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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Naval career until World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_career_until_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naval career until World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_career_until_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_German_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_German_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imperial German Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_German_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weimar Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weimar Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_Seas_Fleet_mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Seas_Fleet_mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>High Seas Fleet mutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Seas_Fleet_mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapp_putsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapp_putsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kapp <i>putsch</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapp_putsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commander-in-chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander-in-chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Commander-in-chief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander-in-chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuremberg_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuremberg_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nuremberg trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuremberg_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Service summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dates_of_Navy_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_Navy_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dates of Navy rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_Navy_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Awards and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erich Raeder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="إريش رايدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريش رايدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erix_Reder" title="Erix Reder – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erix Reder" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эрых Рэдэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрых Рэдэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эрых Рэдэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрых Рэдэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ерих Редер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерих Редер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Έριχ Ραίντερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έριχ Ραίντερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اریش ردر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریش ردر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%A0%88%EB%8D%94" title="에리히 레더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에리히 레더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8" title="אריך רדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריך רדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ერიხ რედერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერიხ რედერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericus_Raeder" title="Ericus Raeder – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ericus Raeder" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erihs_R%C4%93ders" title="Erihs Rēders – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erihs Rēders" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ерих Редер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерих Редер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اريش رايدر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريش رايدر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="エーリヒ・レーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エーリヒ・レーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1" title="ایرخ ریڈر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایرخ ریڈر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Редер, Эрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Редер, Эрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ерих Редер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерих Редер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เอริช เรเดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอริช เรเดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erich Raeder" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Еріх Редер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German admiral (1876–1960)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Erich Raeder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63,_Erich_Raeder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-128-63%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Raeder in 1940</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Oberbefehlshaber_der_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberbefehlshaber der Marine">Chief of the German Navy High Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 June 1935 – 30 January 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Carls" title="Rolf Carls">Rolf Carls</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself<br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(as Head of the Naval Command)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine#Naval_headquarters" title="Reichsmarine">Head of the German Naval Command</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 October 1928 – 1 June 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zenker" title="Hans Zenker">Hans Zenker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself<br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(as Oberbefehlshaber der Marine)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Erich Johann Albert Raeder</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-04-24</span>)</span>24 April 1876<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)" title="Wandsbek (quarter)">Wandsbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1960<span style="display:none">(1960-11-06)</span> (aged 84)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span class="nowrap">Nordfriedhof cemetery, Kiel<sup id="cite_ref-grave-site1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grave-site1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grave-site2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grave-site2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Augusta Schultz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hans Friedrich Eduard Raeder (father)</li><li><span class="nowrap">Gertrud Wilhelmine Margaretha</span> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erich_Raeder_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erich Raeder's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Erich_Raeder_signature.svg/250px-Erich_Raeder_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Erich_Raeder_signature.svg/330px-Erich_Raeder_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="163" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(until 1918)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(until 1935)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a></li> <li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281921%E2%80%931933%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281921%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281921%E2%80%931933%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281921%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281921%E2%80%931933%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281921%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">Reichsmarine</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1894–1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">Großadmiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SMS_C%C3%B6ln_(1916)" title="SMS Cöln (1916)">SMS <i>Cöln</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Yarmouth" title="Raid on Yarmouth">Raid on Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Scarborough,_Hartlepool_and_Whitby" title="Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby">Raid on Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">Battle of Dogger Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yarmouth_and_Lowestoft" title="Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft">Bombardment of <br />  Lowestoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_August_1916" title="Action of 19 August 1916">Action of 19 August 1916</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Awards_and_decorations"><i>See below</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Criminal conviction</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Deceased" class="mw-redirect" title="Deceased">Deceased</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Convictions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a> to commit<br /><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">crimes against peace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_of_aggression" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Erich Johann Albert Raeder</b> (24 April 1876 – 6 November 1960)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German admiral who played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">naval history of World War II</a> and was convicted of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> after the war. He attained the highest possible naval rank, that of <a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">grand admiral</a>, in 1939. Raeder led the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> for the first half of the war; he resigned in January 1943 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> he was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> but was released early owing to failing health in 1955. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raeder was born into a middle-class <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)" title="Wandsbek (quarter)">Wandsbek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. His father was a headmaster. </p><p>Raeder idolised his father Hans Raeder, who as a teacher and a father was noted for his marked authoritarian views, and who impressed upon his son the values of hard work, thrift, religion and discipline – all of which Raeder was to preach throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans Raeder also taught his children to support the existing government of alleged "non-political" experts led by Bismarck who were said to stand "above politics" and were alleged to only do what was best for Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same way, Hans Raeder warned his children that if Germany were to become a democracy, that would be a disaster as it would mean government by men "playing politics"-doing what was only best for their petty sectarian interests instead of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other middle-class Germans of his time, Hans Raeder strongly disliked the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a>, whom he accused of playing "party politics" in the <i>Reichstag</i> by promoting working class interests instead of thinking about the national good, a stance that his son also adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his entire life, Raeder claimed that he was <i>apolitisch</i> (someone who was "above politics", i.e. only thought about the good of the nation instead of his party), and as an "apolitical" officer, Raeder thus maintained that his support for sea power was based upon objective consideration of the national good.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_career_until_World_War_II">Naval career until World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naval career until World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre%E2%80%93World_War_II_career_of_Erich_Raeder" title="Pre–World War II career of Erich Raeder">Pre–World War II career of Erich Raeder</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_German_Navy">Imperial German Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imperial German Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687,_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687%2C_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687%2C_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687%2C_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687%2C_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687%2C_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R10687%2C_Vizeadmiral_Hipper_mit_Stab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Erich Raeder (second from left) and the staff of Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Hipper" title="Franz von Hipper">Franz von Hipper</a> (center), 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Raeder joined the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a></i> (Imperial Navy) in 1894 and rapidly rose in rank, becoming chief of staff for <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Hipper" title="Franz von Hipper">Franz von Hipper</a> in 1912. Raeder's rise up the ranks was due mostly to his intelligence and hard work<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though from 1901 to 1903 Raeder served on the staff of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862%E2%80%931929)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)">Prince Heinrich of Prussia</a>, and gained a powerful patron in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to his cold and distant personality, Raeder was a man whom even his friends often admitted to knowing very little about.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominating figure of the Navy was Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a>, the autocratic State Secretary of the Navy. Tirpitz's preferred means of obtaining "world power status" was through his <i>Risikotheorie</i> (risk theory) where Germany would build a <i>Risikoflotte</i> (Risk Fleet) that would make it too dangerous for Britain to risk a war with Germany, and thereby alter the international balance of power decisively in the <i>Reich</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> favor. Tirpitz transformed the Navy from the small coastal defense force of 1897 into the mighty High Seas Fleet of 1914. </p><p>In 1904, Raeder, who spoke fluent <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> as an observer of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1905, Raeder worked in the public relations section of the Navy, where he first met Tirpitz and began his introduction to politics by briefing journalists to run articles promoting the <i>Seemachtideologie</i> and meeting politicians who held seats in the <i>Reichstag</i> in order to convert them to the <i>Seemachtideologie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working closely with Tirpitz, Raeder was heavily involved in the lobbying the <i>Reichstag</i> to pass the <a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">Third Navy Law</a> of 1906 which committed Germany to building "all big gun battleships" to compete with the new British <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought-class_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreadnought-class battleship"><i>Dreadnought</i> class</a> in the Anglo-German naval race that had only begun at the start of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._14–15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_pp._14–15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raeder was the captain of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SMY_Hohenzollern#SMY_Hohenzollern_II" title="SMY Hohenzollern">private yacht</a> in the years leading up to World War I. In itself, this was not a rewarding post, but often people in this post were quickly promoted afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-BirdErich_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdErich-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raeder served as Hipper's chief of staff during World War I, as well as in combat posts. He took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">Battle of Dogger Bank</a> in 1915 and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> in 1916. Raeder later described Hipper as an admiral who "hated paperwork"; accordingly, Hipper delegated considerable power to Raeder, who thus enjoyed more influence than his position as chief of staff would suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after World War I the German navy was divided into two schools of thought. One, led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Alfred von Tirpitz</a> (1849–1930), consisted of avid followers of the teachings of the American historian <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> (1840–1914) and believed in building a "balanced fleet" centered around the battleship that would seek out and win a decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_annihilation" title="Battle of annihilation">battle of annihilation</a> (<i>Entscheidungsschlacht</i>) against the Royal Navy in the event of war.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other school, led by Commander <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wegener" title="Wolfgang Wegener">Wolfgang Wegener</a> (1875–1956), argued that because of superior British shipbuilding capacity Germany could never hope to build a "balanced fleet" capable of winning an <i>Entscheidungsschlacht</i>, and so the best use of German naval strength was to build a fleet of cruisers and submarines that would wage a <i><a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">guerre de course</a></i> (commerce raiding against an enemy's merchant shipping).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reading all three of Wegener's papers setting out his ideas, Admiral Hipper decided to submit them to the Admiralty in Berlin, but changed his mind after reading a paper by Raeder attacking the Wegener thesis as flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of a long feud between Raeder and Wegener, with Wegener claiming that his former friend Raeder was jealous of what Wegener insisted were his superior ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_pp._81–108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_pp._81–108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1916 Raeder played a major role planning a raid by Hipper's battlecruisers that aimed to lure out the British battlecruiser force which would then be destroyed by the main High Seas Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This raid turned into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>. Raeder played a prominent role, and was forced midway through the battle to transfer from <a href="/wiki/SMS_L%C3%BCtzow" title="SMS Lützow">SMS <i>Lützow</i></a> to <a href="/wiki/SMS_Moltke" title="SMS Moltke">SMS <i>Moltke</i></a> as a result of damage to Hipper's flagship. </p><p>As chief of staff to Admiral Hipper he was closely involved in a plan of Hipper's for a German battlecruiser squadron to sail across the Atlantic and sweep through the waters off Canada down to the West Indies and on to South America to sink the British cruisers operating in those waters, and thereby force the British to redeploy a substantial part of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Fleet" title="Home Fleet">Home Fleet</a> to the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._89_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Hipper's plans were rejected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> as far too risky, they significantly influenced Raeder's later thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 October 1918, Raeder received a major promotion with appointment as deputy to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Paul_Behncke" title="Paul Behncke">Paul Behncke</a>, the Naval State Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raeder had doubts about submarines, but he spent the last weeks of the war working to achieve the Scheer Programme of building 450 U-boats. </p><p>On 28 October 1918 the Imperial German <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">fleet at Kiel mutinied</a> when some of the ships' crews refused to sail out for the a final battle against the British <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> that the Admiralty had ordered without the knowledge or approval of the German government.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._34_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._34-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raeder played a major role in attempting to crush the mutiny.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="In a fairly thorough search of the literature, I found no connection between Raeder and the Kiel Mutiny − GHStPaulMN (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raeder's two younger brothers were both killed in action in the First World War, and in 1919 his first marriage, which had been under heavy strain due to war-related stress, ended in divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._49_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._49-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the puritanical Raeder, the divorce was a huge personal disgrace, and for the rest of his life he always denied his first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._49_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._49-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years 1918–1919 were some of the most troubled in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._49_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._49-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Seas_Fleet_mutiny">High Seas Fleet mutiny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: High Seas Fleet mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the winter of 1918–19, Raeder was closely involved in the efforts of the naval officer corps, strongly backed by the Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a> to disband the <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">workers' and soldiers' councils</a> established after the Kiel mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noske was a <a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democrat</a> with firm "law and order" views. During this period, Raeder served as the liaison between the naval officer corps and Noske, and it was Raeder who suggested to Noske on 11 January 1919 that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Trotha" title="Adolf von Trotha">Adolf von Trotha</a> be appointed commander-in-chief of the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._37_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._37-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tirpitz's attacks on the Emperor's leadership during the war had caused a split in the officer corps between the followers of "the Master" and the Kaiser, and Raeder saw Trotha as the only officer acceptable to both factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._37_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._37-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noske in turn asked the Navy for volunteers for the <i><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i> to crush uprisings from the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy contributed two brigades to the <i>Freikorps</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, the military considered itself <i>überparteilich</i> (above party), which did not mean political neutrality as implied.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._140_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military argued that there were two types of "politics": <i>parteipolitisch</i> (party politics) which was the responsibility of the politicians, and <i>staatspolitisch</i> (state politics) which was the responsibility of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._140_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Staatspolitisch</i> concerned Germany's "eternal" interests and the "historic mission" of winning world power, which was to be pursued regardless of what the politicians or the people wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._140_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kapp_putsch">Kapp <i>putsch</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kapp putsch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A,_Erich_Raeder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-080-30A%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Raeder in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, in 1920, Raeder was involved in the failed <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> when, together with almost the entire naval officer corps, he declared himself openly for the "government" of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Wolfgang Kapp</a> against the leaders of the Weimar Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1920 Raeder married his second wife, with whom he later had one son. </p><p>After the failure of the Kapp <i>Putsch</i> he was marginalized in the Navy, being transferred to the Naval Archives, where for two years he played a leading role in writing the official history of the Navy in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Raeder resumed his steady rise in the navy <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, becoming <i><a href="/wiki/Vizeadmiral" title="Vizeadmiral">Vizeadmiral</a></i> (vice admiral) in 1925. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commander-in-chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_naval_service_of_Erich_Raeder" title="Interwar naval service of Erich Raeder">Interwar naval service of Erich Raeder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503,_Kiel,_Paul_v._Hindenburg,_Erich_Raeder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503%2C_Kiel%2C_Paul_v._Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503%2C_Kiel%2C_Paul_v._Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503%2C_Kiel%2C_Paul_v._Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503%2C_Kiel%2C_Paul_v._Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503%2C_Kiel%2C_Paul_v._Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0901-503%2C_Kiel%2C_Paul_v._Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Raeder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Raeder and <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> in Kiel, 1931 </figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 October 1928, Raeder was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> and made chief of the Naval Command (<i>Chef der Marineleitung</i>) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">Reichsmarine</a></i>, the Weimar Republic Navy. On 1 June 1935, the <i>Reichsmarine</i> was renamed the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> and Raeder became its commander-in-chief with the title of <i>Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine</i>. On 20 April 1936, Raeder was promoted to the new rank of <i><a href="/wiki/General_admiral" title="General admiral">Generaladmiral</a></i> and granted the rank and authority of a <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsminister" title="Reichsminister">Reichsminister</a></i> but without the formal title.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 January 1937, Hitler conferred the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Party_Badge" title="Golden Party Badge">Golden Party Badge</a> on Raeder, thereby enrolling him in the Party (membership number 3,805,228).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder_during_World_War_II" title="Erich Raeder during World War II">Erich Raeder during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12262%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Tag_der_Wehrmacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a>, Raeder and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a> at the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Raeder believed the navy was unprepared for the start of World War II by at least five years. The surface fleet was inadequate to fight the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and instead adopted a strategy of convoy raiding. Raeder wanted the Kriegsmarine to play an active part because he feared the budget would be cut after the war. The smaller ships were dispersed around the world in order to force the Royal Navy to disperse their ships to combat them, while the battleships would carry out raids in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, with a view towards gradually reducing the Royal Navy's strength at home. </p><p>Raeder was unhappy with the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a> and believed that <a href="/wiki/Hans_Langsdorff" title="Hans Langsdorff">Hans Langsdorff</a> should not have scuttled the ship, but instead sailed out to engage the Royal Navy. Fleet commander <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Boehm_(admiral)" title="Hermann Boehm (admiral)">Hermann Boehm</a> was held responsible and was sacked by Raeder, who also issued orders that ships were to fight until the last shell and either win or sink with their flags flying. </p><p>The Allies were using Norwegian airfields to transfer aircraft to the Finns fighting against the Soviets in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wilfred" title="Operation Wilfred">mining Norwegian waters</a>, and the Germans were alarmed by these developments. If the Allies were to use Norwegian naval bases or successfully mine Norwegian waters, they could cut off Germany's vital iron ore imports from Sweden and tighten the blockade of Germany. The Allies had made <a href="/wiki/Plan_R_4" title="Plan R 4">plans to invade Norway and Sweden</a> in order to cut off those iron ore shipments. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Carls" title="Rolf Carls">Rolf Carls</a>, commander of the Kriegsmarine in the Baltic Sea region, proposed the invasion of Norway to Raeder in September 1939. Raeder briefed Hitler on the idea in October, but planning did not begin until December 1939. The operation was in low-priority planning until the <a href="/wiki/Altmark_incident" title="Altmark incident"><i>Altmark</i> incident</a> in February 1940, during which a German tanker carrying 300 Allied prisoners in then-neutral Norwegian waters was boarded by sailors from a Royal Navy destroyer and the prisoners were freed. After this, plans for the Norwegian invasion took on a new sense of urgency. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">The invasion</a> proved costly for the Kriegsmarine, which lost a heavy cruiser, two of its six light cruisers, 10 of its 20 destroyers and six U-boats. In addition, almost all of the other capital ships were damaged and required dockyard repairs, and for a time the German surface fleet had only three light cruisers and four destroyers operational in the aftermath of the Norwegian campaign. </p><p>The swift victory over <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> allowed the Kriegsmarine to base itself in ports on France's west coast. This was strategically important as German warships would no longer have to navigate through the dangerous English Channel in order to return to friendly ports, as well as allow them to range farther out into the Atlantic to attack convoys. With the surrender of France, Raeder saw the opportunity to greatly enhance the navy's power by confiscating the ships of the French Navy and manning them with his crews. Hitler however, vetoed this idea, afraid that doing so would push the French navy to join the Royal Navy. British fears of Raeder's plan resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a>, in which the Royal Navy attacked the French navy despite being at peace with France. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17,_Frankreich,_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17%2C_Frankreich%2C_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17%2C_Frankreich%2C_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17%2C_Frankreich%2C_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17%2C_Frankreich%2C_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17%2C_Frankreich%2C_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101II-MW-0952-17%2C_Frankreich%2C_Auszeichnungen_f%C3%BCr_U-99-Besatzung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Raeder with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kretschmer" title="Otto Kretschmer">Otto Kretschmer</a> (left), August 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 July 1940, Hitler and Raeder agreed to continue building the battleships called for by <a href="/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">Plan Z</a>. Raeder also had bases built at <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>. At this time, Raeder and other senior officers began submitting memos to invade (among others) Shetland, Iceland, the Azores, Iran, Madagascar, Kuwait, Egypt and the Dutch East Indies. </p><p>In January 1941, the battlecruisers <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst"><i>Scharnhorst</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau"><i>Gneisenau</i></a> were sent on a successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Berlin_(Atlantic)" title="Operation Berlin (Atlantic)">commerce-raiding mission</a> in the Atlantic. On 18 March, following the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, Raeder wanted to start firing on US warships even if unprovoked. He declined to invade the Azores because of the surface ship losses the previous year. Raeder urged Hitler to declare war on the United States throughout 1941 so the Kriegsmarine could begin sinking American warships escorting British convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1941, Raeder planned to follow up the success of <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s commerce-raiding mission with an even larger mission involving a battleship, two battlecruisers and a heavy cruiser under the command of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_L%C3%BCtjens" title="Günther Lütjens">Lütjens</a>, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rhein%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Rheinübung">Operation Rheinübung</a>. The original plan was to have the battlecruisers <i>Scharnhorst</i> and <i>Gneisenau</i> involved in the operation, but <i>Scharnhorst</i> was undergoing heavy repairs to her engines, and <i>Gneisenau</i> had just suffered a damaging torpedo hit days before which put her out of action for six months. In the end only the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Prinz_Eugen" title="German cruiser Prinz Eugen"><i>Prinz Eugen</i></a> were sent out on the mission, which ended with <i>Bismarck</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s sinking. The debacle almost saw the end of using capital ships against merchant shipping.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hitler was not pleased and saw the resources used in the construction and operation of the large <i>Bismarck</i> as a poor investment. </p><p>In late 1941, Raeder planned the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">"channel dash"</a> which sent the remaining two battleships in the French ports to Germany, for further operations in Norwegian waters. The plan was to threaten the Lend-Lease convoys to the Soviet Union, to deter an invasion of Norway, and to tie down elements of the Home Fleet that might otherwise have been used in the Atlantic against the U-boat wolfpacks. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> Raeder, along with Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Keitel</a> and Reichsmarschall <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a>, urged Hitler to immediately declare war on the United States in view of the US war plan <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Five">Rainbow Five</a>, and to begin the U-boat attacks off the US east coast, which was later called the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">Second Happy Time</a>" by German submariners.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resignation_and_post-war_life_of_Erich_Raeder" title="Resignation and post-war life of Erich Raeder">Resignation and post-war life of Erich Raeder</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590,_Erich_Raeder,_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590%2C_Erich_Raeder%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590%2C_Erich_Raeder%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590%2C_Erich_Raeder%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590%2C_Erich_Raeder%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590%2C_Erich_Raeder%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27590%2C_Erich_Raeder%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Raeder with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 January 1943, following Hitler's outrage over the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a>, the supreme commander of the Kriegsmarine's U-boat arm, was promoted to grand admiral, and Raeder was named admiral inspector, a ceremonial office. Raeder had failed to inform Hitler of the battle, which Hitler learned about from the foreign press. Hitler thought the <i><a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Lützow</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Hipper" title="German cruiser Admiral Hipper"><i>Admiral Hipper</i></a> lacked fighting spirit, according to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>. The reorganisation fitted Speer's goal of working more closely with Dönitz.<sup id="cite_ref-Speer_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speer-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war">Post-war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resignation_and_post-war_life_of_Erich_Raeder" title="Resignation and post-war life of Erich Raeder">Resignation and post-war life of Erich Raeder</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuremberg_trial">Nuremberg trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nuremberg trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028,_Berlin,_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028%2C_Berlin%2C_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028%2C_Berlin%2C_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028%2C_Berlin%2C_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028%2C_Berlin%2C_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028%2C_Berlin%2C_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60485-0028%2C_Berlin%2C_Raeder_mit_Ehefrau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Raeder with his wife after being released from prison (September 26, 1955)</figcaption></figure> <p>Raeder was captured by Soviet troops on 23 June 1945<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. At the end of July, he was taken to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">stand trial</a> on the counts of: (1) conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; (2) planning, initiating, and waging wars of aggression; and (3) crimes against the laws of war. </p><p>Raeder was found guilty on all counts<sup id="cite_ref-Biagi_2757_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biagi_2757-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sentenced to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Biagi_2759_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biagi_2759-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was surprised as he had expected to be sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife, supported by German veterans, led several campaigns to free him until, on account of his ill health, he was released on 26 September 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schleswig-Holstein,_Kiel,_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Kiel%2C_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg/250px-Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Kiel%2C_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Kiel%2C_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg/330px-Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Kiel%2C_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Kiel%2C_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg/500px-Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Kiel%2C_Nordfriedhof_NIK_2959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5720" data-file-height="3813" /></a><figcaption>Raeder's Grave in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Raeder wrote his autobiography, <i>Mein Leben</i>, using a <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He died of <a href="/wiki/Natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural causes">natural causes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> on 6 November 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife had died the previous year. He is buried in the <i>Nordfriedhof</i> (North Cemetery) in Kiel.<sup id="cite_ref-grave-site1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grave-site1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grave-site2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grave-site2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Grand Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> attended his funeral on 12 November 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_summary">Service summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Service summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_Navy_rank">Dates of Navy rank</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dates of Navy rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seekadett" title="Seekadett">Seekadett</a></i> (Sea cadet): 26 Apr 1894</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4hnrich_zur_See" title="Fähnrich zur See">Fähnrich zur See</a></i> (Midshipman): 13 May 1895</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leutnant_zur_See" title="Leutnant zur See">Leutnant zur See</a></i> (Acting Sub-Lieutenant): 25 Oct 1897</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See" title="Oberleutnant zur See">Oberleutnant zur See</a></i> (Sub-Lieutenant): c. 1900</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapit%C3%A4nleutnant" title="Kapitänleutnant">Kapitänleutnant</a></i> (Lieutenant): c. 1905</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korvettenkapit%C3%A4n" title="Korvettenkapitän">Korvettenkapitän</a></i> (Lieutenant-Commander): 15 Apr 1911</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fregattenkapit%C3%A4n" title="Fregattenkapitän">Fregattenkapitän</a></i> (Commander): c. 1915</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapit%C3%A4n_zur_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitän zur See">Kapitän zur See</a></i> (Captain): 19 Nov 1919</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konteradmiral" title="Konteradmiral">Konteradmiral</a></i> (Rear-Admiral): 1 Aug 1922</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vizeadmiral" title="Vizeadmiral">Vizeadmiral</a></i> (Vice-Admiral): 1 Apr 1925</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a></i> (Admiral): 1 Oct 1928</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generaladmiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Generaladmiral">Generaladmiral</a></i> (General-Admiral): 10 Apr 1936</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grossadmiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossadmiral">Grossadmiral</a></i> (Grand Admiral): 1 Apr 1939</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Double_Dragon" title="Order of the Double Dragon">Order of the Double Dragon</a>, 3rd class, 2nd Level (China, 10 October 1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Medal_(German_Empire)" title="China Medal (German Empire)">China Medal</a> (German Empire, 12 December 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a>, 4th class (Prussia, 22 June 1907)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Knight 2nd class of the <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis</a> with Silver Crown (Oldenburg, 17 September 1907)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Order of the Red Eagle, 4th class with Crown (Prussia, 5 September 1911)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a> (Austria, 16 September 1911)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a> (Greece, 14 May 1912)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus">Order of Saint Stanislaus</a>, 2nd class (Russia, 16 April 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1914) 2nd Class (19 November 1914) & 1st Class (18 February 1915)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtiyaz Medal">Imtiyaz Medal</a> in silver with Swords</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_War_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman War Medal">Ottoman War Medal</a> (also known as the "Gallipoli Star" or "Iron Crescent")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Cross">Friedrich August Cross</a>, 1st and 2nd class (Oldenburg)</li> <li>Knight's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal House Order of Hohenzollern">Royal House Order of Hohenzollern</a> with swords (5 June 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(Bavaria)" title="Military Merit Order (Bavaria)">Military Merit Order</a>, 4th class with swords and crown (Bavaria, 20 December 1916)</li> <li>War Commemorative Medal (Bulgaria, 20 November 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Cross</a>, 3rd class with war decoration (Austria-Hungary, 4 September 1918)</li> <li>Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kiel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kiel">University of Kiel</a> (31 May 1926)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Naval_Merit_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Naval Merit (Spain)">Order of Naval Merit</a> (Spain, 16 November 1928)</li> <li>Commander's Cross with Star of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit</a> (Chile, September 1928)</li> <li>World War Commemorative Medal with swords on (Hungary, 3 June 1931)</li> <li>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (Italy, 7 May 1934)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Bulgaria)" title="Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)">Order of Military Merit</a> (Bulgaria, 28 June 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" title="The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">Cross of Honour</a> (9 October 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit (Hungary)">Order of Merit</a>, 1st class (Hungary, 5 December 1934)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Order of the White Rose of Finland</a> (27 February 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_Long_Service_Award" title="Wehrmacht Long Service Award">Wehrmacht Long Service Award</a>, 1st class (2 October 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games_Decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Games Decoration">Olympic Games Decoration</a>, 1st class (16 August 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Party_Badge" title="Golden Party Badge">Golden Party Badge</a> (30 January 1937)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (Italy, 20 September 1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a>, 1st class (Japan, 9 November 1937)</li> <li>War Memorial Medal (Bulgaria, 30 November 1937)</li> <li>Golden Medal of Honour of Hamburg (1 April 1939)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Naval_Merit_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Naval Merit (Spain)">Order of Naval Merit</a> in White (Spain, 21 August 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland_Medal" title="Sudetenland Medal">Sudetenland Medal</a> (25 October 1938) with "Prague Castle" clasp (Sudetenspange) (19 September 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memel_Medal" title="Memel Medal">Memel Medal</a> (26 October 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross" title="Clasp to the Iron Cross">Clasp to the Iron Cross</a>, 1st and 2nd class (30 September 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> (nr.1) (30 September 1939) as <i>Großadmiral</i> and <i>Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sword" title="Order of the Sword">Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword</a> (Sweden, 18 October 1940)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sword" title="Order of the Sword">Order of the Sword</a> (Sweden, 24 October 1940)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Savoy" title="Military Order of Savoy">Military Order of Savoy</a> (4 April 1942)</li> <li>Grand Cross <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_King_Zvonimir" title="Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir">Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir</a> with swords and other decorations (Croatia, 26 September 1942)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary</a> with war ribbon with swords (Hungary, 8 February 1943)</li> <li>Grand Cross of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St Alexander">Order of St Alexander</a> with swords (Bulgaria, 3 September 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a>, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Class (Romania, 14 October 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Order of the Cross of Liberty">Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty</a> (Finland, 25 March 1942)<sup id="cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2 November 2020) [20 July 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erich-Raeder">"Erich Raeder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erich+Raeder&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FErich-Raeder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grave-site1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grave-site1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grave-site1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/erich-raeder-24-iv-1876-06-xi-1960-a-9c89e1d8-0002-0001-0000-000043067503">"Erich Raeder 24.IV.1876 – 06.XI.1960"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Erich+Raeder+24.IV.1876+%E2%80%93+06.XI.1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Ferich-raeder-24-iv-1876-06-xi-1960-a-9c89e1d8-0002-0001-0000-000043067503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span> Obituary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grave-site2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grave-site2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grave-site2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorne2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Thorne, Stephen J. (30 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053731/https://legionmagazine.com/en/2019/10/raeders-defence-german-admiral-fights-for-his-doomed-fleet/">"Raeder's Defence: German Admiral Fights for His Doomed Fleet"</a>. <i>Legion</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legionmagazine.com/en/2019/10/raeders-defence-german-admiral-fights-for-his-doomed-fleet/">the original</a> on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legion&rft.atitle=Raeder%27s+Defence%3A+German+Admiral+Fights+for+His+Doomed+Fleet&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegionmagazine.com%2Fen%2F2019%2F10%2Fraeders-defence-german-admiral-fights-for-his-doomed-fleet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._1-2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. xxvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._13_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_pp._14–15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_pp._14–15_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BirdErich-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BirdErich_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herwig p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herwig pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen_pp._81–108-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_pp._81–108_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._89-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._89_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._34-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._34_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weimar.bundesarchiv.de/WEIMAR/DE/Content/Virtuelle-Ausstellungen/Raete-Revolution-Republik/matrosenaufstand.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Nieder die Regierung! Tod dem Kapitalismus!" Die Matrosenaufstände 1918"</a> ["Down with the Government! Death to Capitalism!" The Sailors' Uprisings 1918]. <i>Bundesarchiv: 100 Jahre Weimarer Republik</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv%3A+100+Jahre+Weimarer+Republik&rft.atitle=%22Nieder+die+Regierung%21+Tod+dem+Kapitalismus%21%22+Die+Matrosenaufst%C3%A4nde+1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweimar.bundesarchiv.de%2FWEIMAR%2FDE%2FContent%2FVirtuelle-Ausstellungen%2FRaete-Revolution-Republik%2Fmatrosenaufstand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._49-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._49_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._49_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._49_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._37-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._37_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._37_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Erich Raeder</i> p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Weimar</i> pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Weimar</i> pp. 46–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird,_Keith_p._140-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._140_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._140_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bird,_Keith_p._140_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird <i>Weimar</i> p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-V.pdf">"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume V, pp. 542-543, Document 2879-PS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality. 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression%2C+Volume+V%2C+pp.+542-543%2C+Document+2879-PS&rft.pub=Office+of+United+States+Chief+of+Counsel+For+Prosecution+of+Axis+Criminality&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_Nazi_Vol-V.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1982" class="citation book cs1">Wistrich, Robert (1982). <i>Who's Who in Nazi Germany</i>. Macmillan Publishing Co. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-630600-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-630600-X"><bdi>0-02-630600-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-02-630600-X&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Williamson & Millet, Alan A War to Be Won Fighting the Second World War, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674006805" title="Special:BookSources/9780674006805">9780674006805</a>., p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariwatch.com/Links/RainbowFive.htm">"The Big Leak"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818061220/http://ariwatch.com/Links/RainbowFive.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Big+Leak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fariwatch.com%2FLinks%2FRainbowFive.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speer-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speer_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpeer1995" class="citation book cs1">Speer, Albert (1995). <i>Inside the Third Reich</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <span class="nowrap">374–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-735-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-735-3"><bdi>978-1-84212-735-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-735-3&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiagi1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biagi, Enzo (1983). <i>La seconda guerra mondiale, una storia di uomini</i> [<i>The world war two, a history of men</i>] (in Italian). Milan: Gruppo editoriale Fabbri. p. 2743.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+seconda+guerra+mondiale%2C+una+storia+di+uomini&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=2743&rft.pub=Gruppo+editoriale+Fabbri&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Biagi&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biagi_2757-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biagi_2757_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biagi, p. 2757</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biagi_2759-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biagi_2759_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biagi, p. 2759</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBird2013" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Keith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bK3DoWaOvg0C&pg=PT201"><i>Erich Raeder: Admiral of the Third Reich</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612513751" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612513751"><bdi>978-1612513751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erich+Raeder%3A+Admiral+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612513751&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbK3DoWaOvg0C%26pg%3DPT201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBird2013" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Keith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bK3DoWaOvg0C&pg=PT174"><i>Erich Raeder: Admiral of the Third Reich</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612513751" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612513751"><bdi>978-1612513751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erich+Raeder%3A+Admiral+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612513751&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbK3DoWaOvg0C%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/07/archives/admiral-erich-raeder-is-dead-led-german-navy-under-hitler-played-an.html">"Admiral Erich Raeder Is Dead; Led German Navy Under Hitler; Played an Important Role in Developing of Nazi Fleet—Convicted for War Crimes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 November 1960. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Admiral+Erich+Raeder+Is+Dead%3B+Led+German+Navy+Under+Hitler%3B+Played+an+Important+Role+in+Developing+of+Nazi+Fleet%E2%80%94Convicted+for+War+Crimes&rft.date=1960-11-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F11%2F07%2Farchives%2Fadmiral-erich-raeder-is-dead-led-german-navy-under-hitler-played-an.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/07/archives/admiral-erich-raeder-is-dead-led-german-navy-under-hitler-played-an.html">"Admiral Erich Raeder Is Dead; Led German Navy Under Hitler; Played an Important Role in Developing of JVczi Fleetu Convicted for War Crimes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 November 1960. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Admiral+Erich+Raeder+Is+Dead%3B+Led+German+Navy+Under+Hitler%3B+Played+an+Important+Role+in+Developing+of+JVczi+Fleetu+Convicted+for+War+Crimes&rft.date=1960-11-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F11%2F07%2Farchives%2Fadmiral-erich-raeder-is-dead-led-german-navy-under-hitler-played-an.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/922866">"GERMANY: KIEL: DOENITZ AT RAEDER FUNERAL"</a>. <i>Reuters Archive Licensing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters+Archive+Licensing&rft.atitle=GERMANY%3A+KIEL%3A+DOENITZ+AT+RAEDER+FUNERAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freuters.screenocean.com%2Frecord%2F922866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dörr_p142-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dörr_p142_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dörr 1996, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBird,_Keith_W.2006" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Keith W. (2006). <i>Erich Raeder : Admiral of the Third Reich</i>. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612513751" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612513751"><bdi>978-1612513751</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/843883018">843883018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erich+Raeder+%3A+Admiral+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F843883018&rft.isbn=978-1612513751&rft.au=Bird%2C+Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scherzer p. 611.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alexander, Bevin, <i>How Hitler Could Have Won World War II</i>, New York: Three Rivers Press. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-609-80844-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-609-80844-3">0-609-80844-3</a>.</li> <li>Bergen, Doris, "'Germany Is Our Mission: Christ Is Our Strength!' The Wehrmacht Chaplaincy and the 'German Christian' Movement" pp. 522–536 from <i>Church History</i> Volume 66, Issue # 3, September 1997.</li> <li>Bird, Eugene, <i>The Loneliest Man in the World, Rudolph Hess, in Spandau</i>, London: Sphere, 1976.</li> <li>Bird, Keith, <i>Weimar, The German Naval Officer Corps and the Rise of National Socialism</i>, Amsterdam: Grüner, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6032-094-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-6032-094-8">90-6032-094-8</a>.</li> <li>Bird, Keith, <i>Erich Raeder Admiral of the Third Reich</i>, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-047-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-047-9">1-55750-047-9</a></li> <li>Buchanan, Patrick, <i><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Hitler_and_the_Unnecessary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War">Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War</a>: How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World</i>, New York: Random House, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-40516-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-40516-8">0-307-40516-8</a>.</li> <li>Dörr, Manfred (in German). <i>Die Ritterkreuzträger der Überwasserstreitkräfte der Kriegsmarine – Band 2:L–Z</i>. Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7648-2497-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7648-2497-2">3-7648-2497-2</a>.</li> <li>Fischer, Kurt (in German). <i>Großadmiral Dr. phil. h.c. Erich Raeder</i>. In: <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Uebersch%C3%A4r" title="Gerd R. Ueberschär">Gerd R. Ueberschär</a> (ed.): <i>Hitlers militärische Elite Band 1: Von der Anfängen des Regimes bis zum Kriegsbeginn</i> (pp. 185–194). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89678-083-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-89678-083-2">3-89678-083-2</a>.</li> <li>Gilbey, Joseph, <i>Kriegsmarine: Admiral Raeder's Navy – A Broken Dream</i>, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._W._Goda" title="Norman J. W. Goda">Goda, Norman</a>: <i>Tomorrow the World: Hitler, Northwest Africa, and the Path Toward America</i>, Texas A&M University, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-807-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-807-1">0-89096-807-1</a>.</li> <li>Goda, Norman: "Black Marks Hitler's Bribery of his Senior Officers During World War II" pp. 96–137 from <i>Corrupt Histories</i> edited by Emmanuel Kreike and William Jordan, University of Rochester Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-173-3">978-1-58046-173-3</a>.</li> <li>Goda, Norman, <i>Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86720-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86720-7">0-521-86720-7</a>.</li> <li>Hankey, Maurice <i>Politics, Trials and Errors</i>, Clark, New Jersey: Lawbook Exchange, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-228-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-228-X">1-58477-228-X</a>.</li> <li>Hansen, Kenneth "Raeder versus Wegener Conflict in German Strategy" pp. 81–108 from <i>U.S. Naval War College Review</i>, Volume 58, Issue # 4, Autumn 2005.</li> <li>Herwig, Holger, "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered" pp. 68–105 from <i>The International History Review</i>, Volume 10, Issue #1, February 1988.</li> <li>Kallis, Aristotle, <i>Fascist Ideology Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany 1922–1945</i>, Routledge: London, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21612-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21612-5">0-415-21612-5</a>.</li> <li>Kershaw, Ian, <i>Fateful Choices Ten Decisions that Changed the World 1940–1941</i>, Penguin: London, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311372-0">978-0-14-311372-0</a>.</li> <li>Mulligan, Timothy P. "Ship-of-the-Line or Atlantic Raider? Battleship <i>Bismarck</i> Between Design Limitations and Naval Strategy" pp. 1013–1044 from <i>The Journal of Military History</i>, Volume 69, Issue # 4, October 2005.</li> <li>Murray, Williamson & Millet, Alan, <i>A War to Be Won Fighting the Second World War</i>, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00680-5">978-0-674-00680-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a>, <i>Dönitz: the Last Führer</i>, London: Victor Gollancz, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35870-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35870-0">978-0-304-35870-0</a>.</li> <li>Rahn, Werner, "The War at Sea in the Atlantic and in the Arctic Ocean" pp. 301–441 from <i>Germany and the Second World War Volume VI The Global War Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943</i> edited by Günther Roth, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822888-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822888-0">0-19-822888-0</a>.</li> <li>Raeder, Erich, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylife0000raed">My Life</a></i>, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1960.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScherzer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scherzer, Veit (2007). <i>Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives</i> [<i>The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives</i>] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2"><bdi>978-3-938845-17-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger+1939%E2%80%931945+Die+Inhaber+des+Ritterkreuzes+des+Eisernen+Kreuzes+1939+von+Heer%2C+Luftwaffe%2C+Kriegsmarine%2C+Waffen-SS%2C+Volkssturm+sowie+mit+Deutschland+verb%C3%BCndeter+Streitkr%C3%A4fte+nach+den+Unterlagen+des+Bundesarchives&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Scherzers+Militaer-Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-938845-17-2&rft.aulast=Scherzer&rft.aufirst=Veit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Raeder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shirer, William, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-62420-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-62420-2">0-671-62420-2</a>.</li> <li>Thomas, Charle,s <i>The German Navy in the Nazi Era</i>, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-791-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-791-7">0-87021-791-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette, Wolfram</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a></i>, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02213-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02213-0">0-674-02213-0</a>.</li> <li>Weinberg, Gerhard, <i>The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03825-7">978-0-391-03825-7</a>.</li> <li>Weinberg, Gerhard, <i>A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61826-7">978-0-521-61826-7</a>.</li> <li>Wheeler-Bennett, John, <i>The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945</i>, London: Macmillan, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-18123" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-18123">978-1-4039-18123</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118122638/http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/dda9e948-7907-4d46-9978-254495b8ee94/Raeder-versus-Wagener--Conflict-in-German-Naval-St">Raeder versus Wegener Conflicts in German Naval Strategy</a> by Commander Kenneth Hansen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/014034">Newspaper clippings about Erich Raeder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2gravestone.com/people/raeder-erich-johann-albert/">Raeder, Erich Johann Albert</a> at World War II Graves (includes the plot number)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zenker" title="Hans Zenker">Hans Zenker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander in Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">Reichsmarine</a></i> </b><br />1928–1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">himself as Commander in Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">himself as Commander in Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">Reichsmarine</a></i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander in Chief of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> </b><br />1935–1943 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Stafford_Cripps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1940s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1940s)">Cover of <i>Time</i> magazine</a> </b><br />20 April 1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre 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<a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Field Marshals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Admiral">Grand Admirals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Marshal of the Reich<br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Reichsmarschall" title="Reichsmarschall">Reichsmarschall</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Wehrmacht204" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg/50px-Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg/75px-Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg/100px-Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="170" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WMacht_H_OF10_GenFeldmarschall01_h_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/WMacht_H_OF10_GenFeldmarschall01_h_1942.svg/60px-WMacht_H_OF10_GenFeldmarschall01_h_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/WMacht_H_OF10_GenFeldmarschall01_h_1942.svg/120px-WMacht_H_OF10_GenFeldmarschall01_h_1942.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg/50px-WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg/75px-WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field Marshals<br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_B%C3%B6hm-Ermolli" title="Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli">Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(honorary)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(field_marshal)" title="Ernst Busch (field marshal)">Ernst Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Ewald von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Reichenau" title="Walter von Reichenau">Walter von Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner">Ferdinand Schörner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_von_Witzleben" title="Erwin von Witzleben">Erwin von Witzleben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle">Hugo Sperrle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Grand Admirals<br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral#Germany" title="Grand admiral">Großadmiral</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Kriegsmarine223" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erich Raeder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler%27s_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hitler's Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hitler_Cabinet378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Members of the Hitler Cabinet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>Deputy Führer:</b> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Reichstag" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Reichstag">President of the Reichstag</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Armaments_and_War_Production" title="Reich Ministry of Armaments and War Production">Armaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Aviation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Church Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Muhs" title="Hermann Muhs">Hermann Muhs</a> (acting)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_for_the_Occupied_Eastern_Territories" title="Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories">Eastern Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmitt" title="Kurt Schmitt">Kurt Schmitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Ministry of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture">Food and Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Backe" title="Herbert Backe">Herbert Backe</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_G%C3%BCrtner" title="Franz Gürtner">Franz Gürtner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schlegelberger" title="Franz Schlegelberger">Franz Schlegelberger</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Georg_Thierack" title="Otto Georg Thierack">Otto Georg Thierack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:60em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Franz Seldte</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Postal Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ohnesorge" title="Wilhelm Ohnesorge">Wilhelm Ohnesorge</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Reichswehr" title="Ministry of the Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Transport" title="Reich Ministry of Transport">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiherr_von_Eltz-R%C3%BCbenach" title="Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach">Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Dorpm%C3%BCller" title="Julius Dorpmüller">Julius Dorpmüller</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Reichsministers without portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Hierl" title="Konstantin Hierl">Konstantin Hierl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Kerrl" title="Hanns Kerrl">Hanns Kerrl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Hans Lammers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Members granted rank & authority<br />equivalent to a Reichsminister</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Fritsch" title="Werner von Fritsch">Werner von Fritsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Meissner" title="Otto Meissner">Otto Meissner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erich Raeder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsführer SS">Reichsführer SS</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Stabschef_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabschef SA">Stabschef SA</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U-boats7156" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uboat" title="Template:Uboat"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uboat" title="Template talk:Uboat"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uboat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uboat"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U-boats7156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War I">Mediterranean (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War II">Mediterranean (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Regenbogen_(U-boat)" title="Operation Regenbogen (U-boat)">Operation <i>Regenbogen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deadlight" title="Operation Deadlight">Operation <i>Deadlight</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_U-boats" title="Lists of U-boats">U-boat lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German U-boats">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_types" title="List of U-boat types">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_successful_German_U-boats" title="List of most successful German U-boats">Most successful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_U-boats" title="Foreign U-boats">Foreign captured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boats_never_deployed" title="List of U-boats never deployed">Never deployed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompleted_U-boat_projects" title="Uncompleted U-boat projects">Uncompleted projects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austro-Hungarian_U-boats" title="List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats">Austro-Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_U-boat_classes" title="Austro-Hungarian U-boat classes">Classes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befehlshaber_der_U-Boote" title="Befehlshaber der U-Boote">BdU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_der_Unterseeboote" title="Führer der Unterseeboote">FdU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_U-boat_commanders" title="List of World War I U-boat commanders">World War I commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_U-boat_commanders" title="List of World War II U-boat commanders">World War II commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_recipients_of_the_U-boat_service" title="List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the U-boat service">Knight's Cross recipients</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erich Raeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">Wolfpacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wolfpacks_of_World_War_II" title="List of wolfpacks of World War II">List of wolfpacks of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Wolfpack Blücher"><i>Blücher</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Borkum" title="Wolfpack Borkum"><i>Borkum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Delphin_II" title="Wolfpack Delphin II"><i>Delphin II</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Dr%C3%A4nger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfpack Dränger"><i>Dränger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Eisb%C3%A4r" title="Wolfpack Eisbär"><i>Eisbär</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Eisteufel" title="Wolfpack Eisteufel"><i>Eisteufel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Endrass" title="Wolfpack Endrass"><i>Endrass</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Hai" title="Wolfpack Hai"><i>Hai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_wolfpack" title="Hartmann's wolfpack"><i>Hartmann</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Hecht" title="Wolfpack Hecht"><i>Hecht</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kiebitz" title="Operation Kiebitz"><i>Kiebitz</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Kreuzotter" title="Wolfpack Kreuzotter"><i>Kreuzotter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Leuthen" title="Wolfpack Leuthen"><i>Leuthen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Lohs" title="Wolfpack Lohs"><i>Lohs</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Pfadfinder" title="Wolfpack Pfadfinder"><i>Pfadfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Pfeil" title="Wolfpack Pfeil"><i>Pfeil</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Prien" title="Wolfpack Prien"><i>Prien</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Raubgraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfpack Raubgraf"><i>Raubgraf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6sing%27s_wolfpack" title="Rösing's wolfpack"><i>Rösing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Rossbach" title="Wolfpack Rossbach"><i>Rossbach</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Schill" title="Wolfpack Schill"><i>Schill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Schlieffen" title="Wolfpack Schlieffen"><i>Schlieffen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Seewolf" title="Wolfpack Seewolf"><i>Seewolf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Steinbrinck" title="Wolfpack Steinbrinck"><i>Steinbrinck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Siegfried" title="Wolfpack Siegfried"><i>Siegfried</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Streitaxt" title="Wolfpack Streitaxt"><i>Streitaxt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_T%C3%BCmmler" title="Wolfpack Tümmler"><i>Tümmler</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Vorw%C3%A4rts" title="Wolfpack Vorwärts"><i>Vorwärts</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Weddigen" title="Wolfpack Weddigen"><i>Weddigen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_West" title="Wolfpack West"><i>West</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_Wolf" title="Wolfpack Wolf"><i>Wolf</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_7" title="Convoy SC 7">Convoy SC 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_17" title="Convoy PQ 17">Convoy PQ 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ONS_5" title="Convoy ONS 5">Convoy ONS 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Last battle of the battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i> chase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_flotillas" title="List of U-boat flotillas">U-boat flotillas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Flottille (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=II_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="II Flottille (page does not exist)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=III_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="III Flottille (page does not exist)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IV_Flottille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IV Flottille (page does not exist)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanders_U-boat_flotillas" title="Flanders U-boat flotillas">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurland_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurland Flotilla (page does not exist)">Kurland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pola_Flotilla" title="Pola Flotilla">Pola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Flotilla" title="Constantinople Flotilla">Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U-boat_regions" title="List of U-boat regions">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="1st U-boat Flotilla">1.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="2nd U-boat Flotilla">2.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="3rd U-boat Flotilla">3.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="4th U-boat Flotilla">4.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="5th U-boat Flotilla">5.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="6th U-boat Flotilla">6.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="7th U-boat Flotilla">7.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="8th U-boat Flotilla">8.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="9th U-boat Flotilla">9.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="10th U-boat Flotilla">10.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="11th U-boat Flotilla">11.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="12th U-boat Flotilla">12.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="13th U-boat Flotilla">13.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="14th U-boat Flotilla">14.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="18th U-boat Flotilla">18.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="19th U-boat Flotilla">19.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="20th U-boat Flotilla">20.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="21st U-boat Flotilla">21.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="22nd U-boat Flotilla">22.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="23rd U-boat Flotilla">23.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="24th U-boat Flotilla">24.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="25th U-boat Flotilla">25.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="26th U-boat Flotilla">26.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="27th U-boat Flotilla">27.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="29th U-boat Flotilla">29.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="30th U-boat Flotilla">30.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_U-boat_Flotilla" title="31st U-boat Flotilla">31.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="32nd U-boat Flotilla">32.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_U-boat_Flotilla" title="33rd U-boat Flotilla">33.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ships</a> sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Britannia_(1904)" title="HMS Britannia (1904)">HMS <i>Britannia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwallis_(1901)" title="HMS Cornwallis (1901)">HMS <i>Cornwallis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Danton" title="French battleship Danton">French battleship <i>Danton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)">HMS <i>Formidable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Gaulois" title="French battleship Gaulois"><i>Gaulois</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Peresvet" title="Russian battleship Peresvet">Russian battleship <i>Peresvet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Majestic_(1895)" title="HMS Majestic (1895)">HMS <i>Majestic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Regina_Margherita" title="Italian battleship Regina Margherita">Italian battleship <i>Regina Margherita</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Russell_(1901)" title="HMS Russell (1901)">HMS <i>Russell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Suffren" title="French battleship Suffren">French battleship <i>Suffren</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1903)" title="HMS Triumph (1903)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)">HMS <i>Ark Royal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)" title="HMS Barham (04)">HMS <i>Barham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Courageous_(50)" title="HMS Courageous (50)">HMS <i>Courageous</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Eagle_(1918)" title="HMS Eagle (1918)">HMS <i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)" title="HMS Royal Oak (08)">HMS <i>Royal Oak</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anechoic_tile" title="Anechoic tile">Anechoic tile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektroboot" title="Elektroboot">Elektroboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FuG_200_Hohentwiel" title="FuG 200 Hohentwiel">FuG 200 Hohentwiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_24_mine" title="Mark 24 mine">Mark 24 mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metox_radar_detector" title="Metox radar detector">Metox radar detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousetrap_(weapon)" title="Mousetrap (weapon)">Mousetrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bold_(decoy)" title="Bold (decoy)">Pillenwerfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieglinde_(decoy)" title="Sieglinde (decoy)">Sieglinde (decoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">Snorkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_U-boat" title="Rocket U-boat">Rocket U-boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="World_War_II409" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient_Submarine_Base" title="Lorient Submarine Base">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_submarine_base" title="Saint-Nazaire submarine base">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_submarine_pens" title="Valentin submarine pens">Valentin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_U-boat_bases_in_occupied_Norway" title="German U-boat bases in occupied Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dora_I" title="Dora I">Dora I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_II" title="Dora II">Dora II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials1748" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Template:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Template talk:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major defendants at the Nuremberg trials"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_defendants_at_the_Nuremberg_trials1748" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major defendants at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_executions" title="Nuremberg executions">Sentenced to death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Imprisoned <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(terms)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 years)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(life)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(life)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 years)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erich Raeder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(life)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 years)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Acquitted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">No decision</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Krupp_von_Bohlen_und_Halbach" title="Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach">Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div style="font-size: 92%"> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">In absentia</a></i>. Remains discovered in Berlin in 1972 and conclusively identified in 1998; confirmed to have committed suicide on 2 May 1945</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Committed suicide on 15 October 1946 before sentence could be carried out</li> <li><sup>3</sup> Found unfit to stand trial</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Committed suicide on 25 October 1945</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Erich Raeder</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" class="extiw" title="c:Erich Raeder">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder" class="extiw" title="q:Erich Raeder">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57154#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122760068">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5726271">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52519/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4k9yVPXMJVYFHw4RtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118743511">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80037957">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13510090f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13510090f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0183991&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071029338">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10044656">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810557739205606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569945905606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007271790105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1159443">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118743511.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118743511">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050322117">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582513">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t47fs0">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&oldid=1281297344">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erich_Raeder&oldid=1281297344</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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