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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governmental and constitutional structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governmental_and_constitutional_structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governmental and constitutional structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governmental_and_constitutional_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representative_of_the_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representative_of_the_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Representative of the Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representative_of_the_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oath_of_Allegiance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oath_of_Allegiance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oath of Allegiance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oath_of_Allegiance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Irish Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Freedom_to_achieve_freedom"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Freedom_to_achieve_freedom""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>"Freedom to achieve freedom"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Freedom_to_achieve_freedom"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "Freedom to achieve freedom" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Freedom_to_achieve_freedom"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Constitutional evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Birth rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_outlook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_outlook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cultural outlook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_outlook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Irish_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Irish_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>After the Irish Free State</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_Irish_Free_State-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After the Irish Free State subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_Irish_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1937_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1937 Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irish Free State</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierse_Vrystaat" title="Ierse Vrystaat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ierse Vrystaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الدولة الأيرلندية الحرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة الأيرلندية الحرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_Llibre_Irland%C3%A9s" title="Estáu Llibre Irlandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu Llibre Irlandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_%C4%B0rland_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Azad İrland dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Azad İrland dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірландская Свабодная дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірландская Свабодная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ирландска свободна държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирландска свободна държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_Lliure_d%27Irlanda" title="Estat Lliure d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat Lliure d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsk%C3%BD_svobodn%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t" title="Irský svobodný stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irský svobodný stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwladwriaeth_Rydd_Iwerddon" title="Gwladwriaeth Rydd Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwladwriaeth Rydd Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_irske_fristat" title="Den irske fristat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den irske fristat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irischer_Freistaat" title="Irischer Freistaat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irischer Freistaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiri_Vaba_Riik" title="Iiri Vaba Riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iiri Vaba Riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Libre_Irland%C3%A9s" title="Estado Libre Irlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado Libre Irlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_Libera_%C5%9Ctato" title="Irlanda Libera Ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlanda Libera Ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandako_Estatu_Askea" title="Irlandako Estatu Askea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandako Estatu Askea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دولت آزاد ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت آزاد ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_libre_d%27Irlande" title="État libre d'Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État libre d'Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saorst%C3%A1t_%C3%89ireann" title="Saorstát Éireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saorstát Éireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steat_Seyr_Nerin" title="Steat Seyr Nerin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Steat Seyr Nerin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Libre_Irland%C3%A9s" title="Estado Libre Irlandés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado Libre Irlandés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EA%B5%AD" title="아일랜드 자유국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드 자유국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आयरिश मुक्त राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरिश मुक्त राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_Slobodna_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Irska Slobodna Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irska Slobodna Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libera_Stato_Irlando" title="Libera Stato Irlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libera Stato Irlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Bebas_Irlandia" title="Negara Bebas Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara Bebas Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drska_fr%C3%ADr%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Írska fríríkið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írska fríríkið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_Libero_d%27Irlanda" title="Stato Libero d'Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato Libero d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינת אירלנד החופשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינת אירלנד החופשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_B%C3%A9bas_Irlandia" title="Negara Bébas Irlandia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Negara Bébas Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArijas_Br%C4%ABvvalsts" title="Īrijas Brīvvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īrijas Brīvvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr_Szabad%C3%A1llam" title="Ír Szabadállam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ír Szabadállam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Слободна Држава Ирска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слободна Држава Ирска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_Bebas_Ireland" title="Negara Bebas Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara Bebas Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierse_Vrijstaat" title="Ierse Vrijstaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ierse Vrijstaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="アイルランド自由国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド自由国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirsk_Freistoot" title="Iirsk Freistoot – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iirsk Freistoot" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_irske_fristaten" title="Den irske fristaten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den irske fristaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_irske_fristaten" title="Den irske fristaten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den irske fristaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="آئرش آزاد ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئرش آزاد ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolne_Pa%C5%84stwo_Irlandzkie" title="Wolne Państwo Irlandzkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wolne Państwo Irlandzkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Livre_Irland%C3%AAs" title="Estado Livre Irlandês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado Livre Irlandês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statul_Liber_Irlandez" title="Statul Liber Irlandez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statul Liber Irlandez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ирландское Свободное государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландское Свободное государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erse_Free_State" title="Erse Free State – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erse Free State" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shteti_i_Lir%C3%AB_Irlandez" title="Shteti i Lirë Irlandez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shteti i Lirë Irlandez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Irish Free State" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="آئرش آزاد رياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئرش آزاد رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drsky_slobodn%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Írsky slobodný štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Írsky slobodný štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ирска Слободна Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирска Слободна Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska_Slobodna_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Irska Slobodna Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irska Slobodna Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlannin_vapaavaltio" title="Irlannin vapaavaltio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irlannin vapaavaltio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irl%C3%A4ndska_fristaten" title="Irländska fristaten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irländska fristaten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="เสรีรัฐไอริช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เสรีรัฐไอริช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C4%B0rlanda_Devleti" title="Özgür İrlanda Devleti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgür İrlanda Devleti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ірландська Вільна держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландська Вільна держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="آئرش آزاد ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئرش آزاد ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_t%E1%BB%B1_do_Ireland" title="Nhà nước tự do Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà nước tự do Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6" title="爱尔兰自由邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔兰自由邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irish_Free_State&params=53_20_52_N_6_15_35_W_source:kolossus-kowiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">6°15′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.34778°N 6.25972°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.34778; -6.25972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in north-west Europe from 1922 to 1937</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1937. For the current Irish state, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Irish Free State</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Saorstát Éireann</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:85%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1922–1937</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of"><img alt="Great Seal of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/85px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/128px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/170px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Great Seal of the Irish Free State">Great Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a>"</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"The Soldiers' Song"<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhrán_na_bhFiann.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=ga&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ga" label="Gaeilge ‪(ga)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Free_State_1929.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Irish Free State (green) in 1929"><img alt="The Irish Free State (green) in 1929" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Irish_Free_State_1929.svg/250px-Irish_Free_State_1929.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Irish_Free_State_1929.svg/375px-Irish_Free_State_1929.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Irish_Free_State_1929.svg/500px-Irish_Free_State_1929.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Irish Free State (green) in 1929</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">British Dominion</a> (1922–1931)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> (1931–1937)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Irish_Free_State&params=53_21_N_6_16_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°16′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.350°N 6.267°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.350; -6.267</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (1926<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">92.57% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Roman Catholic</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestantism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.12% Other religions</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.30% Unspecified</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in the Irish Free State">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1937 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1927 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Michael_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Michael Healy">Timothy Michael Healy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1928–1932 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill" title="James McNeill">James McNeill</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1932–1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Ua_Buachalla" title="Domhnall Ua Buachalla">Domhnall Ua Buachalla</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1932 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1932–1937 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_Constitution_Act_1922" title="Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922">Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1937</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Until 8 December 1922<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">84,000 km<sup>2</sup> (32,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">After 8 December 1922<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">70,000 km<sup>2</sup> (27,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,968,420<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a> (1922–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pound#Saorstát_pound" title="Irish pound">Saorstát pound</a> (1928–1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Time in Ireland">IST</a>/<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time" title="Western European Summer Time">WEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Irish Free State</b> (6 December 1922 – 29 December 1937), also known by its <a href="/wiki/Irish-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-language">Irish</a> name <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><b>Saorstát Éireann</b></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAIR</span>-staht <span style="font-size:90%">AIR</span>-ən</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Irish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈsˠiːɾˠsˠt̪ˠaːt̪ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]</a></span>), was a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> established in December 1922 under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) – and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free State was established as a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. It comprised 26 of the 32 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties of Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which was made up of the remaining six counties, exercised its right under the Treaty to opt out of the new state. The Free State government consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a> – the representative of the king – and the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council</a> (cabinet), which replaced both the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_2nd_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 2nd Dáil">Dáil Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Ireland_(1922)" title="Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)">Provisional Government</a> set up under the Treaty. <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a>, who had led both of these administrations since August 1922, became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a> (prime minister). The <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a> or legislature consisted of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil Éireann</a> (the lower house) and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad Éireann</a> (the upper house), also known as the Senate. Members of the Dáil were required to take an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State and to declare fidelity to the king</a>. The oath was a key issue for opponents of the Treaty, who refused to take it and therefore did not take their seats. Pro-Treaty members, who formed <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal">Cumann na nGaedheal</a> in 1923, held an effective majority in the Dáil from 1922 to 1927 and thereafter ruled as a minority government until 1932. </p><p>In 1931, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> relinquished nearly all of its remaining authority to legislate for the Free State and the other dominions. This had the effect of granting the Free State internationally recognised independence. </p><p>In the first months of the Free State, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> was waged between the newly established <a href="/wiki/National_Army_(Ireland)" title="National Army (Ireland)">National Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a>, which refused to recognise the state. The Civil War ended in victory for the government forces, with its opponents dumping their arms in May 1923. The Anti-Treaty political party, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, refused to take its seats in the Dáil, leaving the relatively small <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> as the only opposition party. In 1926, when Sinn Féin president <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> failed to have this policy reversed, he resigned from Sinn Féin and led most of its membership into a new party, <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, which entered the Dáil following the <a href="/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election" title="June 1927 Irish general election">1927 general election</a>. It formed the government after the <a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932 general election</a>, when it became the largest party. </p><p>De Valera abolished the oath of allegiance and embarked on <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_trade_war" title="Anglo-Irish trade war">an economic war</a> with the UK. In 1937, he drafted a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">constitution</a>, which was adopted by a <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland">plebiscite</a> in July of that year. The Free State came to an end with the coming into force of the new constitution on 29 December 1937, when <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">the state</a> took the name "<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state" title="Names of the Irish state">Ireland</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916 and its aftermath caused a profound shift in public opinion towards <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">the republican cause in Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">December 1918 General Election</a>, the republican <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="History of Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> party won a large majority of the Irish seats in the British parliament: 73 of the 105 constituencies returned Sinn Féin members (25 uncontested).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elected Sinn Féin MPs, rather than take their seats at Westminster, set up their own assembly, known as <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)">Dáil Éireann</a> (Assembly of Ireland). It affirmed the formation of an Irish Republic and passed a <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a>, fought between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British security forces, continued until July 1921 when a truce came into force. By this time the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> had opened, established under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a>, presenting the republican movement with a <i>fait accompli</i> and guaranteeing the British presence in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October negotiations opened in London between members of the British government and members of the Dáil, culminating in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> on 6 December 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee50_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Northern_Ireland"></span> The Treaty allowed for the creation of a separate state to be known as the Irish Free State, with dominion status, within the then British Empire—a status equivalent to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee50_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parliament of Northern Ireland could, by presenting an address to the king, opt not to be included in the Free State, in which case a <a href="/wiki/Irish_Boundary_Commission" title="Irish Boundary Commission">Boundary Commission</a> would be established to determine where the boundary between them should lie.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the parliament of the Free State would be required to take an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">oath of allegiance to the Constitution of the Free State</a> and to declare that they would be "faithful" to the king (a modification of the oath taken in other dominions).<sup id="cite_ref-Lee50_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il" title="Second Dáil">Dáil</a> ratified the Treaty on 7 January 1922, causing a split in the republican movement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Ireland_(1922)" title="Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)">Provisional Government</a> was formed, with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> as chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Free State was established on 6 December 1922, and the Provisional Government became the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council of the Irish Free State</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, the Commons and the Senate of Northern Ireland passed resolutions "for the express purpose of opting out of the Free State".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governmental_and_constitutional_structures">Governmental and constitutional structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governmental and constitutional structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saorst%C3%A1t_%C3%89ireann.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Saorst%C3%A1t_%C3%89ireann.png/200px-Saorst%C3%A1t_%C3%89ireann.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Saorst%C3%A1t_%C3%89ireann.png 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>A symbol most often associated with the new state's <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Posts_and_Telegraphs" title="Minister for Posts and Telegraphs">postal system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty established that the new state would be a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General of the Irish Free State</a> as representative of the Crown. The <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a></i> made more detailed provision for the state's system of government, with a three-tier parliament, called the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a>, made up of the king and two houses, Dáil Éireann and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad Éireann</a> (the Irish Senate). </p><p>Executive authority was vested in the king, with the Governor-General as his representative. He appointed a cabinet called the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council</a> to "aid and advise" him. The Executive Council was presided over by a prime minister called the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a>. In practice, most of the real power was exercised by the Executive Council, as the Governor-General was almost always bound to act on the advice of the Executive Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representative_of_the_Crown">Representative of the Crown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Representative of the Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General of the Irish Free State</a></div> <p>The office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State replaced the previous <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a>, who had headed English and British administrations in Ireland since the Middle Ages. Governors-General were appointed by the king initially on the advice of the British Government, but with the consent of the Irish Government. From 1927, the Irish Government alone had the power to advise the king whom to appoint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oath_of_Allegiance">Oath of Allegiance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oath of Allegiance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with all dominions, provision was made for an Oath of Allegiance. Within dominions, such oaths were taken by parliamentarians personally towards the monarch. The <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Irish Oath of Allegiance</a> was fundamentally different. It had two elements; the first, an <i>oath to the Free State, as by law established</i>, the second part a promise of <i>fidelity, to His Majesty, King George V, his heirs and successors</i>. That second fidelity element, however, was qualified in two ways. It was to the King <i>in</i> Ireland, not specifically to the King of the United Kingdom. Secondly, it was to the king explicitly in his role as part of the Treaty settlement, not in terms of pre-1922 British rule. The Oath itself came from a combination of three sources, and was largely the work of Michael Collins in the Treaty negotiations. It came in part from a draft oath suggested prior to the negotiations by President de Valera. Other sections were taken by Collins directly from the Oath of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB), of which he was the secret head. In its structure, it was also partially based on the form and structure used for 'Dominion status'.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although 'a new departure', and notably indirect in its reference to the monarchy, it was criticised by nationalists and republicans for making any reference to the Crown, the claim being that it <i>was</i> a direct oath to the Crown, a fact arguably incorrect by an examination of its wording, but in 1922 Ireland and beyond, many argued that the fact remained that as a dominion the King (and therefore the British) was still Head of State and that was the practical reality that influenced public debate on the issue. The Free State was not a republic. The Oath became a key issue in the resulting <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> that divided the pro and anti-treaty sides in 1922–23. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irish_Civil_War">Irish Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Irish Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowds_at_funeral_procession_of_Michael_Collins_Dublin_1922_(6088554764).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crowds_at_funeral_procession_of_Michael_Collins_Dublin_1922_%286088554764%29.jpg/300px-Crowds_at_funeral_procession_of_Michael_Collins_Dublin_1922_%286088554764%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crowds_at_funeral_procession_of_Michael_Collins_Dublin_1922_%286088554764%29.jpg/450px-Crowds_at_funeral_procession_of_Michael_Collins_Dublin_1922_%286088554764%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Crowds_at_funeral_procession_of_Michael_Collins_Dublin_1922_%286088554764%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Funeral procession of Michael Collins, Dublin, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>The compromises contained in the agreement caused the civil war in the 26 counties in June 1922 – April 1923, in which the pro-Treaty <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Ireland_(1922)" title="Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)">Provisional Government</a> defeated the anti-Treaty Republican forces. The latter were led, nominally, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, who had resigned as President of the Republic on the treaty's ratification. His resignation outraged some of his own supporters, notably <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a>, the main Sinn Féin organiser. On resigning, he then sought re-election but was defeated two days later on a vote of 60–58. The pro-Treaty Arthur Griffith followed as President of the Irish Republic. Michael Collins was chosen at a meeting of the members elected to sit in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Southern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Southern Ireland">House of Commons of Southern Ireland</a> (a body set up under the Government of Ireland Act 1920) to become <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State">Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State</a> in accordance with the Treaty. The <a href="/wiki/1922_Irish_general_election" title="1922 Irish general election">general election</a> in June gave overwhelming support for the pro-Treaty parties. <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a>'s Crown-appointed Provisional Government effectively subsumed Griffith's republican administration with the death of both Collins and Griffith in August 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Freedom_to_achieve_freedom""><span id=".22Freedom_to_achieve_freedom.22"></span>"Freedom to achieve freedom"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Freedom to achieve freedom""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg/200px-Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg/300px-Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg/400px-Irish_Free_State_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_passport" title="Irish passport">Irish Free State passport</a> (holder's name removed)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following were the principal parties of government of the Free State between 1922 and 1937: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_nGaedheal" title="Cumann na nGaedheal">Cumann na nGaedheal</a> under W. T. Cosgrave (1922–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> under Éamon de Valera (1932–37)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_evolution">Constitutional evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constitutional evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg/200px-Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg/300px-Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg/400px-Stamp_irl_1922_2N6se.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Overprint" title="Overprint">Overprinted</a> stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Michael Collins described the Treaty as "the freedom to achieve freedom". In practice, the Treaty offered most of the symbols and powers of independence. These included a functioning, if disputed, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> with its own executive, judiciary and written constitution which could be changed by the Oireachtas. Although an <a href="/wiki/Irish_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republic">Irish republic</a> had not been on offer, the Treaty still afforded Ireland more internal independence than it had possessed in over 400 years, and far more autonomy than had ever been hoped for by those who had advocated for <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a number of conditions existed: </p> <ul><li>The king remained king <i>in</i> Ireland;</li> <li>Britain retained the so-called strategic <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Ports_(Ireland)" title="Treaty Ports (Ireland)">Treaty Ports</a> on Ireland's south and north-west coasts which were to remain occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>;</li> <li>Prior to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, the UK government continued to have a role in Irish governance. Officially the representative of the king, the Governor-General also received instructions from the British Government on his use of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent_(Ireland)" title="Royal assent (Ireland)">Royal Assent</a>, namely a Bill passed by the Dáil and Seanad could be Granted Assent (signed into law), Withheld (not signed, pending later approval) or Denied (vetoed). The <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> to the first Governor-General, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Healy_(politician)" title="Tim Healy (politician)">Tim Healy</a>, explicitly named Bills that were to be rejected if passed by the Dáil and Seanad, such as any attempt to abolish the Oath. In the event, no such Bills were ever introduced, so the issue was moot.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Free_State_Butter,_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre,_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Irish_Free_State_Butter%2C_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre%2C_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg/220px-Irish_Free_State_Butter%2C_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre%2C_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Irish_Free_State_Butter%2C_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre%2C_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg/330px-Irish_Free_State_Butter%2C_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre%2C_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Irish_Free_State_Butter%2C_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre%2C_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg/440px-Irish_Free_State_Butter%2C_Eggs_and_Bacon_for_our_Breakfasts_Du_beurre%2C_des_%C5%93ufs_et_du_bacon_de_l%E2%80%99%C3%89tat_libre_d%E2%80%99Irlande_au_d%C3%A9jeuner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Poster promoting Irish Free State farm goods for breakfast to Canadians ("Irish Free State butter, eggs and bacon for our breakfasts")</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>As with the other dominions, the Free State had a status of association with the UK rather than being completely legally independent from it. However, the meaning of 'Dominion status' changed radically during the 1920s, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak crisis</a> in 1922 and quickly followed by the directly negotiated <a href="/wiki/Halibut_Treaty" title="Halibut Treaty">Halibut Treaty</a> of 1923. The <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a> declared the equality [including the UK] of all member states of the Commonwealth. The Conference also led to a reform of the king's title, given effect by the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Parliamentary_Titles_Act_1927" title="Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927</a></i>, which changed the king's royal title so that it took account of the fact that there was no longer a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. The king adopted the following style by which he would be known in all of his empire: <i>By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India</i>. That was the king's title in Ireland just as elsewhere in his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the conduct of external relations, the Free State tried to push the boundaries of its status as a Dominion. It 'accepted' credentials from international ambassadors to Ireland, something no other dominion up to then had done. It registered the treaty with the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> as an international document, over the objections of the United Kingdom, which saw it as a mere <i>internal</i> document between a dominion and the United Kingdom. Entitlement of citizenship of the Free State was defined in the Irish Free State Constitution, but the status of that citizenship was contentious. One of the first projects of the Free State was the design and production of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Great Seal of the Irish Free State">Great Seal of Saorstát Éireann</a> which was carried out on behalf of the Government by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kennedy_(judge)" title="Hugh Kennedy (judge)">Hugh Kennedy</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Statute of Westminster of 1931, embodying a decision of an Imperial Conference, enabled each dominion to enact new legislation or to change any extant legislation, without resorting to any role for the British Parliament that may have enacted the original legislation in the past. It also removed Westminster's authority to legislate for the Dominions, except with the express request and consent of the relevant Dominion's parliament. This change had the effect of making the dominions, including the Free State, <i>de jure</i> independent nations—thus fulfilling Collins' vision of having "the freedom to achieve freedom". </p><p>The Free State symbolically marked these changes in two mould-breaking moves soon after winning internationally recognised independence: </p> <ul><li>It sought, and got, the king's acceptance to have an Irish minister, to the complete exclusion of British ministers, formally advise the king in the exercise of his powers and functions as king in the Irish Free State. This gave the President of the Executive Council the right to directly advise the king in his capacity as His Majesty's Irish Prime Minister. Two examples of this are the signing of a treaty between the Irish Free State and the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese Republic</a> in 1931, and the act recognising the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a> in 1936 separately from the recognition by the British Parliament.</li> <li>The unprecedented replacement of the use of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal of the Realm</a> and its replacement by the Great Seal of Saorstát Éireann, which the king awarded to the Irish Free State in 1931. (The Irish Seal consisted of a picture of King George V enthroned on one side, with the Irish state harp and the words <i>Saorstát Éireann</i> on the reverse. It is now on display in the Irish National Museum, <a href="/wiki/Collins_Barracks,_Dublin" title="Collins Barracks, Dublin">Collins Barracks</a> in Dublin.)</li></ul> <p>When Éamon de Valera became President of the Executive Council (prime minister) in 1932 he described Cosgrave's ministers' achievements simply. Having read the files, he told his son, Vivion, "they were magnificent, son". </p><p>The Statute of Westminster allowed de Valera, on becoming President of the Executive Council (February 1932), to go even further. With no ensuing restrictions on his policies, he abolished the Oath of Allegiance (which Cosgrave intended to do had he won the <a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932 general election</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad</a>, university representation in the Dáil, and appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>. </p><p>One major policy error occurred in 1936 when he attempted to use the abdication of King Edward VIII to abolish the crown and governor-general in the Free State with the "<a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._27)_Act_1936" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936">Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act</a>". He was advised by senior law officers and other constitutional experts that, as the crown and governor-generalship existed separately from the constitution in a vast number of acts, charters, orders-in-council, and letters patent, they both still existed. A second bill, the "<a href="/wiki/Executive_Powers_(Consequential_Provisions)_Act_1937" title="Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937">Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937</a>" was quickly introduced to repeal the necessary elements. De Valera retroactively dated the second act back to December 1936. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new state continued to use the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> from its inception; there is no reference in the Treaty or in either of the enabling Acts to currency.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, and within a few years, the Dáil passed the Coinage Act, 1926 (which provided for a <i>Saorstát</i> [Free State] coinage) and the Currency Act, 1927 (which provided <i>inter alia</i> for banknotes of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Pound#Second_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Pound">Saorstát pound</a>). The new Saorstát pound was defined by the 1927 Act to have exactly the same weight and fineness of gold as was the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">sovereign</a> at the time, making the new currency <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate_system" title="Fixed exchange rate system">pegged</a> at 1:1 with sterling. The State circulated its new national coinage in 1928, marked <i>Saorstát Éireann</i> and a <a href="/wiki/Series_A_banknotes" title="Series A banknotes">national series of banknotes</a>. British coinage remained acceptable in the Free State at an equal rate. In 1937, when the Free State was superseded by Ireland (<i>Éire</i>), the pound became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a>" and the coins were marked <i>Éire</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ireland joined the League of Nations on 10 September 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would also participate in the Olympics sending its first team to the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They would send further teams to the <a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Gerard Keown, by 1932 much had been achieved in the quest for an independent foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> The Irish Free State was an established element in the European system and a member of the League of Nations. It had blazed a trail in asserting the rights of the dominions to their own foreign policy, in the process establishing full diplomatic relations with the United States, France, Belgium, Germany, and the Holy See. It was concluding its own political and commercial treaties and using the apparatus of international relations to pursue its interests. It had received the accolade of election to a non-permanent seat on the council of the League of Nations and asserted its full equality with Britain and the other dominions within the Commonwealth.</p></blockquote> <p>By contrast, the military was drastically reduced in size and scope, with its budget cut by 82% from 1924 to 1929. The active duty forces were reduced from 28,000 men to 7,000. Cooperation with London was minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_rate">Birth rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birth rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one report, in 1924, shortly after the Free State's establishment, the new dominion had the "lowest birth-rate in the world". The report noted that amongst countries for which statistics were available (<a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, Chile, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, Spain, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, the Netherlands, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a>, Australia, the United States, Britain, New Zealand, Finland, and the Irish Free State), Ceylon had the highest birth rate at 40.8 per 1,000 while the Irish Free State had a birth rate of just 18.6 per 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_outlook">Cultural outlook</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural outlook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish society during this period was extremely Roman Catholic, with Roman Catholic thinkers promoting anti-capitalist, anti-communist, anti-Protestant, anti-Masonic, and antisemitic views in Irish society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Through the works of priests such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cahill_(priest)" title="Edward Cahill (priest)">Edward Cahill</a>, Richard Devane, and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Fahey" title="Denis Fahey">Denis Fahey</a>, Irish society saw capitalism, individualism, communism, private banking, the promotion of alcohol, contraceptives, divorce, and abortion as the pursuits of the old 'Protestant-elite' and Jews, with their efforts combined through the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>. Denis Fahey described Ireland as "the third most Masonic country in the world" and saw this alleged order as contrary to the creation of an independent Irish State.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Irish_Free_State">After the Irish Free State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: After the Irish Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937_Constitution">1937 Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1937 Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1937 the Fianna Fáil government presented a draft of an entirely new Constitution to Dáil Éireann. An amended version of the draft document was subsequently approved by the Dáil. A <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland">plebiscite</a> was held on 1 July 1937, which was the same day as the <a href="/wiki/1937_Irish_general_election" title="1937 Irish general election">1937 general election</a>, when a relatively narrow majority approved it. The new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> (<i>Bunreacht na hÉireann</i>) repealed the 1922 Constitution, and came into effect on 29 December 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state was named Ireland (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>), and a new office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> was instituted in place of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The new constitution claimed jurisdiction over all of Ireland while recognising that legislation would not apply in Northern Ireland (see <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3</a>). Articles 2 and 3 were <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">reworded</a> in 1998 to remove jurisdictional claim over the entire island and to recognise that "a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island". </p><p>With regard to religion, a section of Article 44 included the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The State recognises the special position of the Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens. The State also recognises the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends in Ireland">Religious Society of Friends in Ireland</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">Jewish Congregations</a> and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution.</p></blockquote><p> Following a referendum, this section was <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">removed</a> in 1973. After the setting up of the Free State in 1923, unionism in the south largely came to an end. </p><p>The 1937 Constitution saw a notable ideological slant to the changes of the framework of the State in such a way as to create one that appeared to be distinctly Irish. This was done so by implementing <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> policies (based on the concepts of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, as Catholicism was perceived to be deeply imbedded with the perception of Irish identity). A clear example of this is the model of the reconstituted Seanad Éireann (the Senate), which operates based on a system of vocational panels, along with a list of appointed nominating industry bodies, a corporatist concept (seen in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI's</a> 1931 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a>). Furthermore, Ireland's main political parties; Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil and Labour, all had an inherently corporatist outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government was the subject of intense lobbying by leading Church figures throughout the 1930s in calling for reform of the State's framework. Much of this was reflected in the new 1937 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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.portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_states_since_1171" title="Irish states since 1171">Irish states since 1171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_A_banknotes" title="Series A banknotes">Series A Banknotes</a> – first issued by the Irish Free State in 1928</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the Irish Free State considered each other as states with equal status within the British Empire. However, for other sovereign states (i.e. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, etc) and the international community as a whole (i.e <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>) the term Dominion was very ambiguous. At the time of the founding of the League of Nations in 1924, the League Covenant made provision for the admission of any "fully self-governing state, Dominion, or Colony", the implication being that "Dominion status was something between that of a colony and a state"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> the ambiguity is dispelled for the international community with three British Dominions (Irish Free State, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>), being recognized as sovereign states in their own right. Unlike what happened in Australia in 1942 and New Zealand in 1947, the whole statute was applied to the Dominion of Canada, the Irish Free State, and the Union of South Africa without the need for any acts of ratification. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Co-official and the most widely spoken language</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether the Treaty, or the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State_(Agreement)_Act_1922" title="Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922">Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922</a> which gave it force of law, had the legal effect under United Kingdom law of making Northern Ireland a part of the Irish Free State for one or two days is a point legal writers have disagreed on. One writer has argued that the terms of the Treaty legally applied only to the 26 counties, and the government of the Free State never had any powers—even in principle—in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another writer has argued that on the day it was established the jurisdiction of the Free State was the island of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Legal_Analysis_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legal_Analysis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1933 court decision in Ireland took the latter view.<sup id="cite_ref-Legal_Analysis_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legal_Analysis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>de facto</i> position was that Northern Ireland was treated as at all times being within the United Kingdom.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially adopted in July 1926. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Day1987" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Alan (1987). Alan O'Day (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuBNO4XIu9oC&pg=PA17"><i>Reactions to Irish nationalism</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-85-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-85-9"><bdi>978-0-907628-85-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414162305/https://books.google.com/books?id=EuBNO4XIu9oC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reactions+to+Irish+nationalism&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-907628-85-9&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuBNO4XIu9oC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1926results/volume3/C_5_1926_V3_T1abc.pdf">"1926 Census Vol.3 Table 1A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Statistics Office. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020231357/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1926results/volume3/C_5_1926_V3_T1abc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1926+Census+Vol.3+Table+1A&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Fcensus%2Fcensus1926results%2Fvolume3%2FC_5_1926_V3_T1abc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span> (1861–1926)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1936results/volume1/C_1936_Vol_1.pdf">"Census of Population 1936"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dublin: The Stationery Office. 1938. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/census1936results/volume1/C_1936_Vol_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+1936&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Fcensus%2Fcensus1936results%2Fvolume1%2FC_1936_Vol_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/saorstat-eireann">"Saorstat Eireann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830092043/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/saorstat-eireann">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Saorstat+Eireann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsaorstat-eireann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishstory.com/2012/09/18/the-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview/">"The Irish War of Independence – A Brief Overview – The Irish Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901001503/https://www.theirishstory.com/2012/09/18/the-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War+of+Independence+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+Overview+%E2%80%93+The+Irish+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2012%2F09%2F18%2Fthe-irish-war-of-independence-a-brief-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie Coleman, <i>The Republican Revolution, 1916–1923</i>, Routledge, 2013, chapter 2 "The Easter Rising", pp. 26–28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/140827910X" title="Special:BookSources/140827910X">140827910X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerriter2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferriter, Diarmuid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXa7m8wG84MC&pg=PA183"><i>The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000</i></a>. Profile. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86197-307-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86197-307-1"><bdi>1-86197-307-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922125539/https://books.google.com/books?id=lXa7m8wG84MC&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Ireland%2C+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Profile&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86197-307-1&rft.aulast=Ferriter&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXa7m8wG84MC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Lee_(historian)" title="J. J. Lee (historian)">J. J. Lee</a>, <i>Ireland 1912–1985 Politics and Society</i> p. 40, Cambridge University Press (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521266482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521266482">978-0521266482</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garvin, Tom: <i>The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics</i> : p. 143 <i>Elections, Revolution and Civil War</i> Gill & Macmillan (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-3967-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-3967-0">0-7171-3967-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee50-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee50_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee50_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee50_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee (1989), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee (1989), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1999" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ged (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59OPsS6a4j4C&pg=PA68">"The Origins of Partition"</a>. In Anderson, Malcolm; Bort, Eberhard (eds.). <i>The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture</i>. Liverpool University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853239517" title="Special:BookSources/0853239517"><bdi>0853239517</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129062001/https://books.google.com/books?id=59OPsS6a4j4C&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>It is certainly true that the Treaty went through the motions of including Northern Ireland within the Irish Free State while offering it the provision to opt out</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Partition&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Border%3A+History%2C+Politics%2C+Culture&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0853239517&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59OPsS6a4j4C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee (1989), pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee (1989), pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KiIZ_x8IWQUC&pg=PA94">p. 94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning2013" class="citation book cs1">Fanning, Ronan (2013). <i>Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution 1910-1922</i>. London: Faber and Faber. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29739-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29739-9"><bdi>978-0-571-29739-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Path%3A+British+Government+and+Irish+Revolution+1910-1922&rft.place=London&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-571-29739-9&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2000" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Austen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926012213/http://www.austenmorgan.com/Assets/PDFs/Belfast_Agreement.pdf"><i>The Belfast Agreement: A Practical Legal Analysis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Belfast Press. pp. 66, 68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austenmorgan.com/Assets/PDFs/Belfast_Agreement.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 September 2015. <q>it was legally clear that the treaty, and the associated provisional parliament and government, applied only to the 26 counties...[Article 11] implied politically – but not legally – that the Irish Free State had some right to Northern Ireland. But partition was acknowledged expressly in the treaty...following the text of article 12, [the address] requested that the powers of the parliament and government of the Irish Free State should no longer extend to Northern Ireland. This does not mean they had so extended on 6 December 1922.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belfast+Agreement%3A+A+Practical+Legal+Analysis&rft.pages=66%2C+68&rft.pub=The+Belfast+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Austen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustenmorgan.com%2FAssets%2FPDFs%2FBelfast_Agreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legal_Analysis-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Legal_Analysis_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Legal_Analysis_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2020" class="citation web cs1">Harvey, Alison (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ihrec.ie/app/uploads/2020/03/Birthright-Commitment-Report-1-FINAL-amended-30.03.20.pdf">"A Legal Analysis of Incorporating Into UK Law the Birthright Commitment under the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. para. 91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ihrec.ie/app/uploads/2020/03/Birthright-Commitment-Report-1-FINAL-amended-30.03.20.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>The jurisdiction of the Free State was the island of Ireland. The Northern Ireland Parliament gave notice, as it was entitled to do, that it did not wish to come under the jurisdiction of the Free State. In <i>Re Logue</i> [1933] 67 ILTR 253 it was held that, because the notice took effect after the Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) had come into operation, most of those domiciled in Northern Ireland had become Irish citizens under Article 3 of the Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Legal+Analysis+of+Incorporating+Into+UK+Law+the+Birthright+Commitment+under+the+Belfast+%28Good+Friday%29+Agreement+1998&rft.pages=para.+91&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Human+Rights+Commission+and+the+Irish+Human+Rights+and+Equality+Commission&rft.date=2020-03&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihrec.ie%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FBirthright-Commitment-Report-1-FINAL-amended-30.03.20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Coffey, Donal K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2016.1175735">"The Commonwealth and the Oath of Allegiance Crisis: A Study in Inter-War Commonwealth Relations"</a>. <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 492–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086534.2016.1175735">10.1080/03086534.2016.1175735</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=The+Commonwealth+and+the+Oath+of+Allegiance+Crisis%3A+A+Study+in+Inter-War+Commonwealth+Relations&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=492-512&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086534.2016.1175735&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Donal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03086534.2016.1175735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Hopkinson, <i>Green Against Green–The Irish Civil War: A History of the Irish Civil War, 1922–1923</i> (Gill & Macmillan, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BO34AwAAQBAJ&dq=Irish+Civil+War&pg=PT7">online</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Gallagher, "The changing constitution." in <i>Politics in the Republic of Ireland</i> (Routledge, 2009) pp.94-130. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long after the Irish Free State had ceased to exist, when <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> ascended the Throne, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Titles_Act_1953_(United_Kingdom)" title="Royal Titles Act 1953 (United Kingdom)">Royal Titles Act 1953</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/1-2/9">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630144612/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/1-2/9">Archived</a> 30 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> was passed, as were other Acts concerning her Style in other parts of the Empire. Until then the British monarch had only one style. The king was never simply the "King of Ireland" or the "King of the Irish Free State".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except perhaps by inference: the Treaty assigned to the Irish Free State the same status in the Empire as Canada and the latter had already [1851—59] <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canada_dollar#1851" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canada dollar">replaced the British Pound</a> (with the Canadian Dollar).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.ie/2021commemorationprogramme/ireland-at-the-league-of-nations/#:~:text=Ireland%20joined%20the%20League%20on,steps%20on%20the%20international%20stage.">"Commemoration Programme"</a>. <i>National Archives</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Commemoration+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.ie%2F2021commemorationprogramme%2Fireland-at-the-league-of-nations%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIreland%2520joined%2520the%2520League%2520on%2Csteps%2520on%2520the%2520international%2520stage.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon2024" class="citation news cs1">O'Hanlon, Oliver (22 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/0722/1461120-ireland-olympic-games-1924-paris/">"How did the first Irish Olympics team fare in Paris 100 years ago?"</a>. <i>RTE.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTE.ie&rft.atitle=How+did+the+first+Irish+Olympics+team+fare+in+Paris+100+years+ago%3F&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fbrainstorm%2F2024%2F0722%2F1461120-ireland-olympic-games-1924-paris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/countries/IRL">"Ireland (IRL)"</a>. <i>Olympedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympedia&rft.atitle=Ireland+%28IRL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympedia.org%2Fcountries%2FIRL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gerard Keown, <i>First of the Small Nations: The Beginnings of Irish Foreign Policy in the Interwar Years, 1919–1932</i> (Oxford UP, 2016) p. 243 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/11490">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Eunan O'Halpin, <i>Defending Ireland: The Irish State and Its Enemies since 1922</i> (2000) pp.87, 92-93. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Gwynn,<i>The Irish Free State, 1922-1927</i> (Macmillan 1928);. pp.176–190 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81696/page/n195/mode/1up?view=theater">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=OSWCC19240311.2.5&srpos=6&e=-------10--1----2%22Irish+Free+State%22-all">"Otautau Standard and Wallace County Chronicle, Vol. XVIX, Iss. 971, 11 March 1924, p. 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401212422/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=OSWCC19240311.2.5&srpos=6&e=-------10--1----2%22Irish+Free+State%22-all">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otautau+Standard+and+Wallace+County+Chronicle%2C+Vol.+XVIX%2C+Iss.+971%2C+11+March+1924%2C+p.+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26cl%3Dsearch%26d%3DOSWCC19240311.2.5%26srpos%3D6%26e%3D-------10--1----2%2522Irish%2BFree%2BState%2522-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty2021" class="citation journal cs1">Beatty, Aidan (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/etudesirlandaises/11722?lang=fr">"The Problem of Capitalism in Irish Catholic Social Thought, 1922–1950"</a>. <i>Études irlandaises</i> (46–2): 43–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesirlandaises.11722">10.4000/etudesirlandaises.11722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0183-973X">0183-973X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245340404">245340404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+irlandaises&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Capitalism+in+Irish+Catholic+Social+Thought%2C+1922%E2%80%931950&rft.issue=46%E2%80%932&rft.pages=43-68&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245340404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0183-973X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesirlandaises.11722&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fetudesirlandaises%2F11722%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Donal K. Coffey, <i>Drafting the Irish Constitution, 1935–1937: Transnational Influences in Interwar Europe</i> (Springer, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_RZDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ireland+1937+Constitution&pg=PR7">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdshead2003" class="citation book cs1">Adshead, Maura (2003). <i>Ireland as a Catholic Corporatist State: A Historical Institutional Analysis of Healthcare in Ireland</i>. Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Limerick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874653-74-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874653-74-5"><bdi>978-1-874653-74-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+as+a+Catholic+Corporatist+State%3A+A+Historical+Institutional+Analysis+of+Healthcare+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Department+of+Politics+and+Public+Administration%2C+University+of+Limerick&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-874653-74-5&rft.aulast=Adshead&rft.aufirst=Maura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinley2000" class="citation book cs1">McGinley, Jack (2000). <i>Neo-corporatism, New Realism and Social Partnership in Ireland 1970–1999</i>. Trinity College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-corporatism%2C+New+Realism+and+Social+Partnership+in+Ireland+1970%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Trinity+College&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McGinley&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1995" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Kieran (1995). <i>Fianna Fail and Irish Labour Party: From Populism to Corporatism</i>. Pluto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fianna+Fail+and+Irish+Labour+Party%3A+From+Populism+to+Corporatism&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToveyShare2003" class="citation book cs1">Tovey, Hilary; Share, Perry (2003). <i>A Sociology of Ireland</i>. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3501-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3501-1"><bdi>978-0-7171-3501-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociology+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-3501-1&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Share%2C+Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoylan1983" class="citation book cs1">Moylan, M. T. C. (1983). <i>Corporatist Developments in Ireland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporatist+Developments+in+Ireland&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Moylan&rft.aufirst=M.+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/new-seanad-could-cause-turbulence-1.1212104">"New Seanad could cause turbulence"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=New+Seanad+could+cause+turbulence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fnew-seanad-could-cause-turbulence-1.1212104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisseyMorrissey2021" class="citation book cs1">Morrissey, Thomas; Morrissey, Thomas J. (2021). <i>The Ireland of Edward Cahill SJ 1868–1941: A Secular or a Christian State?</i>. Messenger Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78812-430-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78812-430-0"><bdi>978-1-78812-430-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ireland+of+Edward+Cahill+SJ+1868%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Secular+or+a+Christian+State%3F&rft.pub=Messenger+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78812-430-0&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera#Further_reading" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1975" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, J. T. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandinwaryear00jose"><i>Ireland in the War Years 1939–1945</i></a></span>. David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844805658" title="Special:BookSources/9780844805658"><bdi>9780844805658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+War+Years+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780844805658&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firelandinwaryear00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1993" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Tim Pat (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devaleralongfell00coog"><i>De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow</i></a></span>. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091750305" title="Special:BookSources/9780091750305"><bdi>9780091750305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Valera%3A+Long+Fellow%2C+Long+Shadow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780091750305&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevaleralongfell00coog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span> published as <i>Eamon de Valera: The Man Who Was Ireland</i> (New York, 1993)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1990" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Tim Pat (1990). <i>Michael Collins</i>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-174106-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-174106-8"><bdi>0-09-174106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Collins&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-09-174106-8&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Corcoran, Donal. "Public policy in an emerging state: The Irish Free State 1922-25." <i>Irish Journal of Public Policy</i> 1.1 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ucc.ie/index.php/ijpp/article/download/ijpp-1-1-5/html-en?inline=1">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, T. Ryle (2006). <i>Big Fellow, Long Fellow: A Joint Biography of Collins and De Valera</i>. Gill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717140849" title="Special:BookSources/0717140849"><bdi>0717140849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Fellow%2C+Long+Fellow%3A+A+Joint+Biography+of+Collins+and+De+Valera&rft.pub=Gill+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0717140849&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=T.+Ryle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span> excerpt and text search</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer1982" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, T. Ryle (1982). <i>De Valera's Finest Hour 1932–59</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Valera%27s+Finest+Hour+1932%E2%80%9359&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=T.+Ryle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fanning, Ronan. <i>Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power</i> (2016)</li> <li>Foster, R. F. <i>Modern Ireland, 1600-1972</i> (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernireland00rffo">online</a></li> <li>Girvin, Brian. "Beyond Revisionism? Some Recent Contributions to the Study of Modern Ireland." <i>The English Historical Review</i> 124#506, 2009, pp. 94–107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20485476">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Gwynn, Denis. <i>The Irish Free State, 1922-1927</i> (Macmillan 1928); detailed coverage.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81696/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Keown, Gerard. <i>First of the Small Nations: The Beginnings of Irish Foreign Policy in the Inter-war Years, 1919-1932</i> (Oxford University Press, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/11490">online</a></li> <li>Kissane, Bill. "Eamon De Valera and the Survival of Democracy in Inter-War Ireland". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (2007). 42 (2): 213–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036442">online</a></li> <li>Lee, J. J. <i>Ireland, 1912-1985: politics and society</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ireland19121985p0000leej">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCardle1999" class="citation book cs1">McCardle, Dorothy (January 1999). <i>The Irish Republic</i>. Wolfhound Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86327-712-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86327-712-8"><bdi>0-86327-712-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Republic&rft.pub=Wolfhound+Press&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=0-86327-712-8&rft.aulast=McCardle&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+Free+State" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>O'Halpin, Eunan. <i>Defending Ireland: The Irish State and Its Enemies since 1922</i> (2000); on the military; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defendingireland0000ohal">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_Free_State&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pakenham Frank. <i>Peace by Ordeal: An Account, from first-hand sources, of the Negotiation and Signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921</i> (1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73416/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_Free_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Ireland_(1922)" title="Provisional Government of Ireland (1922)">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Great Seal of the Irish Free State">Great Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extern_minister" title="Extern minister">Extern minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_and_Secretaries_Acts" title="Ministers and Secretaries Acts">Ministers and Secretaries Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/150px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/225px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png/300px-Seal_of_the_Irish_Free_State.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Seanad Éireann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent (Ireland)">Royal Assent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Ireland)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)">Oath of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General%27s_Address_to_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann">Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Supreme Court of the Irish Free State">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of the Irish Free State">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Justice_Act_1924" title="Courts of Justice Act 1924">Courts of Justice Act 1924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Irish_general_election" title="1922 Irish general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election" title="1923 Irish general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election" title="June 1927 Irish general election">1927 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1927_Irish_general_election" title="September 1927 Irish general election">1927 (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Irish_general_election" title="1933 Irish general election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Irish_general_election" title="1937 Irish general election">1937</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Seanad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_Seanad_election" title="1925 Seanad election">1925</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._27)_Act_1936" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936">Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">External Relations Act 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Powers_(Consequential_Provisions)_Act_1937" title="Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937">Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State">Chairman of the Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland">Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_states_since_1171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Template:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Template talk:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_states_since_1171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_states_since_1171" title="Irish states since 1171">Irish states since 1171</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (from 1937) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (from 1922<sup>†</sup>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> (until 1607)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> (1171–1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> (1541–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1801–1922<sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Free State</a> (1922–1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic_(1798)" title="Irish Republic (1798)">Republic of Connacht</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> (1919–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a> (1642–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> (1649–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Patriot Parliament</a> (1689)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> 1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a><sup>2</sup></i> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">Annexed by Canada in 1949</span></dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31747#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109440254">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143719795">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84090519">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irský svobodný stát (1922-1937)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge139268&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564662605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1144514">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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