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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boer_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Boer Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boer_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Union of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_business_district" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_business_district"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Central business district</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_business_district-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jacaranda_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacaranda_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Jacaranda city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacaranda_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pretoria_Creole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pretoria_Creole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pretoria Creole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pretoria_Creole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Performing arts and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Jewish community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Buddhist community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>International schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tertiary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>University of South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Pretoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Pretoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>University of Pretoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Pretoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tshwane_University_of_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tshwane_University_of_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Tshwane University of Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tshwane_University_of_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSIR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSIR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>CSIR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSIR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Military headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transito_Air_Force_Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transito_Air_Force_Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Transito Air Force Headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transito_Air_Force_Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dequar_Road_Complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dequar_Road_Complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>The Dequar Road Complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dequar_Road_Complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sebokeng_Complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sebokeng_Complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>The Sebokeng Complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sebokeng_Complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Military bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Dequar_Road_Base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dequar_Road_Base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>The Dequar Road Base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dequar_Road_Base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thaba_Tshwane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thaba_Tshwane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Thaba Tshwane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thaba_Tshwane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Support_Base_Wonderboom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Support_Base_Wonderboom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Joint Support Base Wonderboom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Support_Base_Wonderboom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Military colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_force_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_force_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Air force bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_force_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_change_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_change_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Proposed change of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_change_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nature_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Nature reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pretoria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 163 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ፕሪቶሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕሪቶሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Преториа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Преториа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بريتوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريتوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriya" title="Pretoriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pretoriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرتوریا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پرتوریا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রিটোরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রিটোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прэторыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Прэторыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕི་རི་ཐོ་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕི་རི་ཐོ་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%C3%B2ria" title="Pretòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pretòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria_(ulohang_dakbayan)" title="Pretoria (ulohang dakbayan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pretoria (ulohang dakbayan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorie" title="Pretorie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pretorie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پريطوريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پريطوريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsindiit%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%AD%C3%ADsh%C3%AD" title="Tsindiitłʼííshí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsindiitłʼííshí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πρετόρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρετόρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorio" title="Pretorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pretorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرتوریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتوریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="프리토리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리토리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պրետորիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրետորիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रिटोरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रिटोरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Претори – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Претори" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Pitoli" title="E-Pitoli – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="E-Pitoli" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPitoli" title="IPitoli – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPitoli" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretor%C3%ADa" title="Pretoría – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pretoría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretooriyaa" title="Pretooriyaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pretooriyaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პრეტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრეტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetoria" title="Praetoria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praetoria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorija" title="Pretorija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pretorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorija" title="Pretorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pretorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretourii" title="Pretourii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pretourii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Преторија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Преторија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="പ്രിട്ടോറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രിട്ടോറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirit%C5%8Dria" title="Piritōria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Piritōria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रिटोरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रिटोरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პრეტორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პრეტორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بريتوريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بريتوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرتوریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرتوریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Преториа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Преториа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रिटोरीया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रिटोरीया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="プレトリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレトリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Претори – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Претори" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%C3%B2ria" title="Pretòria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pretòria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Преторий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Преторий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriya" title="Pretoriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pretoriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪ੍ਰਿਟੋਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਿਟੋਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پریٹوریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پریٹوریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرتوریا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پرتوریا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%C3%B3ria" title="Pretória – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pretória" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priturya" title="Priturya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Priturya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%C3%B2ria" title="Pretòria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pretòria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پريٽوريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پريٽوريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitoli" title="Pitoli – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Pitoli" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%C3%B3ria" title="Pretória – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pretória" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorija" title="Pretorija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pretorija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پرێتۆریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرێتۆریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Преторија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Преторија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பிரிட்டோரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரிட்டோரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretori%C3%A4" title="Pretoriä – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pretoriä" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ప్రిటోరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రిటోరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="พริทอเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พริทอเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Претория – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Претория" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Преторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Преторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پریٹوریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پریٹوریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9toriye" title="Prétoriye – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Prétoriye" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorii" title="Pretorii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pretorii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E9%99%80%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="比勒陀利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比勒陀利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitori" title="Pitori – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Pitori" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="普利托里亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普利托里亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Pretoria" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92%E9%99%80%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="比勒陀利亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比勒陀利亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorija" title="Pretorija – Talysh" lang="tly" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pretoria&params=25_44_46_S_28_11_17_E_region:ZA_type:city(2818100)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°44′46″S</span> <span class="longitude">28°11′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.74611°S 28.18806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.74611; 28.18806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative capital of South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pretoria (disambiguation)">Pretoria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Gauteng, South Africa</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive 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0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pretoria</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Tshwane</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> (<a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg/268px-Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg/402px-Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg/536px-Pretoria_viewed_from_the_Voortrekker_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="1664" /></a></span></div><div>Pretoria viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniegebou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Union Buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Uniegebou.jpg/141px-Uniegebou.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Uniegebou.jpg/212px-Uniegebou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Uniegebou.jpg/282px-Uniegebou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="514" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krugerstandbeeld,_Kerkplein,_b,_Pretoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Krugerstandbeeld%2C_Kerkplein%2C_b%2C_Pretoria.jpg/123px-Krugerstandbeeld%2C_Kerkplein%2C_b%2C_Pretoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Krugerstandbeeld%2C_Kerkplein%2C_b%2C_Pretoria.jpg/185px-Krugerstandbeeld%2C_Kerkplein%2C_b%2C_Pretoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Krugerstandbeeld%2C_Kerkplein%2C_b%2C_Pretoria.jpg/246px-Krugerstandbeeld%2C_Kerkplein%2C_b%2C_Pretoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> Statue</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Voortrekker Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg/140px-Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg/210px-Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg/280px-Voortrekker_Monument_922580097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ou_Lettere,_e,_Tuks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="UP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg/124px-Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg/186px-Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg/248px-Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2958" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_Chambers-011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Palace of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Law_Chambers-011.jpg/186px-Law_Chambers-011.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Law_Chambers-011.jpg/279px-Law_Chambers-011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Law_Chambers-011.jpg/372px-Law_Chambers-011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4509" data-file-height="2537" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Pretoria" title="Palace of Justice, Pretoria">Palace of Justice</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ooskerk,_a,_Pretoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ooskerk%2C_a%2C_Pretoria.jpg/78px-Ooskerk%2C_a%2C_Pretoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ooskerk%2C_a%2C_Pretoria.jpg/117px-Ooskerk%2C_a%2C_Pretoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ooskerk%2C_a%2C_Pretoria.jpg/156px-Ooskerk%2C_a%2C_Pretoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div>Ooskerk</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg/124px-00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg/186px-00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg/248px-00000-Pretoria_City_Hall-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_City_Hall" title="Pretoria City Hall">Pretoria City Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Raadsaal,_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Old_Raadsaal%2C_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg/140px-Old_Raadsaal%2C_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Old_Raadsaal%2C_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg/210px-Old_Raadsaal%2C_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Old_Raadsaal%2C_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg/280px-Old_Raadsaal%2C_Church_Square_Pretoria_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal" title="Ou Raadsaal">Ou Raadsaal</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pretoria,_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pretoria"><img alt="Flag of Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pretoria%2C_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Pretoria">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Pretoria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg/159px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="642" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Jacaranda City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Præstantia Prævaleat Prætoria</i></span> ("May Pretoria be pre-eminent in excellence")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretoria is located in Gauteng"><img alt="Pretoria is located in Gauteng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_Gauteng_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.306%;left:52.803%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pretoria"><img alt="Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pretoria</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Gauteng</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretoria is located in South Africa"><img alt="Pretoria is located in South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.449%;left:70.861%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pretoria"><img alt="Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Pretoria</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South Africa</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretoria is located in Africa"><img alt="Pretoria is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/250px-Africa_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/375px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Africa_location_map.svg/500px-Africa_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.945%;left:63.935%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pretoria"><img alt="Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pretoria</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pretoria&params=25_44_46_S_28_11_17_E_region:ZA_type:city(2818100)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°44′46″S</span> <span class="longitude">28°11′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.74611°S 28.18806°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.74611; 28.18806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_the_Gauteng_Province.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Gauteng_Province.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_the_Gauteng_Province.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Gauteng_Province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_the_Gauteng_Province.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Gauteng_Province.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="350" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of South Africa">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">City of Tshwane</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">18 November 1855<span class="noprint">; 169 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1855-11-18</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marthinus_Wessel_Pretorius" title="Marthinus Wessel Pretorius">Marthinus Wessel Pretorius</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andries_Pretorius" title="Andries Pretorius">Andries Pretorius</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">Metropolitan municipality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">vacant</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-place799035-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-place799_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-place799-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> (<a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">687.54 km<sup>2</sup> (265.46 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,297.83 km<sup>2</sup> (2,431.61 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,339 m (4,393 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-place799035-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> (<a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,818,100</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of cities in Africa by population">33rd</a> in Africa <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">4th</a> in South Africa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,100/km<sup>2</sup> (11,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-place799_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-place799-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,921,488</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">460/km<sup>2</sup> (1,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Racial makeup (2011)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-place799035-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52.45%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa" title="Bantu peoples of South Africa">Black</a></th><td class="infobox-data">41.95%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.50%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian South African">Asian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.93%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other</th><td class="infobox-data">1.17%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">First languages</a> (2011)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-place799035-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47.67%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.38%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Sepedi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.02%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.44%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Standard Time">SAST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in South Africa">Postal code</a> (street)</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">0002</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">PO box</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">0001</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Africa" title="Telephone numbers in South Africa">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/011_(South_Africa_Calling_Code)" class="mw-redirect" title="011 (South Africa Calling Code)">012</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.75 <span style="color:#1fca23"><b>High</b></span> <small>(2012)</small><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="American dollar">US$</a> 75.6 billion<sup id="cite_ref-brookingsgdp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">US$ 23,108<sup id="cite_ref-brookingsgdp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/Pages/default.aspx">tshwane.gov.za</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pretoria</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Zulu</th><td class="infobox-data">iPitoli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Xhosa</th><td class="infobox-data">ePitoli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Afrikaans</th><td class="infobox-data">Pretoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sepedi</th><td class="infobox-data">Pretoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Swazi</th><td class="infobox-data">Pitoli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sesotho</th><td class="infobox-data">Pritoriya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Setswana</th><td class="infobox-data">Tshwane</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Xitsonga</th><td class="infobox-data">Pitori</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venda</th><td class="infobox-data">Pretoria</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pretoria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">prih-<span style="font-size:90%">TOR</span>-ee-ə, pree-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Afrikaans:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="af-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">[prəˈtʊəria]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/LL-Q14196_%28afr%29-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav\/LL-Q14196_%28afr%29-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/LL-Q14196_%28afr%29-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav/LL-Q14196_%28afr%29-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q14196_(afr)-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav" title="File:LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-Pretoria.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), is South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of South Africa">administrative capital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branch of government, and as the host to all foreign embassies to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pretoria straddles the <a href="/wiki/Apies_River" title="Apies River">Apies River</a> and extends eastward into the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Magaliesberg" title="Magaliesberg">Magaliesberg</a> mountains. It has a reputation as an academic city and centre of research, being home to the <a href="/wiki/Tshwane_University_of_Technology" title="Tshwane University of Technology">Tshwane University of Technology</a> (TUT), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> (UP), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a> (UNISA), the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR), and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Human Sciences Research Council">Human Sciences Research Council</a>. It also hosts the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Foundation_(South_Africa)" title="National Research Foundation (South Africa)">National Research Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Bureau_of_Standards" title="South African Bureau of Standards">South African Bureau of Standards</a>. Pretoria was one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p>Pretoria is the central part of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality</a> which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities, including <a href="/wiki/Bronkhorstspruit" title="Bronkhorstspruit">Bronkhorstspruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cullinan,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan, Gauteng">Cullinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammanskraal" title="Hammanskraal">Hammanskraal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a>. Some have proposed <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Proposed_change_of_name">changing the official name from Pretoria to Tshwane</a>, which has caused some public controversy. </p><p>Pretoria is named after the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekker" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekker">Voortrekker</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Andries_Pretorius" title="Andries Pretorius">Andries Pretorius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South Africans sometimes call it the "Jacaranda City",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia" title="Jacaranda mimosifolia">jacaranda</a> trees planted along its streets and in its parks and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria" title="Timeline of Pretoria">Timeline of Pretoria</a></div> <p>Pretoria was founded in 1855 by <a href="/wiki/Marthinus_Wessel_Pretorius" title="Marthinus Wessel Pretorius">Marthinus Pretorius</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Voortrekkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Voortrekkers">Voortrekkers</a>, who named it after his father <a href="/wiki/Andries_Pretorius" title="Andries Pretorius">Andries Pretorius</a> and chose a spot on the banks of the <i><a href="/wiki/Apies_River" title="Apies River">Apies rivier</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> for "Monkeys river") to be the new <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek</i>; ZAR). The elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers after his victory over <a href="/wiki/Dingane" title="Dingane">Dingane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blood_River" title="Battle of Blood River">Battle of Blood River</a> in 1838. The elder Pretorius also negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Sand_River_Convention" title="Sand River Convention">Sand River Convention</a> (1852), in which the United Kingdom acknowledged the independence of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</a>. It became the capital of the South African Republic on 1 May 1860. </p><p>The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers' settlement movements of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boer_Wars">Boer Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boer Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a>, the city was besieged by Republican forces in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty that ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Convention" title="Pretoria Convention">Pretoria Convention</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> resulted in the end of the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a> and start of British <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> in South Africa. The city surrendered to British forces under <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sleigh_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Frederick Roberts</a> on 5 June 1900 and the conflict was ended in Pretoria with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vereeniging" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Vereeniging">Peace of Vereeniging</a> on 31 May 1902 at <a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Pretoria Forts</a> were built for the defence of the city just prior to the Second Boer War. Though some of these forts are today in ruins, a number of them have been preserved as national monuments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG/170px-Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG/255px-Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG/340px-Union-buildings-pretoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a>, seat of South Africa's government</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_South_Africa">Union of South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Union of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a></div> <p>The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> were united with the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natal_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Colony">Natal Colony</a> in 1910 to become the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> serving as the legislative capital and <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> as the judicial capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a>. (As the capital of the ZAR, Pretoria had superseded <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a> in that role.) On 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretoria is situated approximately 56 km (35 mi) north-northeast of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> in the northeast of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, in a transitional belt between the plateau of the <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a> to the south and the lower-lying <a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a> to the north. It lies at an altitude of about 1,339 m (4,393 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a warm, sheltered, fertile valley, surrounded by the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Magaliesberg" title="Magaliesberg">Magaliesberg</a> range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magaliesberg08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magaliesberg08.jpg/220px-Magaliesberg08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magaliesberg08.jpg/330px-Magaliesberg08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magaliesberg08.jpg/440px-Magaliesberg08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>The city is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Magaliesberg" title="Magaliesberg">Magaliesberg</a> range.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pretoria has a monsoon-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cwa</a>) with long hot, rainy summers, and short, dry and mild winters. The city experiences the typical winters of South Africa, with cold, clear nights and mild to moderately warm days. Although the average lows during winter are mild, it can get cold due to the clear skies, with night time low temperatures in recent years in the range of 2 to −5 °C (36 to 23 °F). </p><p>The average annual temperature is 18.7 °C (65.7 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is rather high, considering the city's relatively high altitude of about 1,339 metres (4,393 feet), and is due mainly to its sheltered valley position, which acts as a heat trap and cuts it off from cool southerly and south-easterly air masses for much of the year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rain is chiefly concentrated in the summer months, with drought conditions prevailing over the winter months, when frosts may be sharp. Snowfall is an extremely rare event; snowflakes were spotted in 1959, 1968 and 2012 in the city, but the city has never experienced an accumulation in its history. </p><p>During a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat wave</a> in November 2011, Pretoria experienced temperatures that reached 39 °C (102 °F), unusual for that time of the year. Similar record-breaking extreme heat events also occurred in January 2013, when Pretoria experienced temperatures exceeding 37 °C (99 °F) on several days. The year 2014 was one of the wettest on record for the city. A total of 914 mm (36 in) fell up to the end of December, with 220 mm (9 in) recorded in this month alone. In 2015, Pretoria saw its worst drought since 1982; the month of November 2015 saw new records broken for high temperatures, with 43 °C (109 °F) recorded on 11 November after three weeks of temperatures between 35 °C (95 °F) and 43 °C (109 °F). Pretoria reached a new record high of 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) on 7 January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pretoria (1961–1990 with extremes 1951–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1<br />(89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.1<br />(80.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0<br />(24.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #35FF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">135<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br />(2.9) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #5EFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">673<br />(26.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.9 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.8 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.6 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">289.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">295.5 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;" class="notheme">284.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.2 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">253.6 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">271.9 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,218.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA,<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Pret._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Pret.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: South African Weather Service<sup id="cite_ref-saws-climstats_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saws-climstats-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">244,496</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">275,331</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">354,403</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">432,973</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">502,443</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">576,319</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">635,932</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">701,672</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">790,661</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">935,107</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">955,025</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,083,586</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2004</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,276,546</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2008</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,524,762</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,742,006</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2016</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,175,904</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,472,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,813,810</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.8%</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg/220px-Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg/330px-Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg/440px-Tshwane_2011_population_density_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Population density in and around Pretoria <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffcc; color:black;"> </span> <1 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffeda0; color:black;"> </span> 1–3 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fed976; color:black;"> </span> 3–10 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#feb24c; color:black;"> </span> 10–30 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd8d3c; color:black;"> </span> 30–100 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fc4e2a; color:black;"> </span> 100–300 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e31a1c; color:white;"> </span> 300–1000 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc0026; color:white;"> </span> 1000–3000 /km²</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800026; color:white;"> </span> >3000 /km²</div></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/220px-Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/330px-Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg/440px-Tshwane_2001_dominant_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distribution of home languages in Pretoria <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8dd3c7; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffb3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bebada; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80b1d3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdb462; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fccde5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffed6f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0d0d0; color:black;"> </span> None dominant</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the extent of the area understood to constitute "Pretoria", the population ranges from 700,000<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2.95 million.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main languages spoken in Pretoria are <a href="/wiki/Pedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedi language">Sepedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setswana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana language">Setswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Xitsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Tshivenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> and English. The city of Pretoria has the largest white population in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since its founding, it has been a major <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> population centre, and there are roughly 1 million Afrikaners living in or around the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even since the end of Apartheid, Pretoria itself has had a white majority, albeit with an ever-increasing black middle-class. However, in the townships of <a href="/wiki/Mamelodi" title="Mamelodi">Mamelodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atteridgeville" title="Atteridgeville">Atteridgeville</a> black people make up close to all of the population. The largest white ethnic group are the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a> and the largest black ethnic group are the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho people">Northern Sothos</a>. </p><p>The lower estimate for the population of Pretoria includes largely former white-designated areas, and there is therefore a white majority. However, including the geographically separate townships increases Pretoria's population beyond a million and makes whites a minority. </p><p>Pretoria's <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a> were ordered to move from Pretoria to <a href="/wiki/Laudium" title="Laudium">Laudium</a> on 6 June 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group</th> <th>2001 population</th> <th>2001 (%)</th> <th>2011 population</th> <th>2011 (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">White</a></td> <td>355,631</td> <td>67.7%</td> <td>389,022</td> <td>52.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Black African">Black African</a></td> <td>128,791</td> <td>24.5%</td> <td>311,149</td> <td>42.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a></td> <td>32,727</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>18,514</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian or Asian</a></td> <td>8,238</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>14,298</td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Other</i></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>8,667</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td>525,387</td> <td>100%</td> <td>741,651</td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretoria is known as the "Jacaranda City" due to the approximately 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">Jacarandas</a> that line its streets. Purple is a colour often associated with the city and is often included on local council logos and services such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Re_Yeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Re Yeng (page does not exist)">A Re Yeng</a> rapid bus system and the logo of the local <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_FM" title="Jacaranda FM">Jacaranda FM</a> radio station. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Pretoria Forts</a></div> <dl><dd><i><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pretoria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pretoria">Buildings in Pretoria</a> at Wikimedia Commons</i></dd></dl> <p>Pretoria has over the years had very diverse cultural influences and this is reflected in the architectural styles that can be found in the city. It ranges from 19th century Dutch, German and British <a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">colonial architecture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">neomodern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">art deco</a> architecture styles with a good mix of a uniquely South African style. </p><p>Some of the notable structures in Pretoria include the late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice (South Africa)">Palace of Justice</a>, the early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a>, the post-war <a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a>, the diverse buildings dotting the main campuses of both the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch</a> style <a href="/wiki/Mahlamba_Ndlopfu" title="Mahlamba Ndlopfu">Mahlamba Ndlopfu</a> (the President's House), the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Byzantine">Neo-Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Synagogue, Pretoria">Old Synagogue</a>, the more modern <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of South Africa">Reserve Bank of South Africa</a> (office skyscraper) and the Telkom <a href="/wiki/Lukasrand_Tower" title="Lukasrand Tower">Lukasrand Tower</a>. Other well-known structures and buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium" title="Loftus Versfeld Stadium">Loftus Versfeld Stadium</a>, The South African <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre, South Africa">State Theatre</a> and the Oliver Tambo building which is the Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Department of International Relations and Cooperation">Department of International Relations and Cooperation</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Eastern Wing of the Union Buildings"><img alt="The Eastern Wing of the Union Buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg/120px-Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg/180px-Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg/240px-Union_Buildings_Eastern_Wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Eastern Wing of the Union Buildings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Council Chambers, or Ou Raadsaal"><img alt="Old Council Chambers, or Ou Raadsaal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg/120px-RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg/180px-RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg/240px-RSA_Pretoria_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Council Chambers, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal" title="Ou Raadsaal">Ou Raadsaal</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Klapperkop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Klapperkop"><img alt="Fort Klapperkop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fort_Klapperkop.jpg/120px-Fort_Klapperkop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fort_Klapperkop.jpg/180px-Fort_Klapperkop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Fort_Klapperkop.jpg/240px-Fort_Klapperkop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Fort Klapperkop</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Neomodern architecture in Pretoria"><img alt="Neomodern architecture in Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG/120px-Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG/180px-Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG/240px-Neomodernist_facade_in_Pretoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a> architecture in Pretoria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Palace of Justice"><img alt="The Palace of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg/120px-Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg/180px-Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg/240px-Law_Chambers-011_perspective_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Palace of Justice</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Synagogue"><img alt="The Old Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg/120px-9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg/180px-9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg/240px-9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Old Synagogue</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_business_district">Central business district</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central business district"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg/220px-Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg/330px-Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg/440px-Pr%C3%A9toria-skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>The Central Business District</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the many corporate offices, small businesses, shops, and government departments that are situated in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pretoria_suburbs" title="List of Pretoria suburbs">Pretoria's sprawling suburbs</a>, its Central Business District still retains its status as the traditional centre of government and commerce. Many banks, businesses, large corporations, shops, shopping centres, and other businesses are situated in the city centre which is towered by several large skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Poyntons Building (110 m or 360 ft tall), the ABSA Building (132 m or 433 ft tall) and the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of South Africa">Reserve Bank of South Africa</a> building (150 m or 490 ft tall).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area contains a large number of historical buildings, monuments, and museums that include the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_City_Hall" title="Pretoria City Hall">Pretoria City Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_South_Africa" title="National Library of South Africa">National Library of South Africa</a>, Pretorius Square, <a href="/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria" title="Church Square, Pretoria">Church Square</a> (along with its many historical buildings and statues), and the <a href="/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal" title="Ou Raadsaal">Ou Raadsaal</a>. There is also the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Museum">Transvaal Museum</a> (the country's leading natural history museum, which although it has changed venues a number of times, has been around since 1892), the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoological Gardens of South Africa">National Zoological Gardens of South Africa</a> (or more colloquially known as the Pretoria Zoo), <a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a> Museum in Jacob Maré Street, the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Art_Museum" title="Pretoria Art Museum">Pretoria Art Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Window" class="mw-redirect" title="African Window">African Window</a> Cultural History Museum. </p><p>Several National Departments also have Head Offices in the Central Business district such as the Department of Health, Basic Education, Transport, Higher Education and Training, Sport and Recreation, Justice and Constitutional Development, Public Service and Administration, Water and Environmental Affairs and the National Treasury. The district also has a high number of residential buildings which house people who primarily work in the district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretoria is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoological Gardens of South Africa">National Zoological Gardens of South Africa</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a number of smaller parks and gardens located throughout the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Roberts_(zoologist)" title="Austin Roberts (zoologist)">Austin Roberts</a> Bird Sanctuary, Pretorius Square gardens, the Pretoria <a href="/wiki/Rosarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosarium">Rosarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria" title="Church Square, Pretoria">Church Square</a>, Pretoria Showgrounds, <a href="/wiki/Springbok_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Springbok Park">Springbok Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Park (South Africa)">Freedom Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Cilliers_Park" title="Jan Cilliers Park">Jan Cilliers Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgers_Park" title="Burgers Park">Burgers Park</a>, the oldest park in the city and now a national monument. In the suburbs there are also several parks that are notable: Rietondale Park, "Die Proefplaas" in the Queenswood suburb, Magnolia Dell Park, Nelson Mandela Park and Mandela Park Peace Garden and Belgrave Square Park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacaranda_city">Jacaranda city</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jacaranda city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg/220px-Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg/330px-Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg/440px-Jacaranda_Trees_Pretoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>A street lined with <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia" title="Jacaranda mimosifolia">jacarandas</a> in Pretoria, with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a> atop <a href="/wiki/Meintjieskop" title="Meintjieskop">Meintjieskop</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pretoria##" title="Talk:Pretoria">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pretoria%22">"Pretoria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pretoria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pretoria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pretoria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pretoria%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pretoria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pretoria's nickname "the Jacaranda City" comes from the around 70,000 jacaranda trees that grow in Pretoria and decorate the city each October with their purple blossoms. The first two trees were planted in 1888 in the garden of local gardener, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.D._Cilliers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.D. Cilliers (page does not exist)">J.D. Cilliers</a>, at Myrtle Lodge on Celliers Street in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Pretoria" title="Sunnyside, Pretoria">Sunnyside</a>. He obtained the seedlings from a Cape Town nurseryman who had harvested them in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Brazil. The two trees still stand on the grounds of the Sunnyside Primary School. </p><p>The jacaranda comes from tropical South America and belongs to the family <a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a>. There are around fifty species of jacaranda, but the one found most often in the warmer areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> is <a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia" title="Jacaranda mimosifolia">Jacaranda mimosifolia</a>. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, the flower and tree grower James Clark imported jacaranda seedlings from Australia and began growing them on a large scale. In November 1906, he donated two hundred small saplings to the Pretoria City Council, which planted them on Koch Street (today Bosman Street). The city engineer Walton Jameson, soon known as "Jacaranda Jim", launched a programme to plant jacaranda trees throughout Pretoria, and by 1971 there would already be 55,000 of them in the city. </p><p>Most jacarandas in Pretoria are lilac in colour, but there are also white ones planted on Herbert Baker Street in <a href="/wiki/Groenkloof" title="Groenkloof">Groenkloof</a>. </p><p>The Jacaranda Carnival is an old tradition that was held from 1939 to 1964. After a hiatus of over twenty years, it resumed in 1985. Festivities include a colourful march and the crowning of the Jacaranda Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pretoria_suburbs" title="List of Pretoria suburbs">List of Pretoria suburbs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretoria_streetsign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pretoria_streetsign.jpg/220px-Pretoria_streetsign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pretoria_streetsign.jpg/330px-Pretoria_streetsign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pretoria_streetsign.jpg/440px-Pretoria_streetsign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Street signs in Pretoria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG/220px-Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG/330px-Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG/440px-Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2788" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg/220px-Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg/330px-Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg/440px-Blue_Train_passes_through_the_Karoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>The Blue Train</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a> services around Pretoria are operated by <a href="/wiki/Metrorail_Gauteng" title="Metrorail Gauteng">Metrorail</a>. The routes, originating from the city centre, extend south to <a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, west to <a href="/wiki/Atteridgeville" title="Atteridgeville">Atteridgeville</a>, northwest to <a href="/wiki/Ga-Rankuwa" title="Ga-Rankuwa">Ga-Rankuwa</a>, north to <a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a> and east to <a href="/wiki/Mamelodi" title="Mamelodi">Mamelodi</a>. Via the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria%E2%80%93Maputo_railway" title="Pretoria–Maputo railway">Pretoria–Maputo railway</a> it is possible to access the port of Maputo, in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> high-speed railway line runs from the eastern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_(Gautrain_station)" title="Hatfield (Gautrain station)">Hatfield</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_railway_station" title="Pretoria railway station">Pretoria Station</a> and then southwards to <a href="/wiki/Centurion_(Gautrain_station)" title="Centurion (Gautrain station)">Centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrand_(Gautrain_station)" title="Midrand (Gautrain station)">Midrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlboro_(Gautrain_station)" title="Marlboro (Gautrain station)">Marlboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandton_(Gautrain_station)" title="Sandton (Gautrain station)">Sandton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesfield_(Gautrain_station)" title="Rhodesfield (Gautrain station)">Rhodesfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/OR_Tambo_(Gautrain_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="OR Tambo (Gautrain station)">OR Tambo International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosebank_(Gautrain_station)" title="Rosebank (Gautrain station)">Rosebank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Park_station" title="Johannesburg Park station">Johannesburg</a>. </p><p>Pretoria Station is a departure point for the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Train_(South_Africa)" title="Blue Train (South Africa)">Blue Train</a> luxury train. <a href="/wiki/Rovos_Rail" title="Rovos Rail">Rovos Rail</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a luxury mainline train safari service operates from the colonial-style railway station at Capital Park.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South African Friends of the Rail have recently moved their vintage train trip operations from the Capital Park station to the Hercules station.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various bus companies exist in Pretoria, of which <a href="/wiki/PUTCO" title="PUTCO">PUTCO</a> is one of the oldest and most recognised. Tshwane municipality provides the remainder of the bus services.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/N1_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N1 road (South Africa)">N1</a> is the major freeway that runs through Pretoria. It enters the city from the south as the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Schoeman_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Schoeman Highway">Ben Schoeman Highway</a>. At the Brakfontein Interchange in <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a>, the Ben Schoeman Highway becomes the <a href="/wiki/N14_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N14 road (South Africa)">N14</a> to Pretoria Central, the N1 turns north-east, then north, as the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Bypass">Eastern Bypass</a>, bisecting the large expanse of the eastern suburbs, routing traffic from <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Polokwane" title="Polokwane">Polokwane</a> and the north of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N1 is a <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll road</a> north of Pretoria. The <a href="/wiki/R101_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R101 road (South Africa)">R101</a> is the original N1, and served the same function before the construction of the highway. It runs through the centre of the city on regular streets rather than the eastern suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/N4_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N4 road (South Africa)">N4</a> enters the city as a highway from <a href="/wiki/Witbank" title="Witbank">eMalahleni</a> in the east, merging with the N1 at the Proefplaas Interchange. It begins again north of the city, branching west from the N1 as the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Highway" title="Platinum Highway">Platinum Highway</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Bypass">Northern Bypass</a>, and heading to <a href="/wiki/Rustenburg" title="Rustenburg">Rustenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N4 runs east–west through South Africa, connecting <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The N4 is a toll road. Before the Platinum Highway was built, the N4 continued passed the Proefplaas Interchange to the city centre, where it became a regular road, before again becoming a partially-tolled highway west of the city towards <a href="/wiki/Hartbeespoort" title="Hartbeespoort">Hartbeespoort</a>. These roads through the city centre are now designated as the <a href="/wiki/M2_road_(Pretoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="M2 road (Pretoria)">M2</a> (from the Proefplaas Interchange to <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Pretoria" title="Arcadia, Pretoria">Arcadia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/M4_road_(Pretoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="M4 road (Pretoria)">M4</a> (from Arcadia to Hartbeespoort). </p><p>There is a third, original east–west road: the <a href="/wiki/R104_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R104 road (South Africa)">R104</a>, previously named Church Street, also from eMalahleni in the east through Pretoria to Hartbeespoort and Rustenburg in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church Street has been renamed as Stanza Bopape Street from the M16 to Nelson Mandela Drive (M3),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helen Joseph Street from the <a href="/wiki/M3_road_(Pretoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 road (Pretoria)">M3</a> to <a href="/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria" title="Church Square, Pretoria">Church Square</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WF Nkomo Street from Church Square to the <a href="/wiki/R511_(South_Africa)" title="R511 (South Africa)">R511</a> (south-east of Hartbeespoort)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Elias Motswaledi Street from the R511 to <a href="/wiki/Pelindaba" title="Pelindaba">Pelindaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/N14_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N14 road (South Africa)">N14</a> starts from the R101 just south of the Pretoria CBD, heading south as the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Schoeman_Freeway" title="Ben Schoeman Freeway">Ben Schoeman Freeway</a>. At the Brakfontein interchange in <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a>, the Ben Schoeman Freeway becomes the N1 to Johannesburg, and the N14 continues as the intersecting west-south-westerly highway towards <a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R114_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R114 road (South Africa)">R114</a> parallels the N14 from Centurion to <a href="/wiki/Muldersdrift" title="Muldersdrift">Muldersdrift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/R21_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R21 road (South Africa)">R21</a> provides a second north–south highway, further east. It starts from the Fountains Circle south of the city centre, heading south-east to <a href="/wiki/Monument_Park,_Pretoria" title="Monument Park, Pretoria">Monument Park</a>, where it becomes a highway. It crosses the N1 at the Flying Saucer Interchange and runs north–south towards <a href="/wiki/Ekurhuleni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekurhuleni">Ekurhuleni</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempton Park, Gauteng">Kempton Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, it links Pretoria with the <a href="/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="OR Tambo International Airport">OR Tambo International Airport</a> in Kempton Park.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/R80_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R80 road (South Africa)">R80 highway</a> (Mabopane Highway) is a highway in the north-west of the city. The highway begins in <a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a> and it terminates just north of the city centre (in <a href="/wiki/Roseville,_Pretoria" title="Roseville, Pretoria">Roseville</a>) at an intersection with the <a href="/wiki/M1_(Pretoria)" title="M1 (Pretoria)">M1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pretoria is also served by many regional roads. The <a href="/wiki/R55_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R55 road (South Africa)">R55</a> starts at an interchange with the R80, and runs north–south from <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_West" title="Pretoria West">Pretoria West</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R50_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R50 road (South Africa)">R50</a> starts from the N1 in the south-east of the city, and heads south-east towards <a href="/wiki/Bapsfontein" title="Bapsfontein">Bapsfontein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas, Mpumalanga">Delmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R511_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R511 road (South Africa)">R511</a> runs north–south from Sandton towards <a href="/wiki/Brits,_North_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Brits, North West">Brits</a> and barely by-passes Pretoria to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R514_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R514 road (South Africa)">R514</a> starts from the M1, north of the city centre, and terminates at the R511 in Hartbeespoort.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R513_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R513 road (South Africa)">R513</a> crosses Pretoria's northern suburbs from east to west. It links Pretoria to <a href="/wiki/Cullinan,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan, Gauteng">Cullinan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronkhorstspruit" title="Bronkhorstspruit">Bronkhorstspruit</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Hartbeespoort" title="Hartbeespoort">Hartbeespoort</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R566_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R566 road (South Africa)">R566</a> takes origin in Pretoria's northern suburbs, connecting Pretoria to Brits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/R573_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="R573 road (South Africa)">R573</a> (also called <i>Moloto Road</i>) starts from the R513, just east of the town and heads north-east to <a href="/wiki/KwaMhlanga" title="KwaMhlanga">KwaMhlanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siyabuswa" title="Siyabuswa">Siyabuswa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pretoria is also served internally by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Routes_in_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Routes in Pretoria">metropolitan routes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For scheduled air services, Pretoria is served by Johannesburg's airports: <a href="/wiki/OR_Tambo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="OR Tambo International Airport">OR Tambo International</a>, 45 km (28 mi) south of central Pretoria; and <a href="/wiki/Lanseria_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanseria Airport">Lanseria</a>, 35 km (22 mi) south-west of the city. <a href="/wiki/Wonderboom_Airport" title="Wonderboom Airport">Wonderboom Airport</a> in the suburb of Annlin in the north of Pretoria primarily services light commercial and private aircraft. However, as from August 2015, scheduled flights from Wonderboom Airport to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_International_Airport" title="Cape Town International Airport">Cape Town International Airport</a> were made available by <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">SA Airlink</a>. There are two military air bases to the south of the city, <a href="/wiki/AFB_Swartkop" class="mw-redirect" title="AFB Swartkop">Swartkop</a> and <a href="/wiki/AFB_Waterkloof" class="mw-redirect" title="AFB Waterkloof">Waterkloof</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Pretoria forms part the <a href="/wiki/Tshwane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane">Tshwane</a> Metropolitan Municipality, most radio, television and paper media is the same as the rest of the metro area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pretoria" title="Media in Pretoria">Media in Pretoria</a></div> <p>There are many radio stations in the greater Pretoria region, some of note are: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_94.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacaranda 94.2">Jacaranda FM</a>, previously known as Jacaranda 94.2, is a commercial South African radio station, broadcasting in English and Afrikaans, with a footprint that covers Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the North West Province and boasts a listening audience of 2 million people a week, and a digital community of more than 1,1 million people a month. The station's format is mainstream adult contemporary with programming constructed around a playlist of hit music from the 1980s, 1990s and now. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tuks_FM" title="Tuks FM">Tuks FM</a> is the radio station of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> and one of South Africa's community broadcasters. It was one of the first community broadcasters in South Africa to be given an FM licence. It is known for contemporary music and is operated by UP's student base. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Pretoria">Radio Pretoria</a> is a community-based radio station in Pretoria, South Africa, whose programmes are aimed at Afrikaners. It broadcasts 24 hours a day in stereo on 104.2 FM in the greater Pretoria area. Various other transmitters (with their own frequencies) in South Africa broadcast the station's content further afield, while the station is also available on <a href="/wiki/Sentech" title="Sentech">Sentech</a>'s digital satellite platform. </p><p>Impact Radio, is a Christian Community Radio Station based in Pretoria, and broadcasting on 103FM in the Greater Tshwane Area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretoria is serviced by <a href="/wiki/E.tv" title="E.tv">eTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/M-Net" title="M-Net">MNET</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SuperSport_(South_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperSport (South African TV channel)">SuperSport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paper">Paper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is serviced by a variety of printed publications namely; </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_News" title="Pretoria News">Pretoria News</a> is a daily newspaper established in Pretoria in 1898. It publishes a daily edition from Monday to Friday and a Weekend edition on Saturday and Sunday. It is an independent newspaper in the English language that serves the city and its direct environs. It is available online via the Independent online website. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beeld" title="Beeld">Beeld</a> is an Afrikaans-language daily newspaper that was launched on 16 September 1974. Beeld is distributed in four provinces of South Africa: Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West. Die Beeld (English: The Image) was an Afrikaans-language Sunday newspaper in the late 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pretoria_Creole">Pretoria Creole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pretoria Creole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></div> <p><b>Pretoria Sotho</b> (called Sepitori by its speakers)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the urban <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Pretoria and the <a href="/wiki/Tshwane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane">Tshwane</a> metropolitan area in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa">South Africa</a>. It is a combination of <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho (Pedi)</a>, with influences from <a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsotsitaal">Tsotsitaal</a> and other black South African languages. It is a creole language that developed in the city during the years of Apartheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voortrekker_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Voortrekker_Monument.jpg/170px-Voortrekker_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Voortrekker_Monument.jpg/255px-Voortrekker_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Voortrekker_Monument.jpg/340px-Voortrekker_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Voortrekker Monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG/220px-Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG/330px-Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG/440px-Transvaal_Museum_Night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The Transvaal Museum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_National_Museum_of_Cultural_History" title="Ditsong National Museum of Cultural History">Ditsong National Museum of Cultural History</a>, a.k.a. African Window</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Park (South Africa)">Freedom Park</a></li> <li>Hapo Museum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruger_House_(Pretoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruger House (Pretoria)">Kruger House</a> (residence of the president of the ZAR, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapungubwe Museum">Mapungubwe Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vereeniging" title="Treaty of Vereeniging">Treaty of Vereeniging</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Boer War">Anglo-Boer War</a> was signed here in 1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_South_Africa" title="National Library of South Africa">National Library of South Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionier_Museum" title="Pionier Museum">Pioneer Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Art_Museum" title="Pretoria Art Museum">Pretoria Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Pretoria Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force_Museum" title="South African Air Force Museum">South African Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Museum">Transvaal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Tilburg_Collection" title="Van Tilburg Collection">Van Tilburg Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wouw_Museum" title="Van Wouw Museum">Van Wouw Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a></li> <li>Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum</li> <li>Sammy Marks House<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SP Engelbrecht Museum (history of the NHK church)</li> <li>Smuts House Museum</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freedom Park's amphitheatre"><img alt="Freedom Park's amphitheatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg/120px-Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg/180px-Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg/240px-Anfiteatro_-_Freedom_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Freedom Park's amphitheatre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Culthistory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="African Window"><img alt="African Window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Culthistory.jpg/120px-Culthistory.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Culthistory.jpg/180px-Culthistory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Culthistory.jpg/240px-Culthistory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">African Window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Kruger's House"><img alt="Paul Kruger's House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg/120px-Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg/180px-Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg/240px-Kruger_House_see_from_Dutch_Reformed_Church_clock_tower_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paul Kruger's House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melrose_house_SA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melrose House"><img alt="Melrose House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Melrose_house_SA.jpg/120px-Melrose_house_SA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Melrose_house_SA.jpg/180px-Melrose_house_SA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Melrose_house_SA.jpg/240px-Melrose_house_SA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Melrose House</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of popular South African bands and musicians are originally from Pretoria. These include Desmond and the Tutus, Bittereinder, The Black Cat Bones, <a href="/wiki/Seether" title="Seether">Seether</a>, popular mostwako rapper <a href="/wiki/JR_(rapper)" title="JR (rapper)">JR</a>, Joshua na die Reën and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Mujava" title="DJ Mujava">DJ Mujava</a> who was raised in the town of Attridgeville. </p><p>The song "Marching to Pretoria" refers to this city. Pretoria was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (a.k.a. Republic of the Transvaal; 1852–1881 and 1884–1902) the principal battleground for the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, the latter which brought both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State republic under British rule. "Marching to Pretoria" was one of the songs that British soldiers sang as they marched from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>, under British Rule since 1814, to the capital of the Southern African Republic (or in Dutch, <i>Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek</i>). As the song's refrain puts it: "We are marching to Pretoria, Pretoria, Pretoria/We are marching to Pretoria, Pretoria, Hurrah."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening line of <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a>' song <a href="/wiki/I_Am_the_Walrus" title="I Am the Walrus">I Am the Walrus</a>, "I am he as you are he as you are me and we are all together", is often believed to be based on the lyric "I'm with you and you're with me and so we are all together"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in "Marching to Pretoria". Lennon denied this, insisting his lyrics came from "nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_and_galleries">Performing arts and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Performing arts and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretoria is home to an extensive portfolio of public art. A diverse and evolving city, Pretoria boasts a vibrant art scene and a variety of works that range from sculptures to murals to pieces by internationally and locally renowned artists. The <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Art_Museum" title="Pretoria Art Museum">Pretoria Art Museum</a> is home to a vast collection of local artworks. After a bequest of 17th century Dutch artworks by Lady Michaelis in 1932 the art collection of Pretoria City Council expanded quickly to include South African works by Henk <a href="/wiki/Pierneef" title="Pierneef">Pierneef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Wenning" title="Pieter Wenning">Pieter Wenning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frans_Oerder" title="Frans Oerder">Frans Oerder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Wouw" title="Anton van Wouw">Anton van Wouw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irma_Stern" title="Irma Stern">Irma Stern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gautengcc.co.za_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautengcc.co.za-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And according to the museum: "As South African museums in Cape Town and Johannesburg already had good collections of 17th, 18th and 19th century European art, it was decided to focus on compiling a representative collection of South African art" making it somewhat unusual compared to its contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-gautengcc.co.za_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautengcc.co.za-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pretoria houses several performing arts venues including:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre, South Africa">South African State Theatre</a> which houses the arts of <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> and comedic performances. </p><p>A 9 metre tall statue of former president <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was unveiled in front of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a> on 16 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Nelson Mandela's inauguration as South Africa's first majority elected president the Union Buildings have come to represent the new 'Rainbow Nation'.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public art in Pretoria has flourished since the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> with many areas receiving new public artworks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg/220px-Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg/330px-Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg/440px-Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Loftus Versfeld Stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most popular sports in Pretoria is <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loftus_Versfeld_Stadium" title="Loftus Versfeld Stadium">Loftus Versfeld</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Bulls" title="Blue Bulls">Blue Bulls</a>, who compete in the domestic <a href="/wiki/Currie_Cup" title="Currie Cup">Currie Cup</a>, and also to the <a href="/wiki/Bulls_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulls (rugby)">Bulls</a> in the international <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a> competition. The Bulls rugby team, which is operated by the Blue Bulls, won the Super Rugby competition in <a href="/wiki/2007_Super_14_season" title="2007 Super 14 season">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Super_14_season" title="2009 Super 14 season">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Super_14_season" title="2010 Super 14 season">2010</a>. Loftus Versfeld also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> side <a href="/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamelodi Sundowns">Mamelodi Sundowns</a>. </p><p>Pretoria also hosted matches during the <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995 Rugby World Cup</a>. Loftus Versfeld was used for some matches in the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is one of the most popular sports in the city. There are two football teams in the city playing in South Africa's top-flight football league, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Premier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Premier Division">Premier Soccer League</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Mamelodi_Sundowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamelodi Sundowns">Mamelodi Sundowns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supersport_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersport United">Supersport United</a>. Supersport United were the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Premier_Soccer_League" title="2008–09 Premier Soccer League">2008–09 PSL Champions</a>. Following the 2011/2012 season the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria_F.C." title="University of Pretoria F.C.">University of Pretoria F.C.</a> gained promotion to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Premier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Premier Division">South African Premier Division</a>, the top domestic league, becoming the third Pretoria-based team in the league.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a poor league finish in the 2015/2016 season, University of Pretoria F.C. were relegated to the <a href="/wiki/National_First_Division" title="National First Division">National First Division</a>, the second-highest football league in South Africa, in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Premier_Soccer_League" title="Premier Soccer League">Premier Soccer League</a> promotion/relegation play-offs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is also a popular game in the city. As there is no international cricket stadium in the city, it does not host any top-class cricket tournaments, although the nearby situated <a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a> has <a href="/wiki/Supersport_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersport Park">Supersport Park</a> which is an international cricket stadium and has hosted many important tournaments such as <a href="/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2003 Cricket World Cup">2003 Cricket World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 ICC World Twenty20">2007 ICC World Twenty20</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_IPL" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 IPL">2009 IPL</a> and <a href="/wiki/2009_ICC_Champions_Trophy" title="2009 ICC Champions Trophy">2009 ICC Champions Trophy</a>. The most local franchise team to Pretoria is the <a href="/wiki/Titans_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Titans cricket team">Titans</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Northerns_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Northerns cricket team">Northerns</a> occasionally play in the city in South Africa's provincial competitions. Many Pretoria born cricketers have gone on to play for <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team" title="South Africa national cricket team">South Africa</a>, including former international captains <a href="/wiki/AB_de_Villiers" title="AB de Villiers">AB de Villiers</a> <a href="/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis" title="Faf du Plessis">Faf du Plessis</a>. </p><p>The Pretoria Transnet Blind Cricket Club is situated in Pretoria and is the biggest Blind Cricket club in South Africa. Their field is at the Transnet Engineering campus on Lynette Street, home of differently disabled cricket. PTBCC has played many successful blind cricket matches with abled bodied teams such as the South African Indoor Cricket Team and TuksCricket Junior Academy. Northerns Blind Cricket is the Provincial body that governs PTBCC and Filefelfia Secondary School. The Northern Blind Cricket team won the 40 over National Blind Cricket tournament that was held in Cape Town in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's SunBet Arena at Time Square hosted the <a href="/wiki/NBA_Africa_Game_2018" title="NBA Africa Game 2018">NBA Africa Game 2018</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg/220px-9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg/330px-9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg/440px-9_2_258_0115-Paul_Kruger_Reformed_Church-Pretoria-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Paul Kruger's Church Building in the City</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ooskerk-kloktoring,_Pretoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ooskerk-kloktoring%2C_Pretoria.jpg/170px-Ooskerk-kloktoring%2C_Pretoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ooskerk-kloktoring%2C_Pretoria.jpg/255px-Ooskerk-kloktoring%2C_Pretoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ooskerk-kloktoring%2C_Pretoria.jpg/340px-Ooskerk-kloktoring%2C_Pretoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2918" data-file-height="3927" /></a><figcaption>Ooskerk building in Pretoria</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a>, they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples : <a href="/wiki/Zion_Christian_Church" title="Zion Christian Church">Zion Christian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Faith_Mission_of_South_Africa" title="Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa">Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Southern_Africa" title="Baptist Union of Southern Africa">Baptist Union of Southern Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>), <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Methodist Church of Southern Africa">Methodist Church of Southern Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa" title="Anglican Church of Southern Africa">Anglican Church of Southern Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Africa" title="Presbyterian Church of Africa">Presbyterian Church of Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Pretoria" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pretoria">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pretoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek Orthodox Community of Pretoria , Cathedral of the Annunciation of the Theotokos <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Jewish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pretoria" title="Special:EditPage/Pretoria">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pretoria%22">"Pretoria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pretoria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pretoria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pretoria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pretoria%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pretoria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pretoria has a small Jewish community of around 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish citizens have been in Pretoria since its foundation in the 19th century and played an important role in its industrial and economic growth. A Mr. De Vries, the first Jewish inhabitant of Pretoria, was a prominent citizen and prosecutor, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Volksraad_of_the_South_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksraad of the South African Republic">Volksraad</a> and a pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans language</a>. Another famed Jewish Pretorian was <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Marks" title="Sammy Marks">Sammy Marks</a>. </p><p>Other early Jewish settlers, many of them immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, were not as educated as De Vries and often did not speak Dutch, Afrikaans, or English. Many of them spoke only <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> and made a living as shopkeepers in the local retail industry. Most Jewish residents stayed neutral in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, though some joined the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> army. </p><p>The first congregation was founded between 1890 and 1895, and in 1898 the first synagogue, <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Synagogue, Pretoria">The Old Synagogue</a> opened on Paul Kruger Street.<sup id="cite_ref-up_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second synagogue, known as the Great Synagogue, opened in 1922. Both synagogues are no longer in operation, but a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Judaism">Reformed</a> synagogue, Temple Menorah, opened in the early 1950s. </p><p>The Jewish community of Pretoria's golden age was in the early 20th century, when many Jewish sports clubs, charities, and youth groups flourished. After 1948, many Jews left for Cape Town or Johannesburg. </p><p>The Old Synagogue on Paul Kruger Street was purchased by the government in 1952 to become the new home of the High Court where prominent opposition figures in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a> were tried, including <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a>, and 26 others were prosecuted for treason from 1 August 1958 to 29 March 1961; the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a> was held there in 1963–1964.<sup id="cite_ref-up_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Jewish schools arose in Pretoria, the Miriam Marks School, which was founded in 1905, and the Carmel School, which opened in 1959. Only the second, currently also operating as a synagogue, remains. Pretoria's Reformed congregation shares a rabbi with the Johannesburg one, though the synagogue no longer operates and services take place in worshippers' private homes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_community">Buddhist community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Buddhist community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> centre, the Jang Chup Chopel Rigme Centre ("Centre of Light") was founded in early January 2015 by Duan Pienaar or Gyalten Nyima (his adopted monastic name) in <a href="/wiki/Waverley,_Pretoria" title="Waverley, Pretoria">Waverley</a> around Pretoria-Moot. Pienaar is the only Afrikaner ordained in the highly selective <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhist</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a>, in southern India. His instructor <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyabje_Choden_Rinpoche" title="Kyabje Choden Rinpoche">Kyabje Choden Rinpoche</a> is the highest tantric master after the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. Pienaar, who studied Buddhist teachers for twenty years, spent two years in India.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pretoria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Pretoria civic coat of arms (1907)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pretoria civic arms, designed by Frans Engelenburg,<sup id="cite_ref-pre_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pre-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were granted by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> on 7 February 1907. They were registered with the Transvaal Provincial Administration in March 1953<sup id="cite_ref-og_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-og-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Heraldry" title="Bureau of Heraldry">Bureau of Heraldry</a> in May 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-boh_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boh-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bureau provided new artwork, in a more modern style, in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-tor_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tor-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arms were: <i>Gules, on an mimosa tree eradicated proper within an orle of eight bees volant, Or, an inescutcheon Or and thereon a Roman praetor seated proper</i>. In layman's terms: a red shield displaying an uprooted mimosa tree surrounded by a border of eight golden bees, superimposed on the tree is a golden shield depicting a Roman praetor. The tree represented growth, the bees industry, and the praetor (judge) was an heraldic pun on the name. </p><p>The crest was a three-towered golden castle; the supporters were an eland and a kudu; and the motto <i>Praestantia praevaleat Pretoria</i>. The coat of arms have gone out of favour after the City Council amalgamated with its surrounding councils to form the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_education">Primary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Primary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_College,_Pretoria" title="Crawford College, Pretoria">Crawford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Diocesan_School_for_Girls,_Pretoria" title="St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Pretoria">St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Ho%C3%ABr_Meisieskool" title="Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool">Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_Ho%C3%ABr_Seunskool" title="Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool">Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Brothers%27_College,_Mount_Edmund" title="Christian Brothers' College, Mount Edmund">Christian Brothers' College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_High_School" title="Clapham High School">Clapham High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Hill_College" title="Cornwall Hill College">Cornwall Hill College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_College,_Pretoria" title="Crawford College, Pretoria">Crawford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glen_High_School" title="The Glen High School">The Glen High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillview_High_School" title="Hillview High School">Hillview High School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%ABrskool_Akasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoërskool Akasia (page does not exist)">Hoërskool Akasia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%ABrskool_Die_Wilgers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoërskool Die Wilgers (page does not exist)">Hoërskool Die Wilgers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%ABrskool_Garsfontein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoërskool Garsfontein (page does not exist)">Hoërskool Garsfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Menlopark" title="Hoërskool Menlopark">Hoërskool Menlopark</a></li> <li>Hoërskool Montana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Oos-Moot" title="Hoërskool Oos-Moot">Hoërskool Oos-Moot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Overkruin" title="Hoërskool Overkruin">Hoërskool Overkruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Waterkloof" title="Hoërskool Waterkloof">Hoërskool Waterkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABrskool_Wonderboom" title="Hoërskool Wonderboom">Hoërskool Wonderboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Boys_High_School" title="Pretoria Boys High School">Pretoria Boys High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Chinese_School" title="Pretoria Chinese School">Pretoria Chinese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_High_School_for_Girls" title="Pretoria High School for Girls">Pretoria High School for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_North_High_School" title="Pretoria North High School">Pretoria North High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Secondary_School" title="Pretoria Secondary School">Pretoria Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Arte_Alphen_Park" title="Pro Arte Alphen Park">Pro Arte Alphen Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Alban%27s_College" title="St. Alban's College">St. Alban's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Diocesan_School_for_Girls,_Pretoria" title="St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Pretoria">St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_Muslim_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane Muslim School">Tshwane Muslim School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowridge_High_School_(Pretoria)" title="Willowridge High School (Pretoria)">Willowridge High School</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_schools">International schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Jules_Verne_(South_Africa)" title="Lycée Jules Verne (South Africa)">École Miriam Makeba</a> (French school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Schule_Pretoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Schule Pretoria">Deutsche Schule Pretoria</a> (German school)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Johannesburg" title="American International School of Johannesburg">AISJ-Pretoria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tertiary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="List of universities in South Africa">List of universities in South Africa</a></div> <p>Pretoria is one of South Africa's leading academic cities and is home to both the largest residential university in South Africa, largest distance education university in South Africa and a research intensive university.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three Universities in the city in order of the year founded are as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_of_South_Africa">University of South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: University of South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg/220px-UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg/330px-UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg/440px-UNISA_Main_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Muckleneuk Campus of <a href="/wiki/UNISA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISA">UNISA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Africa" title="University of South Africa">University of South Africa</a> (commonly referred to as Unisa), founded in 1873 as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="University of the Cape of Good Hope">University of the Cape of Good Hope</a>, is the largest university on the African continent and attracts a third of all higher education students in South Africa. It spent most of its early history as an examining agency for Oxford and Cambridge universities and as an incubator from which most other universities in South Africa are descended. In 1946 it was given a new role as a distance education university and in 2012 it had a student headcount of over 300,000 students, including African and international students in 130 countries worldwide, making it one of the world's mega universities. Unisa is a dedicated open distance education institution and offers both vocational and academic programmes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_of_Pretoria">University of Pretoria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: University of Pretoria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ou_Lettere,_e,_Tuks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg/220px-Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg/330px-Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg/440px-Ou_Lettere%2C_e%2C_Tuks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption>Old Arts Building (<i>Ou Lettere Gebou</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a> (commonly referred to as UP, Tuks, or Tukkies) is a multi campus <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> research university.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university was established in 1908 as the Pretoria campus of the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> based <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_University_College" title="Transvaal University College">Transvaal University College</a> and is the fourth South African institution in continuous operation to be awarded university status. Established in 1920, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria_Faculty_of_Veterinary_Science" title="University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science">University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science</a> is the second oldest <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary school">veterinary school</a> in Africa and the only veterinary school in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 the university launched the first MBA programme outside of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1997, the university has produced more research outputs every year than any other institution of higher learning in South Africa, as measured by the Department of Education's accreditation benchmark.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tshwane_University_of_Technology">Tshwane University of Technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tshwane University of Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg/220px-Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg/330px-Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg/440px-Tshwane_University_of_Technology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Tshwane University of Technology</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tshwane_University_of_Technology" title="Tshwane University of Technology">Tshwane University of Technology</a> (commonly referred to as TUT) is a <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> institution, offering <a href="/wiki/Vocational" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational">vocational</a> oriented diplomas and degrees, and came into being through a merger of Technikon Northern Gauteng, Technikon North-West and Technikon Pretoria. TUT caters for approximately 60,000 students and it has become the largest residential higher education institution in South Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSIR">CSIR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: CSIR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR) is South Africa's central scientific research and development organisation. It was established by an act of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">parliament</a> in 1945 and is situated on its own <a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">campus</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest research and development organisation in Africa and accounts for about 10% of the entire African R&D budget. It has a staff of approximately 3,000 technical and scientific researchers, often working in multi-disciplinary teams. In 2002, Sibusiso Sibisi was appointed as the president and CEO of the CSIR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pretoria has earned a reputation as being the centre of South Africa's Military and is home to several military facilities of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a>: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_headquarters">Military headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Military headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transito_Air_Force_Headquarters">Transito Air Force Headquarters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Transito Air Force Headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This complex is the headquarters to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Dequar_Road_Complex">The Dequar Road Complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: The Dequar Road Complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A military complex that houses the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a>'s Headquarters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Infantry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Infantry Corps">South African Infantry Formation</a> HQ</li> <li>A General Support Base</li> <li>Support Formation HQ</li> <li>Training Formation HQ</li> <li>The 102 Field Workshop unit</li> <li>The 17 Maintenance Unit</li> <li>The S.A.M.S Military Health Department<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyContact_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyContact-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sebokeng_Complex">The Sebokeng Complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: The Sebokeng Complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A military complex located on the corner of Patriot Street and Koraalboom Road<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that houses the following military headquarters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Armoured_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Armoured Corps">South African Army Armour Formation</a> HQ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Army_Artillery_Formation" title="South African Army Artillery Formation">South African Army Artillery Formation</a> HQ</li> <li>South African Army Intelligence Corps HQ</li> <li>South African Army Air Defence Artillery Formation HQ<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyContact_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyContact-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_bases">Military bases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Military bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Dequar_Road_Base">The Dequar Road Base</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: The Dequar Road Base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This base is situated in the suburb of Salvokop and is divided into two parts: </p> <ul><li>The Green Magazine (Groen Magazyn) which is the Headquarters to the <a href="/wiki/Transvaalse_Staatsartillerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaalse Staatsartillerie">Transvaalse Staatsartillerie</a>, a reserve artillery regiment of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogeneratedtsa_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedtsa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Magazine Hill which is the regimental Headquarters to the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Armoured_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Armoured Regiment">Pretoria Armoured Regiment</a>, a reserve tank regiment of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-ArmyContact_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyContact-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thaba_Tshwane">Thaba Tshwane</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Thaba Tshwane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thaba_Tshwane" title="Thaba Tshwane">Thaba Tshwane</a> is a large military area south-west of the Pretoria Central Business District and North of <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Swartkop" title="Air Force Base Swartkop">Air Force Base Swartkop</a>. It is the headquarters of several army units- </p> <ul><li>Joint Support Base Garrison that is responsible for the town management of Thaba Tshwane</li> <li>The Tshwane Regiment, a reserve <a href="/wiki/Motorised_infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorised infantry">motorised infantry</a> regiment of the South African Army<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/18_Light_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Light Regiment">18 Light Regiment</a>, a reserve artillery regiment of the South African Army<sup id="cite_ref-autogeneratedtsa_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogeneratedtsa-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The National Ceremonial Guard and Band</li></ul> <p>The military base also houses the 1 Military Hospital and the Military Police School. Within Thaba Tshwane, a facility known as "TEK Base" exists which houses its own units: </p> <ul><li>The SA Army Engineer Formation</li> <li>2 Parachute Battalion</li> <li>44 Parachute Engineer Regiment</li> <li>1 Military Printing Regiment</li> <li>4 Survey and Map Regiment<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyContact_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyContact-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_Support_Base_Wonderboom">Joint Support Base Wonderboom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Joint Support Base Wonderboom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wonderboom Military Base is located adjacent to the Wonderboom Airport and is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a> Signals Formation. It also houses the School of Signals, 1 Signal Regiment, 2 Signal Regiment, 3 Electronic Workshop, 4 Signal Regiment and 5 Signal Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_colleges">Military colleges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Military colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg/330px-U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg/440px-U.S._Army_Africa_commander_visits_South_Africa_March_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Military_Academy" title="South African Military Academy">South African Army College</a> in Pretoria</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> College, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Military_Health_Service" title="South African Military Health Service">South African Military Health Service</a> School for Military Health Training and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a> College are situated in the Thaba Tshwane Military Base and are used to train Commissioned and Non-commissioned Officers to perform effectively in combat/command roles in the various branches of the South African National Defence Force. The South African Defence Intelligence College is also located in the Sterrewag Suburb north of <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Waterkloof" title="Air Force Base Waterkloof">Air Force Base Waterkloof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyContact_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyContact-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_force_bases">Air force bases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Air force bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While technically not within the city limits of Pretoria, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Swartkop" title="Air Force Base Swartkop">Air Force Base Swartkop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Base_Waterkloof" title="Air Force Base Waterkloof">Air Force Base Waterkloof</a> are often used for defence related matters within the city. These may include aerial military transport duties within the city, aerospace monitoring and defence as well as VIP transport to and from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_change_of_name">Proposed change of name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Proposed change of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 May 2005 the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Geographical_Names_Council" title="South African Geographical Names Council">South African Geographical Names Council</a> (SAGNC), which is linked to the Directorate of Heritage in the Department of Arts and Culture, approved changing the name of Pretoria to <a href="/wiki/Tshwane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane">Tshwane</a>, which is already the name of the Metropolitan Municipality<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Pretoria and a number of surrounding cities are located. Although the name change was approved by the SAGNC, it was not approved by the Minister of Arts and Culture, who at the time requested further research on the matter. Should the Minister approve the name change, the name will be published in the Government Gazette, giving the public opportunity to comment on the matter. The Minister can then refer that public response back to the SAGNC before presenting a recommendation before parliament for a vote. Various public interest groups warned that any name change would be challenged in court, should the minister approve it. The long process involved makes a name change less likely. </p><p>The Tshwane Metro Council has advertised "Africa's leading capital city" as <i>Tshwane</i> since the SAGNC decision in 2005. This has led to further controversy, however, as the name of the city had not yet been changed, and the council was, at best, acting prematurely. When a complaint was lodged with the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), it ruled that such advertisements are deliberately misleading and should be withdrawn from all media.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the rulings of the ASA, Tshwane Metro Council failed to discontinue their "City of Tshwane" advertisements. As a result, the ASA requested that Tshwane Metro pay for advertisements in which it admits that it has misled the public. After refusing to abide by the ASA's request, the Metro Council was banned from placing any advertisements in the South African media that refer to the capital as Tshwane. ASA may still place additional sanctions on the Metro Council that would prevent it from placing any advertisements in the South African media, including council notices and employment vacancies.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the ruling, the Metro Council continued to place <i>Tshwane</i> advertisements, but placed them on council-owned advertising boards and busstops throughout the municipal area. In August 2007, an internal memo was leaked to the media in which the Tshwane mayor sought advice from the premier of Gauteng on whether the municipality could be called the "City of Tshwane" instead of just "Tshwane".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could increase confusion about the distinction between the city of Pretoria and the municipality of Tshwane. </p><p>In early 2010 it was again rumoured that the South African government would make a decision regarding the name; however, a media briefing regarding name changes, which could have been an opportunity to discuss it, was cancelled shortly before taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumours of the name change provoked outrage from Afrikaner civil rights and political groups.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later emerged that the registration of the municipality as a geographic place had been published in the <a href="/wiki/Government_gazette" title="Government gazette">government gazette</a> as it had been too late to withdraw the name from the publication,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was announced that the name had been withdrawn, pending "further work" by officials.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following week, the registration of "Tshwane" was officially withdrawn in the Government Gazette.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The retraction had reportedly been ordered at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">Deputy President of South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a>, acting on behalf of President Jacob Zuma, as minister of Arts and Culture <a href="/wiki/Lulu_Xingwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu Xingwana">Lulu Xingwana</a> had acted contrary to the position of the ANC, which is that Pretoria and the municipality are separate entities, which was subsequently articulated by ANC secretary general <a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010 a group supporting the name change, calling themselves the "Tshwane Royal House Committee", claimed to be descendants of Chief Tshwane and demanded to be made part of the administration of the municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to comments made by Mayor <a href="/wiki/Kgosientso_Ramokgopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgosientso Ramokgopa">Kgosientso Ramokgopa</a> in late 2011, the change would occur in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there remained considerable uncertainty about the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the proposed name change has not occurred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_Africa" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in South Africa">List of twin towns and sister cities in South Africa</a></div> <p>Pretoria is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, Zimbabwe<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</a>, Ghana<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>, Mauritius<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anel_Alexander" title="Anel Alexander">Anel Alexander</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ames" title="Frances Ames">Frances Ames</a>, neurologist, psychiatrist and human rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melinda_Bam" title="Melinda Bam">Melinda Bam</a>, Miss South Africa 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Barkhuizen" title="Johan Barkhuizen">Johan Barkhuizen</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Becklake" title="Margaret Becklake">Margaret Becklake</a>, academic and epidemiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bekker" title="Daniel Bekker">Daniel Bekker</a>, athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanne_Bergsma" title="Deanne Bergsma">Deanne Bergsma</a>, dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Bo" title="Conrad Bo">Conrad Bo</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roelof_Botha" title="Roelof Botha">Roelof Botha</a>, venture capitalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Botha" title="Wim Botha">Wim Botha</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Byrne" title="Rory Byrne">Rory Byrne</a>, Chief designer at the Benetton and Scuderia Ferrari Formula One teams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan-Henning_Campher" title="Jan-Henning Campher">Jan-Henning Campher</a> – Rugby union player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharlto_Copley" title="Sharlto Copley">Sharlto Copley</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Darren" title="Kurt Darren">Kurt Darren</a>, singer/songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enid_de_Chair" title="Enid de Chair">Enid de Chair</a>, First Lady of New South Wales, art patron, and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassie_van_der_Dussen" title="Rassie van der Dussen">Rassie van der Dussen</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Galgut" title="Damon Galgut">Damon Galgut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a>-winning author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branden_Grace" title="Branden Grace">Branden Grace</a>, golfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Green" title="Nigel Green">Nigel Green</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gristock" title="George Gristock">George Gristock</a>, Victoria Cross recipient</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hofmeyr" title="Steve Hofmeyr">Steve Hofmeyr</a>, singer, songwriter and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_van_Jaarsveld" title="Bobby van Jaarsveld">Bobby van Jaarsveld</a>, South African singer/songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynis_Johns" title="Glynis Johns">Glynis Johns</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9_Korsten" title="Gé Korsten">Gé Korsten</a>, opera tenor and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneline_Kriel" title="Anneline Kriel">Anneline Kriel</a>, Miss South Africa 1974 & Miss World 1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a>, Nobel prizewinning biophysicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Madigage" title="Thomas Madigage">Thomas Madigage</a>, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Maggs" title="Tony Maggs">Tony Maggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vusi_Mahlasela" title="Vusi Mahlasela">Vusi Mahlasela</a>, singer/songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Mahomed" title="Ismail Mahomed">Justice Mahomed</a>, former Chief Justice of South Africa, co-authored the constitution of Namibia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Malan" title="Magnus Malan">Magnus Malan</a>, Minister of Defence in the cabinet of President P. W. Botha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Marais" title="Eugène Marais">Eugène Marais</a>, lawyer, naturalist, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Marks" title="Sammy Marks">Sammy Marks</a>, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Mashaba" title="Herman Mashaba">Herman Mashaba</a>, the former Mayor of Johannesburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulasizwe_Mbuyane" title="Thulasizwe Mbuyane">Thulasizwe Mbuyane</a>, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Melis_Mey" title="Karin Melis Mey">Karin Melis Mey</a>, athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Milligan" title="Marc Milligan">Marc Milligan</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Modise" title="Tim Modise">Tim Modise</a>, journalist, TV and radio presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Moripe" title="Lucas Moripe">Lucas Moripe</a>, soccer player (Pretoria Callies FC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Morris_(cricketer)" title="Chris Morris (cricketer)">Chris Morris</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Mosalakae" title="Michelle Mosalakae">Michelle Mosalakae</a>, actress and theatre director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Es%27kia_Mphahlele" title="Es'kia Mphahlele">Es'kia Mphahlele</a>, writer, educator, artist and activist celebrated as the Father of African Humanism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Muller" title="Helene Muller">Helene Muller</a>, athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, entrepreneur and business magnate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbal_Musk" title="Kimbal Musk">Kimbal Musk</a>, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Naud%C3%A9" title="Franco Naudé">Franco Naudé</a>, rugby union player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Nowak" title="Sean Nowak">Sean Nowak</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micki_Pistorius" title="Micki Pistorius">Micki Pistorius</a>, profiler and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Pistorius" title="Oscar Pistorius">Oscar Pistorius</a>, athlete and convicted murderer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faf_du_Plessis" title="Faf du Plessis">Faf du Plessis</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hendrik_Potgieter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hendrik Potgieter">Louis Hendrik Potgieter</a>, member of <a href="/wiki/Dschinghis_Khan" title="Dschinghis Khan">Dschinghis Khan</a> pop band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Stevens" title="Austin Stevens">Austin Stevens</a>, herpetologist, wildlife photographer, film maker and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Frances_Mary_Struben" title="Edith Frances Mary Struben">Edith Frances Mary Struben</a>, artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_Venter" title="Grove Venter">Grove Venter</a>, cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Vosloo" title="Arnold Vosloo">Arnold Vosloo</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casper_de_Vries" title="Casper de Vries">Casper de Vries</a>, comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joost_van_der_Westhuizen" title="Joost van der Westhuizen">Joost van der Westhuizen</a>, rugby union player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Wouw" title="Anton van Wouw">Anton van Wouw</a>, sculptor and artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Reece" title="A-Reece">A-Reece</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_Maphorisa" title="DJ Maphorisa">DJ Maphorisa</a>, DJ and record producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/25k" class="mw-redirect" title="25k">25k</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dricus_du_Plessis" title="Dricus du Plessis">Dricus du Plessis</a>, MMA fighter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashleigh_Moolman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashleigh Moolman">Asleigh Moolman</a>, cyclist</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Square,_PTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_Square%2C_PTA.jpg/220px-Church_Square%2C_PTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_Square%2C_PTA.jpg/330px-Church_Square%2C_PTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Church_Square%2C_PTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Paul Kruger on Church Square, Pretoria</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a>, a botanical garden containing a massive collection of native flora.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoological Gardens of South Africa">The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa</a>, the premier zoological gardens of South Africa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria" title="Church Square, Pretoria">Church Square</a>, the historical governmental centre of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a>, the executive branch of the South African government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlamba_Ndlopfu" title="Mahlamba Ndlopfu">Mahlamba Ndlopfu</a>, the official residence of the President of South Africa.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabastad" class="mw-redirect" title="Marabastad">Marabastad</a>, a historical shopping district for non-whites during Apartheid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menlyn_Park" title="Menlyn Park">Menlyn Park</a>, shopping area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a>, a historical complex dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a>.</li> <li>Hatfield Square, the main student relaxation district.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_railway_station" title="Pretoria railway station">Pretoria railway station</a>, a historical landmark and departure point for metrorail and <a href="/wiki/Gautrain" title="Gautrain">Gautrain</a> trains.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Park (South Africa)">Freedom Park</a>, a historical complex dedicated to the end of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> and the fallen soldiers of South Africa after 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Pretoria Forts</a>, historical bastions designed to protect the city against the British, including a museum on the <a href="/wiki/Boer_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Wars">Boer Wars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Theatre,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre, South Africa">State Theatre, South Africa</a>, the premier national performing arts complex.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Pretoria" title="Government House, Pretoria">Government House, Pretoria</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_reserves">Nature reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Nature reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chamberlain Bird Sanctuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Glen_Nature_Reserve" title="Faerie Glen Nature Reserve">Faerie Glen Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groenkloof_Nature_Reserve" title="Groenkloof Nature Reserve">Groenkloof Nature Reserve</a></li> <li>Moreletaspruit Nature Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rietvlei_Nature_Reserve" title="Rietvlei Nature Reserve">Rietvlei Nature Reserve</a></li> <li>Roodeplaat Dam Provincial Nature Reserve</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderboom_Nature_Reserve" title="Wonderboom Nature Reserve">Wonderboom Nature Reserve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Herbert Baker">Sir Herbert Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament,_Cape_Town" title="Houses of Parliament, Cape Town">Houses of Parliament, Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Wireless_Users_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Wireless Users Group">Pretoria Wireless Users Group</a>—a free, non-profit, community wireless network in Pretoria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2011-place799035-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-place799035_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/799035">"Pretoria, Main Place 799035 from Census 2011"</a>. <i>Census 2011</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731081139/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/799035">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2011&rft.atitle=Pretoria%2C+Main+Place+799035+from+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus2011.adrianfrith.com%2Fplace%2F799035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011-place799-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-place799_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011-place799_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/799">"City of Tshwane, Metropolitan Municipality 799 from Census 2011"</a>. <i>Census 2011</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923011128/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/799">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2011&rft.atitle=City+of+Tshwane%2C+Metropolitan+Municipality+799+from+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus2011.adrianfrith.com%2Fplace%2F799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111013905/http://www.gcro.ac.za/sites/default/files/maps/pdfs/gcro_map_of_the_month_hdi_1996_to_2012_april_2014.pdf">"Gauteng's Human Development Index"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gauteng City-Region Observatory. 2013. p. 1. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gauteng%27s+Human+Development+Index&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Gauteng+City-Region+Observatory&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcro.ac.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmaps%2Fpdfs%2Fgcro_map_of_the_month_hdi_1996_to_2012_april_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brookingsgdp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brookingsgdp_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brookingsgdp_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605135349/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3">"Global city GDP 2011"</a>. Brookings Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3">the original</a> on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+city+GDP+2011&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Finteractives%2Fglobal-metro-monitor-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=10+SA+city+nicknames%2C+and+why+they%27re+called+that&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FNews24%2F10-SA-city-nicknames-and-why-theyre-called-that-20150622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084057/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/provinces.htm#gauteng">"South Africa's provinces: Gauteng"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/provinces.htm#gauteng">the original</a> on 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+provinces%3A+Gauteng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Faboutsa%2Fprovinces.htm%23gauteng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">South African History Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/pretoria-receives-city-status">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216183414/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/pretoria-receives-city-status">Archived</a> 16 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2011]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, <i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTools" class="citation web cs1">Tools, Free Map. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm">"Elevation Finder"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626104315/http://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elevation+Finder&rft.aulast=Tools&rft.aufirst=Free+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemaptools.com%2Felevation-finder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GHCN climate data, 30-year climate average 1979–2008, Goddard Institute of Space Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weathersa.co.za/Documents/Corporate/Regional%20Weather%20and%20Climate_Gauteng_16042021150251.pdf">"South African Weather Service - Regional Weather and Climate of South Africa: Gauteng"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122002436/https://www.weathersa.co.za/Documents/Corporate/Regional%20Weather%20and%20Climate_Gauteng_16042021150251.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Weather+Service+-+Regional+Weather+and+Climate+of+South+Africa%3A+Gauteng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weathersa.co.za%2FDocuments%2FCorporate%2FRegional%2520Weather%2520and%2520Climate_Gauteng_16042021150251.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_Pret.-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_Pret._16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UA/68262.TXT">"Pretoria Climate Normals 1961−1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pretoria+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%88%921990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG__I%2FUA%2F68262.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_682620_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Pretoria (Wetteramt), Transvaal / Südafrika"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961-1990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Pretoria+%28Wetteramt%29%2C+Transvaal+%2F+S%C3%BCdafrika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_682620_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saws-climstats-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saws-climstats_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308015013/http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PretoriaStats.jsp">"Climate data for Pretoria"</a>. South African Weather Service. June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.weathersa.co.za/Climat/Climstats/PretoriaStats.jsp">the original</a> on 8 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+data+for+Pretoria&rft.pub=South+African+Weather+Service&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.weathersa.co.za%2FClimat%2FClimstats%2FPretoriaStats.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population, according to the 2001 Census, of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77612">Pretoria "main place"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028104024/http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/77612">Archived</a> 28 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Population, according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf">2007 Community Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825124835/http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf">Archived</a> 25 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality after the 2011 annexation of the Metsweding District Municipality.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtinashe2012" class="citation web cs1">tinashe (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/transfer-indian-community-pretoria-laudium-ordered">"Transfer of the Indian community of Pretoria to Laudium ordered"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132136/http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/transfer-indian-community-pretoria-laudium-ordered">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transfer+of+the+Indian+community+of+Pretoria+to+Laudium+ordered.&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.au=tinashe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fdated-event%2Ftransfer-indian-community-pretoria-laudium-ordered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417075012/http://www.emporis.com/building/southafricanreservebankbuilding-pretoria-southafrica">"South African Reserve Bank Building, Pretoria | Building 103551"</a>. Pretoria /: Emporis. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Reserve+Bank+Building%2C+Pretoria+%26%23124%3B+Building+103551&rft.place=Pretoria+%2F&rft.pub=Emporis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuilding%2Fsouthafricanreservebankbuilding-pretoria-southafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sa-venues.com/national-botanical-gardens.htm">"National Botanical Gardens"</a>. SA-Venues. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219114537/http://www.sa-venues.com/national-botanical-gardens.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Botanical+Gardens&rft.pub=SA-Venues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sa-venues.com%2Fnational-botanical-gardens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoshoff1990" class="citation journal cs1">Boshoff, Dawie (March–April 1990). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=The+seven-year+long+construction+of+Delagoa+Bay+railway+line+starts.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fdated-event%2Fseven-year-long-construction-delagoa-bay-railway-line-starts%25C2%25A0%25C2%25A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rovos.co.za">"Rovos Rail website"</a>. Rovos.co.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106231128/http://www.rovos.co.za/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rovos+Rail+website&rft.pub=Rovos.co.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rovos.co.za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909013006/http://www.rovos.co.za/capital-park.html">"Capital Park"</a>. Rovos Rail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rovos.co.za/capital-park.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Capital+Park&rft.pub=Rovos+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rovos.co.za%2Fcapital-park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsoftherail.com/">"New Departure Point – Important note!"</a>. Friends of the Rail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915105142/http://www.friendsoftherail.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Departure+Point+%E2%80%93+Important+note%21&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Rail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsoftherail.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528122549/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/busbooklet.cfm">"Tshwane Bus Booklet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/busbooklet.cfm">the original</a> on 28 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tshwane+Bus+Booklet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshwane.gov.za%2Fbusbooklet.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228095147/http://www.transport.gov.za/documents/11623/21913/SANoRouteDescriptionDestinationAnalysis.pdf/1c07b3af-099a-4d9a-a72c-f328c706d966">"RDDA SOUTH AFRICAN NUMBERED ROUTE DESCRIPTION AND DESTINATION ANALYSIS"</a>. <i>NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATIONAL+DEPARTMENT+OF+TRANSPORT&rft.atitle=RDDA+SOUTH+AFRICAN+NUMBERED+ROUTE+DESCRIPTION+AND+DESTINATION+ANALYSIS&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2F11623%2F21913%2FSANoRouteDescriptionDestinationAnalysis.pdf%2F1c07b3af-099a-4d9a-a72c-f328c706d966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315062204-26/maputo-corridor-trans-kalahari-highway-guy-arnold">The Maputo Corridor and the Trans-Kalahari Highway</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oppihoek.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Street_name_changes_in_Pretoria-2.pdf">"Street Name Changes in Pretoria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+Name+Changes+in+Pretoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oppihoek.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FStreet_name_changes_in_Pretoria-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ditsele & Mann 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlsa.ac.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=207">"Exhibitions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006232044/http://www.nlsa.ac.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77&Itemid=207">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%27I+Am+the+Walrus%27+Lyrics%2C%22+Shmoop%3A+We+Speak+Student&rft.pub=Shmoop.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Fi-am-the-walrus%2Flyrics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gautengcc.co.za-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gautengcc.co.za_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gautengcc.co.za_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929053427/http://www.gautengcc.co.za/pretoria-art-museum.htm">"Pretoria Art Museum – Pretoria Attractions – Gauteng Conference Centre Midrand"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theatres+in+Pretoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowme.co.za%2Fpretoria%2Fevents-entertainment%2Ftheatres-in-pretoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandela.southafrica.net/map/view/the-nelson-mandela-statue-at-the-union-buildings">"Madiba's Journey – South African Tourism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929051459/http://mandela.southafrica.net/map/view/the-nelson-mandela-statue-at-the-union-buildings">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madiba%27s+Journey+%E2%80%93+South+African+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmandela.southafrica.net%2Fmap%2Fview%2Fthe-nelson-mandela-statue-at-the-union-buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-17/world27s-largest-statue-of-nelson-mandela-unveiled-in-pretoria/5160450">"World's largest statue of Mandela unveiled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. 17 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031172428/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-17/world27s-largest-statue-of-nelson-mandela-unveiled-in-pretoria/5160450">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+statue+of+Mandela+unveiled&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-12-17%2Fworld27s-largest-statue-of-nelson-mandela-unveiled-in-pretoria%2F5160450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/Pages/default.aspx">"Home"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412092003/http://www.tshwane.gov.za/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshwane.gov.za%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremier_Soccer_League2012" class="citation web cs1">Premier Soccer League (13 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supersport.com/football/national-first-division/news/120513/Tuks_secures_Premiership_promotion">"Tuks secure Premiership promotion – SuperSport – Football"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuks+secure+Premiership+promotion+%E2%80%93+SuperSport+%E2%80%93+Football&rft.pub=SuperSport&rft.date=2012-05-13&rft.au=Premier+Soccer+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supersport.com%2Ffootball%2Fnational-first-division%2Fnews%2F120513%2FTuks_secures_Premiership_promotion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/2012/05/10/amatuks-make-it-to-top-flight">"AmaTuks make it to top flight"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isna.ir&rft.atitle=%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F96122915736%2F%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://os.dc.gov/service/dc-sister-cities">"DC Sister Cities"</a>. <i>os.dc.gov</i>. Office of the Secretary, Washington DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702114528/https://os.dc.gov/service/dc-sister-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=os.dc.gov&rft.atitle=DC+Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fos.dc.gov%2Fservice%2Fdc-sister-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pretoria" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pretoria#Q3926" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pretoria" class="extiw" title="commons:Pretoria"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pretoria</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshwane.gov.za/"><i>City of Tshwane</i></a>; Metropolitan Municipality official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovertshwane.com/">Discover Tshwane</a>; Metropolitan Municipality tourism website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openstreetmap.org/node/25503669">25503669</a> Pretoria on <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pretoria,_Tshwane,_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pretoria" title="Template:Pretoria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pretoria" title="Template talk:Pretoria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pretoria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pretoria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pretoria,_Tshwane,_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">Tshwane</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Education in Pretoria">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pretoria" title="Timeline of Pretoria">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Mass media in Pretoria">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Pretoria" title="Category:People from Pretoria">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Sport in Pretoria">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Transport in Pretoria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Pretoria">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_City_Hall" title="Pretoria City Hall">Pretoria City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voortrekker_Monument" title="Voortrekker Monument">Voortrekker Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Forts" title="Pretoria Forts">Pretoria Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Theatre,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="State Theatre, South Africa">State Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Pretoria" title="Palace of Justice, Pretoria">Palace of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_Raadsaal" title="Ou Raadsaal">Ou Raadsaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Pretoria" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Pretoria">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Pretoria" title="Category:Museums in Pretoria">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ditsong_Museums" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_Museums_of_South_Africa" title="Ditsong Museums of South Africa">Ditsong Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Ditsong National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditsong_National_Museum_of_Cultural_History" title="Ditsong National Museum of Cultural History">National Museum of Cultural History (African Window)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionier_Museum" title="Pionier Museum">Pionier Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Marks" title="Sammy Marks">Sammy Marks Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswaing_crater" title="Tswaing crater">Tswaing Meteorite Crater Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruger_House,_Pretoria" title="Kruger House, Pretoria">Kruger House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Prinsloo_Agricultural_Museum" title="Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum">Willem Prinsloo Agricultural Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(South_Africa)" title="Freedom Park (South Africa)">Freedom Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapungubwe_Collection" title="Mapungubwe Collection">Mapungubwe Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_House" title="Melrose House">Melrose House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Tilburg_Collection" title="Van Tilburg Collection">Van Tilburg Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wouw_Museum" title="Van Wouw Museum">Van Wouw Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force_Museum" title="South African Air Force Museum">Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Police_Transport_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South African Police Transport Museum (page does not exist)">Police Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Art_Museum" title="Pretoria Art Museum">Pretoria Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Klapperkop_Military_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Klapperkop Military Museum (page does not exist)">Fort Klapperkop Military Museum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Square,_Pretoria" title="Church Square, Pretoria">Church Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sammy_Marks_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sammy Marks Square (page does not exist)">Sammy Marks Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretorius_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretorius Square (page does not exist)">Pretorius Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Mahlangu_Freedom_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square (page does not exist)">Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_Square,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time Square, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Time Square</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_National_Botanical_Garden" title="Pretoria National Botanical Garden">Pretoria National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgers_Park" title="Burgers Park">Burgers Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnolia_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnolia Dal (page does not exist)">Magnolia Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Gardens_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="National Zoological Gardens of South Africa">National Zoological Gardens of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Acre,_Pretoria" title="Heroes' Acre, Pretoria">Heroes' Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springbok_Park,_Pretoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springbok Park, Pretoria (page does not exist)">Springbok Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venning_Park" title="Venning Park">Pretoria Rosarium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groenkloof_Nature_Reserve" title="Groenkloof Nature Reserve">Groenkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_Valley,_Pretoria" title="Fountains Valley, Pretoria">Fountains Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapperkop_Nature_Reserve" title="Klapperkop Nature Reserve">Klapperkop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderboom_Nature_Reserve" title="Wonderboom Nature Reserve">Wonderboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Glen_Nature_Reserve" title="Faerie Glen Nature Reserve">Faerie Glen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Schoeman_Freeway" title="Ben Schoeman Freeway">Ben Schoeman Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Bypass">Pretoria Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_routes_in_Pretoria" title="Metropolitan routes in Pretoria">Metropolitan routes in Pretoria</a></li> <li>National routes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N1_(South_Africa)" title="N1 (South Africa)">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N4_(South_Africa)" title="N4 (South Africa)">N4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum_Highway" title="Platinum Highway">Platinum Highway</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N14_(South_Africa)" title="N14 (South Africa)">N14</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional routes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R21_(South_Africa)" title="R21 (South Africa)">R21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R50_(South_Africa)" title="R50 (South Africa)">R50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R55_(South_Africa)" title="R55 (South Africa)">R55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R80_(South_Africa)" title="R80 (South Africa)">R80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R101_(South_Africa)" title="R101 (South Africa)">R101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R104_(South_Africa)" title="R104 (South Africa)">R104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R513_(South_Africa)" title="R513 (South Africa)">R513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R514_(South_Africa)" title="R514 (South Africa)">R514</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Paul_Kruger" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Paul Kruger">Statue of Paul Kruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Nelson_Mandela,_Union_Buildings" title="Statue of Nelson Mandela, Union Buildings">Statue of Nelson Mandela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communities_of_City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality,_Gauteng" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Template:City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Template talk:City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communities_of_City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality,_Gauteng" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communities of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality">City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Seat: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akasia" title="Akasia">Akasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronkhorstspruit" title="Bronkhorstspruit">Bronkhorstspruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullinan,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullinan, Gauteng">Cullinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekangala" title="Ekangala">Ekangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga-Rankuwa" title="Ga-Rankuwa">Ga-Rankuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammanskraal" title="Hammanskraal">Hammanskraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleinfontein" title="Kleinfontein">Kleinfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabopane" title="Mabopane">Mabopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamelodi" title="Mamelodi">Mamelodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwe_Eersterus" title="Nuwe Eersterus">Nuwe Eersterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onderstepoort" title="Onderstepoort">Onderstepoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onverwacht,_Gauteng" title="Onverwacht, Gauteng">Onverwacht</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayton" title="Rayton">Rayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refilwe" title="Refilwe">Refilwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosslyn,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosslyn, Gauteng">Rosslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulsville" title="Saulsville">Saulsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soshanguve" title="Soshanguve">Soshanguve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temba,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Temba, Gauteng">Temba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zithobeni" title="Zithobeni">Zithobeni</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_(2011).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="City of Tshwane within South Africa"><img alt="City of Tshwane within South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_%282011%29.svg/75px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_%282011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_%282011%29.svg/113px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_%282011%29.svg/150px-Map_of_South_Africa_with_Tshwane_highlighted_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>City of Tshwane within South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suburbs of<br /><a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clubview" title="Clubview">Clubview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_Hill" title="Cornwall Hill">Cornwall Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doringkloof" title="Doringkloof">Doringkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldoraigne" title="Eldoraigne">Eldoraigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmia" title="Erasmia">Erasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuweloord" title="Heuweloord">Heuweloord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene,_Gauteng" title="Irene, Gauteng">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kloofsig" title="Kloofsig">Kloofsig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudium" title="Laudium">Laudium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyttelton,_Gauteng" title="Lyttelton, Gauteng">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olievenhoutbosch" title="Olievenhoutbosch">Olievenhoutbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_van_Ryneveld_Park" title="Pierre van Ryneveld Park">Pierre van Ryneveld Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooihuiskraal" title="Rooihuiskraal">Rooihuiskraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Ridge" title="Sunderland Ridge">Sunderland Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reeds" title="The Reeds">The Reeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwartkop" title="Zwartkop">Zwartkop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suburbs of<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Pretoria" title="Arcadia, Pretoria">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atteridgeville" title="Atteridgeville">Atteridgeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booysens,_Pretoria" title="Booysens, Pretoria">Booysens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Pretoria" title="Brooklyn, Pretoria">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Park,_Pretoria" title="Capital Park, Pretoria">Capital Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantelle,_Pretoria" title="Chantelle, Pretoria">Chantelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colbyn" title="Colbyn">Colbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_Park" title="Constantia Park">Constantia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Pretoria" title="Danville, Pretoria">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wilgers" title="Die Wilgers">Die Wilgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwood,_Pretoria" title="Eastwood, Pretoria">Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eersterust" title="Eersterust">Eersterust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elardus_Park" title="Elardus Park">Elardus Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestria,_Pretoria" title="Equestria, Pretoria">Equestria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Glen" title="Faerie Glen">Faerie Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsfontein" title="Garsfontein">Garsfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groenkloof" title="Groenkloof">Groenkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Pretoria" title="Hatfield, Pretoria">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood,_Pretoria" title="Hazelwood, Pretoria">Hazelwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameeldrift" title="Kameeldrift">Kameeldrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Selborne,_Pretoria" title="Lady Selborne, Pretoria">Lady Selborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Gardens" title="Lotus Gardens">Lotus Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukasrand" title="Lukasrand">Lukasrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnwood,_Pretoria" title="Lynnwood, Pretoria">Lynnwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnwood_Glen" title="Lynnwood Glen">Lynnwood Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnwood_Manor" title="Lynnwood Manor">Lynnwood Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnwood_Ridge" title="Lynnwood Ridge">Lynnwood Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magalieskruin" title="Magalieskruin">Magalieskruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabastad,_Pretoria" title="Marabastad, Pretoria">Marabastad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayville,_Pretoria" title="Mayville, Pretoria">Mayville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_Pretoria" title="Menlo Park, Pretoria">Menlo Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Park" title="Montana Park">Montana Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Park,_Pretoria" title="Monument Park, Pretoria">Monument Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreleta_Park" title="Moreleta Park">Moreleta Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrayfield,_Pretoria" title="Murrayfield, Pretoria">Murrayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands,_Pretoria" title="Newlands, Pretoria">Newlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchards,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchards, Gauteng">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_North" title="Pretoria North">Pretoria North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_West" title="Pretoria West">Pretoria West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinshof" title="Prinshof">Prinshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queenswood" title="Queenswood">Queenswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseville,_Pretoria" title="Roseville, Pretoria">Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shere,_Pretoria" title="Shere, Pretoria">Shere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lakes,_Pretoria" title="Silver Lakes, Pretoria">Silver Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverton,_Pretoria" title="Silverton, Pretoria">Silverton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoville,_Pretoria" title="Sinoville, Pretoria">Sinoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Pretoria" title="Sunnyside, Pretoria">Sunnyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villieria" title="Villieria">Villieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapadrand" title="Wapadrand">Wapadrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterkloof" title="Waterkloof">Waterkloof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterkloof_Glen" title="Waterkloof Glen">Waterkloof Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterkloof_Park" title="Waterkloof Park">Waterkloof Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterkloof_Ridge" title="Waterkloof Ridge">Waterkloof Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waverley,_Pretoria" title="Waverley, Pretoria">Waverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingate_Park" title="Wingate Park">Wingate Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderboom,_Pretoria" title="Wonderboom, Pretoria">Wonderboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonderboom_South,_Pretoria" title="Wonderboom South, Pretoria">Wonderboom South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Province_of_Gauteng" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gauteng_Province" title="Template:Gauteng Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gauteng_Province" title="Template talk:Gauteng Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gauteng_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gauteng Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Province_of_Gauteng" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Province of <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Capital and largest city: <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li>Population: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_population" title="List of South African provinces by population">11,328,203</a> (2011)</li> <li>Land area: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_area" title="List of South African provinces by area">18,178 km<sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Gauteng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate of Gauteng (page does not exist)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Gauteng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Gauteng (page does not exist)">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gauteng" title="Economy of Gauteng">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gauteng" title="Government of Gauteng">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Gauteng">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gauteng" title="Government of Gauteng">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Gauteng" title="Premier of Gauteng">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng_Provincial_Legislature" title="Gauteng Provincial Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Gauteng" title="Executive Council of Gauteng">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng_Division" title="Gauteng Division">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Gauteng" title="List of municipalities in Gauteng">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Gauteng" title="List of cities and towns in Gauteng">Cities and<br />major towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoni,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoni, Gauteng">Benoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boksburg" title="Boksburg">Boksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion, Gauteng">Centurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germiston" title="Germiston">Germiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempton Park, Gauteng">Kempton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krugersdorp" title="Krugersdorp">Krugersdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrand" title="Midrand">Midrand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randburg" title="Randburg">Randburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3926#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3926#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3926#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159075364">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204611/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdctwt3B93KWjPtvbQDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116098-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79023000">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pretoria (Jihoafrická republika)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge307213&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6016884">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000286639&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=276469">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554953105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6c0adac7-8e77-4104-9eaa-ff6359a9ee6b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044565">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&oldid=1256184683">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretoria&oldid=1256184683</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pretoria" title="Category:Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1855_in_South_Africa" title="Category:1855 in South Africa">1855 in South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_in_Africa" title="Category:Capitals in 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