbentrop told the head of Hitler's Press Office, Fritz Hesse, that the Munich Agreement was "first-class stupidity.... All it means is that we have to fight the English in a year, when they will be better armed.... It would have been much better if war had come now".<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_196-116">[116]</a> Like Hitler, Ribbentrop was determined that in the next crisis, Germany would not have its professed demands met in another Munich-type summit and that the next crisis to be caused by Germany would result in the war that Chamberlain had "cheated" the Germans out of at Munich.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29,_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29%2C_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29%2C_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29%2C_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29%2C_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29%2C_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-093-29%2C_Ernst_v._Weizs%C3%A4cker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a>, the Secretary of State at the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">German Foreign Office</a>, 1938–1943</figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of Munich, Hitler was in a violently anti-British mood caused in part by his rage over being "cheated" out of the war to "annihilate" Czechoslovakia that he very much wanted to have in 1938 and in part by his realisation that Britain would neither ally itself nor stand aside in regard to Germany's ambition to dominate Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber_jstor-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-weinberg_506-507-119">[119]</a> As a consequence, Britain was considered after Munich to be the main enemy of the Reich, and as a result, the influence of ardently Anglophobic Ribbentrop correspondingly rose with Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber_jstor-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-weinberg_506-507-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Partly for economic reasons, and partly out of fury over being "cheated" out of war in 1938, Hitler decided to destroy the rump state of <a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czecho-Slovakia</a>, as Czechoslovakia had been renamed in October 1938, early in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Ribbentrop played an important role in setting in motion the crisis that was to result in the end of Czecho-Slovakia by ordering German diplomats in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> to contact Father <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>, the premier of the Slovak regional government, and pressure him to declare independence from <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. When Tiso proved reluctant to do so on the grounds that the autonomy that had existed since October 1938 was sufficient for him and that to completely sever links with the Czechs would leave Slovakia open to being annexed by Hungary, Ribbentrop had the German embassy in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> contact the regent, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>. Horthy was advised that the Germans might be open to having more of Hungary restored to its former borders and that the Hungarians should best start concentrating troops on their northern border at once if they were serious about changing their frontiers. Upon hearing of the Hungarian mobilization, Tiso was presented with the choice of either declaring independence, with the understanding that the new state would be in the German sphere of influence, or seeing all of Slovakia absorbed into Hungary. As a result, Tiso had the Slovak regional government issue a declaration of independence on 14 March 1939; the ensuing crisis in Czech-Slovak relations was used as a pretext to summon Czecho-Slovak President <a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Emil Hácha</a> to Berlin over his "failure" to keep order in his country. On the night of 14–15 March 1939, Ribbentrop played a key role in the German occupation of the Czech part of Czecho-Slovakia by bullying Hácha into transforming his country into a German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> at a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> in Berlin. On 15 March 1939, German troops occupied the Czech areas of Czecho-Slovakia, which then became the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. On 20 March 1939, Ribbentrop summoned Lithuanian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Juozas_Urb%C5%A1ys" title="Juozas Urbšys">Juozas Urbšys</a> to Berlin and informed him that if a Lithuanian plenipotentiary did not arrive at once to negotiate to turn over the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Memelland</a> to Germany the Luftwaffe would raze <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> As a result of Ribbentrop's <a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">ultimatum</a> on 23 March, the Lithuanians agreed to return Memel (modern Klaipėda, Lithuania) to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In March 1939, Ribbentrop assigned the largely ethnically Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia</a> region of Czecho-Slovakia, which had just proclaimed its independence as the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>, to Hungary, which then proceeded to annex it after a short war.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell_pp_118-119-126">[126]</a> This was significant as there had been many fears in the Soviet Union in the 1930s that the Germans would use <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian nationalism</a> as a tool to break up the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell_pp_118-119-126">[126]</a> The establishment of an autonomous Ukrainian region in Czecho-Slovakia in October 1938 had prompted a major Soviet media campaign against its existence on the grounds that this was part of a Western plot to support separatism in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ukraine">Soviet Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> By allowing the Hungarians to destroy Europe's only Ukrainian state, Ribbentrop had signified that Germany was not interested, at least for now, in sponsoring Ukrainian nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell_pp_118-119-126">[126]</a> That, in turn, helped to improve German-Soviet relations by demonstrating that German foreign policy was now primarily anti-Western rather than anti-Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell_pp_118-119-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French-German_non-aggression_pact,_December_1938">French-German non-aggression pact, December 1938</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French-German non-aggression pact, December 1938">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Special:EditPage/Joachim von Ribbentrop">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In December 1938, during Ribbentrop's visit to Paris to sign the largely-meaningless French-German <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a>, he had conversations with French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a>, which Ribbentrop later claimed included a promise that France would recognize all of Eastern Europe as Germany's exclusive <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_threat_to_Poland_and_British_guarantee">German threat to Poland and British guarantee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: German threat to Poland and British guarantee">edit</a>]</div> Initially, Germany hoped to transform Poland into a satellite state, with Ribbentrop and Japanese military attache <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a> trying to convince Poland to join the Anti-Comintern Pact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199432-128">[128]</a> By March 1939, German demands had been rejected by the Poles three times, which led Hitler to decide, with enthusiastic support from Ribbentrop, upon the destruction of Poland as the main German foreign policy goal of 1939.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On 21 March 1939, Hitler first went public with his demand that Danzig rejoin the Reich and for "<a href="/wiki/Extra-territorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-territorial">extra-territorial</a>" roads across the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>. That marked a significant escalation of the German pressure on Poland, which until then had been confined to private meetings between German and Polish diplomats. The same day, on 21 March 1939, Ribbentrop presented a set of demands to the Polish Ambassador <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski" title="Józef Lipski">Józef Lipski</a> about Poland allowing the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> to return to Germany in such violent and extreme language that it led the Poles to fear their country was on the verge of an immediate German attack.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_158-130">[130]</a> Ribbentrop had used such extreme language, particularly his remark that if Germany had a different policy towards the Soviet Union then Poland would cease to exist, that it led to the Poles ordering partial <a href="/wiki/Mobilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilisation">mobilisation</a> and placing their armed forces on the highest state of alert on 23 March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_158-130">[130]</a> In a protest note at Ribbentrop's behaviour, Poland's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Beck" title="Józef Beck">Józef Beck</a> reminded him that Poland was an independent country and not some sort of German protectorate that Ribbentrop could bully at will.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Ribbentrop, in turn, sent out instructions to the German Ambassador in Warsaw, Count <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_von_Moltke" title="Hans-Adolf von Moltke">Hans-Adolf von Moltke</a>, that if Poland agreed to the German demands, Germany would ensure that Poland could partition Slovakia with Hungary and be ensured of German support for annexing Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_159-132">[132]</a> If the Poles rejected his offer, Poland would be considered an enemy of the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_159-132">[132]</a> On 26 March, in an extremely stormy meeting with the Polish Ambassador <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski" title="Józef Lipski">Józef Lipski</a>, Ribbentrop accused the Poles of attempting to bully Germany by their partial mobilisation and violently attacked them for offering consideration only of the German demand about the "extra-territorial" roads.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_159-160-133">[133]</a> The meeting ended with Ribbentrop screaming that if Poland invaded the Free City of Danzig, Germany would go to war to destroy Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_159-160-133">[133]</a> When the news of Ribbentrop's remarks was leaked to the Polish press, despite Beck's order to the censors on 27 March, it caused anti-German riots in Poland with the local Nazi Party headquarters in the mixed town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lininco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lininco (page does not exist)">Lininco</a> destroyed by a mob.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> On 28 March, Beck told Moltke that any attempt to change the status of Danzig unilaterally would be regarded by Poland as a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Though the Germans were not planning an attack on Poland in March 1939, Ribbentrop's bullying behaviour towards the Poles destroyed any faint chance of Poland allowing Danzig to return to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The German occupation of the Czech areas of Czecho-Slovakia on 15 March, in total contravention of the Munich Agreement, which had been signed less than six months before, infuriated British and French public opinion and lost Germany any sympathy.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Such was the state of public fury that it appeared possible for several days afterwards that the Chamberlain government might fall because of a <a href="/wiki/Backbench" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbench">backbench</a> rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Even Ribbentrop's standard line that Germany was only reacting to an unjust Versailles Treaty and wanted peace with everyone, which had worked so well in the past, failed to carry weight. Reflecting the changed mood, Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duff_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a> wrote in a letter to The Times: <blockquote>Some of us are getting rather tired of the sanctimonious attitude which seeks to take upon our shoulders the blame for every crime committed in Europe. If Germany had been left stronger in 1919 she would sooner have been in a position to do what she is doing today.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></blockquote> Moreover, the British government had genuinely believed in the German claim that it was only the Sudetenland that concerned it and that Germany was not seeking to dominate Europe. By occupying the Czech parts of Czecho-Slovakia, Germany lost all credibility for its claim to be only righting the alleged wrongs of Versailles. Shortly afterwards, false reports spread in mid-March 1939 by the Romanian minister in London, <a href="/wiki/Viorel_Tilea" title="Viorel Tilea">Virgil Tilea</a>, that his country was on the verge of an immediate German attack, led to a dramatic U-turn in the British policy of resisting commitments in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Ribbentrop truthfully denied that Germany was going to invade <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. But his denials were expressed in almost identical language to the denials that he had issued in early March, when he had denied that anything was being planned against the Czechs; thus they actually increased the "Romanian war scare" of March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> From the British point of view, it was regarded as highly desirable to keep Romania and its oil out of German hands. Since Germany itself had hardly any sources of oil, the ability of the Royal Navy to impose a blockade represented a British trump card to deter and, if necessary, win a war.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> If Germany were to occupy oil-rich Romania, that would undercut all of the British strategic assumptions on Germany's need to import oil from the Americas. Since Poland was regarded as the East European state with the most powerful army, Poland had to be tied to Britain as the best way of ensuring Polish support for Romania; it was the obvious quid pro quo that Britain would have to do something for Polish security if the Poles were to be induced to do something for Romanian security.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On 31 March 1939, Chamberlain announced before the House of Commons the British "guarantee" of Poland, which committed Britain to go to war to defend Polish independence, though pointedly the "guarantee" excluded Polish frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> As a result of the "guarantee" of Poland, Hitler began to speak with increasing frequency of a British "encirclement" policy, which he used as the excuse for denouncing, in a speech before the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> on 28 April 1939, the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the Non-Aggression Pact with Poland.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> In late March, Ribbentrop had the German <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kroll" title="Hans Kroll">Hans Kroll</a>, start pressuring Turkey into an alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_275-147">[147]</a> The Turks assured Kroll that they had no objection to Germany making the Balkans its economic sphere of influence but would regard any move to make the Balkans into a sphere of German political influence as most unwelcome.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_275-147">[147]</a> In April 1939, when Ribbentrop announced at a secret meeting of the senior staff of the Foreign Office that Germany was ending talks with Poland and was instead going to destroy it in an operation late that year, the news was greeted joyfully by those present.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_164-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Anti-Polish</a> feelings had long been rampant in the agency and so, in marked contrast to their cool attitude about attacking Czechoslovakia in 1938, diplomats such as Weizsäcker were highly enthusiastic about the prospect of war with Poland in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_164-148">[148]</a> Professional diplomats such as Weizsäcker who had never accepted the legitimacy of Poland, which they saw as an "abomination" created by the Versailles Treaty, were wholehearted in their support of a war to wipe Poland off the map.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_164-148">[148]</a> The degree of unity within the German government with both the diplomats and the military united in their support of Hitler's anti-Polish policy, which stood in contrast to their views the previous year about destroying Czechoslovakia, very much encouraged Hitler and Ribbentrop with their chosen course of action.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_164-148">[148]</a> In April 1939, Ribbentrop received intelligence that Britain and Turkey were negotiating an alliance intended to keep Germany out of the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On 23 April 1939, Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a> told the British ambassador of Turkish fears of Italian claims of the Mediterranean as <a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a> and German control of the Balkans, and he suggested an Anglo-Soviet-Turkish alliance as the best way of countering the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> As the Germans had broken the Turkish diplomatic codes, Ribbentrop was well aware as he warned in a circular to German embassies that Anglo-Turkish talks had gone much further "than what the Turks would care to tell us".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Ribbentrop appointed <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> Germany's ambassador in Turkey with instructions to win it to an alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_223-152">[152]</a> Ribbentrop had been attempting to appoint Papen as an ambassador to Turkey since April 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_280-153">[153]</a> His first attempt ended in failure when Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, who remembered Papen well with considerable distaste from World War I, refused to accept him as ambassador and complained in private the nomination of Papen must have been meant as some sort of sick German joke.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_280-153">[153]</a> The German embassy in Ankara had been vacant ever since the retirement of the previous ambassador <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Keller_(diplomat)" title="Friedrich von Keller (diplomat)">Friedrich von Keller</a> in November 1938, and Ribbentrop was able to get the Turks to accept Papen as ambassador only when Saracoğlu complained to Kroll in April 1939 about when the Germans were ever going to send a new ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_280-153">[153]</a> Papen's attempt to address Turkish fears of Italian expansionism by getting Ribbentrop to have Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a> promise the Turks that they had nothing to fear from Italy backfired when the Turks found the Italo-German effort to have been patronising and insulting.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Instead of focusing on talking to the Turks, Ribbentrop and Papen became entangled in a feud over Papen's demand to bypass Ribbentrop and to send his dispatches straight to Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_223-152">[152]</a> As a former chancellor, Papen had been granted the privilege of bypassing the Foreign Minister while he was ambassador to Austria. Ribbentrop's friendship with Papen, which went back to 1918, ended over that issue.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_223-152">[152]</a> At the same time, Ribbentrop took to shouting at the Turkish Ambassador in Berlin, Mehemet Hamdi Arpag, as part of the effort to win Turkey over as a German ally. Ribbentrop believed that Turks were so stupid that one had to shout at them to make them understand.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_223-152">[152]</a> One of the consequences of Ribbentrop's heavyhanded behaviour was the signing of the Anglo-Turkish alliance on 12 May 1939.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_223-152">[152]</a> From early 1939 onwards, Ribbentrop had become the leading advocate within the German government of reaching an understanding with the Soviet Union as the best way of pursuing both the short-term anti-Polish and long-term anti-British foreign policy goals.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Ribbentrop first seems to have considered the idea of a pact with the Soviet Union after an unsuccessful visit to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in January 1939, when the Poles again refused Ribbentrop's demands about Danzig, the "extra-territorial" roads across the Polish Corridor and the Anti-Comintern Pact.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact_negotiations" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations</a>, Ribbentrop was overjoyed by a report from his ambassador in Moscow, Count <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Werner_von_der_Schulenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg">Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg</a>, of a speech by Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> before the 18th Party Congress in March 1939 that was strongly anti-Western, which Schulenburg reported meant that the Soviet Union might be seeking an accord with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_207-157">[157]</a> Ribbentrop followed up Schulenburg's report by sending Dr. Julius Schnurre of the Foreign Office's trade department to negotiate a German-Soviet economic agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_207-157">[157]</a> At the same time, Ribbentrop's efforts to convert the Anti-Comintern Pact into an anti-British alliance met with considerable hostility from the Japanese in late 1938 and early 1939, but with the Italians, Ribbentrop enjoyed some apparent success. Because of Japanese opposition to participation in an anti-British alliance, Ribbentrop decided to settle for a bilateral German-Italian anti-British treaty. Ribbentrop's efforts were crowned with success with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> in May 1939, but it was accomplished only by falsely assuring Mussolini that there would be no war for the next three years.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pact_with_Soviet_Union_and_outbreak_of_World_War_II">Pact with Soviet Union and outbreak of World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pact with Soviet Union and outbreak of World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337,_Moskau,_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two smiling men shake hands. Man on left wears a white suit and holds a cigarette. Man on right wears a black suit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27337%2C_Moskau%2C_Stalin_und_Ribbentrop_im_Kreml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Stalin and Ribbentrop at the signing of the Non-Aggression Pact, 23 August 1939</figcaption></figure> Ribbentrop played a key role in the conclusion of a Soviet-German <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, in 1939 and in the diplomatic action surrounding the attack on Poland. In public, Ribbentrop expressed great fury at the Polish refusal to allow for Danzig's return to the Reich or to grant Polish permission for the "extra-territorial" highways, but since the matters were intended after March 1939 to be only a pretext for German aggression, Ribbentrop always refused privately to allow for any talks between German and Polish diplomats about those matters.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-159">[159]</a> Ribbentrop feared that if German–Polish talks took place, there was the danger that the Poles might back down and agree to the German demands, as the Czechoslovaks had done in 1938 under Anglo-French pressure, depriving the Germans of their excuse for aggression.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-159">[159]</a> To block German–Polish diplomatic talks further, Ribbentrop had the German Ambassador to Poland, Count Hans-Adolf von Moltke, recalled, and he refused to see the Polish ambassador, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski" title="Józef Lipski">Józef Lipski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-159">[159]</a> On 25 May 1939, Ribbentrop sent a secret message to Moscow to tell the Soviet Foreign Commissar, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, that if Germany attacked Poland "Russia's special interests would be taken into consideration".<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_208-160">[160]</a> Throughout 1939, Hitler always privately referred to Britain as his main opponent but portrayed the coming destruction of Poland as a necessary prelude to any war with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Ribbentrop informed Hitler that any war with Poland would last for only 24 hours and that the British would be so stunned with this display of German power that they would not honour their commitments.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Along the same lines, Ribbentrop told Ciano on 5 May 1939, "It is certain that within a few months not one Frenchman nor a single Englishman will go to war for Poland".<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> Ribbentrop supported his analysis of the situation by showing Hitler only the diplomatic dispatches that supported his view that neither Britain nor France would honour their commitments to Poland. In that, Ribbentrop was particularly supported by the German Ambassador in London, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen">Herbert von Dirksen</a>, who reported that Chamberlain knew "the social structure of Britain, even the conception of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, would not survive the chaos of even a victorious war" and so would back down over Poland.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Furthermore, Ribbentrop had the German embassy in London provide translations from pro-appeasement newspapers such as the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> for Hitler's benefit, which had the effect of making it seem that British public opinion was more strongly against going to war for Poland than it actually was.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell_p_106-166">[166]</a> The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the newspapers used by Ribbentrop to provide his press summaries for Hitler were out of touch not only with British public opinion but also with British government policy in regard to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell_p_106-166">[166]</a> The press summaries Ribbentrop provided were particularly important, as Ribbentrop had managed to convince Hitler that the British government secretly controlled the British press, and just as in Germany, nothing appeared in the British press that the British government did not want to appear. Furthermore, the Germans had broken the British diplomatic codes and were reading the messages between the Foreign Office in London to and from the Embassy in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> The decrypts showed that there was much tension in Anglo-Polish relations, with the British pressuring the Poles to allow Danzig to rejoin the Reich and the Poles staunchly resisting all efforts to pressure them into concessions to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> On the basis of such decrypts, Hitler and Ribbentrop believed that the British were bluffing with their warnings that they would go to war to defend Polish independence.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> In mid-1939, Ribbentrop sabotaged all efforts at a peaceful solution to the Danzig dispute, leading the American historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> to comment that "perhaps Chamberlain's haggard appearance did him more credit than Ribbentrop's beaming smile", as the countdown to a war that would kill tens of millions inexorably gathered pace.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain%27s_European_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neville Chamberlain's European Policy">Neville Chamberlain's European Policy</a> in 1939 was based upon creating a "peace front" of alliances linking Western and Eastern European states to serve as a "tripwire" meant to deter any act of German aggression.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The new "containment" strategy adopted in March 1939 was to give firm warnings to Berlin, increase the pace of <a href="/wiki/British_re-armament" class="mw-redirect" title="British re-armament">British re-armament</a> and attempt to form an interlocking network of alliances that would block German aggression anywhere in Europe by creating such a formidable deterrence to aggression that Hitler could not rationally choose that option.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Underlying the basis of the "containment" of Germany were the so-called "X documents", provided by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Carl Friedrich Goerdeler</a>, in 1938–1939. They suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">German economy</a>, under the strain of massive military spending, was on the verge of collapse and led British policy-makers to the conclusion that if Hitler could be deterred from war and that if his regime was "contained" long enough, the German economy would collapse, and, with it, presumably the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> At the same time, British policymakers were afraid that if Hitler were "contained" and faced with a collapsing economy, he would commit a desperate "mad dog act" of aggression as a way of lashing out.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Hence, emphasis was put on pressuring the Poles to allow the return of Danzig to Germany as a way of resolving the crisis peacefully by allowing Hitler to back down without him losing face.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> As part of a dual strategy to avoid war via deterrence and appeasement of Germany, British leaders warned that they would go to war if Germany attacked Poland, but at the same time, they tried to avoid war by holding unofficial talks with would-be peacemakers such as the British newspaper proprietor <a href="/wiki/Gomer_Berry,_1st_Viscount_Kemsley" title="Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley">Lord Kemsley</a>, the Swedish businessman <a href="/wiki/Axel_Wenner-Gren" title="Axel Wenner-Gren">Axel Wenner-Gren</a> and another Swedish businessman <a href="/wiki/Birger_Dahlerus" title="Birger Dahlerus">Birger Dahlerus</a>, who attempted to work out the basis for a peaceful return of Danzig.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In May 1939, as part of his efforts to bully Turkey into joining the Axis, Ribbentrop had arranged for the cancellation of the delivery of 60 heavy howitzers from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Works" title="Škoda Works">Škoda Works</a>, which the Turks had paid for in advance.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_304-174">[174]</a> The German refusal either to deliver the artillery pieces or refund the 125 million Reichsmarks that the Turks had paid for them was to be a major strain on German-Turkish relations in 1939 and had the effect of causing Turkey's politically powerful army to resist Ribbentrop's entreaties to join the Axis.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_304-174">[174]</a> As part of the fierce diplomatic competition in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> in the first half of 1939 between von Papen and French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Massigli" title="René Massigli">René Massigli</a> with British Ambassador, Sir <a href="/wiki/Hughe_Knatchbull-Hugessen" title="Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen">Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen</a> to win the allegiance of Turkey to either the Axis or the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, Ribbentrop suffered a major reversal in July 1939 when Massigli was able to arrange for major French arms shipments to Turkey on credit to replace the weapons that the Germans had refused to deliver to the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In June 1939, <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German relations">Franco-German relations</a> were strained when the head of the French section of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a>, was expelled from France following allegations that he had bribed two French newspaper editors to print pro-German articles.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Ribbentrop was enraged by Abetz's expulsion and attacked Count Johannes von Welczeck, the German Ambassador in Paris, over his failure to have the French readmit him.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In July 1939, Ribbentrop's claims about an alleged statement of December 1938 made by French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a> were to lead to a lengthy war of words via a series of letters to the French newspapers between Ribbentrop and Bonnet over precisely what Bonnet had said to Ribbentrop.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> On 11 August 1939, Ribbentrop met the Italian Foreign Minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, and the Italian Ambassador to Germany, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Attolico" title="Bernardo Attolico">Count Bernardo Attolico</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>. During that meeting, both Ciano and Attolico were horrified to learn from Ribbentrop that Germany planned to attack Poland and that the Danzig issue was just a pretext for aggression.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">[179]</a> When Ciano asked if there was anything Italy could do to broker a Polish-German settlement that would avert a war, he was told by Ribbentrop, "We want war!"<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Ribbentrop expressed his firmly held belief that neither Britain nor France would go to war for Poland, but if that occurred, he fully expected the Italians to honour the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a>, which was both an offensive and defensive treaty, and to declare war not only on Poland but on the Western powers if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">[179]</a> Ribbentrop told his Italian guests that "the localisation of the conflict is certain" and "the probability of victory is infinite".<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">[179]</a> Ribbentrop brushed away Ciano's fears of a general war. He claimed, "France and England cannot intervene because they are insufficiently prepared militarily and because they have no means of injuring Germany".<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> Ciano complained furiously that Ribbentrop had violated his promise given earlier that year, when Italy signed the Pact of Steel, that there would be no war for the next three years. Ciano said that it was absurd to believe that the Reich could attack Poland without triggering a wider war and that now the Italians were left with the choice of going to war when they needed three more years to rearm or being forced into the humiliation of having to violate the terms of the Pact of Steel by declaring neutrality, which would make the Italians appear cowardly.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">[179]</a> Ciano complained in his diary that his arguments "had no effect" on Ribbentrop, who simply refused to believe any information that did not fit in with his preconceived notions.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">[179]</a> Despite Ciano's efforts to persuade Ribbentrop to put off the attack on Poland until 1942 to allow the Italians time to get ready for war, Ribbentrop was adamant that Germany had no interest in a diplomatic solution of the Danzig question but wanted a war to wipe Poland off the map.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">[179]</a> The Salzburg meeting marked the moment when Ciano's dislike of Ribbentrop was transformed into outright hatred and of the beginning of his disillusionment with the pro-German foreign policy that he had championed.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> On 21 August 1939, Hitler received a message from Stalin: "The Soviet Government has instructed me to say they agree to Herr von Ribbentrop's arrival on 23 August".<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_208-160">[160]</a> The same day, Hitler ordered German mobilisation.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> The extent that Hitler was influenced by Ribbentrop's advice can be seen in Hitler's orders for a limited mobilisation against Poland alone.<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> Weizsäcker recorded in his diary throughout the first half of 1939 repeated statements from Hitler that any German–Polish war would be a localized conflict and that there was no danger of a general war if the Soviet Union could be persuaded to stay neutral.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-182">[182]</a> Hitler believed that British policy was based upon securing Soviet support for Poland, which led him to perform a diplomatic U-turn and support Ribbentrop's policy of rapprochement with the Soviet Union as the best way of ensuring a local war.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-182">[182]</a> That was especially the case as decrypts showed the British military attaché to Poland arguing that Britain could not save Poland in the event of a German attack and that only Soviet support offered the prospect of Poland holding out. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg/220px-MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg/330px-MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg/440px-MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop during the signing of the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship in Moscow, 1939</figcaption></figure> The signing of the Non-Aggression Pact in Moscow on 23 August 1939 was the crowning achievement of Ribbentrop's career. He flew to Moscow, where, over the course of a 13-hour visit, Ribbentrop signed both the Non-Aggression Pact and the secret protocols, which partitioned much of Eastern Europe between the Soviets and the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Ribbentrop had expected to see only the Soviet Foreign Commissar <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> and was most surprised to be holding talks with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> During his trip to Moscow, Ribbentrop's talks with Stalin and Molotov proceeded very cordially and efficiently with the exception of the question of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, which Hitler had instructed Ribbentrop to try to claim for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Ribbentrop had been instructed to claim the <a href="/wiki/Daugava" title="Daugava">Daugava</a> as the future boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a> and the Soviet Union, but had also been ordered to grant extensive concessions to Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199434-35-186">[186]</a> When Stalin claimed Latvia for the Soviet Union, Ribbentrop was forced to telephone Berlin for permission from Hitler to concede Latvia to the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> After finishing his talks with Stalin and Molotov, Ribbentrop, at a dinner with the Soviet leaders, launched into a lengthy diatribe against the British Empire, with frequent interjections of approval from Stalin, and exchanged toasts with Stalin in honour of German-Soviet friendship.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> For a brief moment in August 1939, Ribbentrop convinced Hitler that the Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union would cause the fall of the Chamberlain government and lead to a new British government that would abandon the Poles to their fate.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Ribbentrop argued that with Soviet economic support, especially in the form of oil, Germany was now immune to the effects of a British naval blockade and so the British would never take on Germany. On 23 August 1939, at a secret meeting of the Reich's top military leadership at the <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a>, Hitler argued that neither Britain nor France would go to war for Poland without the Soviet Union, and fixed "X-Day", the date for the invasion of Poland, for 26 August.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Hitler added, "My only fear is that at the last moment some Schweinehund will make a proposal for mediation".<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Unlike Hitler, who saw the Non-Aggression Pact as merely a pragmatic device forced on him by circumstances, the refusal of Britain or Poland to play the roles that Hitler had allocated to them, Ribbentrop regarded the Non-Aggression Pact as integral to his anti-British policy.<a href="#cite_note-michalka_1993_169-192">[192]</a> The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> on 23 August 1939 not only won Germany an informal alliance with the Soviet Union but also neutralized Anglo-French attempts to win Turkey to the "peace front". The Turks always believed that it was essential to have the Soviet Union as an ally to counter Germany, and the signing of the pact undercut completely the assumptions behind Turkish security policy.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The Anglo-French effort to include the Balkans into the "peace front" had always rested on the assumption that the cornerstone of the "peace front" in the Balkans was to be Turkey, the regional superpower.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_309-194">[194]</a> Because the Balkans were rich in raw materials such as iron, zinc and Romanian oil, which could help Germany survive a British blockade, it was viewed as highly important by the Allies to keep German influence in the Balkans to a minimum. That was the principal motivation behind efforts to link British promises to support Turkey in the event of an Italian attack, in exchange for Turkish promises to help defend Romania from a German attack.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> British and French leaders believed that the deterrent value of the "peace front" could be increased if Turkey were a member, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> were open to Allied ships.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_309-194">[194]</a> That would allow the Allies to send troops and supplies to Romania over the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and through Romania to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Watt_309-194">[194]</a> On 25 August 1939, Ribbentrop's influence with Hitler wavered for a moment when the news reached Berlin of the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Polish military alliance">Anglo-Polish military alliance</a> and a personal message from Mussolini that told Hitler that Italy would dishonour the Pact of Steel if Germany attacked Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_161-196">[196]</a> This was especially damaging to Ribbentrop, as he always assured Hitler, "Italy's attitude is determined by the Rome-Berlin Axis".<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_161-196">[196]</a> As a result of the message from Rome and the ratification of the Anglo-Polish treaty, Hitler cancelled the invasion of Poland planned for 26 August but ordered it held back until 1 September to give Germany some time to break up the unfavourable international alignment.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_161-196">[196]</a> Though Ribbentrop continued to argue that Britain and France were bluffing, both he and Hitler were prepared, as a last resort, to risk a general war by invading Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_pp_163-164-197">[197]</a> Because of Ribbentrop's firmly-held views that Britain was Germany's most dangerous enemy and that an Anglo-German war was inevitable, it scarcely mattered to him when his much-desired war with Britain came.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_pp_163-164-197">[197]</a> The Greek historian Aristotle Kaillis wrote that it was Ribbentrop's influence with Hitler and his insistence that the Western powers would fail to go to war for Poland that was the most important reason that Hitler did not cancel <a href="/wiki/Fall_Wei%C3%9F_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Weiß (1939)">Fall Weiß</a>, the German invasion of Poland, altogether, instead of only postponing "X-day" for six days.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_pp_163-164-197">[197]</a> Ribbentrop told Hitler that his sources showed that Britain would not be militarily prepared to take on Germany at the earliest until 1940 or more probably 1941, so that meant that the British were bluffing.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_163-198">[198]</a> Even if the British were serious in their warnings of war, Ribbentrop took the view that since a war with Britain was inevitable, the risk of a war with Britain was acceptable and so he argued that Germany should not shy away from such challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_163-198">[198]</a> On 27 August 1939, Chamberlain sent a letter to Hitler that was intended to counteract reports Chamberlain had heard from intelligence sources in Berlin that Ribbentrop had convinced Hitler that the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact would ensure that Britain would abandon Poland. In his letter, Chamberlain wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Whatever may prove to be the nature of the German-Soviet Agreement, it cannot alter Great Britain's obligation to Poland which His Majesty's Government have stated in public repeatedly and plainly and which they are determined to fulfil. It has been alleged that, if His Majesty's Government had made their position more clear in 1914, the great catastrophe would have been avoided. Whether or not there is any force in that allegation, His Majesty's Government are resolved that on this occasion there shall be no such tragic misunderstanding. If the case should arise, they are resolved, and prepared, to employ without delay all the forces at their command, and it is impossible to foresee the end of hostilities once engaged. It would be a dangerous illusion to think that, if war once starts, it will come to an early end even if a success on any one of the several fronts on which it will be engaged should have been secured<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></blockquote> Ribbentrop told Hitler that Chamberlain's letter was just a bluff and urged his master to call it.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_163-198">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536,_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536%2C_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536%2C_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536%2C_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536%2C_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536%2C_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-C06536%2C_Sir_Nevile_Henderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The British Ambassador to Germany, Sir <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a>, in 1937. Though Henderson was a leading supporter of appeasement, his relations with Ribbentrop were extremely poor throughout his ambassadorship. On the night of 30–31 August 1939, he and Ribbentrop almost came to blows.</figcaption></figure> On the night of 30–31 August 1939, Ribbentrop had an extremely heated exchange with British Ambassador Sir <a href="/wiki/Nevile_Henderson" title="Nevile Henderson">Nevile Henderson</a>, who objected to Ribbentrop's demand, given at about midnight, that if a Polish plenipotentiary did not arrive in Berlin that night to discuss the German "final offer", the responsibility for the outbreak of war would not rest on the Reich.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Henderson stated that the terms of the German "final offer" were very reasonable but argued that Ribbentrop's time limit for Polish acceptance of the "final offer" was most unreasonable, and he also demanded to know why Ribbentrop insisted upon seeing a special Polish plenipotentiary and could not present the "final offer" to Ambassador <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lipski" title="Józef Lipski">Józef Lipski</a> or provide a written copy of the "final offer".<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The Henderson–Ribbentrop meeting became so tense that the two men almost came to blows.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The American historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> described the Henderson–Ribbentrop meeting: <blockquote>When Joachim von Ribbentrop refused to give a copy of the German demands to the British Ambassador [Henderson] at midnight of 30–31 August 1939, the two almost came to blows. Ambassador Henderson, who had long advocated concessions to Germany, recognized that here was a deliberately conceived alibi the German government had prepared for a war it was determined to start. No wonder Henderson was angry; von Ribbentrop on the other hand could see war ahead and went home beaming.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></blockquote> As intended by Ribbentrop, the narrow time limit for acceptance of the "final offer" made it impossible for the British government to contact the Polish government in time about the German offer, let alone for the Poles to arrange for a Polish plenipotentiary envoy to arrive in Berlin that night, thereby allowing Ribbentrop to claim that the Poles had rejected the German "final offer".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> As it was, a special meeting of the British cabinet called to consider the "final offer" and declined to pass on the message to Warsaw under the grounds that it was not a serious proposal on the part of Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Kaillis_161-196">[196]</a> The "rejection" of the German proposal was one of the pretexts used for the German aggression against Poland on 1 September 1939. The British historian D.C. Watt wrote, "Two hours later, Berlin Radio broadcast the sixteen points, adding that Poland had rejected them. Thanks to Ribbentrop, they had never even seen them".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On 31 August, Ribbentrop met with Ambassador Attolico to tell him that Poland's "rejection" of the "generous" German 16-point peace plan meant that Germany had no interest in Mussolini's offer to call a conference about the status of Danzig.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Besides the Polish "rejection" of the German "final offer", the aggression against Poland was justified with the <a href="/wiki/Gleiwitz_incident" title="Gleiwitz incident">Gleiwitz incident</a> and other SS-staged incidents on the German–Polish border.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> As soon as the news broke in the morning of 1 September 1939 that Germany had invaded Poland, Mussolini launched another desperate peace mediation plan intended to stop the German–Polish war from becoming a world war. Mussolini's motives were in no way altruistic. Instead, he was motivated entirely by a wish to escape the self-imposed trap of the Pact of Steel, which obliged Italy to go to war while the country was entirely unprepared. If he suffered the humiliation of having to declare neutrality, it would make him appear cowardly. French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Georges Bonnet</a>, acting on his own initiative, told the Italian Ambassador to France, Baron <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Guariglia" title="Raffaele Guariglia">Raffaele Guariglia</a>, that France had accepted Mussolini's peace plan.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Bonnet had <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a> issue a statement at midnight on 1 September: "The French government has today, as have several other Governments, received an Italian proposal looking to the resolution of Europe's difficulties. After due consideration, the French government has given a 'positive response'".<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Though the French and the Italians were serious about Mussolini's peace plan, which called for an immediate ceasefire and a four-power conference in the manner of the Munich conference of 1938 to consider Poland's borders, British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax stated that unless the Germans withdrew from Poland immediately, Britain would not attend the proposed conference.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Ribbentrop finally scuttled Mussolini's peace plan by stating that Germany had no interest in a ceasefire, a withdrawal from Poland or attending the proposed peace conference.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On the morning of 3 September 1939, when Chamberlain followed through with his threat of a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">British declaration of war</a> if Germany attacked Poland, a visibly-shocked Hitler asked Ribbentrop "Now what?", a question to which Ribbentrop had no answer except to state that there would be a "similar message" forthcoming from French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coulondre" title="Robert Coulondre">Robert Coulondre</a>, who arrived later that afternoon to present the <a href="/wiki/French_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="French declaration of war on Germany (1939)">French declaration of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Weizsäcker later recalled, "On 3 Sept., when the British and French declared war, Hitler was surprised, after all, and was to begin with, at a loss".<a href="#cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">[163]</a> The British historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> wrote that what Hitler thought he was starting in September 1939 was only a local war between Germany and Poland and that his decision to do so was largely based on a vast underestimate of the risks of a general war.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In effect, Ribbentrop's influence made Hitler go to war in 1939 with the country he wanted as his ally, the United Kingdom, and ally with the country he wanted as his enemy, the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> After the outbreak of World War II, Ribbentrop spent most of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Polish campaign</a> travelling with Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> On 27 September 1939, Ribbentrop made a second visit to Moscow. There, at meetings with the Soviet Foreign Commissar <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, he was forced to agree to revising the Secret Protocols of the Non-Aggression Pact in the Soviet Union's favour, most notably agreeing to Stalin's demand for <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to go to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The imposition of the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">British blockade</a> had made the Reich highly dependent upon Soviet economic support, which placed Stalin in a strong negotiating position with Ribbentrop. On 1 March 1940, Ribbentrop received <a href="/wiki/Sumner_Welles" title="Sumner Welles">Sumner Welles</a>, the American Under-Secretary of State, who was on a peace mission for US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>, and did his best to abuse his American guest.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Welles asked Ribbentrop under what terms Germany might be willing to negotiate a compromise peace, before the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> became a real war. Ribbentrop told Welles that only a total German victory "could give us the peace we want". Welles reported to Roosevelt that Ribbentrop had a "completely closed and very stupid mind".<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> On 10 March 1940, Ribbentrop visited Rome to meet with Mussolini, who promised him that Italy would soon enter the war.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> For his one-day Italian trip, Ribbentrop was accompanied by a staff of 35, including a gymnastics coach, a masseur, a doctor, two hairdressers and various legal and economic experts from the Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> After the Italo-German summit at the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Pass" title="Brenner Pass">Brenner Pass</a> on 18 March 1940, which was attended by Hitler and Mussolini, Count Ciano wrote in his diary: "Everyone in Rome dislikes Ribbentrop".<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> On 7 May 1940, Ribbentrop founded a new section of the Foreign Office, the Abteilung Deutschland (Department of Internal German Affairs), under <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(diplomat)" title="Martin Luther (diplomat)">Martin Luther</a>, to which was assigned the responsibility for all antisemitic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> On 10 May 1940, Ribbentrop summoned the Dutch, Belgian and Luxembourg ambassadors to present them with notes justifying the German invasion of their countries several hours after the Germans had invaded those nations.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_239-223">[223]</a> Much to Ribbentrop's fury, someone leaked the plans for the German invasion to the Dutch embassy in Berlin, which led Ribbentrop to devote the next several months to an investigation aimed at identifying the leaker. The investigation tore apart the agency, as colleagues were encouraged to denounce each other, and was ultimately unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_239-223">[223]</a> In early June 1940, when Mussolini informed Hitler that he would finally enter the war on 10 June 1940, Hitler was most dismissive, in private calling Mussolini a cowardly opportunist who broke the terms of the Pact of Steel in September 1939 when the going looked rough, and was entering the war in June 1940 only after it was clear that France was beaten and it appeared that Britain would soon make peace.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_307-224">[224]</a> Ribbentrop shared Hitler's assessment of the Italians but welcomed Italy coming into war. In part, that seemed to affirm the importance of the Pact of Steel, which Ribbentrop had negotiated, and in addition, with Italy now an ally, the Foreign Office had more to do.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_307-224">[224]</a> Ribbentrop championed the so-called <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a> in June 1940 to deport all of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe's Jews</a> to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> after the presumed imminent defeat of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_wartime_allies">Relations with wartime allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Relations with wartime allies">edit</a>]</div> Ribbentrop, a <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a>, argued that Germany should allow <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> a limited degree of independence within a binding Franco-German partnership.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> To that end, Ribbentrop appointed a colleague from the Dienststelle, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a>, as Ambassador to France with instructions to promote the political career of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a>, whom Ribbentrop had decided to be the French politician most favourable to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The Foreign Office's influence in France varied, as there were many other agencies competing for power there. But in general, from late 1943 to mid-1944, the Foreign Office was second only to the SS in terms of power in France.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> From the latter half of 1937, Ribbentrop had championed the idea of an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan that would partition the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> among them.<a href="#cite_note-Michalka_1985,_pp._271–273-99">[99]</a> After signing the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, Ribbentrop expanded on this idea for an Axis alliance to include the Soviet Union to form a Eurasian bloc that would destroy maritime states such as Britain.<a href="#cite_note-michalka_1985_276-277-229">[229]</a> The German historian <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Klaus Hildebrand</a> argued that besides Hitler's foreign policy programme, there were three other factions within the Nazi Party who had alternative foreign policy programmes, whom Hildebrand designated the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialists</a>, and the Wilhelmine Imperialists.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Another German diplomatic historian, Wolfgang Michalka argued that there was a fourth alternative to the Nazi foreign policy programme, and that was Ribbentrop's concept of a <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> bloc comprising the four totalitarian states of Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Japan. Unlike the other factions, Ribbentrop's foreign policy programme was the only one that Hitler allowed to be executed during the years 1939–41, though it was more due to the temporary bankruptcy of Hitler's own foreign policy programme that he had laid down in <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zweites_Buch" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a> following the failure to achieve an alliance with Britain, than to a genuine change of mind.<a href="#cite_note-michalka_1985_276-277-229">[229]</a> Ribbentrop's foreign policy conceptions differed from Hitler's in that Ribbentrop's concept of international relations owed more to the traditional Wilhelmine <a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Machtpolitik</a> than to Hitler's racist and Social Darwinist vision of different "races" locked in a merciless and endless struggle over <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-michalka_1993_169-192">[192]</a> The different foreign-policy conceptions held by Hitler and Ribbentrop were illustrated in their reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a> in 1942: Ribbentrop wanted this great British defeat to be a day of celebration in Germany, whereas Hitler forbade any celebrations on the grounds that Singapore represented a sad day for the principles of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. Another area of difference was Ribbentrop's obsessive hatred for Britain—which he saw as the main enemy—and view of the Soviet Union as an important ally in the anti-British struggle. Hitler saw the alliance with the Soviet Union as only tactical, and was nowhere as anti-British as his Foreign Minister.<a href="#cite_note-michalka_1993_169-192">[192]</a> In August 1940, Ribbentrop oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>, which saw about 40 per cent of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> region of Romania returned to Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p_325-231">[231]</a> The decision to award so much of Romania to the Hungarians was Hitler's, as Ribbentrop himself spent most of the Vienna conference loudly attacking the Hungarian delegation for their coolness towards attacking Czechoslovakia in 1938 and then demanding more than their fair share of the spoils.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p_325-231">[231]</a> When Ribbentrop finally got around to announcing his decision, the Hungarian delegation, which had expected Ribbentrop to rule in favour of Romania, broke out in cheers, while the Romanian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Mihail Manoilescu</a> fainted.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p_325-231">[231]</a> In late 1940, Ribbentrop made a sustained but unsuccessful effort to have <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> enter the war on the Axis side. During his talks with the Spanish foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Ramón Serrano Suñer</a>, Ribbentrop affronted Suñer with his tactless behaviour, especially his suggestion that Spain cede the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> An angry Suñer replied that he would rather see the Canaries sink into the Atlantic than cede an inch of Spanish territory. An area in which Ribbentrop enjoyed more success arose in September 1940, when he had the Far Eastern agent of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Stahmer" title="Heinrich Georg Stahmer">Heinrich Georg Stahmer</a>, start negotiations with the Japanese foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Yōsuke Matsuoka</a>, for an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-American</a> alliance. The result of these talks was the signing in Berlin on 27 September 1940 of the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> by Ribbentrop, Count Ciano, and Japanese Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Kurusu" title="Saburō Kurusu">Saburō Kurusu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In October 1940, Gauleiters <a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinrich_Wagner" title="Robert Heinrich Wagner">Robert Wagner</a> oversaw the near total expulsion of the Jews into the unoccupied <a href="/wiki/Zone_libre" title="Zone libre">zone libre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>; they deported them not only from the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to the Reich, but also from their <a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaue</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-Krausnick_pp_1-125-234">[234]</a> Ribbentrop treated in a "most dilatory fashion" the ensuing complaints by the Vichy French government over the expulsions.<a href="#cite_note-Krausnick_pp_1-125-234">[234]</a> In November 1940, during the visit of the Soviet Foreign Commissar <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> to Berlin, Ribbentrop tried hard to get the Soviet Union to sign the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._104-235">[235]</a> Ribbentrop argued that the Soviets and Germans shared a common enemy in the form of the British Empire, and as such, it was in the best interests of the Kremlin to enter the war on the Axis side.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._104-235">[235]</a> He proposed that, after the defeat of Britain, they could carve up the territory in the following way: the Soviet Union would have India and the Middle East, Italy the Mediterranean area, Japan the <a href="/wiki/British_possessions" class="mw-redirect" title="British possessions">British possessions</a> in the Far East (presuming of course that Japan would enter the war), and Germany would take central Africa and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._104-235">[235]</a> Molotov was open to the idea of the Soviet Union entering the war on the Axis side, but demanded as the price of entry into the war that Germany recognise Finland, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Hungary and Yugoslavia as within the exclusive Soviet sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._104-235">[235]</a> Ribbentrop's efforts to persuade Molotov to abandon his demands about Europe as the price of a Soviet alliance with Germany were entirely unsuccessful. After Molotov left Berlin, the Soviet Union indicated that it wished to sign the Tripartite Pact and enter the war on the Axis side. Though Ribbentrop was all for taking Stalin's offer, Hitler by this point had decided that he wanted to attack the Soviet Union. The <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet Axis talks</a> led nowhere. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08,_Berlin,_Reichstagssitzung,_Goebbels,_Ribbentrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Goebbels%2C_Ribbentrop.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Goebbels%2C_Ribbentrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Goebbels%2C_Ribbentrop.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Goebbels%2C_Ribbentrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Goebbels%2C_Ribbentrop.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-808-1236-08%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichstagssitzung%2C_Goebbels%2C_Ribbentrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a>, Ribbentrop and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a> during a Reichstag session, 1941</figcaption></figure> As World War II continued, Ribbentrop's once-friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> became increasingly strained. In January 1941, the nadir of the relations between the SS and the Foreign Office was reached when the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> attempted a <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">coup in Romania</a>. Ribbentrop supported Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>'s government and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> supported the Iron Guard.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> In the aftermath of the failed coup in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, the Foreign Office assembled evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> had backed the coup, which led Ribbentrop to restrict sharply the powers of the SD police attachés. Since October 1939 they had operated largely independently of the German embassies at which they had been stationed.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In early 1941, Ribbentrop appointed an assemblage of <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> men to German embassies in eastern Europe, with <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred Freiherr von Killinger</a> dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kasche" title="Siegfried Kasche">Siegfried Kasche</a> to <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf-Heinz_Beckerle" title="Adolf-Heinz Beckerle">Adolf-Heinz Beckerle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Jagow" title="Dietrich von Jagow">Dietrich von Jagow</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Ludin" title="Hanns Ludin">Hans Ludin</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_330-238">[238]</a> The major qualifications of all these men, none of whom had previously held a diplomatic position before, were that they were close friends of Luther and helped to enable a split in the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> (the traditional rivalry between the SS and SA was still running strong).<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_330-238">[238]</a> In March 1941, Japan's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Yōsuke Matsuoka</a>, a Germanophile, visited Berlin. On 29 March 1941, during a conversation with Matsuoka, Ribbentrop, as instructed by Hitler, told the Japanese nothing about the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, as Hitler believed that he could defeat the Soviet Union on his own and preferred that the Japanese attack Britain instead.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Hitler did not wish for any information that might lead the Japanese into attacking the Soviet Union to reach their ears. Ribbentrop tried to convince Matsuoka to urge the government in Tokyo to attack the great British naval base at Singapore, claiming the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was too weak to retaliate due to its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. Matsuoka responded that preparations to occupy Singapore were under way.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/220px-Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/330px-Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg/440px-Ante_Paveli%C4%87_und_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poglavnik" title="Poglavnik">Poglavnik</a> <a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Ante Pavelić</a> (left) of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> and Ribbentrop in Salzburg, 6 June 1941</figcaption></figure> In late 1940 and early 1941, Ribbentrop strongly pressured the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> to sign the Tripartite Pact, despite advice from the German Legation in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> that such an action would probably lead to the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prince Paul of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Paul</a>, the Yugoslav Regent.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._322-241">[241]</a> Ribbentrop's intention was to gain transit rights through the country that would allow the Germans to invade Greece. On 25 March 1941, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_accession_to_the_Tripartite_Pact" title="Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact">Yugoslavia reluctantly signed the Tripartite Pact</a>; the next day the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Army" title="Royal Yugoslav Army">Yugoslav military</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">overthrew Prince Paul in a bloodless coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._322-241">[241]</a> When Hitler ordered the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a>, Ribbentrop was opposed, because he thought the Foreign Office was likely to be excluded from ruling occupied Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._323-242">[242]</a> As Hitler was displeased with Ribbentrop over his opposition to the invasion, the minister took to his bed for the next couple of days.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._323-242">[242]</a> When Ribbentrop recovered, he sought a chance to increase his agency's influence by giving <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> independence.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._323-242">[242]</a> Ribbentrop chose the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> to rule Croatia. He had <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Veesenmayer" title="Edmund Veesenmayer">Edmund Veesenmayer</a> successfully conclude talks in April 1941 with General <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Slavko Kvaternik</a> of the Ustaše on having his party rule Croatia after the German invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._323-242">[242]</a> Reflecting his displeasure with the German Legation in Belgrade, which had advised against pushing Yugoslavia to sign the Tripartite Pact, Ribbentrop refused to have the German Legation withdrawn in advance before Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">bombed Belgrade</a> on 6 April 1941. The staff was left to survive the fire-bombing as best it could.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Ribbentrop liked and admired <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and was opposed to the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> He passed a word to a Soviet diplomat: "Please tell Stalin I was against this war, and that I know it will bring great misfortune to Germany." When it came to time for Ribbentrop to present the German declaration of war on 22 June 1941 to the Soviet Ambassador, General <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dekanozov" title="Vladimir Dekanozov">Vladimir Dekanozov</a>, the interpreter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schmidt_(interpreter)" title="Paul Schmidt (interpreter)">Paul Schmidt</a> described the scene: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">It is just before four on the morning of Sunday, 22 June 1941 in the office of the Foreign Minister. He is expecting the Soviet Ambassador, Dekanozov, who had been phoning the Minister since early Saturday. Dekanozov had an urgent message from Moscow. He had called every two hours, but was told the Minister was away from the city. At two on Sunday morning, von Ribbentrop finally responded to the calls. Dekanozov was told that von Ribbentrop wished to meet with him at once. An appointment was made for 4 am Von Ribbentrop is nervous, walking up and down from one end of his large office to the other, like a caged animal, while saying over and over, "The Führer is absolutely right. We must attack Russia, or they will surely attack us!" Is he reassuring himself? Is he justifying the ruination of his crowning diplomatic achievement? Now he has to destroy it "because that is the Führer's wish".<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_268-245">[245]</a></blockquote> When Dekanozov finally appeared, Ribbentrop read out a short statement saying that the Reich had been forced into "military countermeasures" because of an alleged Soviet plan to attack Germany in July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_268-245">[245]</a> Ribbentrop did not present a declaration of war to General Dekanozov, confining himself to reading the statement about Germany being forced to take "military countermeasures".<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_268-245">[245]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201,_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B23201%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_und_Ion_Antonescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop (left) with Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, in 1943</figcaption></figure> Despite his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and a preference to concentrate against Britain, Ribbentrop began a sustained effort on 28 June 1941, without consulting Hitler, to have Japan attack the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber,_p._91-246">[246]</a> But Ribbentrop's motives in seeking to have Japan enter the war were more anti-British than anti-Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber,_p._91-246">[246]</a> On 10 July 1941 Ribbentrop ordered General <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ott_(ambassador)" title="Eugen Ott (ambassador)">Eugen Ott</a>, the German Ambassador to Japan to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Go on with your efforts to bring about the earliest possible participation of Japan in the war against Russia…The natural goal must be, as before, to bring about the meeting of Germany and Japan on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> before winter sets in. With the collapse of Russia, the position of the Tripartite Powers in the world will be so gigantic that the question of the collapse of England, that is, the absolute annihilation of the British Isles, will only be a question of time. An America completely isolated from the rest of the world would then be faced with the seizure of those of the remaining positions of the British Empire important to the Tripartite Powers.<a href="#cite_note-Hillgruber,_p._91-246">[246]</a></blockquote> As part of his efforts to bring Japan into Barbarossa, on 1 July 1941, Ribbentrop had Germany break off diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and recognized the <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Japanese-puppet government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> as China's legitimate rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_344-247">[247]</a> Ribbentrop hoped that recognizing Wang would be seen as a coup that might add to the prestige of the pro-German Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Yōsuke Matsuoka</a>, who was opposed to opening American-Japanese talks.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_344-247">[247]</a> Despite Ribbentrop's best efforts, Matsuoka was sacked as foreign minister later in July 1941, and the Japanese-American talks began.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_344-247">[247]</a> After the war, Ribbentrop was found to have had culpability in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> based on his efforts to persuade the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Nazi puppet states</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> to deport Jews to the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In August 1941, when the question of whether to deport foreign Jews living in Germany arose, Ribbentrop argued against deportation as a way of maximizing the Foreign Office's influence.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_354-249">[249]</a> To deport foreign Jews living in the Reich, Ribbentrop had Luther negotiate agreements with the governments of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> to allow Jews holding citizenship of those states to be deported.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_354-249">[249]</a> In September 1941, the Reich Plenipotentiary for <a href="/wiki/Nazi-occupied_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-occupied Serbia">Nazi-occupied Serbia</a>, Felix Benzler, reported to Ribbentrop that the SS had arrested 8,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbian Jews</a>, whom they were planning to execute en masse. He asked for permission to try to stop the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_354-249">[249]</a> Ribbentrop assigned the question to Luther, who ordered Benzler to co-operate fully in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_354-249">[249]</a> In late 1941, Ribbentrop worked for the failure of the Japanese-American talks in Washington and for Japan to attack the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_345-2">[2]</a> In October 1941 Ribbentrop ordered <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ott_(ambassador)" title="Eugen Ott (ambassador)">Eugen Ott</a>, the German ambassador to Japan, to start applying pressure on the Japanese to attack the Americans as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_345-2">[2]</a> Ribbentrop argued to Hitler that a war between the United States and Germany was inevitable given the extent of American aid to Britain and the increasingly frequent "incidents" in the North Atlantic between U-boats and American warships guarding convoys to Britain. He said that having such a war start with a Japanese attack on the United States was the best way to begin it.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_345-2">[2]</a> Ribbentrop told Hitler that because of his four years in Canada and the United States before 1914, he was an expert on all things American; he thought that the United States was not a serious military power.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_345-2">[2]</a> On 4 December 1941, the Japanese Ambassador General <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_%C5%8Cshima" title="Hiroshi Ōshima">Hiroshi Ōshima</a> told Ribbentrop that Japan was on the verge of war with the United States. In turn, Ribbentrop promised that Germany would join the war against the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> On 7 December 1941, Ribbentrop was jubilant at the news of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and did his utmost to support a declaration of war on the United States. He delivered the <a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States" title="German declaration of war against the United States">official declaration</a> to the American Chargé d'Affaires <a href="/wiki/Leland_B._Morris" title="Leland B. Morris">Leland B. Morris</a> on 11 December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._346–347-3">[3]</a> In early 1942, following American entry into war, the United States successfully pressured all of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> states, except for Argentina and Chile, to declare war on Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_380-251">[251]</a> Ribbentrop considered the acceptance of declarations of war from small states such as Costa Rica and Ecuador to be deeply humiliating, and he refused to see any of the Latin American ambassadors. He had Weizsäcker accept their declarations of war instead.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_380-251">[251]</a> In April 1942, as part of a diplomatic counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a>, a military operation in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">southern Russia</a>, Ribbentrop assembled a collection of <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">anti-Soviet émigrés</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Adlon" title="Hotel Adlon">Hotel Adlon</a> in Berlin with the intention to have them declared leaders of governments-in-exile.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._350-351-252">[252]</a> From Ribbentrop's point of view, this had the dual benefit of ensuring popular support for the German Army as it advanced into the Caucasus and of ensuring that it was the Foreign Office that ruled the Caucasus once the Germans occupied the area.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_pp._350-351-252">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, the German Minister of the East, saw this as an intrusion into his area of authority, and told Hitler that the émigrés at the Hotel Adlon were "a nest of Allied agents".<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_351-253">[253]</a> To Ribbentrop's disappointment, Hitler sided with Rosenberg.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_351-253">[253]</a> Despite the often fierce rivalry with the SS, the Foreign Office played a key role in arranging the deportations of Jews to the death camps from <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France (1942–44)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary (1944–45)</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy (after 1943)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Ribbentrop assigned all of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>-related work to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(diplomat)" title="Martin Luther (diplomat)">Martin Luther</a>, an old crony from the Dienststelle who represented the Foreign Ministry at the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In 1942, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a> secured the deportation of 25,000 French Jews, and Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Ludin" title="Hanns Ludin">Hans Ludin</a> secured the deportation of 50,000 Slovak Jews to the death camps.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._356-255">[255]</a> Only once, in August 1942, did Ribbentrop try to restrict the deportations, but only because of jurisdictional disputes with the SS.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._356-255">[255]</a> Ribbentrop halted deportations from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>; in the case of the former, he was insulted because the SS were negotiating with the Romanians directly, and in the case of the latter, he learned that the SS and Luther had pressured the Italians in their zone of occupation to deport their Jews without first informing Ribbentrop. He had required being kept updated on all developments in Italo-German relations.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch,_p._356-255">[255]</a> In September 1942, after a meeting with Hitler, who was unhappy with his foreign minister's actions, Ribbentrop changed course and ordered the deportations to be resumed immediately.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In November 1942, following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> (the British-American invasion of North Africa), Ribbentrop met French Chief of the Government <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> in Munich. He presented Laval with an ultimatum for Germany's occupation of the French unoccupied zone and Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_291-257">[257]</a> Ribbentrop tried unsuccessfully to arrange for the Vichy French <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a> in North Africa to be formally placed under German command.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_291-257">[257]</a> In December 1942, he met the Italian Foreign Minister Count <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>, who carried Mussolini's request urging the Germans to go on the defensive in the Soviet Union in order to focus on attacking North Africa. Ribbentrop joined Hitler in belittling Italy's war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Weitz_291-257">[257]</a> During the same meeting in East Prussia with Count Ciano, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> arrived. He quickly agreed to Hitler's and Ribbentrop's demands that he place French police under the command of more radical antisemites and transport hundreds of thousands of French workers to labour in Germany's war industry.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Another low point in Ribbentrop's relations with the SS occurred in February 1943, when the SD backed a Luther-led internal putsch to oust Ribbentrop as foreign minister.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Luther had become estranged from Ribbentrop because the latter's wife treated the former as a household servant. She pushed her husband into ordering an investigation into allegations of corruption on Luther's part.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Luther's putsch failed largely because Himmler decided that a foreign ministry headed by Luther would be a more dangerous opponent than the current one under Ribbentrop. At the last minute, he withdrew his support from Luther.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_366-367-261">[261]</a> In the aftermath of the putsch, Luther was sent to <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloch_366-367-261">[261]</a> In April 1943, during a summit meeting with Hungary's Regent <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, Ribbentrop strongly pressed the Hungarians to deport their Jewish population to the death camps, but was unsuccessful. During their meeting, Ribbentrop declared "the Jews must either be exterminated or taken to the concentration camps. There is no other possibility".<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declining_influence">Declining influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Declining influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RibbentropDetentionReport.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small card titled DETENTION REPORT contains mugshots of Ribbentrop and other statistical information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RibbentropDetentionReport.png/480px-RibbentropDetentionReport.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RibbentropDetentionReport.png/720px-RibbentropDetentionReport.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RibbentropDetentionReport.png/960px-RibbentropDetentionReport.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop's detention report and <a href="/wiki/Mugshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugshot">mugshots</a></figcaption></figure> As the war went on, Ribbentrop's influence waned. Because most of the world was at war with Germany, the Foreign Ministry's importance diminished as the value of diplomacy became limited. By January 1944, Germany had diplomatic relations only with Argentina, Ireland, Vichy France, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Occupied Denmark</a>, Sweden, Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, the Holy See, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Thailand, Japan, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_puppet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese puppet states">Japanese puppet states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a> in China. Later that year, Argentina and Turkey severed ties with Germany; Romania and Bulgaria joined the Allies and Finland made a separate peace with the Soviet Union and declared war on Germany. Hitler found Ribbentrop increasingly tiresome and started to avoid him.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The Foreign Minister's pleas for permission to seek peace with at least some of Germany's enemies—the Soviet Union in particular—played a role in their estrangement.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> As his influence declined, Ribbentrop spent his time feuding with other Nazi leaders over control of antisemitic policies to curry Hitler's favour.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Ribbentrop suffered a major blow when many old Foreign Office diplomats participated in the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July 1944</a> <a href="/wiki/Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Putsch">putsch</a> and assassination attempt on Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Ribbentrop had not known of the plot, but the participation of so many current and former Foreign Ministry members reflected badly on him.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Hitler felt that Ribbentrop's "bloated administration" prevented him from keeping proper tabs on his diplomats' activities.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Ribbentrop worked closely with the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>, with which he had reconciled, to purge the Foreign Office of those involved in the putsch.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In the hours immediately following the assassination attempt on Hitler, Ribbentrop, Göring, Dönitz, and Mussolini were having tea with Hitler in Rastenberg when Dönitz began to rail against the failures of the Luftwaffe. Göring immediately turned the direction of the conversation to Ribbentrop, and the bankruptcy of Germany's foreign policy. "You dirty little champagne salesman! Shut your mouth!" Göring shouted, threatening to smack Ribbentrop with his marshal's baton. But Ribbentrop refused to remain silent at this disrespect. "I am still the Foreign Minister," he shouted, "and my name is von Ribbentrop!"<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> On 20 April 1945, Ribbentrop attended Hitler's 56th, and last, birthday party in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Three days later, Ribbentrop attempted to meet Hitler, but was rejected with the explanation the Führer had more important things to do.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest">Arrest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arrest">edit</a>]</div> After Hitler's suicide, Ribbentrop attempted to find a role under the new president, <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>, but was rebuffed. He went into hiding under an assumed name (Herr Reiser) in the port city of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. On 14 June, after Germany's surrender, Ribbentrop was arrested by Sergeant Jacques Goffinet,<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> a French citizen who had joined the <a href="/wiki/5th_Special_Air_Service" title="5th Special Air Service">5th Special Air Service</a>, the Belgian SAS, and was working with the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> near Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> He was found with a rambling letter written in English<a href="#cite_note-at47-275">[275]</a>: 115  addressed to the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Vincent [sic] Churchill</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> criticizing British foreign policy for <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiments</a>, and blaming Britain's failure to ally with Germany before the war for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone of Germany">Soviet occupation of eastern Germany</a> and the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> into central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> In it Ribbentrop said it was Hitler's "last political will" and a friendship appeal and claimed to have met with Hitler shortly before his death who "having suddenly turned around to me and said: 'You will see, my spirit will arise from my grave and one will see that I have been right.'"<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-at47-275">[275]</a>: 115 <a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg/200px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg/300px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg/400px-Joachim_von_Ribbentrop_in_his_cell_Nuremberg_Trials_1945.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop in his cell at Nuremberg after the trials had concluded</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_execution">Trial and execution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trial and execution">edit</a>]</div> Ribbentrop was a defendant at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. The Allies' <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> convicted him on four counts: crimes against peace, deliberately planning a war of aggression, committing war crimes, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biagi3-279">[279]</a> According to the judgment, Ribbentrop was actively involved in planning the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, as well as the invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland. He was also deeply involved in the "<a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">final solution</a>"; as early as 1942 he had ordered German diplomats in Axis countries to hasten the process of sending Jews to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camps</a> in the east. He supported the lynching of Allied airmen shot down over Germany, and helped to cover up the 1945 murder of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Mesny" title="Gustave Mesny">Gustave Mesny</a>, a French officer being held as a prisoner-of-war. He was held directly responsible for atrocities which took place in Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, since the top officials in those two occupied countries reported to him. Ribbentrop claimed that Hitler made all the important decisions himself, and that he had been deceived by Hitler's repeated claims of only wanting peace. The Tribunal rejected this argument, saying that given how closely involved Ribbentrop was with the execution of the war, "he could not have remained unaware of the aggressive nature of Hitler's actions."<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Even in prison, Ribbentrop still remained loyal to Hitler: "Even with all I know, if in this cell Hitler should come to me and say 'do this!', I would still do it."<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv/260px-seek%3D103-1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="189" data-durationhint="287" data-mwtitle="1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="590" data-height="428" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="198" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="330" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="496" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv/1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="496" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1946-10-08_21_Nazi_Chiefs_Guilty.ogv&lang=sv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sv" label="svenska ‪(sv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>17 October 1946 newsreel of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> sentencing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A corpse dressed in a black suit lies facing up on a table next to a brick wall. Only the upper torso is visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg/260px-Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg/390px-Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg/520px-Deadjoachimribbentrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Ribbentrop's body after his execution</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Gilbert" title="Gustave Gilbert">Gustave Gilbert</a>, an American Army psychologist, was allowed to examine the Nazi leaders who stood trial. Among other tests, he administered a German version of the <a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler–Bellevue IQ test</a>. Ribbentrop scored 129, the 10th highest among the Nazi leaders tested. At one point during the trial, a US Army interpreter asked <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst Freiherr von Weizsäcker</a> how Hitler could have promoted Ribbentrop to high office. Von Weizsäcker responded, "Hitler never noticed Ribbentrop's babbling because Hitler always did all the talking."<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> On 16 October 1946, Ribbentrop became the first of those sentenced to death at Nuremberg to be <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>, after Göring committed suicide just before his scheduled execution.<a href="#cite_note-Biagi3-279">[279]</a> The hangman was U.S. Master Sergeant <a href="/wiki/John_C._Woods" title="John C. Woods">John C. Woods</a>. Ribbentrop was escorted up the 13 steps of the gallows and asked if he had any final words. He said: "God protect Germany. God have mercy on my soul. My final wish is that Germany should recover her unity and that, for the sake of peace, there should be understanding between East and West. I wish peace to the world."<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> Nuremberg Prison Commandant <a href="/wiki/Burton_C._Andrus" title="Burton C. Andrus">Burton C. Andrus</a> later recalled that Ribbentrop turned to the prison's <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Gerecke" title="Henry F. Gerecke">Henry F. Gerecke</a>, immediately before the hood was placed over his head and then he whispered, "I'll see you again."<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> His execution was <a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">botched</a> and it took 14 minutes for Ribbentrop to die.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> His body, like those of the other nine executed men and of the suicide Hermann Göring, was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Ostfriedhof_(Munich)" title="Ostfriedhof (Munich)">Ostfriedhof (Munich)</a> and his ashes were scattered in the river <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2011393-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Famous_Last_Words_(novel)" title="Famous Last Words (novel)">Famous Last Words</a>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Findley" title="Timothy Findley">Timothy Findley</a>, Ribbentrop conspires with the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Duke of Windsor</a> to kill Hitler, take over the Nazi Party and Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_(novel)" title="Fatherland (novel)">Fatherland</a> (1992) explores an alternate history where the Nazis won the war, and Ribbentrop is still the foreign minister in 1964. In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>'s alternative history <a href="/wiki/The_Plot_Against_America" title="The Plot Against America">The Plot Against America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> wins <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">the presidential election of 1940</a> and allies the United States with Nazi Germany; Ribbentrop visits the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> as part of the two countries' new friendship. In <a href="/wiki/Guy_Walters" title="Guy Walters">Guy Walters</a>' The Leader (2003), <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> in 1937, allying the United Kingdom with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>, Ribbentrop is seen talking to <a href="/wiki/Diana_Mitford" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Mitford">Diana Mitford</a> in London after the creation of the new alliance. In <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Worldwar:_Striking_the_Balance" title="Worldwar: Striking the Balance">Worldwar: Striking the Balance</a> (1996) imagining an <a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">alien invasion</a> of Earth during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Ribbentrop represents Nazi Germany in negotiation of an armistice between the Allied and Axis powers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_portrayals">Film portrayals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film portrayals">edit</a>]</div> Ribbentrop has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theatre productions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniell" title="Henry Daniell">Henry Daniell</a> in the 1943 United States propaganda film <a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Moscow" title="Mission to Moscow">Mission to Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Chapman" title="Graham Chapman">Graham Chapman</a> in the 1970 television sketch comedy series <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Borowski" title="Henryk Borowski">Henryk Borowski</a> in the 1971 Polish film Epilogue at Nürnberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Toone" title="Geoffrey Toone">Geoffrey Toone</a> in the 1973 British television production <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Adolf_Hitler_(ITV_Sunday_Night_Theatre)" title="The Death of Adolf Hitler (ITV Sunday Night Theatre)">The Death of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hardy" title="Robert Hardy">Robert Hardy</a> in the 1974 television production <a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(1974_film)" title="The Gathering Storm (1974 film)">The Gathering Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosti_Klemel%C3%A4" title="Kosti Klemelä">Kosti Klemelä</a> in the 1978 Finnish television production Sodan ja rauhan miehet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_Bitenc" title="Demeter Bitenc">Demeter Bitenc</a> in the 1979 Yugoslavian television production Slom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jaeger" title="Frederick Jaeger">Frederick Jaeger</a> in the 1981 British television production <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_The_Wilderness_Years" title="Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years">Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Diffring" title="Anton Diffring">Anton Diffring</a> in the 1983 United States television production <a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_War_(miniseries)" title="The Winds of War (miniseries)">The Winds of War</a></li> <li>Hans-Dieter Asner in the 1985 television production <a href="/wiki/Mussolini_and_I" title="Mussolini and I">Mussolini and I</a></li> <li>Richard Kane in the 1985 US/Yugoslavian television production <a href="/wiki/Mussolini:_The_Untold_Story" title="Mussolini: The Untold Story">Mussolini: The Untold Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woodvine" title="John Woodvine">John Woodvine</a> in the 1989 British television production Countdown to War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Kahler" title="Wolf Kahler">Wolf Kahler</a> in the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Ivory_Productions" title="Merchant Ivory Productions">Merchant-Ivory</a> film <a href="/wiki/The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)" title="The Remains of the Day (film)">The Remains of the Day</a></li> <li>Benoît Girard in the 2000 Canadian/US TV production <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_(2000_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg (2000 film)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li>Bernd-Uwe Reppenhagen in the 2004 Indian production <a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose:_The_Forgotten_Hero" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero</a></li> <li>Ivaylo Geraskov in the 2006 British television docudrama <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg:_Nazis_on_Trial" title="Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial">Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker-Duly" title="Edward Baker-Duly">Edward Baker-Duly</a> in the 2010 BBC Wales/Masterpiece TV production <a href="/wiki/Upstairs,_Downstairs_(2010_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upstairs, Downstairs (2010 TV series)">Upstairs, Downstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Handtke" title="Holger Handtke">Holger Handtke</a> in the 2011 film <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Lux_(film)" title="Hotel Lux (film)">Hotel Lux</a></li> <li>Orest Ludwig in the 2020 mini-series <a href="/wiki/The_Plot_Against_America_(miniseries)" title="The Plot Against America (miniseries)">The Plot Against America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> During his life, Ribbentrop received many orders, decorations and medals. His role as chief diplomat of the Reich meant he was a natural recipient for diplomatic honours given out by various nations. It is theorised that many of the honours bestowed on Ribbentrop were actually intended for Hitler, who only ever wore at most his WWI <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> 1st Class, his <a href="/wiki/Wound_Badge" title="Wound Badge">wound badge</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Golden_Party_Badge" title="Golden Party Badge">NSDAP Party badge</a>. Hitler refused to accept any foreign decorations and so it is thought that many of the decorations conferred on Ribbentrop were intended for Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Ribbentrop's full collection of honours were recovered and sold off after the war. He had taken great care to make sure his decorations and other valuable items were kept safe and easily accessible for a potential escape after the defeat of Nazi Germany. Shortly before the end of the war, he hid his decorations and other valuables on the second floor of the Hotel Krone in <a href="/wiki/Umhausen" title="Umhausen">Umhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. He intended to recover them and other valuables before his eventual escape into <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. On 5 May 1945, the <a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="44th Infantry Division (United States)">44th Infantry Division</a> entered Umhausen. Shortly after, a captain in the Division, Howard Goldsmith, entered the Hotel Krone intending to stay the night, something he and his men were greatly looking forward to after months of sleeping rough in the winter of the Alpine region. The proprietor of the hotel refused them entry, but they forced their way in, and on reaching the second floor they uncovered trunks filled with clothing and personal items, confidential government documents and <a href="/wiki/Looted_art" title="Looted art">looted art</a> from across <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a>. Also in the room was a chest which Captain Goldsmith discovered was filled with Ribbentrop's personal orders and decorations. According to army rules, official and sensitive documents were to be passed on to the relevant authorities, while looted art was to be handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Monuments,_Fine_Arts,_and_Archives_program" title="Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program">Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program</a> for restitution. However, personal items were considered legitimate war souvenirs and after asking for permission, Goldsmith was allowed to keep the items. He had Ribbentrop's decorations shipped back to his home in <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>. Upon arriving back home he had the items appraised and found that the value at that time was around $40,000 (1945 US Dollars). For years afterwards they were exhibited across the United States, and a few years later the collection was broken up and sold.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Otto Abetz</a>: German Ambassador to Vichy France (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Buttmann" title="Rudolf Buttmann">Rudolf Buttmann</a>: German Ambassador to the Vatican (1920–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Heinrich_Dieckhoff" title="Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff">Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff</a>: German Ambassador to the United States of America (1937–1938) and Spain (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen">Herbert von Dirksen</a>: German Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1928–1933), Japan (1933–1938), and the United Kingdom (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Grobba" title="Fritz Grobba">Fritz Grobba</a>: German Ambassador to Iraq (1932–1939, 1941) and Saudi Arabia (1938–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hassell" title="Ulrich von Hassell">Ulrich von Hassell</a>: German Ambassador to Italy (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hempel" title="Eduard Hempel">Eduard Hempel</a>: German Ambassador to Ireland (1937–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Hewel" title="Walther Hewel">Walther Hewel</a>: German diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Hoesch" title="Leopold von Hoesch">Leopold von Hoesch</a>: German Ambassador to France (1923–1932) and the United Kingdom (1932–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred Freiherr von Killinger</a>: German Ambassador to the Slovak Republic (1940) and Romania (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a>: German Ambassador to the United States of America (1933–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ott_(ambassador)" title="Eugen Ott (ambassador)">Eugen Ott</a>: German Ambassador to Japan (1938–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_SS-Leaders_in_general%27s_rank#List_SS-Obergruppenführer" class="mw-redirect" title="Register of SS-Leaders in general's rank">List SS-Obergruppenführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Georg_Stahmer" title="Heinrich Georg Stahmer">Heinrich Georg Stahmer</a>: German Ambassador to Japan (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Thomsen" title="Hans Thomsen">Hans Thomsen</a>: German diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_von_Bergen" title="Diego von Bergen">Diego von Bergen</a>: German Ambassador to the Vatican (1915–1918, 1920–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>: German Ambassador to Austria (1934–1938) and Turkey (1939–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_von_Renthe-Fink" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil von Renthe-Fink">Cecil von Renthe-Fink</a>: German Ambassador to Denmark (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Werner_von_der_Schulenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg">Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg</a>: German Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1934–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a>: German Ambassador to the Vatican (1943–1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/91889/Ribbentrop-von-Ulrich-Friedrich-Wilhelm-Joachim.htm">"Ribbentrop, von, Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim - TracesOfWar.com"</a>. www.tracesofwar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114013709/https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/91889/Ribbentrop-von-Ulrich-Friedrich-Wilhelm-Joachim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tracesofwar.com&rft.atitle=Ribbentrop%2C+von%2C+Ulrich+Friedrich-Wilhelm+Joachim+-+TracesOfWar.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tracesofwar.com%2Fpersons%2F91889%2FRibbentrop-von-Ulrich-Friedrich-Wilhelm-Joachim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_345-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_345_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_345_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_345_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_345_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_345_2-4">e</a> Bloch, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_pp._346–347-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._346–347_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._346–347_3-1">b</a> Bloch, pp. 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> Bloch, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Les années liberté, 1944–1945, Le Républicain Lorrain, Metz, 1994, (p. 32). (fr). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> L'Express, n° 2937, « Metz en 1900 », 18–24 October 2007. (fr). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Weitz, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Bloch, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Bloch, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Bloch, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Weitz, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_7-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_7_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_7_12-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawson,_Robert2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lawson, Robert (2007). "Ribbentrop in Canada 1910 to 1914: A Note". International History Review. 29 (4): 821–832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2007.9641142">10.1080/07075332.2007.9641142</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40110928">40110928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159731198">159731198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Ribbentrop+in+Canada+1910+to+1914%3A+A+Note&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E821-%3C%2Fspan%3E832&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159731198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40110928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2007.9641142&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_8-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_8_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_8_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_8_14-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv5MugAACAAJ">Current Biography 1941</a>, pp. 707–709. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Bloch, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Bloch, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Bloch, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bloch, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY8svb-MNUwC&q=Gertrud+von+Ribbentrop&pg=PA1056">Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 1056. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671728687" title="Special:BookSources/9780671728687"><bdi>9780671728687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1056&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780671728687&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsY8svb-MNUwC%26q%3DGertrud%2Bvon%2BRibbentrop%26pg%3DPA1056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-current_708-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-current_708_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-current_708_21-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv5MugAACAAJ">Current Biography 1941</a>, p. 708 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Weitz, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Bloch, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner,_p._70-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner,_p._70_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner,_p._70_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner,_p._70_24-2">c</a> Turner, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Turner, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Watt, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Rees, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Snyder, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunther,_John1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n27/mode/2up">Inside Europe</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1940&rft.au=Gunther%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.149663%2F2015.149663.Inside-Europe%23page%2Fn27%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_16-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_16_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_16_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_16_30-2">c</a> Bloch, pp. 16, 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Craig, pp. 420–421. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees_93-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_93_32-7">h</a> Rees, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Craig, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Rees, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Jacobsen, pp. 59–60, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobsen_p._59-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen_p._59_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen_p._59_36-1">b</a> Jacobsen, p. 59, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevor-Roper_pp_241-242-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trevor-Roper_pp_241-242_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trevor-Roper_pp_241-242_37-1">b</a> Trevor-Roper, Hugh "Hitler's War Aims" from Aspects of the Third Reich, H. W. Koch (ed.), London: Macmillan, 1985, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_40-41-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_40-41_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_40-41_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_40-41_38-2">c</a> Bloch, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemetz2009" class="citation book cs1">Demetz, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b01Lh20kz7EC&q=Hitler+named+Ribbentrop+Special+Commissioner+for+Disarmament&pg=PA56">Prague in Danger: The Years of German Occupation, 1939–45: Memories and History, Terror and Resistance, Theater and Jazz, Film and Poetry, Politics and War</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374531560" title="Special:BookSources/9780374531560"><bdi>9780374531560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prague+in+Danger%3A+The+Years+of+German+Occupation%2C+1939%E2%80%9345%3A+Memories+and+History%2C+Terror+and+Resistance%2C+Theater+and+Jazz%2C+Film+and+Poetry%2C+Politics+and+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780374531560&rft.aulast=Demetz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db01Lh20kz7EC%26q%3DHitler%2Bnamed%2BRibbentrop%2BSpecial%2BCommissioner%2Bfor%2BDisarmament%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_56-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_56_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_56_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_56_40-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Craig, p. 421. </li> <li id="cite_note-craig_422-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-craig_422_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_422_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_422_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_422_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_422_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_422_42-5">f</a> Craig, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Bloch, pp. 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Tammo Luther: Volkstumspolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1933–1938: die Auslandsdeutschen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Traditionalisten und Nationalsozialisten. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08535-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-08535-1">3-515-08535-1</a>. Diagramm "Versuche zur Zentralisierung der Volkstumspolitik (Volksdeutscher Rat) / Stufe II (15. Oktober 1934)", Organigramm Stab Rudolf Heß/Bormann↔Hitler↔Auswärtiges Amt, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_Ribbentrop,_p._52-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_Ribbentrop,_p._52_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_Ribbentrop,_p._52_45-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Bloch, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Craig, p. 423. </li> <li id="cite_note-craig_425-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-craig_425_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_425_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_425_48-2">c</a> Craig, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Bloch, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Bloch, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Bloch, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Bloch, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Bloch, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Kershaw, Ian. Hitler Hubris New York: Norton, 1999, p. 558. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Weitz, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Hildebrand, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Hildebrand, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Bloch, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_81-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_81_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_81_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_81_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_81_59-3">d</a> Bloch, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-craig_432-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-craig_432_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-craig_432_60-1">b</a> Craig, p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-weinberg_342-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_342_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_342_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_342_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1970">Weinberg 1970</a>, p. 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-weinberg_343-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_343_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_343_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1970">Weinberg 1970</a>, p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Bloch, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_Ribbentrop,_p._65_64-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Bloch, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Bloch, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Jeremy Noakes & Geoffrey Pridham (editors) Nazism 1919–1945. Volume 3. Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination. A Documentary Reader. University of Exeter Press, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom, 1997, p. 673. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Bloch, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_pp._112-113-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._112-113_69-0">^</a> Bloch, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloch2011" class="citation cs2">Bloch, Michael (2011), Ribbentrop, Hachette UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405513609" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405513609"><bdi>978-1405513609</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ribbentrop&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1405513609&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_107-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_107_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_107_71-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Bloch, pp. 121–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvansHencke2002" class="citation cs2">Evans, Rob; Hencke, David (29 June 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/29/research.monarchy">"Wallis Simpson, the Nazi minister, the telltale monk and an FBI plot"</a>, The Guardian, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826041707/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/29/research.monarchy">archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013, retrieved 2 May 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wallis+Simpson%2C+the+Nazi+minister%2C+the+telltale+monk+and+an+FBI+plot&rft.date=2002-06-29&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Hencke%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2002%2Fjun%2F29%2Fresearch.monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Bloch, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_pp._125-127-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._125-127_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._125-127_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._125-127_75-2">c</a> Bloch, pp. 125–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiagi1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biagi, Enzo (1983). La seconda guerra mondiale, una storia di uomini [The Second World War, a history of men] (in Italian). Milan: Gruppo editoriale Fabbri. p. 591.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+seconda+guerra+mondiale%2C+una+storia+di+uomini&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=Gruppo+editoriale+Fabbri&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Biagi&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Bloch, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Bloch, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Bloch, pp. 113–114, 120, 125–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Bloch, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerry2003" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Maria (11 January 2003). The House in Berkeley Square: A History of the Lansdowne Club (1st ed.). London: The Lansdowne Club. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954607503" title="Special:BookSources/0954607503"><bdi>0954607503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+in+Berkeley+Square%3A+A+History+of+the+Lansdowne+Club&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Lansdowne+Club&rft.date=2003-01-11&rft.isbn=0954607503&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Watt, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-w58-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w58_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-w58_83-1">b</a> Waddington, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Letter of 30 August 1939 to Harold Macmillan, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1966" class="citation cs2">Macmillan, Harold (1966), Winds of Change 1914–1939, London: Macmillan, p. 604</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winds+of+Change+1914%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Waddington, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Waddington, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._48-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._48_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._48_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._48_87-2">c</a> Hildebrand, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Hildebrand, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_128-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_128_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_128_89-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Bloch, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig,_p._419-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig,_p._419_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig,_p._419_91-1">b</a> Craig, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Craig, pp. 419–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Bloch, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_146-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_146_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_146_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_146_94-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Bloch, pp. 131–134, 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Maiolo, Joseph. The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany, London: Macmillan, 1998, pp. 36–37, 190–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bloch, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Bloch, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-Michalka_1985,_pp._271–273-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michalka_1985,_pp._271–273_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michalka_1985,_pp._271–273_99-1">b</a> Michalka 1985, pp. 271–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber,_pp._64-65_100-2">c</a> Hillgruber, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Overy, Richard. "Misjudging Hitler" pp. 93–115, from The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Gordon Martel (ed.) <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: London, United Kingdom, 1999. pp. 101–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_195-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_195_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_195_102-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYenne2015" class="citation book cs1">Yenne, Bill (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voMcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Operation Long Jump: Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Greatest Assassination Plot in History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-440-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-440-8"><bdi>978-1-62157-440-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Long+Jump%3A+Stalin%2C+Roosevelt%2C+Churchill%2C+and+the+Greatest+Assassination+Plot+in+History&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62157-440-8&rft.aulast=Yenne&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoMcCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c157-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c157_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c157_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCadbury2015" class="citation book cs1">Cadbury, Deborah (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc2DBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">Princes at War: The Bitter Battle Inside Britain's Royal Family in the Darkest Days of WWII</a>. PublicAffairs. pp. 157–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-404-8"><bdi>978-1-61039-404-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes+at+War%3A+The+Bitter+Battle+Inside+Britain%27s+Royal+Family+in+the+Darkest+Days+of+WWII&rft.pages=157-&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-404-8&rft.aulast=Cadbury&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNc2DBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDundas2015" class="citation web cs1">Dundas, Deborah (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2015/03/05/andrew-morton-on-the-duke-and-duchess-of-windsor-and-the-nazis.html">"Andrew Morton on the Duke and Duchess of Windsor and the Nazis"</a>. The Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116121129/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2015/03/05/andrew-morton-on-the-duke-and-duchess-of-windsor-and-the-nazis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Andrew+Morton+on+the+Duke+and+Duchess+of+Windsor+and+the+Nazis&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F2015%2F03%2F05%2Fandrew-morton-on-the-duke-and-duchess-of-windsor-and-the-nazis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTravis2017" class="citation web cs1">Travis, Alan (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/winston-churchill-nazi-telegrams-uk-royals-edward-cabinet-papers">"Churchill tried to suppress Nazi plot to restore Edward VIII to British throne"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603134122/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/winston-churchill-nazi-telegrams-uk-royals-edward-cabinet-papers">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Churchill+tried+to+suppress+Nazi+plot+to+restore+Edward+VIII+to+British+throne&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fjul%2F20%2Fwinston-churchill-nazi-telegrams-uk-royals-edward-cabinet-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Bloch, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Jacobsen, p. 81, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Bloch, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_179-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_179_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_179_110-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1980">Weinberg 1980</a>, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Kaillis, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_193-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_193_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_193_113-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Bloch, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Bloch, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_196-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_196_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_196_116-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Weinberg 1970, pp. 462–463. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillgruber_jstor-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber_jstor_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber_jstor_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillgruber1974" class="citation journal cs1">Hillgruber, Andreas (1974). "England's Place in Hitler's Plans for World Dominion". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (1): 5–22 (15). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900101">10.1177/002200947400900101</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260265">260265</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159878696">159878696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=England%27s+Place+in+Hitler%27s+Plans+for+World+Dominion&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-22+%2815%29&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159878696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947400900101&rft.aulast=Hillgruber&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weinberg_506-507-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_506-507_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_506-507_119-1">b</a> Weinberg 1980, pp. 506–507. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Messerschmidt, pp. 671, 682–683. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Rothwell, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Watt, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Murray, Williamson. The Change in the European Balance of Power. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>: Princeton, NJ, US, 1984, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Watt, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Watt, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell_pp_118-119-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell_pp_118-119_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell_pp_118-119_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell_pp_118-119_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell_pp_118-119_126-3">d</a> Rothwell, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Rothwell, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199432-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199432_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Weinberg 1980, pp. 537–539, 557–560. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_158-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_158_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_158_130-1">b</a> Watt, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Watt, pp. 158–159. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_159-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_159_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_159_132-1">b</a> Watt, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_pp_159-160-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_159-160_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_159-160_133-1">b</a> Watt, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Watt, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Watt, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Watt, pp. 159–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Watt, pp. 155–157, 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Watt, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Gilbert, Martin Britain and Germany Between The Wars Longmans: Bungay, 1966, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Watt, pp. 168–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1980">Weinberg 1980</a>, p. 541. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1980">Weinberg 1980</a>, p. 547 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Murray, Williamson. The Change in the European Balance of Power. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1984, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrang1996" class="citation journal cs1">Strang, Bruce (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949603100406">"Once more onto the Breach: Britain's Guarantee to Poland, March 1939"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 31 (4): 721–752 (736–737). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949603100406">10.1177/002200949603100406</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/261045">261045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159558319">159558319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Once+more+onto+the+Breach%3A+Britain%27s+Guarantee+to+Poland%2C+March+1939&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=721-752+%28736-737%29&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159558319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F261045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949603100406&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F002200949603100406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Cienciala, Anna. "Poland in British and French Policy in 1939", from Finney, Patrick (ed.), The Origins of The Second World War. Edward Arnold: London, 1997, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Messerschmidt, p. 702. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_275-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_275_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_275_147-1">b</a> Watt, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaillis_164-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_164_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_164_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_164_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_164_148-3">d</a> Kaillis, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Bloch, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Watt, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Watt, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_223-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_223_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_223_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_223_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_223_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_223_152-4">e</a> Bloch, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_280-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_280_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_280_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_280_153-2">c</a> Watt, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Watt, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Bloch, pp. 233–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Weitz, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_207-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_207_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_207_157-1">b</a> Weitz, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Bloch, pp. 224–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_159-2">c</a> Weinberg 1980, pp. 561–562, 583–584. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_208-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_208_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_208_160-1">b</a> Weitz, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Weinberg 1980, pp. 579–581. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Craig, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-Overy_pp_95-128-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Overy_pp_95-128_163-7">h</a> Overy, p. 125, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Overy, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 1989, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Watt, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell_p_106-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell_p_106_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell_p_106_166-1">b</a> Rothwell, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1980">Weinberg 1980</a>, p. 650 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Messerschmidt, p. 695. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1980">Weinberg 1980</a>, p. 544 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 436–437. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Overy, p. 103, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Greenwood, Sean "The Phantom Crisis: Danzig, 1939" pp. 225–246 from The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Gordon Martel (ed.) Routledge: London, United Kingdom, 1999 p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Watt, pp. 394–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_304-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_304_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_304_174-1">b</a> Watt, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Watt, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Adamthwaite, Anthony (1977) France and the Coming of the Second World War, London: Frank Cass. p. 332. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714630359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714630359">978-0714630359</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Watt, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Adamthwaite, Anthony (1977) France and the Coming of the Second World War, London: Frank Cass. pp. 290–292. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714630359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714630359">978-0714630359</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_pp_426-427-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_426-427_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_426-427_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_426-427_179-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_426-427_179-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_426-427_179-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_pp_426-427_179-5">f</a> Watt, pp. 426–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Wheeler-Bennett, p. 454. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Watt, pp. 428–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_182-1">b</a> Overy, pp. 124–125, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Bloch, pp. 247–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Watt, p. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Watt, p. 458. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199434-35-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199434-35_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 34-35. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Watt, pp. 458–459. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Watt, pp. 459–460. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Bloch, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 446–447. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Wheeler-Bennett, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-michalka_1993_169-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michalka_1993_169_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-michalka_1993_169_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-michalka_1993_169_192-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichalka1993">Michalka 1993</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Watt, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt_309-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_309_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_309_194-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt_309_194-2">c</a> Watt, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Watt, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaillis_161-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_161_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_161_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_161_196-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_161_196-3">d</a> Kaillis, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaillis_pp_163-164-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_pp_163-164_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_pp_163-164_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_pp_163-164_197-2">c</a> Kaillis, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaillis_163-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_163_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_163_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaillis_163_198-2">c</a> Kaillis, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1980">Weinberg 1980</a>, p. 623 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Bloch, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Bloch, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Bloch, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Bloch, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Watt, p. 526. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Watt, pp. 527–528. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Watt, pp. 532–534. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Watt, p. 545. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Watt, p. 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Watt, p. 572. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Watt, pp. 583–585. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Bloch, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Overy, pp. 125–126, in The Third Reich. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Rees, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Bloch, pp. 262–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Bloch, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Bloch, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Offner, Arnold "The United States and National Socialist Germany" pp. 413–427 from The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Wolfgang Mommsen</a> and Lothar Kettenacker (eds.), London: George Allen, 1983 pp. 421–422. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Weitz, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Weitz, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Weitz, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Bloch, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_239-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_239_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_239_223-1">b</a> Weitz, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_307-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_307_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_307_224-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Weitz, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Bloch, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Bloch, pp. 296–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Bloch, pp. 384–385. </li> <li id="cite_note-michalka_1985_276-277-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michalka_1985_276-277_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-michalka_1985_276-277_229-1">b</a> Michalka 1985, pp. 276–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Hildebrand, pp. 15–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_p_325-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p_325_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p_325_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p_325_231-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Bloch, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Bloch, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-Krausnick_pp_1-125-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krausnick_pp_1-125_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krausnick_pp_1-125_234-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Krausnick" title="Helmut Krausnick">Krausnick, Helmut</a> "The Persecution of the Jews" pp. 1–125, from The Anatomy of the SS State, New York: Walker and Company, 1968, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hildebrand,_p._104-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._104_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._104_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._104_235-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hildebrand,_p._104_235-3">d</a> Hildebrand, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Bloch, pp. 320–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Bloch, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_330-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_330_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_330_238-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Cecil, Robert. Hitler's Decision to Invade Russia, 1941, David McKay, 1976, p. 114, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679507159" title="Special:BookSources/0679507159">0679507159</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Trial of German Major War Criminals, vol. 3, pp. 379–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_p._322-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._322_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._322_241-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_p._323-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._323_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._323_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._323_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._323_242-3">d</a> Bloch, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1994">Weinberg 1994</a>, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Bloch, pp. 308–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_268-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_268_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_268_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_268_245-2">c</a> Weitz, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillgruber,_p._91-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber,_p._91_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber,_p._91_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillgruber,_p._91_246-2">c</a> Hillgruber, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_344-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_344_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_344_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_344_247-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Bloch, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_354-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_354_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_354_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_354_249-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_354_249-3">d</a> Bloch, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Bloch, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_380-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_380_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_380_251-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_pp._350-351-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._350-351_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_pp._350-351_252-1">b</a> Bloch, pp. 350–351. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_351-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_351_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_351_253-1">b</a> Bloch, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Bloch, pp. 353–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch,_p._356-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._356_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._356_255-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch,_p._356_255-2">c</a> Bloch, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Bloch, pp. 356–357. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weitz_291-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_291_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_291_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weitz_291_257-2">c</a> Weitz, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Bloch, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Bloch, pp. 365–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Bloch, pp. 365–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloch_366-367-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_366-367_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloch_366-367_261-1">b</a> Bloch, pp. 366–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Browning, Christopher (1990) "Ribbentrop, Joachim von," in The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Vol. 3, Israel Gutman (ed.), New York: Macmillan. p. 1273. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028971650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028971650">978-0028971650</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Bloch, pp. 338–339, 361, 385–388, 420–422. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Bloch, pp. 385–388. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichalka1993">Michalka 1993</a>, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Bloch, pp. 405–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Bloch, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Bloch, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Bloch, pp. 405–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> Shirer, p. 1056. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Bloch, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Bloch, pp. 425–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francaislibres.net/liste/fiche.php?index=71380">"Jacques Antoine Augustin Goffinet -"</a>. Les Français Libres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060451/http://www.francaislibres.net/liste/fiche.php?index=71380">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Fran%C3%A7ais+Libres&rft.atitle=Jacques+Antoine+Augustin+Goffinet+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francaislibres.net%2Fliste%2Ffiche.php%3Findex%3D71380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Biagi, p. 2743. </li> <li id="cite_note-at47-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-at47_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-at47_275-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirer1947" class="citation journal cs1">Shirer, William L. (1 May 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1947/05/end-of-a-berlin-diary/655185/">"End of a Berlin Diary"</a>. The Atlantic: 115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-9463">2151-9463</a>. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=End+of+a+Berlin+Diary&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1947-05-01&rft.issn=2151-9463&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1947%2F05%2Fend-of-a-berlin-diary%2F655185%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1947/05/179-5/132324982.pdf">pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Bloch, pp. 431–432. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/01/02/archives/ribbentrop-cited-hitler-prophecy-letter-to-churchill-and-eden.html">"RIBBENTROP CITED HITLER PROPHECY; Letter to Churchill and Eden Quoted Prediction of His Spiritual Vindication"</a>. The New York Times. AP. 2 January 1946. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RIBBENTROP+CITED+HITLER+PROPHECY%3B+Letter+to+Churchill+and+Eden+Quoted+Prediction+of+His+Spiritual+Vindication&rft.date=1946-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F01%2F02%2Farchives%2Fribbentrop-cited-hitler-prophecy-letter-to-churchill-and-eden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-galveston-daily-news-von-ribbentrop/2736650/">"Von Ribbentrop's letter to Churchill"</a>. The Galveston Daily News. AP. 2 January 1946. p. 1. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Galveston+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Von+Ribbentrop%27s+letter+to+Churchill.&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1946-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-galveston-daily-news-von-ribbentrop%2F2736650%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biagi3-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biagi3_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biagi3_279-1">b</a> Biagi, p. 2757. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/JudgeRib.html">"Judgment against Ribbentrop"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112224323/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/JudgeRib.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> Jewish Virtual Library. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Snyder, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApplebome2007" class="citation news cs1">Applebome, Peter (14 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/nyregion/14towns.html">"Veteran of the Nuremberg Trials Can't Forget Dialogue With Infamy"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030211/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/nyregion/14towns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Veteran+of+the+Nuremberg+Trials+Can%27t+Forget+Dialogue+With+Infamy&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft.aulast=Applebome&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F14%2Fnyregion%2F14towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Bloch, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Andrus, Burton C. (1969) I Was the Nuremberg Jailor, New York: Coward-McCann, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302002906/http://www.law.uga.edu/academics/profiles/dwilkes_more/his34_trial2.html">"The Trial of the Century– and of All Time, part two"</a>. Flagpole Magazine. 17 July 2002. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.uga.edu/dwilkes_more/his34_trial2.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flagpole+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+the+Century%E2%80%93+and+of+All+Time%2C+part+two&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2002-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uga.edu%2Fdwilkes_more%2Fhis34_trial2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarnstädt,_Thomas2005" class="citation cs2">Darnstädt, Thomas (13 September 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39916258.html">"Ein Glücksfall der Geschichte"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, no. 14, p. 128, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160707014239/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39916258.html">archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2016, retrieved 13 September 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Ein+Gl%C3%BCcksfall+der+Geschichte&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=128&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft.au=Darnst%C3%A4dt%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-39916258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2011393-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManvellFraenkel2011393_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011">Manvell & Fraenkel 2011</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvery2001205_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvery2001">Overy 2001</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIBM39D8JVs">The Ribbentrop Hoard - WWII's Finest GI Trophy</a>, 28 June 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826205335/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIBM39D8JVs">archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023, retrieved 26 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ribbentrop+Hoard+-+WWII%27s+Finest+GI+Trophy&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWIBM39D8JVs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axishistory.com/books/360-germany-unsorted/militaria/5948-the-orders-and-medals-of-joachim-von-ribbentrop">"The Orders and medals of Joachim von Ribbentrop"</a>. www.axishistory.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826205337/https://www.axishistory.com/books/360-germany-unsorted/militaria/5948-the-orders-and-medals-of-joachim-von-ribbentrop">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axishistory.com&rft.atitle=The+Orders+and+medals+of+Joachim+von+Ribbentrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axishistory.com%2Fbooks%2F360-germany-unsorted%2Fmilitaria%2F5948-the-orders-and-medals-of-joachim-von-ribbentrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloch" title="Michael Bloch">Bloch, Michael</a>. Ribbentrop. London: Bantam Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-01896-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-593-01896-6">0-593-01896-6</a>; New York: Crown Publishing, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-59310-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-59310-6">0-517-59310-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D III of Abteilung Deutschland, 1940–43. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0403-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8419-0403-0">0-8419-0403-0</a>.</li> <li>Craig, Gordon. "The German Foreign Office from Neurath to Ribbentrop" in <a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Gilbert" title="Felix Gilbert">Felix Gilbert</a> (eds.) The Diplomats 1919–39. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1953, pp. 406–436.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Klaus</a>. The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich, Anthony Fothergill (trans.). London: Batsford, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02528-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02528-8">0-520-02528-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Hillgruber, Andreas</a>. Germany and the Two World Wars, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Kirby" title="William C. Kirby">William C. Kirby</a> (trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-35321-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-35321-8">0-674-35321-8</a>.</li> <li>The Third Reich. Leitz, Christian (ed.), Oxford: Blackwell, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20700-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20700-7">0-631-20700-7</a>. Articles: <ul><li>Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf. "The Structure of Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–45" pp. 49–94.</li></ul></li> <li>Kaillis, Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyKts5L3Na4C">Fascist Ideology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530145953/http://books.google.com/books?id=pyKts5L3Na4C">Archived</a> 30 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, London: Routledge, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415216117" title="Special:BookSources/0415216117">0415216117</a>.</li> <li>Lukes, Igor, and Erik Goldstein (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II. London: Frank Cass Inc, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8056-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8056-7">0-7146-8056-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Manvell" title="Roger Manvell">Manvell, Roger</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Fraenkel" title="Heinrich Fraenkel">Fraenkel, Heinrich</a> (2011) [1962]. Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader. London: Skyhorse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-109-6"><bdi>978-1-61608-109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goering%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Notorious+Nazi+Leader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-109-6&rft.aulast=Manvell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Fraenkel%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Messerschmidt" title="Manfred Messerschmidt">Messerschmidt, Manfred</a> "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War" from <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Deist" title="Wilhelm Deist">Wilhelm Deist</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Erich_Vokmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Erich Vokmann (page does not exist)">Hans-Erich Vokmann</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wolfram Wette</a> (eds.), Vol. I, Clarendon Press: Oxford, United Kingdom, 1990.</li> <li>Michalka, Wolfgang. "From Anti-Comintern Pact to the Euro-Asiatic Bloc: Ribbentrop's Alternative Concept to Hitler's Foreign Policy Programme". In H. W. Koch (ed.), Aspects of the Third Reich. London: Macmillan 1985, pp. 267–284. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-35272-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-35272-6">0-333-35272-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichalka1993" class="citation book cs1">Michalka, Wolfgang (1993). "Joachim von Ribbentrop: From Wine Merchant to Foreign Minister". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Smelser" title="Ronald Smelser">Smelser, Ronald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann, Rainer</a> (eds.). The Nazi Elite. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-56950-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-56950-4"><bdi>0-333-56950-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joachim+von+Ribbentrop%3A+From+Wine+Merchant+to+Foreign+Minister&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Elite&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-333-56950-4&rft.aulast=Michalka&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich. Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941 (Columbia University Press, 1997).</li> <li>Oursler Jr., Fulton. "Secret Treason", American Heritage, 42 (8) (1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvery2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2001). Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9350-9"><bdi>978-0-7139-9350-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrogations%3A+The+Nazi+Elite+in+Allied+Hands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9350-9&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rees, Laurence <a href="/wiki/The_Nazis:_A_Warning_from_History" title="The Nazis: A Warning from History">The Nazis: A Warning from History</a>, New York: New Press, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/056349333X" title="Special:BookSources/056349333X">056349333X</a>.</li> <li>Rothwell, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLlaN3e4IcsC">The Origins of the Second World War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328081757/https://books.google.com/books?id=JLlaN3e4IcsC">Archived</a> 28 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manchester University Press: Manchester, United Kingdom, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719059585" title="Special:BookSources/0719059585">0719059585</a>.</li> <li>Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0">978-0-671-62420-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leo_Snyder" title="Louis Leo Snyder">Snyder, Louis</a>. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-059525-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-059525-9">0-07-059525-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashby_Turner" title="Henry Ashby Turner">Turner, Henry Ashby</a>. Hitler's Thirty Days To Power: January 1933. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201407143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201407143">978-0201407143</a>.</li> <li>Waddington, Geoffrey. "'An Idyllic and Unruffled Atmosphere of Complete Anglo–German Misunderstanding': Aspects of the Operation of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop in Great Britain 1934–1939". History, Volume 82, 1997, pp. 44–74.</li> <li>Watt, D. C. How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939. London: Heinemann, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-57916-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-57916-X">0-394-57916-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-88509-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-88509-7"><bdi>0-226-88509-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Diplomatic+Revolution+in+Europe+1933%E2%80%9336&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-226-88509-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1980" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II 1937–39. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-88511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-88511-9"><bdi>0-226-88511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Starting+World+War+II+1937%E2%80%9339&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-226-88511-9&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1994" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard (1994). A World At Arms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521618266" title="Special:BookSources/0521618266"><bdi>0521618266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+At+Arms&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521618266&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoachim+von+Ribbentrop" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Weitz" title="John Weitz">Weitz, John</a> (1992). Hitler's Diplomat: The Life And Times Of Joachim von Ribbentrop, New York: Ticknor and Fields. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-62152-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-62152-6">0-395-62152-6</a>.</li> <li>Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power, London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Windsor, Wallis (1956). The Heart has its Reasons: The Memoirs of the Duchess of Windsor, Bath: Chivers Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Blandford, Edmund (2000). SSIntelligence. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840371471" title="Special:BookSources/1840371471">1840371471</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_C._Fest" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim C. Fest">Fest, Joachim C.</a>, and Bullock, Michael (trans.) (1979)[orig. published in German in 1963]. "Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Degradation of Diplomacy" in The Face of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin, pp. 265–282. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201407143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201407143">978-0201407143</a>.</li> <li>Loving, Rush Jr. (2022). Fat Boy and the Champagne Salesman: Göring, Ribbentrop, and the Nazi Invasion of Poland Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Mitrovits, Miklós (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/119927/1/Mitrovits_2020-Vol1-Issue1-17-32.pdf">"Background to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921022633/http://real.mtak.hu/119927/1/Mitrovits_2020-Vol1-Issue1-17-32.pdf">Archived</a> 21 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Central European Horizons 1.1. pp. 17–32.</li> <li>Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion Vol. 1. W. W. Norton.</li> <li>Rich, Norman (1974). Hitler's War Aims: The Establishment of the New Order Vol. 2. W. W. Norton.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" class="extiw" title="q:Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709150049/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-10/tgmwc-10-96-06.shtml">The Trial of German Major War Criminals</a>, access date 1 July 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/014531">Newspaper clippings about Joachim von Ribbentrop</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a>, in German</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Hoesch" title="Leopold von Hoesch">Leopold von Hoesch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/German_Ambassador_to_the_Court_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="German Ambassador to the Court of St. James">German Ambassador to the Court of St. James</a> 1936–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Dirksen" title="Herbert von Dirksen">Herbert von Dirksen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Germany">Foreign Minister of Germany</a> 1938–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_and_topics_related_to_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles and topics related to Joachim von Ribbentrop</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li>Deputy Führer: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Foreign_ministers_of_Germany1187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Germany" title="Template:Foreign ministers of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_ministers_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_ministers_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign ministers of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_ministers_of_Germany1187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871–1918) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Thile" title="Hermann von Thile">Thile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ludwig_von_Balan" title="Hermann Ludwig von Balan">Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Ernst_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard Ernst von Bülow">B. E. von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Maria_von_Radowitz_Jr." title="Joseph Maria von Radowitz Jr.">Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlodwig,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst">Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_zu_Limburg-Stirum" title="Friedrich zu Limburg-Stirum">Limburg-Stirum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Busch" title="Clemens Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hatzfeldt" title="Paul von Hatzfeldt">Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bismarck" title="Herbert von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Marschall_von_Bieberstein" title="Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein">Marschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Bernhard von Bülow">B. von Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Richthofen" title="Oswald von Richthofen">Richthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Tschirschky" title="Heinrich von Tschirschky">Tschirschky-Bögendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Schoen" title="Wilhelm von Schoen">Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Kiderlen-Waechter" title="Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter">Kiderlen-Waechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_von_Jagow" title="Gottlieb von Jagow">Jagow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zimmermann" title="Arthur Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_K%C3%BChlmann" title="Richard von Kühlmann">Kühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hintze" title="Paul von Hintze">Hintze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf" title="Wilhelm Solf">Solf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–33) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Brockdorff-Rantzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_K%C3%B6ster" title="Adolf Köster">Köster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Simons" title="Walter Simons">Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rosen" title="Friedrich Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Rosenberg" title="Hans von Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Curtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Brüning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1933–45) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Neurath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Schwerin von Krosigk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a>1 (1949–90) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Dertinger" title="Georg Dertinger">Dertinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Ackermann" title="Anton Ackermann">Ackermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Bolz" title="Lothar Bolz">Bolz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Winzer" title="Otto Winzer">Winzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischer_(politician)" title="Oskar Fischer (politician)">O. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Meckel" title="Markus Meckel">Meckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">de Maizière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1949–present) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Brentano" title="Heinrich von Brentano">von Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Genscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li>Genscher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Kinkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">J. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Steinmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Westerwelle</a></li> <li>Steinmeier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Maas" title="Heiko Maas">Maas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Baerbock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%"><div>1 East Germany</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Final_occupants_of_the_FührerbunkerCategory:Articles_containing_German-language_text_by_date_of_departure_(1945)340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Final_occupants_of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Template:Final occupants of the Führerbunker"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Final_occupants_of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Template talk:Final occupants of the Führerbunker"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Final_occupants_of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Final occupants of the Führerbunker"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Final_occupants_of_the_FührerbunkerCategory:Articles_containing_German-language_text_by_date_of_departure_(1945)340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Final occupants of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> by date of departure (1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Jesko_von_Puttkamer" title="Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer">Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Schroeder" title="Christa Schroeder">Christa Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Wolf" title="Johanna Wolf">Johanna Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckhard_Christian" title="Eckhard Christian">Eckhard Christian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bormann" title="Albert Bormann">Albert Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schaub" title="Julius Schaub">Julius Schaub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frentz" title="Walter Frentz">Walter Frentz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">28 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Hanna Reitsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">29 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Freytag_von_Loringhoven" title="Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven">Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Boldt" title="Gerhard Boldt">Gerhard Boldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Weiss" title="Rudolf Weiss">Rudolf Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Zander" title="Wilhelm Zander">Wilhelm Zander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Lorenz" title="Heinz Lorenz">Heinz Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Johannmeyer" title="Willy Johannmeyer">Willy Johannmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wagner_(notary)" title="Walter Wagner (notary)">Walter Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30 April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Below" title="Nicolaus von Below">Nicolaus von Below</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1 May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke" title="Wilhelm Mohnke">Wilhelm Mohnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traudl_Junge" title="Traudl Junge">Traudl Junge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Christian" title="Gerda Christian">Gerda Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constanze_Manziarly" title="Constanze Manziarly">Constanze Manziarly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Else Krüger">Else Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_G%C3%BCnsche" title="Otto Günsche">Otto Günsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Hewel" title="Walther Hewel">Walther Hewel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-G%C3%BCnther_Schenck" title="Ernst-Günther Schenck">Ernst-Günther Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Erich_Voss" title="Hans-Erich Voss">Hans-Erich Voss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rattenhuber" title="Johann Rattenhuber">Johann Rattenhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H%C3%B6gl" title="Peter Högl">Peter Högl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Naumann" title="Werner Naumann">Werner Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Baur" title="Hans Baur">Hans Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Stumpfegger" title="Ludwig Stumpfegger">Ludwig Stumpfegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Betz" title="Georg Betz">Georg Betz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Linge" title="Heinz Linge">Heinz Linge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kempka" title="Erich Kempka">Erich Kempka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Doose" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Doose">Heinrich Doose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Schw%C3%A4germann" title="Günther Schwägermann">Günther Schwägermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Lindloff" title="Ewald Lindloff">Ewald Lindloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reisser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Reisser">Hans Reisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_D._Lehmann" title="Armin D. Lehmann">Armin D. Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Ochs" title="Josef Ochs">Josef Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kr%C3%BCger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Krüger">Heinz Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Schwiedel" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Schwiedel">Werner Schwiedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schach" title="Gerhard Schach">Gerhard Schach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke#Life" title="Hugo Blaschke">Käthe Heusermann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2 May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Weidling" title="Helmuth Weidling">Helmuth Weidling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Refior" title="Hans Refior">Hans Refior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Dufving" title="Theodor von Dufving">Theodor von Dufving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Knappe" title="Siegfried Knappe">Siegfried Knappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochus_Misch" title="Rochus Misch">Rochus Misch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Still present on 2 May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Haase" title="Werner Haase">Werner Haase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Flegel" title="Erna Flegel">Erna Flegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kunz" title="Helmut Kunz">Helmut Kunz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Tornow" title="Fritz Tornow">Fritz Tornow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Flegel#Biography" title="Erna Flegel">Liselotte Chervinska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_children#Helmut_Christian" title="Goebbels children">Johanna Ruf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hentschel" title="Johannes Hentschel">Johannes Hentschel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committed suicide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Robert_Grawitz" title="Ernst-Robert Grawitz">Ernst-Robert Grawitz</a> (24 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (30 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Hitler</a> (née Braun, 30 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magda_Goebbels" title="Magda Goebbels">Magda Goebbels</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwin-Broder_Albrecht" title="Alwin-Broder Albrecht">Alwin-Broder Albrecht</a> (1 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Burgdorf" title="Wilhelm Burgdorf">Wilhelm Burgdorf</a> (2 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(Wehrmacht_general)" title="Hans Krebs (Wehrmacht general)">Hans Krebs</a> (2 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sch%C3%A4dle" title="Franz Schädle">Franz Schädle</a> (2 May)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein" title="Hermann Fegelein">Hermann Fegelein</a> (executed for desertion, 28 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondi" title="Blondi">Blondi</a> (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_children" title="Goebbels children">Goebbels children</a> (poisoned 1 May)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials1748" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Template:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Template talk:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials1748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major defendants at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">Sentenced to death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Imprisoned (terms)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> (10 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a> (life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> (life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> (15 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a> (life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> (20 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> (20 years)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Acquitted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">No decision</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach" title="Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach">Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div style="font-size: 92%"> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">In absentia</a>. Remains discovered in Berlin in 1972 and conclusively identified in 1998; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 1945</li> <li>2 Committed suicide on 15 October 1946 before sentence could be carried out</li> <li>3 Found unfit to stand trial</li> <li>4 Committed suicide on 25 October 1945</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_Party124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSDAP" title="Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Homeland_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Homeland (Germany)">The Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li>von Ribbentrop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish/Israeli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Slovakia)" title="German Party (Slovakia)">German Party (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentials_of_Hindutva" title="Essentials of Hindutva">Essentials of Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101886#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3615" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101886#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3615" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101886#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121398239">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/74645641">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/204973/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMCTJyDKrdVbqtKXH3cP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118600192">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87882783">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119404928">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119404928">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551977">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35949920">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701500&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1415738">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/106420">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071087605">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90339696">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000257987&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000199410&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000252571">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=86729">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl036rz65kc6w5d">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537396505606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/241324">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007275489705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000173198">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058610880806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14236983">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08758582?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1159345">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118600192.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118600192">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027342050">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572042">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k936hj">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&oldid=1279764140">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&oldid=1279764140</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_births" title="Category:1893 births">1893 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_deaths" title="Category:1946 deaths">1946 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_nobility" title="Category:20th-century German nobility">20th-century German nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_politicians" title="Category:20th-century German politicians">20th-century German politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Ambassadors of Germany to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of Germany to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomats_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Category:Diplomats in the Nazi Party">Diplomats in the Nazi Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_German_mass_murderers" title="Category:Executed German mass murderers">Executed German mass murderers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_people_from_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Category:Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia">Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Foreign relations of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:German Army personnel of World War I">German Army personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_people_convicted_of_crimes_against_humanity" title="Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity">German people convicted of crimes against humanity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_people_convicted_of_the_international_crime_of_aggression" title="Category:German people convicted of the international crime of aggression">German people convicted of the international crime of aggression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Protestants" title="Category:German Protestants">German Protestants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations_(1918%E2%80%931941)" title="Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)">Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:Government ministers of Nazi Germany">Government ministers of Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_perpetrators" title="Category:Holocaust perpetrators">Holocaust perpetrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1933%E2%80%931936" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936">Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1936%E2%80%931938" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938">Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Reichstag_1938%E2%80%931945" title="Category:Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945">Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_for_foreign_affairs_of_Germany" title="Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany">Ministers for foreign affairs of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Category:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Category:Nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility in the Nazi Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_by_the_International_Military_Tribunal_in_Nuremberg" title="Category:People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg">People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_for_crimes_against_humanity" title="Category:People executed for crimes against humanity">People executed for crimes against humanity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Rhine_Province" title="Category:People from the Rhine Province">People from the Rhine Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Wesel" title="Category:People from Wesel">People from Wesel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prussian_Army_personnel" title="Category:Prussian Army personnel">Prussian Army personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Iron_Cross_(1914),_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class">Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:SS-Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Category:SS-Obergruppenführer">SS-Obergruppenführer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_political_leaders" title="Category:World War II political leaders">World War II political leaders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2015">Articles with dead external links from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_March_2013" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from March 2013">Use Oxford spelling from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from August 2022">Articles with disputed statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 March 2025, at 13:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachim_von_Ribbentrop&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Joachim von Ribbentrop</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 73 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6ddc5dfcd8-p2lmz","wgBackendResponseTime":426,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.236","walltime":"2.853","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27576,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":872354,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":248746,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":373628,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2044.424 1 -total"," 27.39% 560.018 1 Template:Navboxes"," 22.45% 458.967 12 Template:Navbox"," 17.17% 351.045 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 16.71% 341.525 1 Template:Nazism"," 15.98% 326.779 8 Template:Excerpt"," 13.85% 283.241 1 Template:Reflist"," 5.63% 115.012 1 Template:IPA"," 4.20% 85.919 1 Template:Hitler\u0026#039;s_Cabinet"," 4.09% 83.678 6 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.048","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22796670,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFApplebome2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiagi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCadbury2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarnstädt,_Thomas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemetz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDundas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansHencke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunther,_John1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillgruber1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson,_Robert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManvellFraenkel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalka1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrang1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYenne2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Confusing-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Ribbentrop, Joachim Von\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Final occupants of the Führerbunker\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign Ministers of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 12,\n [\"Hitler's Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"Infobox criminal\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main Nuremberg defendants\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NSDAP\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","21.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.2"],["type","40","3.2"],["format","20","1.6"],["[others]","200","16.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-5f4bc5f544-tfd4f","timestamp":"20250310151805","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Joachim von Ribbentrop","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q101886","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q101886","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-11T14:17:45Z","dateModified":"2025-03-10T13:01:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f9\/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H04810%2C_Joachim_von_Ribbentrop.jpg","headline":"German Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany (1893\u20131946)"}</script> </body> </html>