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<li id="toc-Precolonial_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precolonial_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precolonial Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precolonial_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endemic_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemic_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Endemic species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemic_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conservation areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Law and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Municipalities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Municipalities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-District_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>District municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mpumalanga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="مبومالانجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبومالانجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanqa_vilay%C9%99ti" title="Mpumalanqa vilayəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mpumalanqa vilayəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga_S%C3%A9ng" title="Mpumalanga Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mpumalanga Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Мпумаланга (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мпумаланга (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мпумаланга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мпумаланга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мпумаланга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мпумаланга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga_(lalawigan)" title="Mpumalanga (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mpumalanga (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga_provints" title="Mpumalanga provints – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mpumalanga provints" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Mpumalanga" title="Provincia de Mpumalanga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="امپومالانگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپومالانگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga-s%C3%A9n" title="Mpumalanga-sén – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mpumalanga-sén" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%ED%91%B8%EB%A7%90%EB%9E%91%EA%B0%80%EC%A3%BC" title="음푸말랑가주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음푸말랑가주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Մպումալանգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մպումալանգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अमपूमलांगा प्रान्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमपूमलांगा प्रान्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhondo_yaMpumalanga" title="IPhondo yaMpumalanga – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPhondo yaMpumalanga" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMpumalanga" title="IMpumalanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMpumalanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94" title="מפומלנגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפומלנגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="მპუმალანგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მპუმალანგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalana" title="Mpumalana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mpumalana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мпумаланга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мпумаланга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%97" title="പുമാലൻഗ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുമാലൻഗ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="उम्पुमालांगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उम्पुमालांगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%97%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E5%B7%9E" title="ムプマランガ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムプマランガ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga_(Prowins)" title="Mpumalanga (Prowins) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mpumalanga (Prowins)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMpumalanga" title="IMpumalanga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IMpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="مپومالانگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مپومالانگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepumalanga" title="Mepumalanga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mepumalanga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Mpumalanga" title="Provincia Mpumalanga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provincia Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мпумаланга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мпумаланга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD,_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="එම්පුමලන්ගා පළාත, දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එම්පුමලන්ගා පළාත, දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga_Province" title="Mpumalanga Province – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mpumalanga Province" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мпумаланга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мпумаланга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="இம்புமலாங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இம்புமலாங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Мпумаланга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мпумаланга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ماپومالانگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماپومالانگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalangi%C3%A4n" title="Mpumalangiän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mpumalangiän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%8A%A0%E7%9C%81" title="普马兰加省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普马兰加省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mpumalanga" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%AD%E5%8A%A0" title="普馬蘭加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普馬蘭加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%99%AE%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B0%E5%8A%A0%E7%9C%81" title="姆普马兰加省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="姆普马兰加省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifunda_seMpumalanga" title="Isifunda seMpumalanga – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Isifunda seMpumalanga" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiNdebele seSewula</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mpumalanga&params=26_S_30_E_region:ZA-MP_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:490km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°S</span> <span class="longitude">30°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°S 30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-26; 30</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Eastern Transvaal" redirects here. For the rugby team formerly known as "Eastern Transvaal", see <a href="/wiki/Falcons_(rugby_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcons (rugby team)">Falcons (rugby team)</a>. For the team formerly called "South Eastern Transvaal" representing Mpumalanga, see <a href="/wiki/Pumas_(Currie_Cup)" title="Pumas (Currie Cup)">Pumas (Currie Cup)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mpumalanga (disambiguation)">Mpumalanga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in South Africa</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Mpumalanga</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Swazi-language text"><i lang="ss">iMpumalanga</i></span><br /><span title="Southern Ndebele-language text"><i lang="nr">iPumalanga</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mpumalanga"><img alt="Flag of Mpumalanga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg/180px-Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg/240px-Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mpumalanga" title="Flag of Mpumalanga">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mpumalanga_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mpumalanga"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mpumalanga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Mpumalanga_arms.svg/120px-Mpumalanga_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Mpumalanga_arms.svg/180px-Mpumalanga_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Mpumalanga_arms.svg/240px-Mpumalanga_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="144" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Omnia labor vincit</i> (Labour will conquer all)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Mpumalanga in South Africa"><img alt="Map showing the location of Mpumalanga in the eastern part of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg/250px-Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg/375px-Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg/500px-Mpumalanga_in_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Mpumalanga in South Africa</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gert_Sibande_District_Municipality" title="Gert Sibande District Municipality">Gert Sibande</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nkangala_District_Municipality" title="Nkangala District Municipality">Nkangala</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ehlanzeni_District_Municipality" title="Ehlanzeni District Municipality">Ehlanzeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Mpumalanga" title="Premier of Mpumalanga">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandla_Ndlovu" title="Mandla Ndlovu">Mandla Ndlovu</a> (<a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">ANC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature" title="Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature">Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-cib2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cib2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">76,495 km<sup>2</sup> (29,535 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_area" title="List of South African provinces by area">8th in South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,331 m (7,648 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-2022_census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,142,216</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_population" title="List of South African provinces by population">6th in South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">67/km<sup>2</sup> (170/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_population_density" title="List of South African provinces by population density">3rd in South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population groups (2022)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2022_census_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black</a></th><td class="infobox-data">95.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">0.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages (2022)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2022_census_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10.6%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Pedi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Standard Time">SAST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ZA-MP</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.675<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">medium</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of South African provinces by Human Development Index">7th of 9</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>58.2 billion<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpumalanga.gov.za">www<wbr />.mpumalanga<wbr />.gov<wbr />.za</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132410#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mpumalanga&params=26_S_30_E_region:ZA-MP_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:490km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°S</span> <span class="longitude">30°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°S 30°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-26; 30</span></span></span></a></span></span> <b>Mpumalanga</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is one of the nine <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">provinces of South Africa</a>. The name means "<b>East</b>", or literally "<b>The Place Where the Sun Rises</b>" in the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a>. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. It shares borders with the South African provinces of <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> to the south. The capital is <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mpumalanga</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Zulu</th><td class="infobox-data">iMpumalanga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Afrikaans</th><td class="infobox-data">Mpumalanga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sepedi</th><td class="infobox-data">Mpumalanga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Swazi</th><td class="infobox-data">eMpumalanga</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Setswana</th><td class="infobox-data">Botlhabatsatsi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Xitsonga</th><td class="infobox-data">Vuhuma-dyambu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Southern Ndebele</th><td class="infobox-data">iPumalanga</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mpumalanga was formed in 1994, when the area that was the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_(province)" title="Transvaal (province)">Transvaal</a> was merged with the former <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">bantustans</a> <a href="/wiki/KaNgwane" title="KaNgwane">KaNgwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/KwaNdebele" title="KwaNdebele">KwaNdebele</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Lebowa" title="Lebowa">Lebowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu">Gazankulu</a>. Although the contemporary borders of the province were only formed at the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the region and its surroundings have a history that extends back thousands of years. Much of its history, and current significance is as a region of trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonial_Era">Precolonial Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precolonial Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lydenburg Head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG/220px-Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG/330px-Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG/440px-Iziko_Lydenburg_Heads_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="5248" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg_heads" title="Lydenburg heads">Lydenburg Heads</a> from around A.D. 500 found in Mpumalanga </figcaption></figure> <p>Archeological sites in the Mpumalanga region indicate settlement by humans and their <a href="/wiki/Human_ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ancestors">ancestors</a> dating back 1.7 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock paintings, engravings and other archeological evidence throughout the province indicate that Mpumalanga has a long history of human habitation by groups of hunter gatherers. Excavations not far from the Mpumalanga border in the <a href="/wiki/Ohrigstad" title="Ohrigstad">Origstad</a> district, show evidence of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> habitation dating back to 40,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lion Cavern, in <a href="/wiki/Ngwenya" title="Ngwenya">Ngwenya</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> border, shows evidence of people mining iron ore in the Mpumalanga region and surrounding areas from at least 28 000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence from mine shafts and trade goods shows that there was notable industry in tin, copper, gold, iron, ochre, and bronze. The <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg_heads" title="Lydenburg heads">Lydenburg Heads</a>, from around 500 CE, are Africa's oldest Iron Age artworks south of the equator and were found in Mpumalanga.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from a site near <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a> shows evidence of agricultural societies from between the 6th to 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bokoni" title="Bokoni">Bokoni</a> stone-walled sites on the Mpumalanga highveld are indicative of a large precolonial agropastoral society between ~1500 and 1820 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These societies became centers of trade, with increasingly large and centralised populations This pattern increased as they connected to the Portuguese trading post in <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Bay" title="Maputo Bay">Maputo Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this era, groups that would become the <a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/MaPulana" class="mw-redirect" title="MaPulana">Mapulana</a> and others established themselves in the area that is now Mpumalanga.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1845, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>, the first Dutch-speaking colonial settlers arrived in what they called the eastern Transvaal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the 19th century in the region was characterised by colonial encroachment and conflict over land and political control. In 1852, the Boers established the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The well established Pedi, Swazi and Zulu kingdoms put up significant resistance against the settlers. The <a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a> fought wars with the <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a> in 1876 (see <a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">Sekhukhune Wars</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu</a> fought with <a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">British settlers</a> in 1879 (see <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a>). These interconnected conflicts played a role in shifting the balance of power in southern Africa to colonial control.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1860, missionaries, especially German missionaries like <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Merensky" title="Alexander Merensky">Alexander Merensky</a> set up mission stations in the region, spreading Christianity and European values.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as the region had been a center for trade in the precolonial era, in the colonial era, the Eastern Transvaal region became an important thoroughfare for trade between <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> and Delagoa Bay (now <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>). Gold mining around areas like <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Rest,_South_Africa" title="Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa">Pilgrims Rest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberton, Mpumalanga">Barberton</a> and farming were the main forms of economic activity. On farms in the Transvaal, under a system known as <a href="/wiki/Inboekstelsel" title="Inboekstelsel">Inboekstelsel</a>, Boers carried out raids to capture children and forced them into indentured labour.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">South African War</a>, the region was the site of notable battles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apartheid">Apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> came to power in 1948, their policy of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> intensified the segregation that had defined communities in the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_(province)" title="Transvaal (province)">Transvaal</a>. Under a policy of forced removals, Black South Africans were evicted from areas reserved for white people and moved into homelands, including <a href="/wiki/KaNgwane" title="KaNgwane">KaNgwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/KwaNdebele" title="KwaNdebele">KwaNdebele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebowa" title="Lebowa">Lebowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazankulu" title="Gazankulu">Gazankulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the apartheid regime implemented oppressive <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">policies</a> that defined almost every aspect of life, activists responded with resistance. </p><p>In 1959, the small town of <a href="/wiki/Bethal" title="Bethal">Bethal</a> on what is now the Mpumalanga highveld was the center of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_potato_boycott" title="South African potato boycott">anti-apartheid consumer potato boycott</a> in response to the working conditions Black South African labourers faced on farms in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was influenced by dynamics in exile and elsewhere in the country, for instance <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville Massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">1976 Soweto Uprisings</a>. In the 1980s, under intense repression, youth and labour organizations moblized against the government and townships and Bantustans erupted in political unrest and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, an avoidable disaster <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> killed 177 mine workers in <a href="/wiki/Kinross,_Mpumalanga" title="Kinross, Mpumalanga">Kinross Mine</a> in the region's highveld. The response to the disaster by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(South_Africa)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> was a key point in the South African labour struggle. By the late 1980s, the intensity of resistance across South Africa (including areas like Mpumalanga, which hadn't previously been seen as key areas of resistance) combined with economic factors and international pressure was strong enough to end apartheid. On 27 April 1994, when South Africa held its <a href="/wiki/End_of_Apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Apartheid">first democratic elections</a>, Mpumalanga province was formed. It was originally called the "Eastern Transvaal" province, but the name was later changed to Mpumalanga on 24 August 1995.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-apartheid">Post-apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The liberation movement turned leading party, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) came into power in Mpumalanga after white minority rule ended. A program of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_South_Africa" title="Land reform in South Africa">land redistribution</a>, aimed at granting land back to the black communities who were forcibly moved during apartheid, had redistributed tens of thousands of hectares to these communities and their descendants. However, the process has been marked by corruption, controversy and has been seen as inadequate to address the extent of apartheid spatial planning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, 1,270 hectares of the Boomplaats farm near <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg" title="Lydenburg">Mashishing</a> was the first farm in South Africa to be expropriated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mpumalanga" title="Special:EditPage/Mpumalanga">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mpumalanga%22">"Mpumalanga"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mpumalanga%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mpumalanga%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mpumalanga%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mpumalanga%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mpumalanga%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of mountains near Barberton in Mpumalanga. The image shows rocks in the foreground and steep, grassy green mounains covered in mist at their peaks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg/220px-Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg/330px-Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg/440px-Baberton_greenstone_belt_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8266" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>A view from the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberton, Mpumalanga">Barberton</a> Geotrail, where evidence of the earliest signs of life (3.2 billion-years-old) was found.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_2016-11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily_2016-11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a> escarpment divides Mpumalanga into a westerly half consisting mainly of high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a> and an eastern half situated in low-altitude subtropical <a href="/wiki/Lowveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowveld">Lowveld</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> habitat. The southern half of the <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> is in the latter region. The Drakensberg exceeds heights of 2000 m in most places, with this central region of Mpumalanga being very mountainous. These regions have alpine grasslands and small pockets of <a href="/wiki/Knysna-Amatole_montane_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Knysna-Amatole montane forests">Afromontane forest</a>. The Lowveld is relatively flat with interspersed rocky outcrops. The <a href="/wiki/Lebombo_Mountains" title="Lebombo Mountains">Lebombo Mountains</a> form a low range in the far east, on the border with <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. </p><p>Some of the oldest rocks on earth have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberton, Mpumalanga">Barberton</a> area; these ancient <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphosed</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> form the Crocodile River Mountains in the southeast of the province. The Lowveld is underlaid by <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">African Cratonic Basement</a> rocks of ages in excess of 2 billion years. The Highveld is mostly <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Sequence">Karoo Sequence</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> of a younger, <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> age. </p><p>Mpumalanga is the only South African province to border two <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mozambique" title="Provinces of Mozambique">provinces of Mozambique</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_Province" title="Gaza Province">Gaza Province</a> to the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Province" title="Maputo Province">Maputo Province</a> to the east), as well as all four <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Eswatini" title="Regions of Eswatini">regions of Eswatini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lubombo_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubombo District">Lubombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hhohho" class="mw-redirect" title="Hhohho">Hhohho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manzini_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzini District">Manzini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiselweni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiselweni">Shiselweni</a> districts). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lowveld is <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a>, due to its latitude and proximity to the warm <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The Highveld is comparatively much cooler and drier, due to its elevation of 1700 m to 2300 m above sea level. The Drakensberg escarpment receives the most <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, with all other areas being moderately well-watered by mostly-summer <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a>. The Highveld often experiences considerable freezing, while the Lowveld is mostly frost-free. Winter rainfall is rare, except for some drizzle on the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>. The differences in climate are demonstrated by comparing the capital, <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a>, which is in the Lowveld, with <a href="/wiki/Belfast,_Mpumalanga" title="Belfast, Mpumalanga">Belfast</a>, which is an hour away on the Highveld: </p> <ul><li>Mbombela averages: January maximum: 29 °C (min: 19 °C), July maximum: 23 °C (min: 6 °C), annual precipitation: 767 mm</li> <li>Belfast averages: January maximum: 23 °C (min: 12 °C), June maximum: 15 °C (min: 1 °C), annual precipitation: 878 mm</li></ul><p> With <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in the province, rainfall is becoming more variable, temperatures and evaporation rates are rising and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. It is predicted that these changes will shift biomes so that most of the province will be savanna.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spitskop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spitskop.jpg/220px-Spitskop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spitskop.jpg/330px-Spitskop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spitskop.jpg/440px-Spitskop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Proteas near <a href="/wiki/Sabie" title="Sabie">Sabie</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">earliest signs of life</a> on Earth have been found in Mpumalanga. In the <a href="/wiki/Makhonjwa_Mountains" title="Makhonjwa Mountains">Makhonjwa mountain</a> range's greenstone belt near <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberton, Mpumalanga">Barberton</a>, a fossil layer shows microbial activity that is 3.22 billion years old. This discovery indicates that life emerged on Earth 300 million years earlier than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_2016-11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily_2016-11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mpumalanga has a high plant and animal diversity. Many species are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endemic_species">Endemic species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Endemic species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partial list of species that are endemic to Mpumalanga </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robust_golden_mole" title="Robust golden mole">Robust Golden Mole (<i>Amblysomus robustus</i>)</a>, a mammal in the golden mole family.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treur_River_barb" title="Treur River barb">Treur River Barb (<i>Enteromius treurensis</i>)</a>, a river fish.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Barberton sugarbush (<i>Protea curvata)</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Protea" title="Protea">protea</a> plant threatened by mining activity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sim's Spotted Aloe <i>(Aloe simii)</i> an aloe threatened by road construction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Komati Waterberry <i>(Syzygium komatiense)</i> a species of <a href="/wiki/Syzygium" title="Syzygium">waterberry</a> tree.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Thorncroftia lotterii</i>, a flowering plant.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acontias_albigularis" title="Acontias albigularis">Acontias albigularis</a>,</i> a lizard species.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procrica_mariepskopa" title="Procrica mariepskopa">Procrica mariepskopa</a>,</i> a moth species.</li> <li>Inkomati Mountain Catfish <i>(Amphilius engelbrechti</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yellow Baberton Grass Aloe <i>(Aloe craibii)</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Longtom oneye (<i>Monopsis kowynensis)</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Graskop cliff aloe (<i>Aloe nubigena)</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of a river in midsummer in the Kruger National Park. It features a river surrounded by lush, green vegetation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg/220px-Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg/330px-Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg/440px-Kruger_National_Park_Summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>Kruger National Park, South Africa's largest conservation area</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_areas">Conservation areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservation areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diverse and special flora and fauna of the province enjoys protection in a range of nature reserves. </p> <ul><li>Barberton Nature Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blyde_River_Canyon_Nature_Reserve" title="Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve">Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Limpopo_Transfrontier_Park" title="Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park">Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park</a>, previously known as Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier Park. This international game park brings together some of the best and most established wildlife areas in southern Africa. The park is managed as an integrated unit across an unprecedented three international boundaries which includes the <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> (South Africa), <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_National_Park" title="Limpopo National Park">Limpopo National Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gonarezhou_National_Park" title="Gonarezhou National Park">Gonarezhou National Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowveld_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Lowveld National Botanical Garden">Lowveld National Botanical Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a>, which is built up of numerous private reserves: Nottens Bush Camp,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idube_Safari_Lodge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idube Safari Lodge (page does not exist)">Idube Safari Lodge</a>, Chitwa Chitwa Game Lodge, Djuma Game Reserve, Exeter Game Lodge, Inyati Private Game Reserve, Leopard Hills Private Game Reserve, Lion Sands Private Game Reserve, Londolozi Game Reserve, <a href="/wiki/Mala_Mala_Game_Reserve" title="Mala Mala Game Reserve">Mala Mala Game Reserve</a>, Savanna Private Game Reserve and Ulusaba Game Lodge.</li> <li>Verloren Vallei near <a href="/wiki/Dullstroom" title="Dullstroom">Dullstroom</a></li></ul> <p>Many species of plants are unique to the different geological formations within Mpumalanga. Some examples of these formations include serpentines of Barberton Mountains, <a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">norites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sekhukhuneland" title="Sekhukhuneland">Sekhukhuneland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blyde_River_Canyon" title="Blyde River Canyon">Blyde River Canyon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomites</a> in the northern plateaus.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Law and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Politics of Mpumalanga</a></div> <p>Mpumalanga is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature" title="Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature">Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> system of 30 legislators democratically elected though a <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a> system. Under the constitution of South Africa, the legislature is intended to create laws, promote public participation and provide oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1994 to the present, the African National Congress has been the leading party in the Mpumalanga legislature. As of the 2019 elections, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a> are in opposition in the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elected every five years, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Mpumalanga" title="Premier of Mpumalanga">premier of Mpumalanga</a> is the head of government in the province. Since 2024 <a href="/wiki/Mandla_Ndlovu" title="Mandla Ndlovu">Mandla Ndlovu</a> has held the office of premier.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of municipalities in Mpumalanga">List of municipalities in Mpumalanga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_(2011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_%282011%29.svg/220px-Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_%282011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_%282011%29.svg/330px-Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_%282011%29.svg/440px-Map_of_Mpumalanga_with_districts_labelled_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Mpumalanga districts and local municipalities</figcaption></figure> <p>Mpumalanga Province is divided into three <a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">district municipalities</a>. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 18 <a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">local municipalities</a>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_municipalities">District municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: District municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 50%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ehlanzeni_District_Municipality" title="Ehlanzeni District Municipality">Ehlanzeni District</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushbuckridge_Local_Municipality" title="Bushbuckridge Local Municipality">Bushbruckridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbombela_Local_Municipality" title="Mbombela Local Municipality">Mbombela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkomazi_Local_Municipality" title="Nkomazi Local Municipality">Nkomazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaba_Chweu_Local_Municipality" title="Thaba Chweu Local Municipality">Thaba Chweu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umjindi_Local_Municipality" title="Umjindi Local Municipality">Umjindi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gert_Sibande_District_Municipality" title="Gert Sibande District Municipality">Gert Sibande District</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli_Local_Municipality" title="Albert Luthuli Local Municipality">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipaleseng_Local_Municipality" title="Dipaleseng Local Municipality">Dipaleseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki_Local_Municipality" title="Govan Mbeki Local Municipality">Govan Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekwa_Local_Municipality" title="Lekwa Local Municipality">Lekwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhondo_Local_Municipality" title="Mkhondo Local Municipality">Mkhondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msukaligwa_Local_Municipality" title="Msukaligwa Local Municipality">Msukaligwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Seme_Local_Municipality" title="Pixley ka Seme Local Municipality">Pixley ka Seme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nkangala_District_Municipality" title="Nkangala District Municipality">Nkangala District</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delmas_Local_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas Local Municipality">Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_JS_Moroka_Local_Municipality" title="Dr JS Moroka Local Municipality">Dr JS Moroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emalahleni_Local_Municipality,_Mpumalanga" title="Emalahleni Local Municipality, Mpumalanga">Emalahleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Local_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlands Local Municipality">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Tshwete_Local_Municipality" title="Steve Tshwete Local Municipality">Steve Tshwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembisile_Local_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Thembisile Local Municipality">Thembisile</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming">Farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Recently planted fields in Mpumalanga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg/220px-Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg/330px-Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg/440px-Farm_in_Mpumalanga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Farm in Mpumalanga highveld</figcaption></figure> <p>68% of land area in the province is used by agriculture. The climatic contrasts between the drier <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a> region, with its cold winters, and the hot, humid <a href="/wiki/Veld" title="Veld">Lowveld</a> allow for a variety of agricultural activities. Mpumalanga has been an important supplier of fruit and vegetables for local and international markets for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Mather_426–436_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mather_426–436-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A history of dispossession mean that farming land is largely white owned, although policies of land redistribution era aim to address this. </p><p>Crops include maize, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">macadamias</a>, groundnuts, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> cane, vegetables, coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, subtropical and deciduous fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural grazing covers approximately 14% of Mpumalanga. The main products are beef, <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, poultry and dairy. </p><p>Farming in the province is driven by both a combination of <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal labour">seasonal</a>, permanent and temporary labourers. Conditions on farms vary widely but seasonal and temporary workers, many of whom are migrant workers from nearby <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, face intense insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mather_426–436_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mather_426–436-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a> is extensive around <a href="/wiki/Sabie" title="Sabie">Sabie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graskop" title="Graskop">Graskop</a>. Located near the forests, <a href="/wiki/Ngodwana" title="Ngodwana">Ngodwana</a> is the site of one of South Africa's largest <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sappi" title="Sappi">Sappi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extensive mining is done and the minerals found include gold, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> group metals, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, vanadiferous <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, argentiferous <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, copper, iron, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, coal, <a href="/wiki/Andalusite" title="Andalusite">andalusite</a>, chrysotile <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kieselguhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kieselguhr">kieselguhr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>. </p><p>Gold was first discovered in Mpumalanga province in 1883 by Auguste Roberts in the mountains surrounding what is now Barberton. Gold is still mined in the Barberton area today.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mpumalanga accounts for 83% of South Africa's coal production. 90% of South Africa's coal consumption is used for electricity generation and the synthetic fuel industry. Coal <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a> are in proximity to the coal deposits. A <a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">coal liquefaction</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Secunda,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Secunda, Mpumalanga">Secunda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secunda_CTL" title="Secunda CTL">Secunda CTL</a>) is one of the country's two petroleum-from-coal extraction plants, which is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuel</a> company <a href="/wiki/Sasol" title="Sasol">Sasol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high density of <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal power stations</a> on the Mpumalanga <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">highveld</a> means that the region has the highest levels of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide pollution</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attractions">Attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mpumalanga is popular with tourists. <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>, established in 1898 for the protection of Lowveld wildlife, covering 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi), is a popular destination.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major tourist attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Sudwala_Caves" title="Sudwala Caves">Sudwala Caves</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blyde_River_Canyon" title="Blyde River Canyon">Blyde River Canyon</a>. </p><p>Many activities including the big jump, mountain and quad biking, horse trails, river rafting and big game viewing are endemic to the region. This is "<a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big Five</a>" territory. Towns in the <a href="/wiki/Lowveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowveld">Lowveld</a> are <a href="/wiki/Barberton,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberton, Mpumalanga">Barberton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_River,_Mpumalanga" title="White River, Mpumalanga">White River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabie" title="Sabie">Sabie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graskop" title="Graskop">Graskop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazyview" title="Hazyview">Hazyview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malelane" class="mw-redirect" title="Malelane">Malelane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Rest,_South_Africa" title="Pilgrim's Rest, South Africa">Pilgrim's Rest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydenburg" title="Lydenburg">Lydenburg</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nkomazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nkomazi (page does not exist)">Nkomazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Haute_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haute Cuisine">Haute Cuisine</a> route was formed, trickling from <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Mbombela</a> down to Hazyview. The Lowveld Gourmet Route covers the four top fine dining restaurants the area has to offer. The restaurants include Summerfields Kitchen, Oliver's Restaurant, Orange and Salt.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mpumalanga" title="Special:EditPage/Mpumalanga">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mpumalanga%22">"Mpumalanga"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mpumalanga%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mpumalanga%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mpumalanga%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mpumalanga%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mpumalanga%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ndebele_Village,_Mpumalanga,_South_Africa_(20329039339).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brightly coloured and boldly patterned Ndebele beadwork and clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ndebele_Village%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_South_Africa_%2820329039339%29.jpg/220px-Ndebele_Village%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_South_Africa_%2820329039339%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ndebele_Village%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_South_Africa_%2820329039339%29.jpg/330px-Ndebele_Village%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_South_Africa_%2820329039339%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ndebele_Village%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_South_Africa_%2820329039339%29.jpg/440px-Ndebele_Village%2C_Mpumalanga%2C_South_Africa_%2820329039339%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people" title="Southern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> traditional dress </figcaption></figure> <p>Mpumalanga is home to a diverse range of cultures, including Swazi, Ndebele, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Zulu, Mapulana, Portuguese and Pedi communities. </p><p>The Ndebele Cultural Village at <a href="/wiki/Botshabelo,_Mpumalanga" title="Botshabelo, Mpumalanga">Botshabelo</a> is a renowned center of cultural heritage, with displays of <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_house_painting" title="Ndebele house painting">Ndebele house painting</a>. Ndebele artist <a href="/wiki/Esther_Mahlangu" title="Esther Mahlangu">Esther Mahalangu</a> gained international acclaim for her artwork rooted in Ndebele traditions and geometric patterns. Prominent South African artist <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Sekoto" title="Gerard Sekoto">Gerard Sekoto</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Botshabelo,_Mpumalanga" title="Botshabelo, Mpumalanga">Botshabelo</a>. </p><p>Many celebrated South African musicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Ray_Phiri" title="Ray Phiri">Ray Phiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Malope" title="Rebecca Malope">Rebecca Malope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Yende" title="Pretty Yende">Pretty Yende</a>, are from Mpumalanga. </p><p>Since 2003, Mpumalanga's capital city, Mbombela, has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> national arts festival Innibos. The festival features music, comedy, arts, crafts and theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_kruger-park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kruger National Park."><img alt="Kruger National Park." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Landscape_kruger-park.jpg/271px-Landscape_kruger-park.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Landscape_kruger-park.jpg/406px-Landscape_kruger-park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Landscape_kruger-park.jpg/542px-Landscape_kruger-park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bourke's Luck Potholes."><img alt="Bourke's Luck Potholes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_%282%29.jpg/240px-Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_%282%29.jpg/360px-Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_%282%29.jpg/481px-Motlatse_Canyon_Bourke%27s_Luck_Potholes_bridge_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bourke's Luck Potholes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Rondavels of the Blyde River Canyon."><img alt="Three Rondavels of the Blyde River Canyon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg/241px-Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg/361px-Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg/481px-Three_Rondavels_Blyde_River_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Three Rondavels</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Blyde_River_Canyon" title="Blyde River Canyon">Blyde River Canyon</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Transvaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escarpment."><img alt="Escarpment." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Eastern_Transvaal.jpg/119px-Eastern_Transvaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Eastern_Transvaal.jpg/179px-Eastern_Transvaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Eastern_Transvaal.jpg/239px-Eastern_Transvaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Escarpment.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lisbon Falls."><img alt="Lisbon Falls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg/119px-Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg/178px-Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg/238px-Lisbon_Falls_-_Tvl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lisbon Falls</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilgrim_Rest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pilgrim's Rest."><img alt="Pilgrim's Rest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pilgrim_Rest.jpg/283px-Pilgrim_Rest.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pilgrim_Rest.jpg/424px-Pilgrim_Rest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Pilgrim_Rest.jpg/565px-Pilgrim_Rest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Rest,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Rest, Mpumalanga">Pilgrim's Rest</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blyde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Treur River"><img alt="Treur River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blyde.jpg/240px-Blyde.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blyde.jpg/360px-Blyde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blyde.jpg/480px-Blyde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Treur_River" title="Treur River">Treur River</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg/220px-Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg/330px-Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg/440px-Mpumalanga_2011_population_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Mpumalanga <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black;"> </span> <1 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffeda0; color:black;"> </span> 1–3 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fed976; color:black;"> </span> 3–10 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#feb24c; color:black;"> </span> 10–30 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd8d3c; color:black;"> </span> 30–100 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fc4e2a; color:black;"> </span> 100–300 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e31a1c; color:white;"> </span> 300–1000 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc0026; color:white;"> </span> 1000–3000 /km²</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800026; color:white;"> </span> >3000 /km²</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/220px-Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/330px-Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/440px-Mpumalanga_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Dominant home languages in Mpumalanga <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394559"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8dd3c7; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffb3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bebada; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fb8072; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80b1d3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdb462; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Pedi</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fccde5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc80bd; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffed6f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0d0d0; color:black;"> </span> No language dominant</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Mpumalanga's population is 4,039,939 people (according to the 2011 census).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average population density is 52.81 people per km².<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 30% of the people speak <a href="/wiki/SiSwati" class="mw-redirect" title="SiSwati">siSwati</a>, the language of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, with 26% speaking <a href="/wiki/IsiZulu" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiZulu">isiZulu</a>, 10.3% <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">isiNdebele</a>, 10.2% <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Sepedi</a> and 11.6% <a href="/wiki/Xitsonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Xitsonga">Xitsonga</a>. As of the 2011 census, approximately 90.65% of Mpumalanga's population are Black, 7.51% are White, and 0.91% are <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a> and 0.69% are Indian or Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mpumalanga#Q132410" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of heritage sites in Mpumalanga">List of heritage sites in Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature" title="List of speakers of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature">List of speakers of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_For_Wild" title="Care For Wild">Care For Wild</a> rhinoceros sanctuary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cib2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cib2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf"><i>Census 2011: Census in brief</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Johannesburg: Jacana Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77009-375-1"><bdi>978-1-77009-375-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/309666362">309666362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+shrubs+of+Mpumalanga+and+Kruger+National+Park&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+rev.+and+updated&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F309666362&rft.isbn=978-1-77009-375-1&rft.aulast=Ernst.&rft.aufirst=Schmidt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpuleg.gov.za/aboutmpllegi">"About the Legislature"</a>. <i>Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mpumalanga+Provincial+Legislature&rft.atitle=About+the+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpuleg.gov.za%2Faboutmpllegi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment" class="citation web cs1">Government, 2013 © Mpumalanga Provincial. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpumalanga.gov.za/otp">"Office of the Premier — Mpumalanga Provincial Government"</a>. <i>Office of the Premier — Mpumalanga Provincial Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Premier+%E2%80%94+Mpumalanga+Provincial+Government&rft.atitle=Office+of+the+Premier+%E2%80%94+Mpumalanga+Provincial+Government&rft.aulast=Government&rft.aufirst=2013+%C2%A9+Mpumalanga+Provincial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpumalanga.gov.za%2Fotp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mather_426–436-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mather_426–436_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mather_426–436_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mather, Charles (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00128">"Foreign Migrants in Export Agriculture: Mozambican Labour in the Mpumalanga Lowveld, South Africa"</a>. <i>Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie</i>. <b>91</b> (4): 426–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9663.00128">10.1111/1467-9663.00128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-747X">0040-747X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+voor+economische+en+sociale+geografie&rft.atitle=Foreign+Migrants+in+Export+Agriculture%3A+Mozambican+Labour+in+the+Mpumalanga+Lowveld%2C+South+Africa&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=426-436&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9663.00128&rft.issn=0040-747X&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2F1467-9663.00128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safiri.co.za/mpfdb/industries-agriculture-hunting-forestry.html">"Mpumalanga Province Freight Data Bank > Industries > Agriculture, Hunting & Forestry"</a>. <i>www.safiri.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.safiri.co.za&rft.atitle=Mpumalanga+Province+Freight+Data+Bank+%3E+Industries+%3E+Agriculture%2C+Hunting+%26+Forestry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safiri.co.za%2Fmpfdb%2Findustries-agriculture-hunting-forestry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpuleg.gov.za/about/historymain.html">Mpumalanga in brief: The economy of the province</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513142308/http://www.mpuleg.gov.za/about/historymain.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (URL accessed 30 April 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploresouthafrica.net/mpumalanga/attractions/lowveldtowns.htm">"Barberton"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180955/http://www.exploresouthafrica.net/mpumalanga/attractions/lowveldtowns.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mpumalanga South Africa, ExploreSouthAfrica.net. (URL accessed 30 April 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/safrica.html#coal">"Coal"</a>, <i>South Africa Country Analysis Brief</i>, Energy Information Administration. (URL accessed 30 April 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://witbanknews.co.za/116572/dirtiest-air-world/">"We have the dirtiest air in the world"</a>. November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+have+the+dirtiest+air+in+the+world&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwitbanknews.co.za%2F116572%2Fdirtiest-air-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsmpl/mpumalanga_kruger.htm">"Kruger National Park"</a>, South Africa Explored.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980126042915/http://www.mpumalanga.co.za/">"Mpumalanga news"</a>. <i>mpumalanga.co.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpumalanga.co.za/">the original</a> on 26 January 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mpumalanga.co.za&rft.atitle=Mpumalanga+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpumalanga.co.za%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090921024953/http://blog.accommodationhunter.co.za/haute-cuisine/">Mpumalanga Haute Cuisine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sa-venues.com/events/mpumalanga/innibos-kunstefees/">"InniBos Kunstefees / Event in Nelspruit, Mpumalanga"</a>. <i>sa-venues.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sa-venues.com&rft.atitle=InniBos+Kunstefees+%2F+Event+in+Nelspruit%2C+Mpumalanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa-venues.com%2Fevents%2Fmpumalanga%2Finnibos-kunstefees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/8">"Census 2011: Province: Mpumalanga"</a>. <i>census2011.adrianfrith.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census2011.adrianfrith.com&rft.atitle=Census+2011%3A+Province%3A+Mpumalanga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus2011.adrianfrith.com%2Fplace%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMpumalanga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link 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href="http://www.mpumalanga.gov.za/">Mpumalanga Provincial Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpumalanga.com/">Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mpumalanga_Province" title="Template:Mpumalanga Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mpumalanga_Province" title="Template talk:Mpumalanga Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mpumalanga_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mpumalanga Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Province_of_Mpumalanga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mpumalanga_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mpumalanga</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Capital and largest city: <a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Nelspruit</a> (Mbombela)</li> <li>Population: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_population" title="List of South African provinces by population">3,657,181</a> (2011)</li> <li>Land area: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_area" title="List of South African provinces by area">76,495 km<sup>2</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mpumalanga" title="Flag of Mpumalanga">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Mpumalanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Mpumalanga (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Mpumalanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Mpumalanga (page does not exist)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Mpumalanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Mpumalanga (page does not exist)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Mpumalanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Mpumalanga (page does not exist)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Mpumalanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Mpumalanga (page does not exist)">Ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Mpumalanga" title="Premier of Mpumalanga">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature" title="Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature">Legislature</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Mpumalanga_Provincial_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature">Speakers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga_Division" title="Mpumalanga Division">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of municipalities in Mpumalanga">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of cities and towns in Mpumalanga">Cities and<br />major towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witbank" title="Witbank">Witbank</a> (Emalahleni)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Mpumalanga" title="Middelburg, Mpumalanga">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermelo,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermelo, Mpumalanga">Ermelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethal" title="Bethal">Bethal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbombela" title="Mbombela">Nelspruit</a> (Mbombela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Retief,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Piet Retief, Mpumalanga">Piet Retief</a> (eMkhondo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standerton" title="Standerton">Standerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydenburg" title="Lydenburg">Lydenburg</a> (Mashishing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secunda,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Secunda, Mpumalanga">Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksrust" title="Volksrust">Volksrust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Administrative divisions of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Africa&#124;link=South_Africa_Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Africa" title="Administrative divisions of South Africa">Administrative divisions of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(executive)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(judicial)</span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Africa" title="Municipalities of South Africa">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Africa" title="List of municipalities in South Africa">List of municipalities in South Africa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Eastern_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Free_State" title="List of municipalities in the Free State">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Gauteng" title="List of municipalities in Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_KwaZulu-Natal" title="List of municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Limpopo" title="List of municipalities in Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of municipalities in Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_North_West" title="List of municipalities in the North West">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Northern_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_the_Western_Cape" title="List of municipalities in the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Local municipality (South Africa)">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="District municipality (South Africa)">District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_representative_council_(South_Africa)" title="Transitional representative council (South Africa)">Transitional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_province" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Eastern_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Free_State" title="List of cities and towns in the Free State">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Gauteng" title="List of cities and towns in Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_KwaZulu-Natal" title="List of cities and towns in KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Limpopo" title="List of cities and towns in Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Mpumalanga" title="List of cities and towns in Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_North_West_(South_Africa)" title="List of cities and towns in the North West (South Africa)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Northern_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_Western_Cape" title="List of cities and towns in the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge307201&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/fb281ae7-3796-4b5f-9e4d-af96a93c4141">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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